Vol. XIII No. November, 1958 INFORMATION ISSUED BY THE ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH REFUGEES IN GREAT BRITAIN 8 FAJRFAX MANSIONS. O^ce and Consulting Hours: FINCHLEY ROAD (Corner Fairfax Road), Monday to Thursday 10 a.m.— I p.m. 3^^ p.m. LONDON, N.W.3 Friday tOa.m.—I p.m. Tdephone: MAIda Vale 9096/7 (General Office) MAIda Vale 4449 (Employment Asency and Social Services Dept.)

LEST WE FORGET THE WAY TO THE POGROMS The main part of this issue is dedicated to the memory of the pogroms in November, 1938. In Memory of November lOth, 1938 The events of those days were a turning point The pogrom of November lOth, 1938, had for certainty that they were powerless in the trap set in modern history. For the first time a State a long time been threatening German Jewry ; it by the murderers. The decree of August 18th, 1938, defied the sanctity of houses of prayer; the did not come upon them like a bolt from the blue. enacting that Jewish children bom after January burning of the synagogues symbolised the Since the assumption of power, the regime had Ist, 1939, might bear certain names only, was destruction of one aspect of civilisation which waged a terrible war of annihilation against the deviUsh. Not only-German names were forbidden even the Nazis had left untouched until then. Jews, using every means of " non-violence ". The but also many Hebrew names. No Jew could call pogrom signified the transition to sheer, undisguised his son Adam, Abraham, Jacob, Joseph or David, The events were no less important to the violence, to terrorism. Like the boycott of 1933, or his daughter Eva, Ruth, Hannah, Rachel or German and Austrian Jews themselves. Though it was worse than anything that had preceded it Elisabeth. Instead, names such as Itzig, Ahasuerus, they had gone through a process of ever- and was at the same time the preliminary to Awrum, Herod, Judas, Channe, Riwke, Breile, etc. increasing degradation since 1933, the mass unheard of crimes. Bringing to an end the period were prescribed. One of the purposes of this list of arrests during the pogroms exposed them indis­ of so-called " non-violence", of the boycott and names was to discourage Jewish parents from bear­ criminately to the brutality of the regime. deprivation of rights, it was the bridge that led to ing children, since they would thereby be branded Belsen and Auschwitz. for life. Those males born before the decree had Some of our readers may resent the fact that On announcing the Nuernberg Laws in Septem­ to take the name Israel, and females had to take this issue carries eye-witness reports of the ber, 1935, Hitler had described them as "an the name Sara, after their other names. With pogrom victims, taken at random from the attempt to regulate on a secular basis the relation­ wonderful dignity someone, whose name is comprehensive records of The Wiener Library ; ships between the German and the Jewish unfortunately unknown to me, responded to this they may shrink from the revival of these peoples ". Should the attempt fail, he would hand renewal of the stigma of the " Yellow Patch ": Upsetting memories of the past. Yet merely the matter over to the Party. This hidden threat " Ja, Sara heissest du, Fuerstin, und Israel, general descriptions and impersonal figures hung over the German Jews for three years until, Kaempfer fuer Gott. on the night of the pogrom, it was tumed into Meinte der Taeufer es wirklich im Spott ? Would be inadequate to express the feelings of reality. helplessness and despair which most of us had Ihr ueber die Welt Verstreuten, ihr Samen, Their situation had steadily worsened since 1933. in those days. Besser, als ihr selbst, kennt euere Namen They were being forced more and more out of Der Widersacher von Gott." The pogroms were also a turning point in business ; Jewish employees were dismissed and the organisation of the exodus of German Jewish officials flung out of their posts. Customers Deprivation of Property and Freedom who dealt with Jewish shops had their names pub­ Jewry. It is significant that, during the nine The Jews pf Germany were cosapletely despoiled months before the outbreak of war, the number lished and were pilloried. As a result of one form of boycott, the Jews were being increasingly by the legislation enacted, which took the form of of emigrating Jews was almost as high as it rendered homeless ; having received notice to quit, ordinances, partly of a seemingly general nature had been during the total preceding five-and- they found it first difiicult, then impossible to find not mentioning Jews particularly, and partly a-half years. After November, 1938, even those anywhere else to livq. Since tenants would leave a directed against Jews alone. For years already, in who had hoped that the system might change house when a Jew moved in, and the names of many cases, a quarter of their assets had been house-owners who took in Jewish lodgers were sequestered to meet the Flight Capital Tax, even overnight or that, as far as the Jews were con­ when they had no intention of emigrating. The cerned, at least a status quo might be main­ published in the press, an increasing number of Jews moved into houses owned by Jews. But the levy on personal belongings of would-be emigrants, tained, were left with no choice. But there enforced in the summer of 1938, provided a new Were many who perished who could have been number of these owners was dwindling, owing to the indefinable, yet irresistible pressure being form of loot. Anyone wishing tp emigrate had to saved if more countries had followed Great exerted on many to sell their houses. The increas­ pay a levy of 100 per cent on acquisitions made in Britain's example in relaxing their immigration ing homelessness was one of the heaviest burdens 1938, and a smaller amount on those made between policies. to bear. The feeling of insecurity was heightened 1933 and 1937. Later, the levy was put up and up, till finally no longer 100 per cent, but quite Events occurred which, had they been by the refusal to give Jews passports, which had been granted them in the years immediately arbitrary rates were levied. predicted beforehand, would then have seemed following the change of government, but were soon At the same time mass arrests were started. No utterly incredulous. In the light of past stopped. The new passports were only issued in Jew could any longer be certain that he would fJ^perience we feel, however, bound to ask: cases of emigration and in July, 1938, all current spend his next hour in freedom. The spiritual 'Could it happen again?" Is it conceivable passports held by non-emigrants had to be oppression became unbearable. The year 1937 in that a country like Germany might again surrendered. They were replaced from January Dusseldorf was especially terrible. A large number embrace a system of barbarism and sadism ? 1st, 1939, by "identity cards", which had to bear of community members were arrested, in many /^e cannot dismiss this question as easily as fingerprints, thus classing Jews with criminals. cases spending months of imprisonment without "before the events. There are still—or again ? With the surrender of their passports came the trial. Others were condemned to long years of incarceration. After the war ended some of these ~~symptoms of neo-Nazism, of anti-Jewish sentences were reviewed and the defendants were feehngs and of intolerance. But there are also pronounced innocent. strong forces fighting the evil. For the sake message. Were not the Jews, apart from certain °f peace and human progress we must hope prejudices, respected as ordinary human beings First Attacks on the Jewish Religion that, ultimately, these forces will prevail. and treated as citizens of equal standing ? Had not the philosophy of enlightenment left its Until 1937, severe measures had been taken The recent trials against the Nazi criminals against Jewish persons but not actually against indelible imprint on German thinking ? Yet Jewry and its organisations. It is true that, responsible for the death of innumerable now that an assault has been made on basic immediately after the transfer of power, the innocent people, remind us that the present principles which we had thought impregnable, Shechitah had been forbidden ; otherwise, however, situation is a strange and ambivalent one : on the message of " Nathan der Weise" has religious life remained immune for a time. This 'he one hand, we have the fact that, more than become even more topical than it was in Les­ circumstance was changed in 1937. I myself, like thirteen years after the war, the murderers are sing's lifetime. The Patriarch's verdict on one many others, was put in prison that year for the ^till at large ; on the other hand, at least some individual Jew: "Tut nichts, der Jude wird first time, when abruptly the B'nai B'rith Lodges ^^ them are being brought to justice, even at verbraimt", became a grim reality for millions were forbidden through the entire Reich and their ftis stage. of our people. We cannot forget this, and we honorary officers arrested. But a year later, on March 31st, 1938, the Jewish communities were A few weeks ago in London many of us are not entitled to indulge in shallow optimism. Yet, even after the darkest hours of our history, denied the status of corporations under public attended the Dusseldorf Schauspielhaus' per­ law and, as merely private societies, they lost the formance of " Nathan der Weise ". When we we must not despair or give up hope that right to raise taxes. The German Jews nevertheless saw this play before we emigrated from Ger­ respect for the values of our civilisation will remained faithful to their communities and con- many, vve felt inclined to underestimate its prevail. (Continued on page 3, column 3) Page 2 AJR INFORMATION November, 19.'i8 DER STAATSBESUCH YON BUNDESPRAESIDENT HEUSS BUNDESRUECKERSTATTUNGS-GESETZ Fristablauf 31 Dezember 1958 Anlaesslich des Staatsbesuchs des Praesidenten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Die Conference on Jewish Material Claims Professor Dr. Theodor Heuss, veranstaltete die Deutsche Botschaft am 22. Oktober Against Germany hat die folgende Verlautbarung einen Empfang in der County Hall des London County Council. Unter den Anwesenden erlassen : befanden sich zahlreiche aus Deutschland stammeride Persoenlichkeiten, insbesondere Am 31.12.1958 endet die Frist fuer die Anmel­ Vertreter der Organisationen von Einwanderern, die als Verfolgte des national­ dung von Anspruechen nach dem Bundesruecker­ sozialistischen Regimes in England Aufnahme gefunden hatten. Wir veroeffentlichen stattungsgesetz. Dieses Gesetz regelt Ansprueche im folgenden Auszuege aus der Ansprache, die Bundespraesident Heuss bei dieser auf Zahlung von Schadensersatz fuer Entziehung Gelegenheit hielt, sowie einen Bericht ueber den Besuch des Bundespraesidenten von Sachen wie Liftvans Hausrat, Wertpapiere, bei der Wiener Library. Schmuck, Platin-, Gold- und Silbergegenstaende, Devisen, Bibliotheken, Briefmarkensammlungen, Uhren, Pelze, Maschinen, Warenlager, BanK- WIEDERGUTMACHUNG DES Schwierigkeiten, nicht nur das Gefuehl, son­ konten usw. UNRECHTS dern auch das Wissen um eine gemeinsame Zwei Vorschriften des Gesetzes sind von Niemand wird auf die Idee kommen, Verantwortung fuer Wohlfahrt, Friede und besonderer Bedeutung fuer Verfolgte aus den Freiheit gesichert bleibe. deutsch besetzten Gebieten in Ost- und Westeuropa. keinem Redlichen wird es erlaubt sein, die 1) §13 gewaehrt Entschaedigung fuer Umzugsgut, Schrecknisse, die im letzten Weltkrieg BESUCH DER WIENER LIBRARY das ausserhalb Deutschlands in Europa beschlag­ geschehen sind, zu verniedlichen. Sie fanden Der Friedrich Naumann-Schueler, historische nahmt wurde. Dies aber nur, wenn der Verfolgte ihren Ausgangspunkt in der Hybris der Schriftsteller und demokratische Politiker Wuert- aus dem Gebiet der Bundesrepublik oder aus West- tembergischer Praegung, Professor Dr. Theodor beriin ausgewandert ist. deutschen Gewalthaber, die in fast alle Voel­ Heuss, gehoerte als unbeugsamer Vertreter einer 2) §5 gibt Anspruch auf Entschaedigung, wenn ker, auch in dieses, Leid trug. Das zynische liberalen und humanitaeren Weltanschauung zum Vermoegensgegenstaende, wie die obenerwaehnten Zertrampeln nicht nur verbriefter Buerger- Kreis der Verfolgten. dem das nationalsozialis­ Sachen, ausserhalb Deutschlands beschlagnahmi rechte, sondern der ganz einfachen mensch­ tische Regime den Broterwerb zu unterbinden und hinterher in das Gebiet der BundesrepubliK lichen Rechte zum blossen Leben und zur wusste. Mord und Austreibung Ijchteten den Kreis oder von Grossberlin geschafft wurden. Voraus­ naher Freunde. Wer aber von diesem Kreis setzung ist, dass der Wert aller Gegenstaende, oie eigenverantworteten Entfaltung setzte ja ausserhalb EVeutsohlands die Jahre erlebt hat. in einem Verfolgten entzogen wurden. zusaminen schon ein, bevor die Kriegstragoedie denen Theodor Heuss als Bundespraesident waltete, mindestens RM 1.000,—erreichte. Die Beschlag­ inszeniert wurde. Ich sehe in diesem Saale weiss von Taten der Freundschaft zu berichten. nahme ausserhalb Deutschlands und die Fort- schaffung nach Westdeutschland oder Grossberlm manche alten Bekannten, ja Freunde, die aus Das Amt des Bundespraesidenten gewaehrt mucssen nachgewiesen werden. , politischen oder aus sogenannten " ras­ verfassungsmaessig keinen unmiittelbaren Einfluss auf Gesetzgebung und Verwaltung. Dass aber Fuer Gold- und Silbersachen, Devisen, Edej- sischen " Gruenden aus dem Lande ihrer gleichwohl Widerstaende gegen das Wiedergut- steine u. dergl. ist dieser Beweis aufgrund a'l' Eltern, aus der Heimat ihrer Jugend—und gemeiner Anordnungen in der Regel zu fuehren, machungswerk beseitigt wurden. dass immer da solche Werte nach Berlin abzuliefern waren. Mannesjahre vertrieben wurden. Wir sind wieder der Appell an das Gewissen zu geeigneter a) Aus den okkupierten westlichen Gebieten (w'^ England dankbar, dass es ihnen die Chance Stunde in starken Worten erklang. ist das Verdienst z.B. Frankreich, Belgien, Holland, Luxemburg) sinu der Existenz, mochte und mag sie auch kuem- des Bundespraesidenten. Niemand, der ergreifender saemtliche den Nationalsozialisten bekannt S^JY"'^] merlich gewesen sein und noch sein, und grossartiger von dem gesprochen hat. was das denen Wohnungseinrichtungen von Juden beschlag­ Gewakregime den deutschen Juden und dann alien nahmt worden und nach Westdeutschland una gewaehrl hat. Juden getan hat. Berlin gelangt, ebenso grosse Mengen von Weri- Wir wissen auch um die Pflicht, Unrecht Nicht nur wegen dieser engen Verbundenheit zu papieren, Kulturgut usw. Darueber liegt aus­ wieder gutzumachen, was ja zumal im juedischen Menschen, von Otto Hirsch, mit dem reichend Beweismaterial vor. ,. ihn gemeinsame Heimat und Studienzeit b) Es sind auch viele Dokumente vorhanden, die seelisch-familiaeren Bereich immer Notbehelf verknuepften, bis zu Leo Baeck. sondern weil er beweisen, dass grosse Posten von Wertpapieren und im Materiellen muehsam erarbeitetes von der Geschichte und dem Schicksal der (nicht aber Hausrat) aus Gebieten des okkupierten Stueckwerk bleiben wird. Handelt es sich deuischen Juden weiss, nimmt er warmen Anteil Ostens, insbesondere aus dem Generalgouverne- an den Bestrebungen des Leo Baeck Instituts. Wie ment. grossen Teilen der Tschechoslowakei uno doch um ueber 1^ Millionen Antraege, die er in New York die Sammlungen des Instituts durch einen Rechtsgang geschleust werden von Oesterreich ueber die Reichskreditkassen an besichtigte, so nahm er sich auch in London trotz die Reichsbank Berlin zur Ablieferung gelangten. muessen. Ich weiss gut genug, dass noch der vielen Verpflichtungen seines dreitaegigen Dasselbe gilt fuer den Inhalt von Safes (Goio. sehr viel Bitterkeit den Weg dieser Arbeit Staatsbesuchs die Zeit, begleitet vom Deutschen Devisen usw.) und Briefmarkensammlungen^ begleitet. Sie wissen, dass Regierung, Botschafter und den Beamten des Praesidialbueros ferner fuer alle Wertgegenstaende, die den HaeH' Bundestag und Bundesrat einheitlich die am 23, Oktober die " Wiener Library " zu besuchen lingen in den Ghettos und in den KZ-Lagern und dort die Etokumente der Verfolgungszeit, zum abgenommen wurden. Voraussetzung bleibt aoe Loesung dieser Frage, die freilich in zahllosen Teil auch solche, die ihn selbst betreffen, zu auch hier, dass der Gesamtwert saemtlicher einem Faellen unvollkommen sein wird, zugleich studieren. Verfolgten entzogener Wertgegenstaende jeweu als Human um und Politicum begreifen. Wie Mr. Leonard G. Montefiore, der Praesident der die Grenze von RM 1.000—erreichte. . das Humane und das Politische ineinander- Wiener Library, und der Direktor Dr. Alfred Die Antragsfrist ist wiederholt verlaengf" Wiener, ueberreichten dem Bundespraesidenten worden. Eine nochmalige Verlaengerung erschein fliessen kann, wobei das Politische immer den zwei Werke mit besonderen Erinnerungen fuer den ausgeschlossen. Es wird deshalb dringend g^""^!^"," Gewinn zieht, habe ich persoenlich bei Schwaben Theodor Heuss: Etes eine, ein altes sich sofort mit einem Anwalt, der auf dem ^y",]; meinem englischen Aufenthalt im Jahre 1947 Buch " Wuerttemberg " mit Aufzeichnungen ueber der Wiedergutmachung specialisiert ist. oder fai erfahren. Wir Deutsche haben es in einem seinen Geburtsort Brackenheim, das andere, das der Antragsteller unbemittelt ist, mit der Uniieu ueber " Juedisohe Gotteshaeuser und Friedhoefe Restitution Organization in Verbindung zu setzen, breiteren Bewusstsein erfahren, als die in Wueirttemberg " berichtet. damit die Antragsformulare ordnungsmaessig a"*? Stimme eines Mannes aus England unser Aus der Art. in der der Bundespraesident die gefuellt und rechtzeitig vor Ende des Jahres yf Ohr, unsere Empfindung erreichte—eines Buecher und die zu einem grossen Teil ergreifen- den zusitaendigen deutschen Behoerden eingereicn' juedischen Mannes. Es war die Stimme von den Dokumente pruefte, sprach sein tiefes Ver­ werden. . Victor Gollancz. Ich wuerde vor mir selber staendnis fuer die Sammlungen und Arbeiten der Besondere Informationen kann man erhalten .in] Bibliothek, die heute nichl nur den Studien Zusammenhang mit: Entziehungen in Frankreic ein Unrecht tun, wuerde ich diesen Namen juedischer Gelehrter dient; auch fuer Studenten beim: Fonds Sociale Juif Unifi^. 25 Rue de Bero. nicht nennen. und Forscher aus Deutschland. die die Geschichte Paris 8 ; Entziehungen in Belgien beim: Al v^J- Geistespolitisch liegen die Dinge nicht ganz der Verfolgung schreiben, sind die Sammlungen 16 Avenue des Noisetiers, Brussel ; Entziehungen eine unentbehrliche Quelle geworden. Der Praesi­ in Holland beim: JOKOS. Herengrachf 503. I"- so einfach. . . . Im Jahre 1911 trat Friedrich dent begruesste die wissenschaftlichen Verbin­ .Amsterdam C. Gundolf ins breitere Bewusstsein durch sein dungen, die seit langem bestehen. VERFOLGUNGSSCHAEDEN-GESETZ monumentales, und in seinen Perspektiven Jede Aeusserung Theodor Heuss' ist das Wort tief bewegendes Werk " Shakespeare und der eines geistigen Menschen und gleichzeitg schwingt Contrary to expeotaitions, the official aPP"'^?''^?