The Union of Lublin (1569)
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Constructions and Instrumentalization of the Past: a Comparative Study on Memory Management in the Region
CBEES State of the Region Report 2020 Constructions and Instrumentalization of the Past A Comparative Study on Memory Management in the Region Published with support from the Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies (Östersjstiftelsen) Constructions and Instrumentalization of the Past A Comparative Study on Memory Management in the Region December 2020 Publisher Centre for Baltic and East European Studies, CBEES, Sdertrn University © CBEES, Sdertrn University and the authors Editor Ninna Mrner Editorial Board Joakim Ekman, Florence Frhlig, David Gaunt, Tora Lane, Per Anders Rudling, Irina Sandomirskaja Layout Lena Fredriksson, Serpentin Media Proofreading Bridget Schaefer, Semantix Print Elanders Sverige AB ISBN 978-91-85139-12-5 4 Contents 7 Preface. A New Annual CBEES Publication, Ulla Manns and Joakim Ekman 9 Introduction. Constructions and Instrumentalization of the Past, David Gaunt and Tora Lane 15 Background. Eastern and Central Europe as a Region of Memory. Some Common Traits, Barbara Trnquist-Plewa ESSAYS 23 Victimhood and Building Identities on Past Suffering, Florence Frhlig 29 Image, Afterimage, Counter-Image: Communist Visuality without Communism, Irina Sandomirskaja 37 The Toxic Memory Politics in the Post-Soviet Caucasus, Thomas de Waal 45 The Flag Revolution. Understanding the Political Symbols of Belarus, Andrej Kotljarchuk 55 Institutes of Trauma Re-production in a Borderland: Poland, Ukraine, and Lithuania, Per Anders Rudling COUNTRY BY COUNTRY 69 Germany. The Multi-Level Governance of Memory as a Policy Field, Jenny Wstenberg 80 Lithuania. Fractured and Contested Memory Regimes, Violeta Davoliūtė 87 Belarus. The Politics of Memory in Belarus: Narratives and Institutions, Aliaksei Lastouski 94 Ukraine. Memory Nodes Loaded with Potential to Mobilize People, Yuliya Yurchuk 106 Czech Republic. -
The Use of Books in 16Th-Century Vilnius
TERMINUS t. 15 (2013), z. 2 (27), s. 167–184 doi:10.4467/20843844TE.13.013.1570 www.ejournals.eu/Terminus THE USE OF BOOKS IN 16TH-CENTURY VILNIUS JAKUB NIEDźWIEDź Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków Abstract The main goal of the paper is to answer the question of what was unique about the use of books in Vilnius between 1522 and 1610. The reason to take a closer look at the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is the fact that it has always been a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic and multi-religious city. This observation allows the author to assume that the use of books there could have been different than in other European cities of the time. To find possible answers to the question posed, the author traces the changes in production, distribution and reading of books in the city. The research is based on sev- eral sorts of sources, such as printed books, manuscripts and documents from Vilnius archives (mainly the municipal archive, the Catholic chapter, the castle court etc.). He was supported by contemporary studies about early modern Vilnius scriptoria and printing houses (Kawecka-Gryczowa, Topolska, Nikalaieu), bookbinders (Laucevičius), book writing (Ulčinaitė, Narbutienė, Narbutas) and the history of the city (Frick). At the beginning of the paper the author recalls the main facts about Vilnius in the 16th century. The city had increasingly grown in importance as a political, economical and cultural centre of the Jagiellonian monarchy. The central part, divided in four chronologically arranged chapters, focuses on several problems, among them: the beginnings of Cyrillic prints and Skaryna’s print- ing house, languages and alphabets of books (Latin, Ruthenian, Polish, Lithuanian, German, Hebrew, Yiddish and Arabic), book production, dissemination, storage and reading. -
„Golden Age”: Introduction Into the 1803–1832 Epochs