^ deutsche Geist". Welches Glueck fuer den stets in ihr ein ethischer Impuls mit. Wiedergut­ forms to be used by claimants living abroad hav machung ist fuer ihn nicht ein Programm. um not yet been issued. An announcement will Mann, dass er 1931, erst 51 jaehrig. sterben politischer Zielsetzungen willen geschaffen. sondern published in fhis journal as soon as the form durfte, bevor sein Doktorand Joseph eine moralische Verpflichtung. Der. wie er sagte. Sire available. _ . Goebbels daran gehen konnte, den deutschen nur begrenzt moegliche Versuch der Wiedergut­ The applications will have to be filed with t" Geist in die Gosse zu schmeissen. machung ist fuer den geistigen Pohtiker nicht nur " Finanzlandesdirektionen " in Austria, and *hou' ein Problem der finanziellen Sicherung der not be sent ito other institutions in Austria sucJi a» . . . Ich bin kein Illusionist, der glaubt, geschaedigten und oft zerbrochenen Opfer. Ihm the " Hilfsfonds ". mit Deutungen und Analysen den Lauf der ist es darum zu tun, das Andenken an die tragische The address of the " Finanzlandesdirektion fu^_ Dinge kanalisieren zu koennen. Aber das Geschichte der deutschen Juden zu wahren. So Wien. Niederoeslerreich und Burgenland (&" soil meine Hoffnung bleiben, dass im Hin sindi seine Besuche der Wiener Library' und des schaedigungsabteilung)" is Vienna I.. WoHzeil^ Leo Baeck Instituts als Symbol seines Wunsches An announcement concerning claims of Austrian Jep^ und Her politischer Sonderberatungen. mit zu werten, dass dem deutschen Judentum das for confiscaled valuables is published on pag^ alien ihren nie vorher angesammelten wuerdige Monument gesetzt wird. das es verdient. column 3 of litis issue. AJR INFORMATION November, 1958 Page 3 EYE-WITNESS ACCOUNTS OF THE The Way to the Pogrom (Continued from page I) NOVEMBER EVENTS tinued to pay them their dues, even after state " / record what I myself saw, lo remind those who saw it with me, and to warn the compulsion had ceased. generations to come." Lion Feuchtwanger (" The Jewish War"). The synagogues, which had so far been spared, were not the objects of brute force until the Nuernberg " Saujude ", he was cruelly beaten. Tefillin and middle of 1938. The first victim was the magnifi­ In Nuernberg, which was under the control of Talleisim were slashed to ribbons with the jibe: cent Munich synagogue. At scarcely a moment's Streicher. the S.A. was assembled at the market " You will anyhow be in Heaven soon without notice the community was ordered to surrender its place at 1.30 on the fateful morning. Steel saying the Lord's Prayer." An opera singer was synagogue to the state and within less than 24 truncheons were handed out to them, and they commanded to sing Srastro's aria from Mozart's hours the demolition had begun. The Board of Were given detailed instructions on the devastations " The Magic Flute " : " In diesen heiligen Hallen the Allgemeine Rabbiner Verband held a meeting to be carried out. ... A number of Jews were kennt man die Rache nicht." We were also forced in Munich on that fatal day of June 8th, and I thrown into the streets from windows. Pictures in to shout in unison : " We are swine Jews and was therefore an eyewitness of the happenings. the homes of Jewish families were slashed. An murderers. . . ." The President of the community, Oberlandes­ art collector who owned a Rembrandt offered the In Buchenwald each prisoner was given a num­ gerichtsrat Dr. Neumeyer, was summoned to the niasterpiece to the S.A. men, imploring that they ber, which was usually accompanied by a well- town hall during our deliberations and was there should not destroy this irreplaceable work but aimed kick or a stinging slap. Our heads were given the order. He returned to us a broken man. should take it with them. No heed was paid to shaved. From 7 in the morning till 8 at night we Never to be forgotten by all who took part in it "IS plea. A weeping woman begged that the had to stand on one spot. At 8.30 we were chased was the abysmal grief which hung that afternoon portrait of her dead father should be spared. She into the barracks, which we were not allowed to over the last divine service in the house of God, *as rudely told to get out if she did not want to leave for any purpose until the morning. This consecrated to its doom. Three months after­ witness the destruction. was complicated by a diet of whale soup, which wards, shortly before Rosh Hashanan, the mayor A well-known Jew was to be arrested, but as caused diarrhoea. From time to time S.S. men of Dortmund disclosed to the Board that the Dort­ he was out of town his wife and son were to be came in, picked out twenty or thirty Jews at mund synagogue was to be seized and destroyed. taken instead. When the wife pleaded that the random out of each hut, and put them to death The community was only allowed to hold divine child, who was ill and feverish, should not be outside. Often the prisoners were thrown against service on Rosh Hashanah. Then the imposing taken out into the cold November night, she was the electrically-loaded barbed wire. In their building was torn down and a petrol station erected told : " So much the better—he will be disposed despair, some committed suicide in this terrible on its site. The community was promised an of sooner !"' way, and nearly every day eight to ten bodies indemnity of RM 100,000, but immediately after­ were to be seen hanging on the wire. wards a fine of a similar amount was imposed on A Small Town in Saxony Sachsenhausen it under some pretext or other, and set off against ... Some of the people stoned the windows of the indemnity. lylrs. W."s house. Others entered and caused . . . All the ties that had bound me to Germany tiavoc. A few, however, tried to save things which had, by that time, been severed. I developed an What occurred in Munich on June 8th and other they considered to be of sentimental value, by aversion to these people which 1 shall not lose to occurrences were completely eclipsed by later hiding them under the beds. my dying day. . . . Hours spent doing gruelling events of the year. At 7 o'clock in the moming a policeman arrived knee bends, being cursed at, suffering hunger and to take Mrs. W. into " protective custody ". He thirst. Here and there somebody slumps to the Prelude to Destruction *_as most courteous, asked who would care for ground unheeded. He is only a " dirty Jew". 'he canary and. when they were in the street, Another slashes his arteries with a razor blade, October 28th, the date of the destruction of the offered to walk ahead so that she should not be and we only notice it when he collapses, with Polish Jews in Germany, was the prelude for the embarrassed. Mrs. W. declined the offer saying : blood pouring from his wrists. An S.S. man passes, destruction of the German Jews! On that dav all . If anybody should be ashamed at this moment smiles, and bashes him in the teeth with the butt the Jews of Polish nationality throughout the 't should be you." of his pistol. Now his face is also a gory mess. Reich were arrested, to find themselves dumped, Only a short while and it is over. In Hiding a few days later, in a no-man's-land between the Dachau German and Polish frontiers, in the Collection • ... It was resolved that I should ask a non- Camp of Zbonzyn. Jewish friend of ours for hospitality. She was at ... At the Dachau railway station we were met once prepared to accommodate me and I spent by a small group of S.S. men, who were obviously Three hundred and sixty-one Jews had been One night in her flat but. as she lived in a block disappointed that there were only a few of us. arrested in Diisseldorf. Some filled the corridors ot flats. I was afraid she would suffer for hiding They beat us, to the horror of the policeman of the prison on the Fuerstenwall. Others were "^e. I therefore decided to travel to Weimar, who had accompanied us on the journey, and then packed like wild animals behind bars. No one *here I took a, room in a hotel. From there I threw us into a van. When we arrived at the was spared. There stood, motionless, a young proceeded to Dresden. When 1 entrained for camp we met thousands of fellow-Jews. Almost mother, in the pram before her the baby whose •Jresden, I saw hundreds of Jews being off-loaded. all of them had swollen and bruised faces, and Milah I had attended a few weeks earlier; and I'ke cattle. They were driven by police—their some were hardly recognisable as human beings. there were men between 80 and 90. In a wheel­ destination Buchenwald. Some of the prisoners were over 80 years old. chair sat a man, both of whose legs had been - In Dresden I was given sanctuary by a non- The camp was surrounded by a barbed-wire amputated. The frozen calm of the arrested was ••ewish acquaintance. There I thought I might be fence. At various points watch towers with terrible: not a word was spoken, not a complaint safe, but it was not so. Two days after my machine-guns and searchlights were mounted. One uttered, but horror had so distorted their faces p'''"'val, on returning from a walk, I found two of the prisoners—a feeble-minded man—one day that I did not recognise some of them. They had JJEstapo men awaiting me, one of them a relative suddenly broke away during roll call. We tried to had no breakfast and got no midday meal, so my otf my acquaintance's wife. Later I learned that call him back but he ran directly towards the wife provided fruit, chocolates and any packed had been betrayed by the wife. S.S. men. They gave him a cruel thrashing, whilst foods available at the moment. Though we could we had silently to stand by and listen to the cries not help them, we wanted to be with these people Buchenwald of this poor creature. and, together with the community leader, Erich I Was first brought to the local police station We had roll call twice a day, which the seriously Felsenthal, we stayed till the buses arrived to take and from there I was taken, together with about ill had to attend as well. The sufferings of the them to the station and the Polish frontier. Four­ jghty others, to a large hall where there were sick and old prisoners were beyond description. teen days later, on November I Oth, I found myself already about 2.000 Jews assembled. We were Those of us who were still able to think again in the prison, but this time I myself, niade.to form into groups of ten before a table coherently felt that this brutality was not just an with many other Jews, was under police arrest. It ehind which was seated a police officer. Upon expression of hatred against us Jews but was had overtaken us: the fate of the Polish Jews, the "'s calling a name, the person so called had to really the manifestation of a system which had fate of all the Jews of Germany. approach ^him and say : " I am the Saujude . . . no regard at all for humanity in general. {Extracts "•"n. . . ."• If anybody forgot to use the word from the Records of the Wiener Library) I shall not say much about the pogrom of November 10th. Hundreds of thousands who went through the experience are still alive. Let them tell the tale. I will mention, however, that during FOR TRANSFER OF DEUTSCHE MARKS that dread night there were signs and wonders, TO THIS COUNTRY CONSULT through which a might of a different order spoke to us. I will recount only one of these. In Korbach, in Waldeck, the Jews had been Feuchtwanger (London) ltd. driven together in the market place. The flames of the burning synagogue and of Jewish houses Bankers filled the night with a blood-red glow. Then there rang out notes which stirred everyone 91. MOORGATE, LONDON, E.C.2 to the core: Tehkiah ! Shebarim ! Teruah ! Tekiah Telephone: METropolitan 8151 Gedolah!! The spirit of God had come upon the teacher. These words were the only fitting Representing : ones. He had sounded Shofar. It was the trumpet I. L. FEUCHTWANGER BANK LTD. FEUCHTWANOER CORPORATION of the Last Judgment, certainly for us Jews, but TEL-AVrV : JERUSALEM : HAIFA 52 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, 4, N.Y. just as certainly for the German nation. RABBI DR. M. ESCHELBACHER Page 4 AJR INFORMATION November, 1958 W. Rosenstock instances where the children, with their nameplates fastened with string around their necks, were seen off at the station, never to set eyes on their parents DAYS OF EMERGENCY again. Even more difficult than the organisation of the There were various preludes to the November tiers of most countries were barred. The United children's exodus was the selection of the pogroms. In the summer of 1938, a considerable States and Palestine were restricted in their immi­ applicants for the Kitchener Camp. On an number of Jews were suddenly arrested, and many gration policies by the quota and certificate systems. occasion such as this it seems fitting to pay tribute of them were brought to Sachsenhausen concentra­ The only country which really reached a helping to the memory of two men who took a responsible tion camp and to another one by the name of hand and which thus lived up to the emergency, part in this work : Senatspraesident a.D. Richard Buchenwald, hitherto unknown. The common was Great Britain. Of the 100,000-150,000 Jews who Joachim, the head of the department in charge, denominator of the prisoners, it transpired, left Germany between the pogroms and the out­ and Landgerichtsdirektor a.D. Dr. Walter Sprinz, was that at one time or another they had break of war, about 40,000 found refuge in this the Chairman of one of the two selection com­ committed an offence. The Nazis called the island, and in addition a further 40,000 from mittees. Both were deported during the war. Tney measure " Vorbestraftenaktion", i.e., an action Austria and Czechoslovakia. One must have were never in the limelight, yet their devoUon against " unsocial elements". But, with a experienced what it meant in t'hose days of anxiety coupled with a strong sense of justice and ot few exceptions, these Jews were not criminals if a letter from a guarantor or from a British immi­ administrative experience, will not be forgotten by —they had either infringed some police regula­ gration authority arrived in a Jewish household. those who worked with them. tions, often as far back as before the First World The rescue work was facilitated by the intro­ Only men up to the age of 45 who were in War, or they had been tried by the Nazis in 1933 duction of two new schemes concerning which the danger, and whose eventual re-emigration to the or later for political reasons. In common with all present writer could obtain some first-hand experi- United States, Palestine or other countries wa^ other basic human rights, the age-old rule that arranged, qualified for admission to the transit nobody could be punished twice for the same camp. Proposals were submitted by the regional offence was ignored by the Nazis. offices of the "Hilfsverein" and, jo the case ot During the Czech crisis which followed in the would-be emigrants to Palestine, of the " Palaes- autumn, it became known that in the event of tina-Amt". The ultimate decision rested witn war all male Jews would be thrown into concen­ two selection committees which met twice a *^ tration camps. The Munich Agreement, con­ in the Kantstrasse headquarters of the " Reichs- troversial as it may be from a general political vertreitung". The view from the window syn*' angle, provided a respite for the Jews in Germany bolised the situation : on the left the burnt-out and Austria, then in a trap. But a few weeks sheU of the Fasanenstrasse Synagogue, constantly after Munich, the Polish Jews were deported fo reminding us of the pogroms and their victims ;n the frontier. the concentration camps, and on the right the rail­ way, with the trainloads of troops, impressing on Mass Arrests us that there was no time to lose. The climax was reached after the attempted Under the circumstances, acceptance or rejecuon assassination of an official of the German Embassy of an applicant was a matter of life and deaitn. in Paris, vom Rath, when the synagogues were set A proper grading of each case would only have on fire and over 30,000 male Jews were arrested. been possible if all the applications had been At the same time, the Jewish organisations were scrutinised first. Speed, however, was the f^"?' closed down. I remember the scene in the head­ mount factor and absolute justice was impossible. quarters of the Central-Verein. The staff was Outside intervention had to be eliminated al" lined up in the corridor, and the official in charge applicants or their relatives were therefore, ^J] of the Berlin Gestapo announced that until further theory, not permitted to call on headquarters i" notice we need no longer come to the office. Much order to plead their cases. It was, however, to our surprise, we were dismissed and none of humanly impossible to ignore the presence in we us was detained. However, as the day wore on, corridors of visitors who, by their shorn heads, an increasing number of our colleagues was were recognisable as released K.Z. prisonert. rounded up. First we thought the measures in When their cases were dealt with by the comnut- Berlin were restricted to leading personalities of tee, the official who had interviewed them had w the various Jewish organisations, but after a few forget the impression they had left, lest he t~ hours we realised that indiscriminate mass arrests carried away by his emotions, to the detrirnenit o were proceeding. Often policemen took with them visitors who happened to be in the flat of others who relied on thear written applications. the person on their list. As only male Jews were Gestapo Pressure arrested, some tried to save themselves by taking refuge in households which consisted only of There were other cases where the Gestapo women and, during the day, they aimlessly intervened and tried to press for the prisoners wandered through the streets, outcasts in their acceptance. Should one yield to this pr*^''^ own city. But their constant fear cannot be com­ thus inviting further pressure, or should one 'J^Y^ pared with the sufferings of their fellow-Jews in the prisoner to the mercy of his torturers ? More Sachsenhausen, Buchenwald and Dachau. Fasanenstrasse Synagogue in flames often than not, this was not an easy decision. (from thc Wiener Library Records) The particulars of the accepted applicants wer The only way out was emigration. Women sent en bloc to the Central British Fund w™5,' queued at the German emigration office in the ence : the admission of children and the establish­ in turn, forwarded them to the Home Office- j7 Linkstrasse, where they had to obtain certificates ment of a transit camp at Richborough (Kitchener words can express the efficiency with which i" that, as far as the German authorities were con­ Camp). Soon after the " Reichsvertretung" of Central British Fund, of which the department in cemed, nothing stood in the way of their husbands' the Jews in Germany was permitted, as the only charge was headed by Professor Norman Bentwicn. emigration once they had procured visas. This Jewish organisation, to re-open its ofiices. applica­ played its part in the work. c was one of the cruel paradoxes of the system : the tions poured into its Children's Emigration Depart­ Gradually, the visas came in. Whilst some o^ emigration office's actual reason d'etre was to check ment (at that time still at the Kurfuerstendamm). the admitted applicants tended lo slow down tfe on the emigration of non-Jews who, because of each of them with a photo of a httle boy or girl final preparations when the political .hop^o their experience or occupation, might be useful to on the form. Selections had to made according to appeared to be lighter, most of them joined tn the country, especially in case of war. For the sake urgency. In a number of cases, the children's group transports which were to bring them ^ of bureaucracy, however, Jews who had to emigration made it possible for the other members England at the earliest possible moment. 'flUj emigrate had to obtain the same rubber stamp. of the family to leave as well, the fathers as within the brief span between the pogroms a^ There were also queues at the consulates of practi­ inmates of the Kitchener Camp and the mothers the outbreak of war, about 5,000 Jews ir°" cally all countries, large and small. But the fron­ as domestic servants. But there were many Central Europe were saved from certain death.

BOOKS BOUGHT & SOLD HART SON & COMPANY English, German, French BANK M. D. Waterhouse LIMITED Bookshop KOSCHLAND & HEPNER Merchant Bankers 2, The Arcade, Swiss Cottage, N.W.6 LTD. AUGUSTINE HOUSE PRI. 2585 Austin Friars, London, E.C.2 Zurich, Selnaustrasse6 Montreux, 96 Grand' Rue •Phone LONdon Wall 7633 BERLIN PROPERTY WANTED Tel.: 051 23 00 18 Tel.: 021 65 8 85 Exceptionally good prices paid for West Berlin property. Telex : 5 25 62 Telex : 2 42 68 Specialists in the PLOTS, RUINS, BOMBED SITES, & HOUSES conversion of of niterest ALL INTERNATIONAL BANKING GERMAN MARKS and BLOCKED TRANSACTIONS AUSTRIAN SCHILLINGS Full particulars In strictest confidence to Box 314. Inquiries invited AJR INFORMATION November, 1958 Page 5 ^- G. Brotman He could count on substantial popular support, if a Gallup Poll can be trusted. The question asked by the British Institute of Public Opinion, BRITAIN'S REACTION TO THE POGROMS •• Do you think the persecution of the Jews in Germany is an obstacle to good understanding The November pogroms of 1938 creaited a deep of the year the fund already amounted to over between Britain and Germany ?" revealed a and ineradicable impression on public opinion in a quarter of a million pounds. Part of this fund majority of 4 to I in favour. Britain. It was indeed at the time the most out­ was used immediately by the Movemen/t for the standing manifestation of what Hitler really meant Care of Children which, until the beginning of The country's opinion was demonstrated in the and the threat his regime was ito civilisation. The the war, brought over more than 10,000 children. House of Commons debate of November 21st, racial laws, the discriminatory laws against Jews, The British Dominions and Colonies also came in which passed Mr. P. J. Noel-Baker's motion that the oppression of other minorities, the actions with their ready help, which was stimulated by " this House notes with profound concem the taken against the churches, were indeed regarded efforts made (through the Council for German deplorable treatment suffered by certain racial, as retrogressive steps, but ithe general tendency of Jewry (now the Central British Fund). religious and political minorities in Europe and, the leaders of public opinion, however much it in view of the growing gravity of the refugee condemned these actions, was to regard them as The Home Office and other departments will­ problem, would welcome an immediate concerted temporary aberrations rather than demonstrations ingly co-operated to admit Jews from Germany effort amongst the nations, including the United as refugees on a more generous scale than hitherto, States of America, to secure a common policy ". of a fixed and ruthless policy. Although ithese and for the purpose of avoiding difficulties of measures were forecast and, indeed, elaborated accommodation for refugees who were in transit It was not a great parliamentary occasion. With perverted arguments in Hitler's '" Mein for the United States and elsewhere, the Kitchener None of the leaders rose. Chamberlain did not Kampf \ nevertheless there were attempts to find Camp was opened and took in a considerable nor did Churchill, whose Memoirs, curiously, do ""tigating circumstances for whait kindly folk number of refugees. not so much as mention the pogroms. The regarded as the somewhat intemperate effusions Government's spokesman was the Home Secretary, ^f a patriot who had suffered imprisonment for The November pogroms emphasised the neces­ Sir Samuel Hoare. He easily disposed of the Nazi "'s " extreme nationalism ". sity of saving as quickly as possible those Jews argument (used by evildoers before and since) that who were still in Germany or under the sway of the cruel oppression was a domestic affair admit­ The news of the 1938 pogroms, the organised the Nazis, and it is to ithe lasting honour of this ting of no interferefice from abroad. " How can attacks against the synagogues resulting in the country tliat once the people fully realised what a question remain exclusively domestic", the great majority of the synagogues in Germany Hitler was doing and what the victims were suffer­ Minister exclaimed. " when it involves scores of •'^ing burned and destroyed, provoked a sense of ing they responded to the call for help with deep thousands of men, women and children, destitute shock, almost greater among non-Jews than among humanity and generosiity. and penniless, seeking admission into other -•^ws—Jewish feelings had become numb as the countries ? " Britain, he vowed, would be " in the r«ult of many such shocks which particularly forefront among the nations of the world in giving those Jews had to suffer who were unfortunate APPEASEMENT'S END relief to these suffering people ". ^'K'ugh io be within the toils of Hitler and his Nazi Germany, or in the other countries which Nowhere, probably, did the dastardly deed pro­ The Times, which had been at the greatest pains "ad come under Hitler's control. duce more devastating effects than in Britain. The to avoid offence, now abandoned its favourite ^It is a sad if interesting exercise to analyse the French were hardly surprised at yet another theory by declaring in dismay that " the education rsason for the public reaction. In the first place display of Boche brutality, and the United States of one people by the opinion of other people is all religious elements were shocked at the fact had long ago shed its isolationist fancies, though a vain hope", There was a touch of weary •nat houses of worship had been destroyed with President Roosevelt still " scarcely believed that fatalism in the further comment: " Nations cannot '"e connivance of the police and by groups acting such things could occur in a twentieth century truly be brought to book save by the consequences ^n behalf of the German Government. The civilisation ". of their own excesses." But at least, after the f^ovember pogroms could not, like earlier outrages But Britain was in the throes of all the hopes " excesses" had long gone practically unchal­ jn 1933 and 1934, be excused as an act of revolu­ lenged, the "consequences" at the hands of raised by surrender to blackmail, and waiting for Britain were henceforth securely afoot. tionary fervour. In spite of ithe attempts of the Mr. Chamberlain's " Peace in Our Time". •^azi authorities to make out that the November Hitler had obliged his many friends by dubbing Probably the saddest shock was suffered by one attacks were a spvontaneous demonstration of justi- his latest territorial demand fhe last, and even who fancied himself an expert on Nazi mentality. tiable German anger, the world outside Germany Mr. Churchill was moved to recall, as late as Sir Nevile Henderson, the British Ambassador in ^aw (he attacks for what they were: attacks three days before the pogroms, that he had Berlin. He thought the " inhuman " pogroms were planned in cold blood, and in concert with the " always said that if Great Britain were defeated " from the Germans' own point of view an act Nazi authorities. What was still more shocking in war, I hope we should find a Hitler to lead us of incredible stupidity comparable in its effects was that the Nazi Government not only refused back to our rightful position among the nations ". with the sinking of the Lusitania and the shooting •n any way to defend or to pay compensation to In spite of strong opposition, the majority stood of Nurse Cavell. Thereby [he writes in his 'tie victims of the outrages, but piled additional firmly by Appeasement. punishment upon them. It has also to be remem- Memoirs] they turned the whole of world opinion Psred that the November pogroms followed close This was no longer so after the pogroms. definitely against themselves." fipon Munich which, although it left a bad taste Though Chamberlain had only just announced. If this was true, it was distinctly foreseen by •n the mouths of most thinking people in England, at the Lord Mayor's Banquet, that " Europe is Hitler whose judgment in these matters was Was nevertheless regarded as possibly holding out settling down lo a more peaceful state"—with unimpaired by his obsession. But he reckoned hope of better relations with a Germany presum- Hitler issuing the last instructions for the burning that any loss of moral prestige would be offset ^tily appeased by the tremendous concessions of the synagogues—the revulsion was immediate by gains of political power. So far from weaken­ jnade at Munich. The pogroms disillusioned even and sincere, both among foes and friends of the ing the German position, the pogroms were 'hose who were most hopeful, and it confirmed official policy. "' A Black Day for Germany". actually designed to buttress it. The cunning the view held by an increasing number of ordinary ran the headline of a Times editorial which said: scheme was carefully and cynically expounded in 'Citizens in this country, who realised that Hitler " No foreign propagandist bent upon blackening a Memorandum issued by Ribbentrop's Foreign Should never ha\e been trusted and could never Germany before the world could outdo the tale Office at the time. There it was explained that of burnings and beatings, of blackguardly assaults those who believed Nazi brutality might again be trusted. The press was full of reports upon defenceless and innocent people." °t the excesses and condemned them without •• strengthen anti-German centres" failed to qualification. " appreciate the fact, now becoming apparent, that The dreadful details kept pouring in. paradoxi­ the influx of Jews in all parts of the world pro­ cally enough, on Armistice Day, the twentieth vokes the resistance of the native population and Board of Deputies Protests since 1918, and such was the feeling aroused that thus constitutes the best propaganda for Germany's the solemn service at the Unknown Warrior's anti-Semitic policy ". On the same argument, the The Board of Deputies, as the spokesman of the Tomb in Westminster Abbey was interrupted by Memorandum also gave a cogent reason why the ^nglo-jewish community, held a special session the Dean with the words : " Let us remember in Jews, if allowed to go, should first be thoroughly at which a statement protesting against the out­ silent prayer and sympathy the Jewish people in robbed. " The poorer the Jewish immigrant is rages was made bv the then President of the their hour of trial and suffering." Notwithstand­ (it said), and consequently the greater a burden »oard, Mr. NeviUe Laski, K.C.. and solemnly ing the " general desire to be on friendly terms for the new country, the stronger will be the r'^orsed b\ the Board. This statement was widely with the German nation", the Archbishop of reaction and the more desirable the effect from publicised in the press and through broadcasts. Canterbury felt these were events when " the mere the point of view of German propaganda." The most powerful action, however, took the instincts of humanity" made " silence orm of a pubhc protest meeting on December Ist, impossible ". But Britain realised not only the desperate need Which Was sponsored by the Board, at which Mr. Attlee was reminded of the Bulgarian and for relief but also what was later called " the f-ord Sanke\ presided and where the speakers ,\rmenian atrocities, though the New Statesman, country's gain from the new diaspora ", and just ^eluded the' Archbishop of York, the Cardinal more accurately, contrasted the old " barbarism " as Britain must be glad to have received those prchbishop of Westminster, the Moderator of the with the new " sophisticated devilry". Most whom the press then described as " some of '-ouncil of the Free Churches, the Chief Rabbi opponents of Chamberlain's policy drew the only Germany's best and ablest citizens ", so thousands ana leading representatives of the three leacing possible practical conclusion. To them it now of them will always remember with gratitude the Political parties. seemed inconceivable {as the Conservative Yorkshire Post put it) " how anyone who is not refuge they found in Britain. Soon after this demonstration. Lord Baldwin either himself needlessly duped or seeking to dupe It was the pogroms which made Britain punched by broadcast and by a letter in The others can talk seriously of producing European ''"lej a national appeal for the refugees and recognise that human suffering is literally appeasement in confident collaboration with the indivisible, that we are indeed no island but truly, persecutees. the aim of which was to raise funds convinced exponents of Nazi methods". Or the aid of all refugees from Germany and however unwillingly, a " part of the maine ", and f>ustria, without distinction of creed. Contribu- Some, like the Spectator, bluntly said that the that the offence to the dignity and the divinity of 'ons came in from every section of the population word Appeasement had now been " obliterated man must surely be avenged, even by fire and "^ small and in large amounts, and by the end from the political vocabulary ". sword. C. C. ARONSFELD Page 6 AJR INFORMATION November, 1958 Bertha Badt-Strauss VERNICHTUNG EINES BUNDES MY WORLD, AND HOW IT CRASHED Was ist es, was damals vernichtet worden ist ? Nicht nur die juedischen Gotteshauser ... On the great night, at Seder, our father was "Now, now, take it easy, little Elsie!" said my wurden zerschlagen, sondern mit ihnen a king and our mother a queen, according to the husband, even-tempered as always. " Let me first brachen Pfeiler und Stuetzen eines mensch­ old saying. We children felt, in all sincerity, have my cup of coffee, and then we shall see lichen Bundes, auf den man vertraut hatte. as if we had just been liberated from Pharaoh's about it." slavery: was not the winter over and gone, and Eines, so hatte man gedacht, binde alle doch Nevertheless, even my husband lost his usual noch immer zusammen: eine Ehrfurcht vor was not spring come with its flowers and birds ? good cheer when he tried to call the members of All the age-old customs were alive not only for his faculty on the phone and found that the very der Statte, zu der Menschen kommen, damit ourselves but also for the guests who came. first man he called had just been arrested by the sie aus der Enge und Not des Tages sich zu Especially memorable to me will remain that Seder Secret Police. The man's sister answered the dem Ewigen erheben, dorthin, wo das night when my Christian friend Maria " the God- phone, and her voice broke with sobs. Unsichtbare an sie herantritt und die unend­ seeker " happened to drop in ; how she enjoyed From that day onwards we lived the life of liche Stille sich an sie wendet. the hymns! For were they not addressed to the hunted animals, all the Jews of Germany. Never LEO BAECK One God whom the Christians revered as well as before had I understood the passion of the hunter, the Jews ? nor the fear of the hunted. We began to feel what Many years after my childhood and youth the hunted animals must feel. We knew not why we on Friday nights right in front of half-demolished crash happened, in June 1938. At that time our had to suffer, nor how to end our sufferings. Was synagogues : When Jewish blood dyes red our little family of three, my husband and my little this country, with its green valleys and lush woods, knife, All will feel twice as good. ... boy and myself, lived in a quiet street in Western the same country which we loved, which our Those were the days when my childhood ^orW Beriin. parents and grandparents had loved ? Where they crashed, never to rise again. And God lookeu It was a lovely day. The chestnut trees and their fathers before them had lived in peace on. . . . were in full bloom all along our street. Already and good fellowship with their Gentile neighbours ? It was then that a hand reached out from across the first linden trees were beginning to shed their Where our sons and brothers had fought side by the ocean to save our lives. After a long delay sweet romantic perfume all over the town. side with their fellow-citizens . . . yes, and died caused by all sorts of red tape—we were at last But there was no romance, alas, when I with them ? Here was my own brother, who was allowed to enter the United States, that blesseo happened to look out on the street from my bed­ wounded in the First World War at its very country across the seas. room window early in the morning. Now I am beginning in August 1914. Now he was hunted We had left our native land on a sultry day in not at all a habitual " window-lookerout ". But that like a criminal along with all his fellow-Jews. August 1939. A faithful little group of friends and particular morning something had awakened me relatives had assembled at Charlottenburg Station and driven me to the window. What could it Retum of the Middle Ages to see us off. They were hoping we would all meet mean ? Three men were walking briskly side by in the New World to build up a new Ufe. There No, we could never understand it. Had the was the old Professor, our next-door neighbour, side along our quiet street. To this day I can hear Middle Ages really come back in the year 1938 to the sharp clicking of their hobnailed boots, on his frail body sustained by an indomitable will. our enlightened times? Oh yes, we had learned and there was his brave wife, kindest of hospitable the pavement. Two of the men were unknown to all about the medieval persecutions of the Jews in me. Their faces seemed almost expressionless, the souls. There was the upright lawyer to whom we school. But we had forgotten it all, and had been entrusted the care of our few worldly goods. ("^ image of officialdom. But who was the man glad to forget. whom they held all too closely encircled, as if tried in vain to save them from Nazi robbery.) they would like to handcuff him ? Goodness However, whether we understood it or not, we And there was my close dear friend, the tall gracious: he was none other than our fat, friendly had to get accustomed to a totally new and peculiar lovely woman who had been a famous society neighbour Mr. B., a well-to-do Jewish business­ manner of living. None of our husbands, brothers belle in her youth, who had now become a selfless man. Well did I know how Mr. B. prided himself or sons dared sleep in his own bed at night. Some­ social worker and proud Jewish enthusiast ; l^Xf^ on being the soul of honesty, not owing a cent to times, of an afternoon, a slightly disguised voice of German poetry, who knew Goethe's Faust by anybody, and paying his taxes to the last penny. (alas, we were no experts at Robin Hood stories!) heart. . , Still, there he was, arrested like a common asked the housewife over the telephone: " Did you Why did all these pure souls have to pensn • criminal. What in the world could be the matter have any visitors ?" They still haunt my dreams at night. They w'lH with him ? Sure enough, on the very afternoon little Elsie haunt me as long as I live. brought us her warning I did have a visitor, two Could it be that this is the meaning of ourselves It all dawned upon me, and it was a terrible of them. Two husky men in civilian clothes came having been miraculously saved from death: that awakening when Mrs. B. rushed into my living- and asked for the master of the house. They there should remain some people, scattered a" room some minutes later. Mrs. B. was always searched all our closets, as though they suspected over the world, who do not sleep at night, and are gracefully poised. Now she was dishevelled, tear- I had hidden my husband underneath a bundle haunted by the souls of the innocent milUons W"" stained, as I had never seen her before. of old clothes. had to die ? Some people who did not just read in "They arrested my husband! The Gestapo! Luckily, our buxom cook sent them off in her the newspapers, "5ij;mi7/(o/w have been murdered They came for him and took him away. What in brusque way. " Herr Doktor is not here—do you . . . and forget all about it in a happier world-^ heaven shall I do ? Help me, oh do help me. think he tells me where he goes ?" Reluctantly, Some who know deep in their hearts: this inan Dear God in Heaven: if I should never see him they went away. and that woman, whom I loved and admired, they again. . . ." After a while one of them came back. All of were murdered in cold blood. Some people who That was the beginning of the darkest days of us shook with fear. But it turned out he only must continue to tell the world about tne my life. But no more than a beginning. Mr. B. wanted to date Qur cook, A Uttle comedy amidst unbelievable crime, and ceaselessly implore • did have the rare good fortune to come back after all this horror! Watch out! Never let it happen again! ., some time, from a mysterious jail. He was Those were the days when good friends and This is why I had to tell you about my worW' strangely changed, and never told anybody what neighbours of yesterday blushed on seeing us in and how it crashed. had happened to him. the street and looked the other way. Their youngsters had long ago joined the Storm Troopers (Copyright and Reprinted by kind permission "l (S.S.) and were happy to howl their favourite song " The Menorah Journal [1951] " New York) Nobody Cares Soon we all were to realise starkly what I but dimly sensed on that morning in June: that our world, the world of justice and good will, was DAS WUNDER DER TROSTLOSEN NACHT gone from Germany: and nobody seemed to Der Chor der Schatten singt care. . . . Ueber Eis und Schnee und verhangenem Mond. A tearful dishevelled little schoolgirl came to Nachtvogel flattern herum our house some months later. We knew her well: her father was a well-known physician, who had Und belagern das drohende Schweigen. helped most of the babies in the neighbourhood to Ein kleines Kind jammert die schlaflosen Stunden zuschanden. enter this sorry world. Chubby little Elsie herself " Trostlos ist diese Nacht", wehklagt ein Sterbender. was a pupil of my husband's and a friend of all " Trostlos ist diese Nacht", schluchzt Rachel, die ihrer Kinder gedenkt. the family. But today she was almost unrecog­ " Trostlos ist diese Nacht", grohlen die stampfenden Schritte. nisable. Deathly pale, she grasped both of my Und das eilige Echo hallt hands and hoarsely whispered: " Send him away! Durch die trostlose Nacht aus gestern und heute und morgen. . . . oh, do send the Doctor away! . . . Don't let Ich aber lehne mein Haupt an die Steine der Klagemauer, him sleep in his own bed tonight! They will kill him . . . they will kill all the Jews in Germany!" Sauge mit meinen Lipjjen der Jahrtausende Tranen auf And she choked with tears. Und gedenke unserer Helden: In der trostlosen Nacht rufen die herrlichen Namen, At first we did not understand what she wanted. Schmelzen die Mauern der Schande, » In vain we tried to calm her. Then, slowly and stammeringly, she told us her story. Some Gentile Wacht wieder das Wunder auf: friends of her father, grateful patients of his, had Hinter dem Ghettowall leuchtet Jerusalem! divulged the secret plans of the Nazis: every male ILSE BLUMENTHAL-WEISS Jew in Berlin was to be arrested and sent to a (Aus •' Mahnmal **, Christian Wegner Verlag) concentration camp. AJR INFORMATION November, 1958 Page 7 Herbert Freeden DAS SAKRILEG A PERFORMANCE WITH A PURPOSE Die Gegenwart des Geistes, der beim Worte wohnt, ermachtigt und verpflichtet It was Tuesday. November 8th, 1938. Dr. L., stra, oflSce staff—and W., the producer. " Ladies administrative director of the Jiidischer Kukur- and gentlemen ", he continued, " on Saturday I was uns, es genau zu nehmen mit dem Wort. bund in Berlin, sat in bis office at the theatre in summoned to the Ministry of Propaganda. It Man kann—Beispiele sagen mehr als Er­ the Kommandantenstrasse. " Have you read the appears that Dr. Goebbels wishes our theatre to klarungen—von der Novembernaoht des morning papers ?", he asked W., the chief pro­ reopen at once." Jahres 1938, der Nacht, in der die Syna­ ducer. W. drummed on the top of the desk. The smoke was stiU rising from the burnt-out gogen brannten, nicht, wie es heute unter ' When the ' Titanic' went down, the ship's band synagogues, the debris of the pvogrom still lay on uns oft geschieht, als von der " Kristall­ played on right lo the last to avoid a panic. the streets and 20,000 Jewish men were in con­ nacht " reden. Kristallnacht: ein solches Ever\ member of that band was drowned—every centration camps^—but ring up the curtain ; the Wort weckt Vorstollungen von Dummen- "ne. It is our privilege to play the accompani­ Jews must go on performing! jungenstreichen oder allenfalls von mut- ment to the dance macabre of 1938." A wave of indignation went through the small williger Biiberei. Was damals in The other nodded sympathetically, but more gathering and everyone began talking at once. Wirklichkeit geschah, war das Verbrechen out of poKteness than conviction. "They hold all " Ladies and gentlemen", said Dr. L., " the Ijvv^ responsible for Jhe Paris assassination, and des Sakrilegs. Der Geist nimmt uns in Minister has agreed favourably to consider what­ Pflicht: man darf nicht verharmlosen, auch German Jewry in particular." ever recommendations we care to make, and has „ W. got up. " That's nonsense ", he said firmly. assured me that the necessary releases will be im Worte nicht, gerade im Worte nicht. I don't feel responsible for the action of a young ordered at once." ALBRECHT GOES hoc:head jn Paris who takes pot-shots at an Immediate releases ? Somebody called out that Unknown official of the German Embassy. I've they ought to put on a good face to any farce got my rehearsal to look after." if it meant they could get their colleagues out. WILFRED ISRAEL'S ACTIVrriES " There's more behind it than we can see at the But unexpectedly, one of Jhe actors objected. moment". said Dr. L. " It smells of a new " How could we lower ourselves to play now ?", he The anniversary of the November pogroms Reichstag fire." said. " We should make ourselves the agents of recalls to our minds the help rendered by Wilfred W. hesitated. Impressed against his will. "Any­ the Gestapo." Israel during those dark days. how ", he said finally, " that's politics. My job " I don't think we should set a higher value Being of British birth, he was able to explore '^.to see that the Scottish students' play, 'The on our personal prestige than on the lives of our many extraordinary ways to contribute to the "ind and the Rain', is ready for the opening night colleagues ", replied the stage manager. rescue work of his fellow-Jews. on November lOth." With that he went to the Dr. L. added: " We shouldn't bother overmuch Shortly before the pogrom on November 9th, uoor and walked down the stairs to the stage. about our own dignity. Metaphorically speaking 1938, the so-called " Betriebesrat" of the depart­ An unusual silence reigned on the stage. Actors, true art has always freed men. And now, perhaps ment store N. Israel, established in 1815, informed stage-hands, limelight men and dressers were for the first time, art will free men Uterally and Wilfred that something very important was to huddled toegther in a group. They were not not merely metaphorically. In the circus arena happen, and that it would be advisable not to 'aughjng. shouting or chaffing. Their voices, which of ancient Rome gladiators fought for their lives. open the store on that day. It was one of Wilfred's usually filled the stage with hubbub, had sunk to In this circus of ours here we can fight for the principles not to give in to the " Betriebsrat's" anxious whispers. lives of our friends." statements. He realised that by complying with I.. Rjfg the bell, please", called the producer. their demands, one concession would follow Ladies and gentlemen, rehearsal. Curtain down ! The issue was decided. Only the choice of the another. Accordingly, the store was opened. How­ "e'll use the curtain today." opening play was left for discussion. "Charley's ever, unofficially the Jewish employees were His businesslike mien did not meet with the Aunt", was suggested in a recalcitrant mood— informed that they could stay away on that day usual response. The group did not break up. At what would better reflect the senselessness of their but. should they come, they were to leave the •asit, the stage manager spoke for them all. " Are situation ? Yet such a provocation would have premises of their own accord if any disturbances ™e reallv going through with the rehearsal defeated its own purpose. In the end. it was agreed arose. today ?" ' to resume the rehearsals, so abruptly stopped, of the Scottish students' play "The Wind and the By noon, a " spontaneous" gathering had The producer made no direct reply. " First Rain ". formed in the Konigstrasse, and tried to enter the act. first scene ". he said with determination. " Get buildings. The order was given to close the iron 'he stage cleared, please ". and he turned his back Of course, people asked what motivated the gates. However, the crowd proceeded to smash on them and took a front seat in the stalls. Govemment, with all other Jewish activities the display windows, entered the premises and The bell sounded and the curtain rose. W. banned, to allow just the Kulturbund. Perhaps broke up the interior of the store with long iron f^d out the stage directions: "The sitting-room there was no political reason behind it. There was bars. The Jewish employees left as ordered, J*t a boarding house in a small Scottish university a Government department, set up to control the unharmed. During all this time Wilfred went yown. It is evening. The stage is empty. A fire Jewish theatre, a bureaucratic, inflated organism around and calmed the remaining employees who, s burning in :he grate and its reflection falls on which had become an end in itself and did not perhaps, felt that they were somehow responsible Jhe door. The landlady enters. Entrance land- want to lose its raison d'etre—yet one is as good for these events. ^*ty. Entrance! Where on earth's the woman ?" a guess as the other. Through his far-reaching connections, Wilfred Instead of the landlady, the stage manager There was no apparent difference between the was able to take effective action immediately the appeared breathlessly, " You are wanted on the routine of the performance of the first night of arrests began. He was quite fearless, and stood nouse telephone. Dr. L. wants to speak ito you " The Rain and the Wind " and that of any other. his ground even before the notorious Eichmann. "rgently." The dressers and wardrobe mistress scuttled He helped to trace people in the prisons, and gave • . What's the matter now ?", asked the producer around as usual, and the players in their dressing- them hope of an early release which, in many •rritably. " Tell him the rehearsal's started. Tell rooms hastily put the finishing touches to their cases, he obtained. He procured possibiUties of gUn I'm not to be interrupted during a rehearsal." make-up. Yet something odd betrayed the ten­ emigration not only for most of his employees, ut he got up to go. " The administrative work sion—the silence which lay over the dressing- but also for many others. Ops us getting on with our real job", he rooms, usually a babble of chatter. What had Wilfred Israel achieved much in the field of g''umbled. to be said, was said in little more than whispers. rescue work in those sad years, and many German He Was soon back. This time his bearing was At 7.25 the first bell rang. Few people had Jews all over the world have reason to thank him ..*L'onger so confident or his voice so incisive. come, mostly women and old folk and. of course, for the fact that they are alive today, and have , ""Op everything ". he announced. " No rehear- three men in bowler hats carrying brief-cases: reason to moum his tragic and untimely death. clri -'^^^V- The Ministry has just ordered the the inevitable delegation of the Gestapo. At last 9f'ng of the theatre. You can all go home." the curtain rose and the lights flooded the W. M. BEHR reh Sottish fireplace was put out and the harsh stage. There was the parlour in a Scottish board­ Cam '^^' light flooded the stage. A few people ing house with a fire flickering in the grate. VOM RATH'S PARENTS AND ^fv*^ Up to the producer. He looked suddenly At first, Jhe voices of the players trembled gfr *."^ tired as he shrugged his shoulders at itheir uncertainly as the spotlights fell on their faces, OBERKANTOR DAVIDSOHN questions. "You'll all be informed as soon as I but soon the magic of the stage engulfed them We anything", was all he could say, and he and they played magnificently: they were sup­ A report on the November events, given by the "t off in the direction of the office. posed to be a little tipsy after much champagne late Oberkantor Davidsohn, reveals the interesting ter ? 'November 12th. the press published a minis- at a ball. The gramophone played a rumba and fact that he and his wife were acquainted with cin '^**^''*^ forbidding all Jews to visit theatres, they laughed and danced, in their world of pre­ vom Rath's parents, who lived at Prager Platz in enias, cabarets and any such public places of tence and make-believe, one week after the Beriin. ^"Jf^ainment. The next day. Dr. L. called a pogrom. As soon as the news of vom Rath's death was Jii^ I? °^ ^" ^^"'or members of the staff of the Within a few days, the producer and the other known, the Rev. and Mrs. Davidsohn visited his cont^ Kulturbund—as far as he was able to members of the Kulturbund staff were released parents. " Dear Herr Oberkantor ", said Mr. vom the K ' them—for Monday, November 14th, in from the concentration camps. Looking back, Rath. " neither you nor the Jews in general are roo '^^ ""oom of the theatre. On that day, the this European theatre, by Jews for Jews, in the guilty of what has happened ". Three days later, "om was loud with voices. All were glad to see capital of anti-Semitism, appears as a unique after the anti-Jewish excesses, the Davidsohns the 1*^^''^'' ^^ter that terrible man-hunt. Yet when phenomenon. It exposed as liars its very masters again called on the vom Raths. Mr. vom Rath ^ clock struck ten. the general hubbub subsided. who declared that Jews, by their nature, could not embraced the Rev. Davidsohn and said: " It is ju^^tieti silence fell as thev became aware of interpret great music and the ptoelic word. Nighit not in keeping with our feeling that the death of ^« who were missing. after night it proved—^if proof was needed—^that my child is avenged in such a way. If it would be possible to convey this to all Jews, it would be had VvJ^' '^^^ °"' '^^ ^*' °^ ^^^^ colleagues who art did not cease to elate Jews, even under the been arrested—actors, members of the orche­ scourge of t'e Gestapo. a great relief for us." Page 8 AJR INFORMATION November, 1958 GERMAN AND AUSTRIAN NEWS ANGLO-JUDAICA NEW CENTRAL OFFICE TO DEAL WITH TRADE UNION'S WARNING Standing by Israel EX-NAZIS Otto Brenner, Chairman of the German Metal The transfer last month of two British sub­ The Ministers of Justice of the West German Trade Union, at the conference of his union in marines to the IsraeU Navy, was not meant to Laender have decided to set up a central office for Nuernberg, criticised the permeation of public life, mark a change in policy, but it was well in tune the co-ordination of measures to deal with crimes in particular of the medical and legal profession, with what the President of the Anglo-Jewisp committed under the Nazi regime. This decision, with the servants and henchmen of the Third Association described as the British pubuc s taken at the 27th conference of the Ministers of Reich as revealed in recent processes. Against " keenest interest in, and admiration for, the great Justice, follows the proposals made earlier by the symptomatic slackness of the bureaucracy in developments of Israel and her courage". Professor Kogon and Dr. Nellman in Stuttgart. deaUng with such cases he raised the demand of These sentiments were not conspicuously dis­ The Federal Minister of Justice, Schaffer, who took the trade unions for a thorough revision of played at the Conservative Party's Conference but former Nazis in pubUc positions. the Leader of the Opposition, Mr. H. Gaitskell, part in the conference, welcomed the resolution at the Labour Conference recalled his Party s and promised his full assistance. The office will " pledges abou; Israel's frontiers" saying *^ have its headquarters in Stuttgart and is expected "SOCIETY OF YOUNG EUROPEANS" stand by them" and another prominent to be working within four weeks. Socialist. Mr. Anthony Greenwood, stated, "the The German journal of the Fascist Intemational, British Labour Movement has a complete under­ Nation Europa, reports on the first conference standing of Israel's vital interests ". The new Vice- " STAHLHELM " ACTIVE of a " Society of Young Europeans ". The subject Chairman of the Labour Party is a Jew, Mr. wn of the discussion was the " Causes and Effects of Mikardo, M.P., who is well known for his Zionist A vindication of miUtarism and denunciation of the Two World Wars". The speakers attacked convictions. the war crime trials were features of a conference what they called the " extra-European Powers" held by delegates of the " Stahlhelm " ex-service­ which would impose their coloniaUsm upon white men's organisation at Remagen. The President, nations in Europe. It was. they reiterated, above Bigger Aliyah Field-Marshal Kesselring, stated in a letter that the all the war crimes trials, described as " group perse­ The part played in Israel by the British Aliyah spirit of the " Stahlhelm " today was the same as cutions ", which had enabled