ARCHIWUM EMIGRACJI Studia – Szkice – Dokumenty http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/AE.2018-2019.008 Toruń, Rok 2018/2019, Zeszyt 1–2 (26–27) ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ UNIWERSYTET W WILNIE THE UNIVERSITY OF VILNIUS AND ITS „GOLDEN AGE”: INTRODUCTION INTO THE 1803–1832 EPOCHS Alfredas BUMBLAUSKAS (Vilnius University) ORCID: 0000-0002-3067-786X Loreta SKURVYDAITĖ (Vilnius University) ORCID: 0000-0002-4350-4482 1. WHAT IS THE UNIVERSITY OF VILNIUS? It is a paradoxically simple question. Though it will not seem so simple if we ask another question — what is Vilnius? Today it is the capital of the Republic of Lithuania, a member state of the European Union. However, at the beginning of the 19th century, the epoch of great importance to us, it was turned into a provincial town of the Russian Empire. Prior to that, for a long time, it was the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which existed in the 13th–18th century. In the 20th century, after the reestablishment of the Polish and Lithuanian states, it did not become the capital of Lithuania (the city of Kaunas became its provisional capital); Vilnius was incorporated into Poland and became a city of the Polish province. In 1939, on Stalin’s initiative, it was taken away from Poland and returned to Lithuania, at the same time annexing Lithuania to the Soviet Empire. All this has to be kept in mind if we want to understand the question what the University of Vilnius is. And what was it during the period between 1803 and 1832? 79 At first glance the answer seems simple — this is an institution founded by the Jesuits and Stephen Bathory in 1579. -
100Th Anniversary of the National Flag of Poland 100Th Anniversary of the National Flag of Poland
100th Anniversary of the National Flag of Poland 100th Anniversary of the National Flag of Poland The Polish white-and-red flag is only 100 tional colours was first used on a wider Face value: 10 zł Designer: Anna Wątróbska-Wdowiarska years old, even though it is the simplest scale in 1792, during the celebrations sign symbolising the White Eagle, which of the first anniversary of the passing of Metal: Ag 925/1000 Issuer: NBP has been the emblem of Poland for eight the Constitution of 3rd May. In 1831, the Finish: proof, UV print centuries. The upper white stripe of the Sejm of the Congress Kingdom of Poland Diameter: 32.00 mm The coins, commissioned by NBP, flag symbolises the Eagle, while the red adopted a white-and-red cockade as the Weight: 14.14 g were struck by Mennica Polska S.A. one symbolises the colour of the es- official national symbol. The design of the Edge: plain cutcheon. The flag in the form in which it flag used these days was only introduced Mintage: up to 13,000 pcs All Polish collector coins feature: is used these days was introduced only by the Legislative Sejm of the reborn Re- face value; image of the Eagle established after Poland regained its independence public of Poland on 1 August 1919. In the as the state emblem of the Republic of following the partitions. In the Middle first act on the coat-of-arms and the na- Poland; inscription: Rzeczpospolita Polska Ages, the ensign carried by knights of the tional colours of the Republic of Poland, year of issue. -
Cittaslow Cities Varmia Masuria Powiśle
quality of life CITTASLOW CITIES VARMIA MASURIA POWIŚLE www.cittaslowpolska.pl Mamonowo Gronowo Grzechotki Bagrationowsk Braniewo RUS Żeleznodorożnyj Bezledy Gołdap Gołdap Zalew wiślany Górowo Iławeckie PODLASKIE Pieniężno Bartoszyce Węgorzewo ELBLĄG Korsze Lidzbark Orneta Warmiński Bisztynek Kętrzyn Giżycko Pasłęk Reszel Olecko POMORSKIE Dobre Miasto Jeziorany Ryn Morąg Biskupiec Mrągowo EŁK Orzysz Mikołajki Barczewo OLSZTYN Ostróda Olsztyn Pisz Ruciane-Nida Biała Piska Iława Olsztynek Warszawa Szczytno Lubawa Kolno Nowe Miasto Lubawskie MAZOWIECKIE KU AJ WS Nidzica K O-POMORSKIE Lidzbark Welski Brodnica Działdowo Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship OSTROŁ¢KA VARMIA MASURIA POWIŚLE MASURIA VARMIA CITTASLOW CITIES CITTASLOW www.cittaslowpolska.pl Olsztyn 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS INVITATION Invitation 3 There are many beautiful, vibrant tourist destinations in the Why Cittaslow? 