the " aUen rule " to was praised by Mr. Justice Karminski 9^^ ,^ in 1930. His deputy, ex-General von Manteuffel, be set up. return from that country, which he had visited as was the principal speaker. Their aim was, he said, Delegates to jhe meeting at Coburg included the a member of the Anglo-Jewish Communal D^'®' to stamp out all discrimination against German chief editorial writer of Nation Europa, Helmut gation. He was determined, he said, to ^'J'"' , J soldiers and to make the distortions of the Sundermann. Hitler's deputy press chief; Dr. Mr. Ben-Gurion's desire that British youth snouio soldier as shown in films disappear. Manteuffel Schranz, the Member of Parliament of the German emigrate to Israel, though he thought the ^^. also demanded an end to the " collective discrimi­ Party ; and representatives of the League of (given by the Israeli Prime Minister) of .5,000 Olun nation " against the Waffen S.S. Another speaker, Nationalist Students. a year was somewhat unrealistic in view of tn Karl Behle, rejected the "red and pink efforts" relatively sma,ll size of Anglo-Jewry. Every Jew, to represent the " Stahlhelm" as a Nazi lackey. Mr. Justice Karminski declared, could help P''"' An official statement promised staunch support SACHSENHAUSEN CA.MP GUARDS' TRIAL mote the progress of Israel without in the jeasi for Dr. Adenauer and called for " determined sacrificing his loyalties to the country in which n defence of the western world". The trial of two Sachsenhausen concentration camp guards, Gustav Sorge and Wilhelm Schubert, lived. . has commenced in the Bonn district court. The The Jewish Agency is at present actively fP'"^! FILM ON THE NUREMBERG WAR CRIMES defendants are charged with the murder of ing the prospects of migration from Britain, no numerous Jews and over IO,0(K) Russian prisoners- only among young but also among middle-ageo, TRIAL of-war. The case has been summarised by the middle-class people, whose interest in Aliyah i prosecution in a 500-page indictment. believed to have markedly increased in ^^^Ji. The Continental film "Wieder aufgerol: Der months. Meanwhile a second delegation of AnglO' Nurnberger Prozess" was given the attribute Jewish youth leaders has paid an official visit " particularly valuable " by the office estabUshed NATIONALIST YOUTH GROUPS Israel. to assess the quality of films. In stating the reasons for this highest of awards, the committee expressed In an article appearing in the Munich periodical, appreciation of the endeavour to confront the Politische Studien, Arno Klonne analyses the Outlawing Racial Discrimination German people with the brutalities of the Nazi strength and the political aims of the nationalist As a result of the recent race riots, the Labou tyranny and the guilt of its perpetrators, as they youth organisations in Westem Germany. All Party's National Executive pledged the nexi appeared in the Nuernberg process. In this way these groups are united in their conceprt of recent Socialist Government to outlaw racial discrimin*' the film would serve to acquaint the Germans German history. They ascribe the defeat of tion in public places. They also called upon tn with the truth concerning their recent history. Germany in the two world wars to the " treason­ present Government to make the colour bar '^'^^Jg The documentary film, which comprises the period able activities on the home front ". According to Another consequence of the riots was tn from 1933 to 1945, is based on evidence gathered the author it was a mistake on the part of the decision by several local authorities to deny tn from initemational archives and the factual democratic youth organisations to ignore or to use of town halls to the chief of the F^^'i' accounts of the Miinchener Illustrated. It is at belittle the re-emergence of those groups with all (" Union ") movement. Sir Oswald Mosley, *" present showing in Berlin. their Hitler Youth trimmings shortly after the war. last month launched a nation-wide proP*?^??n In 1956 their alarming growth prompted the campaign. In view of the Fascists' associatio Federal League of German Youth to issue an with the outrages, it was felt that " meetings o ELECnON CANDIDATES WITHDRAWN urgent warning against the activities of the any extremist organisations would be ''}'^ ^jf, IN BAVARIA nationalist groups, calling for resistance to the sible ", though a different line was taken in t*" „ revival of fascist ideologies. mingham where the principle of " free speec" After the intervention of the Bavarian Prime In conclusion, the writer of the article finds that was thought to be at stake. Minister, Dr. Seidl, three candidates on the list in spite of social conditions, which seem to of the Christian Social Union for the forthcoming discourage any kind of extremism, the nationaUst Oldest Synagogue Closed elections to the Bavarian Parliament, have with­ organisations have made no inconsiderable drawn their candidature. Their nomination aroused progress. The last service was held at the Great SyO^ the opposition of a section of the public and within gogue. Duke's Place, which is now el ose • the Party itself because of the affiliation of these Founded about 1690, it was the oldest of the ri members with the Hitler regime. One of them was AUSTRIAN ORGANISATION PAYS HOMAGE Constituent Synagogues which joined to form tn^ a former S.S. guard in the Mauthausen concentra­ TO LEADING NAZIS United Synagogue in 1870. The main building "r, tion camp, Peter Priicklmayer. The " Freundeskreis der nationalen Jugend destroyed in the last big air raid on London, Oesterreichs", an organisation composed of May 1941, and temporarily rebuilt in 1943. former Nazis, has awarded golden badges of IN SEARCH OF DR. EISELE honour to Rudolf Hess, the former deputy leader Demand to Claims Conference of the Nazi movement who is sttU a prisoner in The Egyptian authorities have declared that they Spandau, and Grand Admiral Karl Doenitz. A demand that greater respect be shown to tn are investigating the case of Hans Eisele, the Hitler's successor, who was discharged from voice of British Jewry at the Conference of Je^ ^ concentration camp doctor who last June escaped Spandau some time ago. Material Claims against Germany, was made i" to Egypt, where he disappeared without trace. Jewish Chronicle editorial. The Jewish '^"^g The Bavarian Ministry of Justice has announced munity in Britain, it was pointed out, was now n that the material dealing with the proceedings of ANTI-SEMITIC INCIDENTS AT fourth largest in the world, also they had frorp. jjj. American courts against Dr. Eisele has been sent LINZ THEATRE beginning shouldered to the full their responsiD'^^ to Munich to facilitate further investigations. ties to the victims of Nazi persecution, ^fj'^ic, The performance of " Beatrice Cenci " by the Conference headquarters were in New }" ^f Felix Braun, the Jewish emigre, was interrupted British Jewry had been denied the opportunity ^ OLLENHAUER INSTITUTES LIBEL ACTION by disturbances, some of which were of an anti- making the full contribution which its influen Semitic character. Cries of " Away with this and experience justified, Horst Steinbach, a Berlin merchant, was sen­ ' Judensfueck ' "—" Away with this Jew " occurred. tenced to two months' imprisonment for calling It will be remembered that there were also anti- Leo Baeck College's First Rabbi Erich Ollenhauer, Chairman of the Social Demo­ Semitic disturbances at the Linz Theatre on the cratic Party, a " Judenbengel " and a " Juden­ occasion of the performances of •" The Diary of The first rabbinical diploma of the Leo ^?,jgr. luemmel ". This incident occurred in a Berlin pub. .Anne Frank '". College was presented to the Rev. Allen W. M'' AJR INFORMATION November, 1958 Page 9 Paul Wohlfarth Old Acquaintances JEWS IN MEDIEVAL MEDICINE iVeuif from Everywhere :—Hans Wallenberg, The Bible and the Talmud cite many rules for Wurzburg allowed a Jewess, Sarah, to practise former editor of the U.S.A.-sponsored Neue personal and social hygiene, all based on the con­ medicine and in about 1475 another Jewess, Zer- Zeitung, has returned from the States to start a viction that God is the source of life, that He line, is said to have practised as an oculist in new political weekly for Dumont in Cologne.— heals, and that priests and holy men practise Frankfurt. Even the rulings of several councils Hans Kafka arrived from Hollywood on a visit medicine as his instruments. Later another factor, forbidding Jews to give medical treatment to Gen­ to Berlin.—Siegfried Arno appeared for one night not always fully acknowledged, became important: tiles, did not greatly alter the position at first. in Berlin's Titania-Palast.—LilU Palmer is to star the connection between the Jewish and the Arabic But as religious passions grew and the persecu­ in two French films, " La B6te de chagrin " and civilisations. The Koran, it is true, forbade any tions of the Jews in Germany at that time increased, " Liaisons dangereuses ", and will also co-star with interference with the human body ; anatomy was the position of Jewish doctors greatly deteriorated. Clark Gable in the American film, " But Not For therefore neglected among the Arabs and Jewish Among the Spanish and Portuguese Marranos, Me ".—Max Hansen is appearing in " Bei Kerzen- medicine suffered. But contrary to the Romans, there were many Jewish doctors whose help was licht" at Stockholm.—WilUam Dieterle wiU direct the Arabs generally allowed the Jews to practise much in demand, like the Portuguese Gardia medicine, although they periodically tried to con­ three films from Munich, which will be his Euro­ vert them 10 Islam. d'Orta, who wrote a book " Colloquios dos pean headquarters.—Hermann Kesten is writing an Simples e Drogas Medicinaes ' (1653) dealing with introduction to Erich Kaestner's collected work, As early as the seventh century, Asaf Judaeus tropical diseases, medical herbs and the cholera. which will be pubUshed by Kiepenheuer & Witsch published a collection of medical precepts, popular Other Jewish Marranos were Amadeus Lusitanus, on _Kaestner's 60th birthday.—Ernst Ginsberg in Syria and Mesopotamia, teaching the doctrine bom in Castelbranco in 1511, and Amatus Nabib appeared in "Julius Caesar" at Ziirich.—Siegfried of the hereditary nature of many ailments and of Ferra who treated the Pope but, owing to the demanding that the poor should be treated free of Inquisition, had to leave for Salonika where he Arno has appeared on the stage again in Berhn charge. The most famous Jewish physician of the died in 1568. The physician Rodrigo da Castro for the first time-since 1933.—Wanda Treumann, tenth century' was the Spaniard, Chasdai Shaprut. was expelled from Lisbon because of his faith, star of the silent fUms, will celebrate her 75th CaUph Abdur Rhaman of Cordoba chose him as and went to Hamburg where in 1594 he combated birthday on November 17th in Melbourne, his physician and later made him his minister. the plague. Catherine of Medici had a Jewish Australia. There were also many Jewish doctors in Spain in doctor, Elija Montalto. the llth century, the most famous of whom Why did Jews play so large a part in medieval Germany :—Lucie Mannheim is appearing in Was Jehuda ha Levy who was, at the same time, medicine ? One reason was that they were "• Look Homeward Angel " in Berlin.—Roma Bahn the greatest Jewish poet of all times. He was excluded from most of the other professions. who, 30 years ago, took part in the first perfor­ educated in South Arabia, but settled as a doctor Furthermore, Christian monks and ministers were mance of Brecht-WeiU's " Dreigroschenoper ", is at Toledo, his birthplace. Later he went to frequently forbidden to practise medicine, above to appear in the revival at Berlin's Schlosspark- Cordoba and, in his old age, to Palestine. all to treat women. Another explanation may be Theater.—Rudolf Forster took the part of Moses Maimonides, the greatest Jewish doctor added. The Bible, in many instances, hints at the Prospero in Steckel's " Sturm" production in of the Middle Ages, was also Spanish, born in close connection between religion and medicine. Berlin. Werner Krauss will take the same part Cordoba in 1135. At the age of fourteen he saw the That is why so many Jews have devoted all their in the Dussfldorf production.—Sybille Binder town conquered by the fanatical Almohads, who energy and skill to the art of healing—those who appeared in Anouilh's "Leocadia" at DUsseldorf. forced the Jews either to become Moslems or to are unknown and unsung and those whose names —Robert Siodmak is preparing a fiUn based on leave. After many travels, the family finally are world famous. What their ancestors lived for Hauptmann's play, " Dorothea Angermann".— settled in Cairo whose ruler. Sultan Saladin, was in distant centuries has also shaped the minds and Piscator is to direct " Der lebende Leichnam " in less intransigent. There Maimonides practised the attitude of their descendants. Mannheim.—Alfred Braun is directing " Freiwild niedicine, enjoying such confidence that the Sultan der Liebe ". Was not long in choosing him as his personal physician. He wrote a book on healthy living for ERICH WOLFSFELD EXHIBITION Home Mews :—In the name of his family, 66- the Sultan's son and, in another book, dealt with year-old Ernst Freud, eldest son of the famous poisons. In his " Reasons and Nature of lUnesses " Two years ago it was my sad duty to write for this journal the obituary of Erich Wolfsfeld, psychoanalyst, has protested against John Huston's he condemned all kinds of magic, advocated simple project to produce a film on Sigmund Freud.— ^^•"ugs to compUcated ones, and taught the formerly Professor at the Berlin Academy whom I had not only admired as a distinguished artist Mar.tin Miller is to appear in R. Ardrey's " Shadow importance of fresh air, the connection between of Heroes" at the Piccadilly Theatre.—Richard mental and physical health, the use of psycho­ l3ut whom it had been my good fortune to know personally. For these two reasons I am delighted Duschinsky will direct a Hauptmann play at the logical methods, the healing force of the sun, the Arts Theatre.—Francis Martin, daughter of principles of eugenics and sexual moraUty, the to write a few words on the memorial exhibition which was held in October in the Ben Uri Art Viennese actress Jane Tilden, appeared in " Women importance of cleanliness, of exercise and of in Love" on ITV.—Rudolphe Cartier, who harmonious relations between parents for the Gallery in London. What was the first impression, development of their children. the pervading mood of this commemorative started as a scriptwriter for Ufa in BerUn and occasion ? DeUght in man and all his works, and became known as a producer of television plays, Owing to their linguistic abilities and their a sense of competence and superb craftsmanship. directed his first British film, "Passionate Summer", for Rank.—Anton Diffring will appear travels, the Jews were in a position to translate I think it was an excellent idea to give pride of many Arabic text books, and to make the results of place to Wolfsfeld's etchings. Here his great in " Mr. Venus ", the new Frankie Howerd show Arabic medical science known all over Europe. talent found most convincing expression. The at the Prince of Wales Theatre.—Josef Somlo, Jewish doctors also played an important part in artist believed with, one can almost say, fanatical whose new film " She Couldn't Say No " is show­ the famous medical schools of Montpellier and obstinacy in the visible and touchable world. ing here, is preparing a film on de Maupassant,— Salerno. In 1180 Count William of Montpellier Abstraction meant nothing to him. Man and his Kari Often is to leave England to settle in Locarno, decided that anyone, regardless of origin, could natural surroundings were the field of his art. He where he will complete his work on German lecture, and the statutes of 1220 permitted that was very sociable himself, he enjoyed the good expressionist playwrights,—Dorothea Gotfurt's lecturers could be admitted even if they did not things in life and the company of genial people, play, " No Other Way", has been produced by belong to the Christian faith. Many Jewish and he was what is called a "' conscious Jew ". This Georges More O'Ferrall on TV here. teachers and pupils were therefore to be found is a simple and straightforward statement. His Obituaries :—Olaf Gulbransson, the 85-year- •n Montpellier during the thirteenth and fourteenth work is an exact reflection of the man. Honesty old cartoonist of Simplizissimus, has died in centuries, and a Jew is said to have been the first is the reassuring quality of his art; the variable Tegernsee.—British-born Alfred Piccaver, the once to teach medicine there. fashions of the day, the hunt for superficial famous tenor of Vienna's State Opera, died in The University at Salerno had the same statutes sensations were not for him. Vienna at the age of 69.—Markus Behmer, the as the Montpellier University, and its medical Etchings are intimate and they quickly betray master of book illustrations, died in Berlin at School became the leading one in Italy. Many anybody who is not a master of this medium. His the age of 79.—Rose Mankiewicz (who was the Jews also taught there. etching of the famous synagogue in the Oranien­ former Austrian actress Rose Stradner), wife of Kings of France. Spain and of Portugal, German burgerstrasse in Berlin will deeply move any Jew the producer Joe L. Mankiewicz, has died near tmperors. Doges of Venice and Genoa, had from Germany. The pastel " Arab Woman" is New York at the age of 45. Jewish physicians. Many Popes, badly though a masterpiece of composition. The twilight scene tney often treated the Jews in Rome, appreciated from Gerhart Hauptmann's " Gabriel Borkmann " Austria :—Heinrich Schnitzler, who is to suc­ tne skill and devotion of their Jewish doctors, (oil on paper) beautifully renders the gloomy and ceed Haeussermann as director of Josefstadt, will ynder Pope Paul IV (1555-1559), however, Jewish oppressive atmosphere. produce Thomas Wolfe's "Look Homewards wctors could not be retained and some left for Of the oil paintings I particularly liked the Angel", with Vilma Degischer and Maris Emo.— ' urkey. " Feluke on the Nile 1928 ". The bold diagonal Elisabeth Orth, the daughter of Paula Wessely . In England, when Edward I expelled the Jews composition reminded me of the Venetian masters and Attila Hoerbiger, is to make her debut in 'n 1291. he allowed several Jewish doctors to of the late eighteenth century. " Market Place. " Sieh und staune" at the Volkstheater.—Rosa Britanny 1933 ". shows a bolder use of colour and Albach-Retty and Leopold Lindtberg have received remain. When Henry IV was ill in 1410, he called the " Kainz" medal.—Hermann Leopoldi, the tor the Jewish doctor EUas Sabot of Bologna to greater freedom of brush strokes, making us regret well-known pianist and composer, has turned 70. attend him. About the same time the Lord Mayor that he did not explore this technique further. —Hans Jaray has directed his own adaptation of of London, Richard Whittington (hero of the well- There are some portraits which, it is tme, do not " Dear Delinquent " in Kammerspiele.—Sarah •tnown legend), called the Jewish physician Samson reveal deeper psychological aspects of his sitters, Leander has ventured a come-back in an operetta Oe Mirabeau to the sickbed of his wife. Lady Alice. but which are very good likenesses indeed. by Peter Kreuder at the Raimund-Theater.— Jewish doctors were for a long time equally A sincere man, a highly gifted artist, a superb Ernst Marischka is producing a film on Schubert's popular in Germany, where even monasteries craftsman, that was the lesson the commemorative " Dreimaederlhaus ". ^ngaged them. Both Regensburg and Basle had exhibition taught us. •tewish municipal physicians. Bishop John II of A. ROSENBERG PEM Page 10 AJR INFORMATION November, 1958 the contemporaries of the last hundred years, from Baudelare and Verlaine to Mallerme and Trakl. BOOK REVIEWS There are three groups into which the treatise has been divided. The first, which is of most THE GOOD GERMANS therefore, no indication as to its size. There are, interest to us here, is headed " Disillusionment and however, a few pointers : we know now that in Beginning ", with two sub-groups—Grabbe, Heine Sixty-seven biographical sketches form the Berlin alone in 1945 several thousand Jews and Buchner on the one hand, and Gutzkow, second volume of Annedore Leber's account of emerged from their hiding places, where they had Raimund, Nestroy and Niebergall on the other. resistance in Germany, 1933-1945 "Day Gewissen been concealed by " Aryan" friends during the The other two groups contain Immermann and entscheidet ",* tells the story of some of the active years of persecution ; of such friends and helpers Grillparzer (" New Sounds in Resounding") and fighters who perished resisting the Nazis. The first —'Who consciously risked their own Uves—there Droste, Morike and Stifter, each trying to rebuild volume was reviewed and discussed in this journal must then have been many thousands. in January and February of this year. This sequel on the old foundations with new material. manifestly confirms the opinion of those who held For this we have the testimony of another book : The sub-title to Hollerer's book is " Lachen und that active resistance among the Germans was far It is called " Dis Unbesungenen Helden " and has Weinen in der Dichtung einer Uebergangszeit"— more widespread than could at first be gauged been compiled by Kurt R. Grossmann (New the extremes of two emotions typical, in the ways from its ineffectiveness. York).{ This book—by means of checked and they are described, of modern utterances: laughter The profiles collected in the volume are grouped verified examples—tells how Jews found helpers in as a grimace and tears without relief. The two Nazi Germany, how this work of mercy did not emotions represent comedy and tragedy at the same together under distinctive headings. This method, consist only of sporadic and spontaneous individual which sets the individual fighter within the frame­ acts, but was frequently organised on a broader time. Hollerer's approach is that of the poet, and work of his group, itself underlines the breadth basis. Here, too. Christian clergymen distinguished the specimens he has chosen to introduce each and depth of the movement against National themselves, as well as ordinary unpretentious men chapter are as characteristic as they are surprising Socialism. Moreover, each group of sketches is and women. This book is, indeed, the epic of and convincing. To give some examples, they preceded by introductory remarks which bring this the nameless hero, the Little Man who did not include variations of the theme on monotony and broader basis into perspective. helplessly ask " what now ? " but who knew ennui ; images of Grabbe's Savoyard playing a A preface deals with the extent of the exactly what he now had to do and, having done barrel organ ; Heine's marionettes of a clock tower catastrophe. The crime committed against the it, in many cases joined the ranks of the victims. and Biichner's simile of a roundabout. Jews is impressed upon the German reader through the story of the life, work, and death of Otto One example may suffice : Franz Fritsch, a well- Buchner and Heine both liquidated the so-called Hirsch, the last head of the Reichsvertretung of to-do Berlin textile merchant, who, during the war, " Kunstperiode ", and have more in common with Jews in Germany, who—like Leo Baeck—refused was seconded to the German economic administra­ each other than would appear at first sight. In to save his own Ufe by accepting a post abroad, tion at Cracow, used his position to establish con­ contrast, BUchner and Grabbe are frequently and stayed on to help save the lives of his fellow- tact with the local Judenrat and succeeded in saving lumped together, but more as the innovators of Jews by furthering their emigration. An official the lives of a number of Jews. Through the care­ dramatic form than because of their pioetic con­ report made to Himmler in August, 1944, stated lessness of one of his proteges he was betrayed to sciousness. There is nothing on record of what that four milUon Jews had by then been killed the Gestapo and arrested. He later managed to Heine thought of Buchner, but we know that the in the death camps, while a further two million escape, but the whole of his considerable fortune latter was critical of the " Junge Deutschland ", ^ had perished in other ways. The " host of Ger­ was confiscated by the Nazi authorities. Today he movement with which Heine had much less in com­ mans " who—as the preface puts it—" were thrown lives at BerUn-Britz on a pittance. His claim for mon than with the " Scherz, Satire, Ironie und tie­ into concentration camps and prisons because of restitution was turned down by the Kammergerichi fere Bedeutung" of Buchner and Grabbe. Heine their convictions and their actions," is estimated for the—astounding—reason that " his endeavours held Grabbe in high esteem.and compared him with at more than one milUon. To what extent the were directed solely to the rescue of persecuted Shakespeare and Kleist. Grabbe did not recipro­ very existence of the Nazi system depended on Jews, an honourable undertaking, but not one that cate this esteem, but Heine did not allow his the concentration camps, is strikingly illustrated could be called active poUtical opposition to the knowledge of this to influence his judgment. Not­ by an official map showing as black triangles the Nazi regime ". withstanding his polemical mind, he was able to position of these camps dotted all over the German admire what he considered spirit of his own spirit. landscape. They are as thickly spread—especially In a recent decision the Highest Restitution in the industrial regions—as coal mines in the Court at Nuernberg has since laid down what is LUTZ WELTMANN Ruhr. in principle to be considered " political opposition to National Socialism "; according to this defini­ The first chapter, " Die demokratische Linke ", tion a person may well have been a political is specially devoted to victims among the resistance opponent of the NSDAP, although his actions were "COME UNDER THE WINGS" fighters in the Social Democratic Party and its not directly aimed at injuring or destroying that illegal cadres ; the second testifies to trade union Party, as long as he can prove that he acted in One of the oldest Jewish forms of poetry is solidarity. The third chapter, entitled " Ethos opposition to the poUtical conceptions of the Nazi the Midrash, the explanation of each verse of the und Radikalismus", recalls some of the victims Partv, for example, by refusing to co-operate. A Bible, as our ancient sages understood it . • • who apparently joined in the resistance as indi­ " refusal to co-operate " in the wholesale murder according to their basic principle: "Turn the viduals rather than as members of a particular of the Jews can hardly be shown more clearly Torah to the right and to the left . . . for every­ group. This may or may not be correct for Hans than was done by Franz Fritsch. thing is in it." It speaks well for the inner lif^ Litten, the lawyer, but it is not true for Alexander of American Judaism, that this oldest form of Schwab ; his portrait, which contains a number of BERNHARD REICHENBACH Jewish art has been renewed and brought back inaccuracies, does not do justice to the man or to to a new Ufe in our days. Grace Goldin is known the cause for which he died. The noble Carola } Aran! Verlag G.m.b.H. Berlin-Grunewald. DM. 14.80. as a sensitive poet and as a warm-hearted Jewess; Neher does not really belong in this book ; for but she is also the wife of a well-versed Midrashic all we know she died in captivity—not, however, scholar and recently told us herself how this at the hands of the Nazis. All trace of her was HEINE IN PERSPECTIVE charming book, which represents a new Midrasn lost in Stalinist Russia. on Ruth and is both all Jewish and all American, Two books recently published will be of great was born in a mutual effort,* The chapter headed " Tapfere Seelsorger" por­ interest to friends of Heine. The one is the sixth trays victims among ministers of the various Chris­ and last volume of Heine's letters (Florian Kupfer­ Here is the tragic story of Elimelech, the man tian denominations. Under the heading " Vom berg Verlag Mainz), containing the third part of who fled from his country in the time of stress, Buerger zum Slaatsbuerger" those in high rank the commentary and the index to the complete and who was punished by losing his two sons to and position are remembered, who made use of work. The editor. Professor Friedrich Hirth, died Baal and by losing his own life ; here is the story their status to combat the powers that be and, after finishing the fifth volume. The editor of the of Naomi the Lovely One. who knew so well how more often than not, fell victims to those powers. sixth volume treats the subject both knowingly and to take care of her daughter-in-law and who was The chapter " Befehl und Verantworiung" is respectfully. His two studies, " Heines franzosische the inspiration for some of the best-known pas­ devoted to the group of high-ranking officers who Freunde " and " Bausteine zu einer Biographie ", sages of the Bible, the theme of innumerable wed­ solved the conflict arising between " superior are the most revealing portraits of the poet, and ding sermons: " Your God shall be my God, orders " and their owm inner convictions by obey­ are really indispensable for any student of Heine. your country shall be my country . . ." A'l" ing the voice of their conscience. The other book, " Zwischen Klassik und there is the story of Ruth herself: only a little The book, beautifully presented, by immortaUs- Moderne" (Ernst Klett, Stuttgart), by Walter Americanised by the overbold addition that the ing the few known names, is a memorial also to Hollerer, historian of literature in Frankfurt and wedding night in tihe barn is based on a " truly the many who have remained unknown. Once editor of the " Akzente: Zeitschrift fur Dichtung ", Moabite trick ". Here is the story of Boaz the more we are taught the lesson that resistance is deals principally with Heine, but includes other " man of property " (who is a little boring in all doomed to failure once a system of terror has portraits. It adds a great deal to our knowledge as his virtue, as Maurice Samuel confesses); but m estabUshed itself; it can be kept in power almost well, and is important as the first literary work in this old-new Midrash he is ennobled by the pre­ without regard for the number of those who begin German which places the poet in the right per­ diction which surrounds his aging head Uke a sort to reject it. There is always at the disposal of spective. This book is particularly outstanding and of halo: that he will be the ancestor not only ot a tyrannical power the few hundred thousand thugs inspiring—exciting as hardly any literary mono­ King David, but also of Jhe Messiah ben David, and sadistic torturers needed to keep down its graph of a period since the days of Gundolf and for whom all mankind is waiting unto this day- scattered opponents and prevent them from uniting Strich. So this thoughtful, new Midrash ends with the and acting in concert. In the face of such massive vision of the distant future, the Messianic time, and highly organised uninhibited brutality each The period dealt with by Hollerer is the twenty- which is what all of us are hoping for . . • *". and every resister becomes a hero. Those who five years between the death of Goethe and that of this is a refreshing idea in our own time of uneasi­ were never faced with risking death of their own Heine. A panorama of German and European ness and despair. free will should be wary in condemning Germany literature, especiaUy contemporary French litera­ BERTHA BADT-STRAUSS because not enough heroes were forthcoming. ture, unfolds before us, and is interpreted anew as The tragic failure of the German resistance is, a time when the foundations were laid for new • Grace Goldin. " Midrash on Ruth ". Jewish Publicati* • Mosaik Verlag. Berlin * Frankfun a.M. DM. 19.80. experiments and movements that have impressed Society, Philadelphia, Pa. AJR INFORMATION November, 1958 Page II The Hyphen News, a duplicated magazine, THE HYPHEN'S TENTH BIRTHDAY was issued for 5\ years under four editors and one editorial board ; 16 editions were printed with up It is now ten years since The Hyphen has been 1949, and at that stage all who had paid subscrip­ to 15 pages. Subjects covered were social news, in existence, and it is of interest to trace the tions or seemed interested were considered as literary contributions, poetry, puzzles and some course of its development, and to discover how far members. There and then, a committee was pro­ editorials of a very controversial nature. it has deviated from its original function and how posed and elected and a draft constitution presented. Lectures were arranged with a very wide range far it has fulfilled it. The Hyphen originally came Lengthy discussions in and out of committee on of subjects, some religious, some secular. Our into being out of the need of a group of younger the name the group was to bear resulted in the speakers included several well-know personalities. people, mainly children of AJR members and adoption of the late Eva Massey's suggestion. This We also arranged concerts, with members partici­ those of a similar Continental background, to form was to call ourselves " The Hyphen ", which was pating. In recent years the At Home functions friendships and to provide for themselves a social defined as " the link between the Continental were most popular and rambles have always been climate in which they would lose the feeUng of background and the newly found home ". This arranged. The highlight of the year has always been being " Luftmenschen " and " belong" through suggestion was unanimously carried. The consti­ the annual birthday party, a social reunion, which friendships. tution was worded in broad terms and mentioned includes sketches humourously depicting Hyphen no restrictions as to colour, political views or affairs and personalities, games, dancing and An extract from letters written at the end of reUgion of prospective members. 1947 was published in AJR Information appeal­ refreshments. ing to those of the " younger set" who did During Ihe ten years of our existence we have One may ask now, has our social experiment not yet feel "300% British" to write in, with had approximately 98 female and 69 male mem­ proved worth-while and what has been achieved ? a view to forming a new social group. At bers, but our mailing list must have contained at Although we set out with the intention of doing first, there were only two replies, and three least 400-500 names. We have had ten Chairmen, social work outside the group, it was shown that people eventually met at the AJR office at the two of whom had two terms of office. The doing this within was at least as necessary. Even beginning of 1948. Gradually, we were able to membership comprised 137 German, 12 British- the shyest of our members found they could relax interest more and more people. The original born members, 12 from Austria, 4 from Czecho­ in our group and open up. Many have formed intention was to form a group which did not com­ slovakia, I from Hungary and one Sabra. As far friendships which may well last a lifetime. On the pete with any of the existing ex-Continental youth as one can judge, 5 members were Jewish only by whole, much fun was gained from The Hyphen, groups and was not aligned to any " ism ", but origin, 3 non-Jews, whilst all the others were Jews. often most by those who planned the activities and was under the tutelage of the AJR. A number of Twenty-five marriages were the result of meeting made the group tick. An interesting fact is that so the meetings were attended by representatives from at Hyphen functions. For two of these couples it many of our married members have kept contact the B'nai B'rith Youth, Claude Montefiore Circle, was a matter of veni, vidi, vici at their first with us in spite of family ties and children and we Primrose Jewish Youth Club and Ex-Servicemen's meeting, and that was the last we saw of them. still count quite a few of them amongst our " acti­ (N.B.) Association, some of whom advised against As far as we have been able to keep contact with vists ", more so than some newcomers who do the formation of the intended group, fearing old members, it has been ascertained that 13 mem­ not yet seem to have caught the right spirit. competition. Ultimately, we felt strong enough to bers married " natives " and 65 chose Continental The work of The Hyphen and the contacts caU a public meeting for October 31st, 1948, which partners. So far, we know of 50 " Hyphenettes " made through it have helped many to a fuller life was attended by 60 or more people from London having been born, but there may be more. and greater integration. Thus The Hyphen's and the provinces, and yet another 30-40 were existence has been well justified. placed on our mailing list. The main intake of members took place in the years 1949/50/51 and 1955, when the member­ Most of us may be more at home in the The first committee was actually formed before ship reached 86. Now we are down to 76, of English language than our mother-tongue. But this meeting. One of its first activities was a study whom 30 are still single. Of the present member­ though our background, cultural ties, interests in circle, whose subjects were " Immigration Waves ship, 18 are founder members. Several couples the world around us and last but not least into the U,K.", " Inquest on German Jewry " and who have resigned still remain on the mailing list " Weltanschauung", made and still makes us so kindred subjects. The talks were prepared and and join us at least at the annual birthday party. very different from our contemporaries born in delivered by members of the group and by out­ Some of us also still keep contact with members this country, we are no longer selfconscious side lecturers. Other groups which got under way who now reside in Australia, Belgium, Israel and about this. BasicaUy, our generation will not be were the play-reading, music and bridge the U.S.A. Newcomers have at all times been wel­ unreservedly integrated into our environment. groups, the French circle and the ramblers, all of comed to our meetings, homes and rambles, and However, by our outlook, we can turn this into which were soon well attended. many have commented on the warm atmosphere an asset rather than a liability. The first General Meeting was called in March they found with us. PETER W. JOHNSON