4 world. There are, however, also many places where there are not so many tourists. In today’s big world, we are busy and restless, Attractions of Varmia, Masuria and Powiśle 6 chasing time to meet the most important needs. But there are, however, places where life seems to be calmer, where there is more Cittaslow Cities time for reflection. They are small towns located mostly away from main roads, away from big industry and sometimes from the surfeit Barczewo 10 of modernity. Today, when money makes our world go round, when work Biskupiec 15 takes most of our time, we often want to escape to an oasis of peace and tranquility, where life is slower. This is reflected in our Bisztynek 20 various actions: working in big cities – we want to live outside them, working on weekdays – we want to spend weekends close to Dobre Miasto 26 nature, working in noise – we want peace. -
National Awakening in Belarus: Elite Ideology to 'Nation' Practice
National Awakening in Belarus: Elite Ideology to 'Nation' Practice Tatsiana Kulakevich SAIS Review of International Affairs, Volume 40, Number 2, Summer-Fall 2020, pp. 97-110 (Article) Published by Johns Hopkins University Press For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/783885 [ Access provided at 7 Mar 2021 23:30 GMT from University Of South Florida Libraries ] National Awakening in Belarus: Elite Ideology to ‘Nation’ Practice Tatsiana Kulakevich This article examines the formation of nationalism in Belarus through two dimensions: elite ideology and everyday practice. I argue the presidential election of 2020 turned into a fundamental institutional crisis when a homogeneous set of ‘nation’ practices against the state ideology replaced existing elite ideology. This resulted in popular incremental changes in conceptions of national understanding. After twenty-six consecutive years in power, President Lukashenka unintentionally unleashed a process of national awakening leading to the rise of a new sovereign nation that demands the right to determine its own future, independent of geopolitical pressures and interference. Introduction ugust 2020 witnessed a resurgence of nationalist discourse in Belarus. AUnlike in the Transatlantic world, where politicians articulate visions of their nations under siege—by immigrants, refugees, domestic minority popu- lations—narratives of national and political failure dominate in Belarus Unlike trends in the Transatlantic resonate with large segments of the voting public. -
1. Region of Warmia and Mazury
1. Region of Warmia and Mazury The beauty of the region is the charming and picturesque greenery, more than 2000 lakes and a large area of forests. That’s why our region is called The land of thousand lakes (Inspired by tales of One Thousand and One Nights). The area of Warmia and Mazury are in fact two historic provinces, joined into one because of their location close to each other. They are located in northern Poland, near the border with Russia and east of the lower Vistula River. Region is a paradise for sailors, joined into several sailing routes, it offer excellent conditions not only for sailing, but also canoeing and other water sports. Once there, you can find historical signs dating back to the times of the Crusader Knights, Prussian rule and World War II. Links: o http://www.warmia.mazury.pl/index.php?lang=en o http://www.lonelyplanet.com/poland/warmia-and-masuria o http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/geography/regions/warmia/link.shtml o http://www.en.atrakcje.olsztyn.pl/ 1.1 History of region Warmia (Varmia) This historic region in the North of Poland was ceded to Poland from Prussia in 1466 by the Crusader Knights, later passed to Prussia in 1772, and reverted to Poland after the second World War. Through the Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference of 1945 the victorious Allies divided East Prussia into the two parts now known as Oblast Kaliningrad (in Russia) and the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (in Poland). People was evacuated or fled the advancing Red Army in 1945. -
The History of the Great Duchy of Lithuania: Belarus' Medieval Origins