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THE MELITTA COFFEE IN BEAUTIFULLY DESIGNED MAKER PRESENTATION BOXES is the simplest and cleanest way of making reaUy good coffee. B Obtainable from : Beverley's, 189, Finchley Road, N.W.3 Hardyment's Stores, 28, Golders Green 43, Kensington Church St. Road, N.W.ll also Twinings, London, W.8 Kenya Coffee Co., all branches and most stores such as Harrods, Selfridges, Gamages, etc., and most coffee suppliers. WES. 4359 If any difficulty in obtaining please apply to the wholesale distributors and for the name of your nearest supplier. 76, Wells Street, 9, Goldhurst Terrace, ROSEVTHAl (EXPORT) ITD. 52, Manchester Street, London, W.l London, W.l Finchley Road, N.W.6 Telephone : W^Lbeck 1901 MAI. 2742 Page 12 AJR INFORMATION November, 1958 fidence was the basis of a great number of personal IN MEMORIAM relationships. Once he had recognised a person's sincerity and good intentions, he would go out of THE BISHOP OF CHICHESTER pastors and their wives whom the Bishop succeeded his way to be of use to that person. But he was in bringing into this country. not prepared to compromise if he felt that these In the concluding sentence of a letter which Some years ago now a grpup of those who qualities were missing. There was no saintliness reached me only recently, I find what might well felt they owed so much to this " very dear friend " about him; he was endowed with a polemical be cited as the perfect obituary of the late Bishop planned to erect, as a permanent record of their mind and with a sense of humour which had its G. K. A. Bell, who, as Bishop of Chichester, earned gratitude, a figure of St. Michael, of whose spirit sources both in his Jewishness and his Berlin for himself a place of undying affection in the and devotion the Bishop seemed to them a Uving upbringing. hearts of countless refugees from Nazi persecu­ embodiment. This figure, the work of a Viennese tion. " My husband and myself ", wrote my corre­ sculptor of international reputation, David Paul Yet beyond the personal trust which had grown spondent, herself a refugee and the wife of a (Koenigsberger), himself a refugee, eventually up between him and his followers, a specific refugee, " feel deeply the great loss of a saintly found a home over the entrance to a new church Jewish conception was a decisive factor. It does man and a very dear friend." at Harrow Weald dedicated to St. Michael and not lend itself to clear-cut definition ; it was, how­ All Angels, and consecrated by the Bishop of ever, closely linked up with the general educational A saintly man, indeed, but not of the type one London, by strange and perhaps happy coincidence, ideal of the youth movement: the liberation from associates with the " cloistered and sheltered on the very day after the Bishop's death. conventional lies, not only towards our fellow-men virtues". EssentiaUy a man of peace, he was but also towards ourselves. The attempts of many prepared to fight for peace, but always and only Bishop Bell will be long and gratefully remem­ with the weapons of peace. As the occupant of bered by many people for many things, but by emancipated Jews to suppress the Jewish com­ an ecclesiastical See which carried with it a seat none more than those who have cause to be thank­ ponent within themselves made them unbalanced in the House of Lords, the Bishop of Chichester, ful for his tireless activities on their behalf, to personalities. A " return to Jewishness" was as we knew him, was fearless in his resistance which the following inscription, in the entrance to regarded as a prerequisite for the inner freedom against every form of tyranny. His was one of the Church, bears record : of the individual Jew. This attitude proved of the the earliest voices to be raised in this country in greatest value in the years to come. It gave them " To the glory of God and the honour of the strength to withstand the shock of 1933, a strength warning church and poUtical leaders aUke of the Holy Angels the statue of St. Michael the dangers of Nazism, and it was entirely consistent lacking in others who had been less conscious of Archangel has been placed over the entrance their position as Jews. with his whole Ufe and outlook that his last speech to this Church of St. Michael and All Angels in the Upper Chamber should have been directed as a thank offering by men and women who The approach to the Jewish situation of Ludwig against the persecution of the Churches by the found in Britain a refuge from tyranny in the Tietz and his followers also manifested itself m present regime in Eastern Germany. fourth and fifth decades of the 20th century the Jewish political life before 1933: the But if he was scathing in his condemnation of after Christ and as a tribute to George Ken­ " Richtung Tietz " pressed for the participation of Nazism, he was also discerning in his solicitude nedy Allen Bell, who during his occupancy non-Zionists in the work for Palestine ; they were for its victims, and it was perhaps one of the of the See of Chichester was tireless in his convinced that Jewish existence in the Diaspora highest tributes ever paid to his integrity that two activities on their behalf." was a legitimate way of life, but felt that it could anti-Nazi pastors should have approached him, at REV. W W SIMPSON not remain divorced from this outstanding venture great personal risk, during a lecture tour he under­ in modern Jewish history. Once emigration had took in Sweden in 1942, to tell him of a plot LUDWIG TIETZ become imperative, many of them decided to settle already on foot to assassinate Hitler and to invite in Palestine—some, as a collective unit, in Kibbutz his help in bringing this to the attention of the March Sth, 1897 - November 4th, 1933 Hazorea. The Jewish organisations in Germany British authorities. It was no fault of the Bishop's had hoped to perpetuate the memory of his name that the Foreign Office refused to take seriously This month, twenty-five years have elapsed since by sponsoring the Ludwig Tietz School, a training what proved in the end to be an exact prognostica­ the Jews in Germany were stunned by the news of centre in Yagur. Unfortunately, however, the tion of the attempt eventually made on the Fuhrer's the sudden death of Ludwig Tietz. The end of his school had to be dissolved some years ago. Ufe in 1944. He will be long remembered, too, life seemed to coincide with the climax of his for a number of speeches made at the height of career. He was one of the architects of Jewish life Those who spent their formative years under the the war criticising the indiscriminate bombing of in Germany during its last period when, after the guidance of Ludwig Tietz are now considerably German cities by the Allies. Whatever the massive establishment of the Nazi regime, it had to be older than he was when he died. The change of effect of such raids in helping to bring about the adapted to the changed circumstances. As one of attitude to life that comes to everybody after downfall of the Nazi regime, they can never out­ the founders and honorary secretaries of the adolescence has been accentuated by the upheavals weigh the moral value of the integrity of character " Zentralausschuss fuer Hilfe und Aufbau"— we underwent. In the Jewish field, too, we caii no and purpose which inspired this truly " saintly the nucleus of the " Reichsvertretung "—he laid the longer afford to restrict our thoughts and actions man ". organisational and financial foundations for the to the " subjective" aspects of the Jewish ques­ discharge of new tasks inside Germany, and for tion, having ourselves experienced its general But that is only half the story. He was also " a constructive schemes for preparing young people " objective" aspects as victims of a persecution very dear friend ", and to none more than those for emigration by vocational retraining. The work which surpassed all preceding measures against refugees from Germany and Central Europe in required imagination and courage, political insight Jews in Eastern Europe. Yet, wherever we may whose behalf he gave himself so freely during the and administrative abilities. Ludwig Tietz had aU now live, whatever our present outlook may be, years immediately preceding and following the out­ these qualities. He was also a dignified and upright and however we may have built up our lives anew, break of war in September, 1939. His earlier spokesman of German Jewry both vis-d-vis the we know that the good fortune of having been but largely unsuccessful efforts to stir up the representatives of Jewish communities abroad and shaped by the affinity to Ludwig Tietz, implies not churches of this country to recognise their responsi­ the representatives of the forces in power in only a unique experience in the past, but leaves biUty in face of the needs not only of the Jewish Germany. us with a lasting obligation towards our effor-S victims of Hitler's anti-Semitism but also of those in the present and in the future. who, in accordance with the Nuernberg Decrees Tietz was cut out for these tasks by many years of 1935, were designated as "non-Aryan" Chris­ of Jewish work before 1933. Looking back at his WERNER ROSENSTOCK tians, eventually found fruition in the establish­ life now, after the passage of a quarter of a ment in October, 1938, of a Christian Council for century, many of those who were near to him may Refugees. This body, representative of all sections feel that the impact of his personality during these RALPH VAUGHAN WILLIAMS of the Christian community in this country, had preceding years, though less conspicuous to the In Dr. Ralph Vaughan Williams, who died on as its joint Presidents the Archbishop of Canter­ wider public, has been indeed of more lasting value. bury, the Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster, the It was a time favoured by happy external circum­ August 26th, England has lost not only one of her Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church stances: the economic security of a more or less greatest composers but also a man whose whole of Scotland, and the Moderator of the Free Church middle-class society and the belief that, in spite of personality commanded universal affection. Unlike Federal Council. Moreover, a speech by the disquietening occurrences in the late 'twenties and many great artistes, he never shut himself off from Bishop in the Church Assembly a few weeks later the early 'thirties, the position of the German Jews contemporary events, and his deep concem over moved that body to promise to raise a sum of as citizens appeared to be safe. Under these con­ the barbarism and inhumanity of the last 25 years not less than £50,000 for the Christian Council. ditions young German Jews could build up groups has found its reflection in some of his major work^ There followed an appeal by Lord Baldwin and with an intense community life. This was done It is significant that he, whose art is deeply rooteo the beginning of that close co-operation between more or less on the model of the general youth in EngUsh tradition, whose style is intensely Christian and Jewish refugee organisations which movement in Germany, with all the idealism and national, took a warmhearted interest in many found its focus in Bloomsbury House and which the romanticism it involved. Ludwig Tietz was one refugee musicians and did much to help theni owed so much to the Bishop's courageous initiative of their leaders. before and during the war. His advice was always and persistent endeavour. at the disposal of his younger colleagues, and his He was different from most of those he led, both last appointment, the day before his death, w^* His contribution to the refugee cause, however, in age and in social standing. However, as we know with the Israeli composer Chaim Alexander, wh° was so very much more than that of the organiser from great historical movements, leaders are often introduced him to Israeli folk music, giving him and administrator. He had a genius for friend­ more effective if they come from without. Distance " a most enjoyable afternoon ". ship, and the ability really to enter into the needs endows them with wider vistas and may also make and problems of people in all sorts of situations. them even more attractive to their followers. That The funeral service at Westminster AbbeV I can still remember very vividly the impression such objective distance does not imply subjective included some of the music from his ballet " J"''^' he made when he visited the internment camps detachment from them is borne out, to a greater one of his greatest works, which re-creates tn on the Isle of Man and not merely promised to extent than in many other cases, by the example bibUcal story with visionary power. convey messages to the relatives and friends of of Ludwig Tietz's attitude to those around him. We honour in Vaughan Williams the geij!"^ many of the intemees whom he met but, on his He had the gift of finding his way to the core of whose art represents the nobility of the Enghs return, actually did so ! Nor was there a group those who needed him. He took them seriously, spirit, and we honour the man whose nobuity of people more devoted in gratitude and affection however young or humble they may have been. matched the greatness of his art. to any individual than the group of seventy refugee Thus an atmosphere of unsurpassed mutual con- H, W, FREYHAN AJR INFORMATION November. 1958 Page 13 PERSONALIA BIRTHDAYS Dr. Fritz Aron celebrated his 70th birthday in HANNAH ARENDT AT FRANKFURT MAX BROD IN EUROPE New York. After practising medicine in Berlin, he CEREMONY Max Brod, who is touring Europe, read parts joined the Office of the Reichsvertretung of the Jews in Germany in 1933, where he took charge of The laudatio for Professor Karl Jaspers when of his novel " Mira" before an audience in the rebuilt Cuvillies Theatre in Munich, He repeated the special interests of his Jewish colleagues. After he recently received the peace prize of the German his emigration to the United States, he continued book trade in Frankfurt-on-Main, was delivered by this lecture in Dusseldorf and spoke to the Jewish group there about cultural Ufe in Israel. his work for his fellow Jews as a Board member Professor Hannah Arendt, herself a pupil of the of the American Federation of Jews from Central phUosopher. Europe, and as Chairman of the American-Jewish FRENCH SCHOLARSHIP FOJl K.C. Federation. His friends all over the world RABBI O. LEHMANN GERMAN ORDER FOR RUDOLF BING extend their heartiest congratulations to him. Rabbi O. Lehmann (Oxford) has been awarded Rudolf Bing, director of the Glyndebourne a French Government scholarship for the study Mr. Paul Zucker, the architect, recently cele­ Opera from 1935 to 1949 and now director of the of Hebrew manuscripts in France. brated his 70th birthday in New York. He is the Metropolitan Opera in New York, received the author of several books on architecture. His work Grose Bundesverdienstkreuz. DEATHS in Berlin prior to his emigration includes the administrative building of the Medical Association The death has occurred in Amsterdam, at the and a number of factories and villas. At the same IKKrrORATE FOR PROFESSOR G. KISCH age of 91, of Professor Max J. Friedlaender, the time, Mr. Zucker was a lecturer at the State famous art historian. Prior to his emigration to School of Arts and the Lessing-Hochschule in Professor Guido Kisch who, until 1933, held a Holland in 1933, Professor Friedlaender was a Berlin. In 1937 he accepted a post at the new Chair at HaUe University and who emigrated to director of the Kaiser Friedrich Museum. School for Social Research in New York. The the United States, received the degree of Doctor reputation he built up in his new homeland is of Hebrew Letters from the Hebrew Union The lawyer Hermann Roettgen died in Essen at reflected in the fact that he was elected a member College in Cincinnati. Professor Kisch is a legal the age of 74. Until 1937 he was in practice in of the New York Chapter of the Society of historian and is an authority on medieval Jewish Bochum, where he was also a Board member of Architectural History. He continued writing, and history and law. the local lawyers' association. He spent the war his latest work is " Town and Square, from the years in hiding in Holland, and returned to Ger­ Greek Agora to the Village Green ". many in 1948. He always took an active interest APPOINTMENT OF DR. E. M. MANASSE in Jewish affairs and, until 1953, was Chairman of Dr. Friedrich Reichniann, whose 70th birthday the Repraesentanz of the Essen Jewish Community. occurred on August 18th, was born in Kattowitz. Dr. Emst Moritz Manasse. professor of German Alfred Manun, the president of the former After the cession of the town to Poland, he and Philosophy at North Carolina College, has became the representative of its German-speaking accepted a one-year membership in the Institute Jewish community of Sobernheim, died at the age for Advanced Study at Princeton University. of 80 in Andover (Massachusetts). For more than 50 Jews. Forced to emigrate under the Nazi regime, Dr, Manasse was born in Dramburg, where his years he was the chairman of the board of directors he eventually settled down in Canada. As father, the late Georg Manasse, took an active of the textile firm, A. Marum, in Sobernheim and co-founder of the New World Club in Montreal, interest in Jewish affairs. Andover. he was later elected its president.