Reviews 106 The History of the Great Duchy of Lithuania: Belarus’ Medieval Origins BY RYHOR ASTAPENIA* From the Beginning of Husbandry till the Kingdom of Lithuania and Ruthenia (1248-1341)), Haradzienskaja biblijateka: 64,900 BYR ISBN: 9788378931324. ‘The History of the Great Duchy of Lithuania’ takes Belarusians back to their own medieval origins, providing an additional contribution to the development of Soviet heritage and oppose local historiography, books like ‘The History of the GDL’ nurture in Belarusians feelings of historical dignity, making them feel connected with their ancestors and their achievements. The book argues that the Slavic segment of society dominated in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, although it also shows that the Balts and Slavs coexisted choices and the recipe for success for the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. out in print in the summer of 2013. famous Belarusian historians. He studied at the Belarusian State University and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, worked at the Academy of Sciences * Ryhor Astapenia is editor-in-chief of Belarusian internet-magazine Idea and a PhD candidate at the University of Warsaw. Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 12:20:27PM via free access 107 The Journal of Belarusian Studies Belsat TV. from its neighbours, and the strengthening of the GDL. The second part is dedicated numerous successes and rare failures. At the end of the book the author enlists sources, gives a rich bibliography, chronology of GDL history and an index. He places the GDL dukes at the centre of his narrative writing mostly about wars and diplomacy, not culture. -
OSW Report | Opposites Put Together. Belarus's Politics of Memory
OPPOSITES PUT TOGETHER BELARUS’S POLITICS OF MEMORY Kamil Kłysiński, Wojciech Konończuk WARSAW OCTOBER 2020 OPPOSITES PUT TOGETHER BELARUS’S POLITICS OF MEMORY Kamil Kłysiński, Wojciech Konończuk © Copyright by Centre for Eastern Studies CONTENT EDITOR Adam Eberhardt EDITOR Szymon Sztyk CO-OPERATION Tomasz Strzelczyk, Katarzyna Kazimierska TRANSLATION Ilona Duchnowicz CO-OPERATION Timothy Harrell GRAPHIC DESIGN PARA-BUCH DTP IMAGINI PHOTOGRAPH ON COVER Jimmy Tudeschi / Shutterstock.com Centre for Eastern Studies ul. Koszykowa 6a, 00-564 Warsaw, Poland tel.: (+48) 22 525 80 00, [email protected] www.osw.waw.pl ISBN 978-83-65827-56-2 Contents MAIN POINTS | 5 INTRODUCTION | 11 I. THE BACKGROUND OF THE BELARUSIAN POLITICS OF MEMORY | 14 II. THE SEARCH FOR ITS OWN WAY. ATTEMPTS TO DEFINE HISTORICAL IDENTITY (1991–1994) | 18 III. THE PRO-RUSSIAN DRIFT. THE IDEOLOGISATION OF THE POLITICS OF MEMORY (1994–2014) | 22 IV. CREATING ELEMENTS OF DISTINCTNESS. A CAUTIOUS TURN IN MEMORY POLITICS (2014–) | 27 1. The cradle of statehood: the Principality of Polotsk | 28 2. The powerful heritage: the Grand Duchy of Lithuania | 32 3. Moderate scepticism: Belarus in the Russian Empire | 39 4. A conditional acceptance: the Belarusian People’s Republic | 47 5. The neo-Soviet narrative: Belarusian territories in the Second Polish Republic | 50 6. Respect with some reservations: Belarus in the Soviet Union | 55 V. CONCLUSION. THE POLICY OF BRINGING OPPOSITES TOGETHER | 66 MAIN POINTS • Immediately after 1991, the activity of nationalist circles in Belarus led to a change in the Soviet historical narrative, which used to be the only permit ted one. However, they did not manage to develop a coherent and effective politics of memory or to subsequently put this new message across to the public. -
European Power
European Power European Power Lesson plan (Polish) Lesson plan (English) European Power Prussian Homage Source: Jan Matejko, Hołd Pruski, oil on canvas, Naonal Museum in Kraków, licencja: CC 0. Link to the lesson You will learn about the situation of Poland during the reign of the Jagiellons; with what states Poland waged wars and why. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu Thanks to Jagiełło’s marriage with Jadwiga Anjou, the Jagiellons sat on the Polish throne, and the next marriages extended their power and authority all over the entire Central‐Eastern Europe. In the beginning of the 15th century, the war between Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow broke. In 1514, the Moscow army captured extremely important for strategic reasons Smolensk stronghold, and the great Lithuanian‐Polish victory in the Battle of Orsha stopped the march of the Moscow army to Vilnius, yet did not alter the fate of Smolensk. The second major opponent of Poland and Lithuania remained Teutonic Knights. In 1519‐1521, the last war of Poles with the Teutonic Knights was waged. After lost war with Poland, the last Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Albert of Hohenzollern, adopted Lutheranism and transformed the monastic state into secular duchy (the Duchy of Prussia). Additionally, in 1525, he paid homage to the Polish King, Sigismund the Old. In the result of the crisis of the Monastic State in Livonia, the war for its land between the Polish‐Lithuanian Commonwealth, Russia, Sweden and Denmark broke out. The major opponent of Sigismund Augustus proved to be Ivan the Terrible. -
Destination:Poland
Destination: Poland The Guide Tomasz Ławecki Kazimierz Kunicki Liliana Olchowik-Adamowska Destination: Poland The Guide Tomasz Ławecki Kazimierz Kunicki Liliana Olchowik-Adamowska Destination: Poland The Guide Not just museums: the living A place in the heart of Europe 8 I IX folklore in Poland 490 A chronicle of Poland: Communing with nature: Poland’s II a stroll down the ages 20 X national parks and beyond 522 Sanctuares, rites, pilgrimages – Famous Poles 86 III XI the traditional religious life 564 IV Gateways to Poland 138 XII Poland for the active 604 V Large Cities 182 XIII Things Will Be Happening 624 Destination: Medium-sized towns 304 VI XIV Castles, churches, prehistory 666 Small is beautiful – Practical Information 718 VII Poland’s lesser towns 366 XV The UNESCO World Heritage List Index of place names 741 VIII in Poland 434 XVI Not just museums: the living A place in the heart of Europe 8 I IX folklore in Poland 490 A chronicle of Poland: Communing with nature: Poland’s II a stroll down the ages 20 X national parks and beyond 522 Sanctuares, rites, pilgrimages – Famous Poles 86 III XI the traditional religious life 564 IV Gateways to Poland 138 XII Poland for the active 604 V Large Cities 182 XIII Things Will Be Happening 624 Destination: Medium-sized towns 304 VI XIV Castles, churches, prehistory 666 Small is beautiful – Practical Information 718 VII Poland’s lesser towns 366 XV The UNESCO World Heritage List Index of place names 741 VIII in Poland 434 XVI Text Tomasz Ławecki POLAND Kazimierz Kunicki and the other Liliana -
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Mariusz KULESZA Dorota KACZYŃSKA Department of Political Geography and Regional Studies University of Łódź, POLAND No. 11 MULTINATIONAL CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE EASTERN PART OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF POLAND AND LITHUANIA Poland is a country with the largest territorial variation in the history of Europe. These changes involved not only the temporary gaining and losing some provinces that were later regained (as was the case for most European countries), but a transition of the country from its natural geographical frames deep into neighbouring ecumenes, while losing its own historical borders in the process. There were also times when the Polish state would disappear from the map of Europe for extended periods. Poland is also a country which for centuries was a place for foreigners where foreigners settled, lead here by various reasons, and left their mark, to a smaller or greater extent in the country's history. They also left numerous places in the Republic that became important not only for Poles. Today, these places belong to both Polish and non-Polish cultures and they become a very significant element of our cultural heritage, a deposit within Polish borders. Up until mid-14th century, Poland was a medium-sized, mostly ethnically homogenous country which faced west both culturally and economically. The eastern border of the country was also the border of Latin Christianity, with the Orthodox Ruthenia and Pagan Lithuania beyond it. In the second half of the 14th century, this situation changed significantly. First, the Red Ruthenia and Podolia were annexed by Poland, and another breakthrough came with the union with Lithuania, which was a Eastern European superpower back then.