The Exclusive Salon de Corseterie UNIVERSITY OF LONDON AJR CLUB (Extension Courses'; and Mme H. LIEBERG THEODOR HERZL SOCIETY 871, FINCHLEY ROAD SUNDAY, SOth NOVEMBER The best SYLLABUS of o (Next to the Post Office, Golders Green) at 5 p.ni. CONTINENTAL 'Phone : SPEedwell 8673 Course of Seven Lectures ZION HOUSE, 57, ETON AVE., HAIRSTYLING Fashionable French, American, and English to be held at Models. Ready-made and to measure N.W.S. Zion House, by EXPERT FITTING Mr. and Mrs. A. R. Horweli 57, Eton Avenue, N.W.3 JEWISH MARRIAGE BUREAU will present an at 8 p.m. CHARLES OF LONDON Newly opened Jewish Marriage Bureau on HAUTE COIFFURE entertainment on 42, Old Bond Street, Mayfair covering London ond Provinces invites Monotheism and Society: Moses, First floor. 'Phone ; HYD. 4500 Inquiries from interested applicants gramophone records : German and French spoken. Jesus and Mohammed. Speciol concession to readers of all oges and classes. of "AJR Information " Strict confidence guaranteed. " Musicol Memoirs " November 18, 1958. JESUS (II). Rev. Pleose write : T.N.B., (Claire Waldoff, Mossary, Pallen­ J. W. Parkes, M.A., D.PhiL. Hon. D.H.L. 107, FRANCKLYN GARDENS, EDGWARE berg, etc., Grand Opera, Liturgical, or 'phone STO. 9085 November 25, 1958. MOHAMMED (I). ond Yiddish Melodies.) K. B. Ghulom Rabbani Khan. AD.\^ISSION FREE. December 2, 1958. MOHAMMED (II). H. WOORTMAN & SON E. I. J. Rosenthol, M.A. Reissner & Goldberg Spoce donated by : December 9, 1958. SOCIAL-PSYCHO­ 8, Boyne* Mewt, Hampstead, N.W.S LOGICAL ASPECTS. Dr. W. Schindler, TRADE CUTTERS LIMITED M.D. ELECTRICAL CONTRACTORS ^8, Felshom Rood, Putney, S.W.IS. Td.: HAM. 3974 141, Conterbury Road, N.W.6 Continental Builder and Decorator The Presidium of the K.J.V. MAI. 6721 (Kartell Juedischer Verbindungen) Before 8.15 a.m. and after 7 p.m. Specialist in Dry Rot Repairs in Great Britain MAI. 2646, 0359 hos much pleasure in inviting all ESTIMATES FREE BUY NOW! its members and friends to ils Fifth Annual M. GLASER GALA DINNER & BALL Order Your Presents Now PRACTICAL UPHOLSTERER from our ot the WASHINGTON HOTEL All Rc-Upholstery, Carpets, Curzon Street, W.l Furniture Repairs, French Polishing AJR TRIMFIT LTD. WILL BE DONE TO YOUR on HANDICRAFTS GROUP SATURDAY NIGHT Buttons, Locc, Belts, Jewellery SATISFACTION 'Phone ; HAMpsteod 5601 or coll ot "e hare a variety of new designs Require experienced REPRESEN­ (Erev Chanucah) 432, FINCHLEY RD. (Child's Hill), N.W.2 of gifts for all purposes. TATIVE, full time, to call on Dress, DECEMBER 6 Coat, Blouse, Underwear, and 8, FAIRFAX MANSIONS, 7.30 p.m. to 1 a.m. Children's Wear Manufacturers in LEO HOROVITZ FINCHLEY ROAD, N.W.3 Dancing to VAN STRATEN London and Suburbs. Established Mon.-Thurs. 10 o.m.-l p.m. ond and his Bond 3 p.m.-6 p.m. SUPER FLOOR SHOW • TOMBOLA accounts will be handed over to SCULPTOR-STONEMASON Ff". 10 o.m.-i p.m. ond by Tickets : £2 12s. 6d. each (including suitable applicant. Salary ond Dinner and Buffet), obtainable on commission basis. Own car oppointment. (MAI. 4449) prior application only from any mem­ Memorials for all Space denoted by ber of the Boll Committee or Mr. required. All applications con­ Cemeteries S. F. & O. HALLGARTEN R. J. Friedmann, 38, High Point, North sidered in strict confidence. Hill, London, N.6 ('phone : MOUnt- Wines and Spirits view 0387). Guests—particularly mem­ Mr. Kenley, 34/35, Berwick Street, WEST HAMPSTEAD, N.W.6 , Importers ond Exporters bers of other corporations •— most London, W.l. (GER. 0111.) 16 FAWLEY ROAD, '• CRUTCHED FRIARS, London, E.C.3 cordiolly invited to apply for tickets. Telephone : HAMpsleed 2564 Page 14 AJR INFORMATION November. 1958 Letters to the Editor NEWS IN BRIEF

THE JEWISHNESS OF THE "NON- GOTTFRIED KELLER AND CLAIMS OF AUSTRIAN JEWS RELIGIOUS JEW " JONAS FRAENKEL Confiscated Valuables Sir,—Dr. Roberi Weltsch's thought-provoking Sir,—May I venture to .supplement the article " Thoughts for lite Holy Days " (AJR Information, September, 1958) touches on a basic issue, the " Gottfried Keller and the Jews " by Paid Wohl­ Under the Federal German Restitution Law discussion of which has demonstrated how deeply fahrt in your September issue. many gold and silver valuables which were handed and strongly Jews feel when trying to consider I think that, when Jews are mentioned in con­ over by Jews to the " Dorotheum " were passed ccdmly tlte Jewishness of non-professing Jews. In nection with the Swiss writer, Ihe name of Jonas on by that institution to the firm of Roessler and a paper delivered to the Society for Sociology and Fraenkel should not be omitted. We are indebted Co., which melted them down and transferred Anthropology of the Jews in Vienna only four to him for liis magnificent edition of Keller's them to Frankfurt-on-Main in Western Germany. months before the " Anschluss ", Dr. F. R. Bienen­ works—a model of philology. He delved into the The •' Dorotheum " in Vienna is able and willing feld ventured boldly and provocatively to show .secrets af the poet's style and thoughts with loving to give full information on whether specific objects were handed over to Roessler and Co. that " cert can main principles of the Jewish religion care, and thus discovered many new vistas. continue lo operate within the minds artd souls Potential claimants are advised, after having of the non-religious Jews and determine their When, about fifteen years ago, a new edition of Hans Andersen's fairy tales was published in obtained such information, to file claims under the attitude towards life . . . without their conscious provisions of the Federal German Restitution knowledge and notwithstanding their contempt for Zurich, wilh drawings by the distinguished artist Law before the expiration of the dateline of Jewish traditions". These are the ideas of Ihe Albert Merckling, the portrait of tlte gardener of December 31st, 1958. fraternity of all members of the community as lite Emperor of China, who protects the night­ sons of GCKI with equal rights: of righteousness ingale, bore Fraenkel's features. A greater honour as the life blood of the Universe ; of the power for any man of letters is hardly possible. ANTI-SEMITIC DIPLOMAT DISMISSED of knowledge and reason; and of the affirmation of We should not forget, either, thai Fraenkel this world and the negation of any other. " Non- discovered another Swiss writer, Karl Spitteler, religious Jews " liave maintained and implemented Hans von Saucken, a member of the German these basic traditional conceptions which again and with whom lie was connected by a life-long Consulate in New York, was dismissed after hav­ again " have broken through the clouds of uncon­ friendship. ing described an Austrian-born American journa­ scious memory ". Popper-Lynkeus, Rathenau and Througltout his life, Fraenkel fought incom­ list, Max Beer, as a " dirty Jew ". The German Marx were adduced as striking examples to prove petence in the realm of letters. With unbounded Foreign Offlce, expressing its deep regret at the Dr. Bienenfeld's thesis. courage he stood up for his beloved German litera­ incident, stated that von Saucken had " betrayed In an English edition published in 1944 (// ture, which had drawn him from Poland, first to a spirit for which there is not any longer a place appeared again in the original German version in Vienna and then to Switzerland. We get a con­ in the German nation ". 1953 or the Frick Verlag, Vienna), the author vincing picture of his spirit by his collected essays described liis paper as " the swan song of a recently published in Heidelberg. He also edited spiritucd community whose influence will .survive Goethe's letters to Charlotte v. Stein, which were DOCUMENTARY BROADCAST ON its fall". The loll taken by lite Nazis was indeed published fifty years ago in Berlin, and which will tragically devastating. The non-religious Jews of ANNE FRANK Central Europe ceased to exist as a group. But shortly be re-edited by the Academy of Science of that city. The recent B.B.C. Third Programme broadcast lite problem has remained and has even gained " The Footsteps of Anne Frank " will be repeated new and wider significance beyond the boundaries Yours, etc., on November Sth. It is a radio version of the in which it was diagnosed by Dr. Bienenfeld wilh (Professor) A. M. WAGNER. courage and lucidity. documentary by the German writer, E'^^' Yours etc., 1 Royal Crescent, Schnabel, of interviews with persons who h^ P. A. SLOW. LONDON, W.n. known Anne Frank.

FAMILY EVENTS Situations Wanted BED/SITTING-ROOM, well furn., schein, manager of " Stoch " Linz ; Men private home, to let. FINchley 1358. all said to have lived in Vienna. Entries in this column are free of SERVICE-ROOM, h. & c, cooking Wanted by Mr. Z. Urbaukienier, 45 charge. Texts should be sent in by the BOOKKEEPER, exp., full set of facilities, with bkfst., meals optional. Craven Road, Rugby. \%th of the month. books, wages, seeks position, full- or Suit I or 2 young people. Reason­ Miss Riekchen (Erika) Schreiber, born part-time. Box 457. able terms. GLA. 5622. January 17th, 1888, Hamburg, daugh­ Deaths PACKER, store-keeper, elderly, exp., DIVAN BED-SIT. in Court, Finchley ter of Adolf and Pauline Schreiber Greiffenberg, Lotte, 10, Lancaster reliable, seeks suitable work. Box 458. Road, with all conveniences. Newly (nee Heymanson), wanted by her Drive, London, N.W.3. Our dear furnished. Only business woman. brother, Ivan Schreiber, a/c Estudio Women friend died suddenly on October 3rd. Telephone before 10 a.m. or after Carranza, Esmeralda 570, Buenos Hede Engelberg, Erna and Ilse Grass- EGYPTIAN, 47, seeks position as 7 p.m. PRI. 5271. Aires, Argentina. wald, Marie Goldenfeld. secretary/shorthand-typist, pref. in French language. Know. Italian. Accommodation Wanted Schindler. On Saturday, September Box 453. FURN. ROOM, with kitchenette, wanted in N.W. 3 area. Box 459. 27th, Alma, beloved wife of Bruno CLERK-TYPIST wants part-time or << AUFBAU " ELDERLY COUPLE want permanent Schindler, Dr. Phil., and mother of home work. Box 454. Li and George, and formerly Principal accommodation in cultivated sur­ IMPROVED SUBSCRIPTION of Regent's Park School. Deeply ENGLISH shorthand-typist seeks roundings with every comfort and SERVICE mourned by all her family. 134 part-time work. Box 455. good food. Detailed offers with New facilities are now available Beaufort Park, Falloden Way, EXP. cook seeks part-time work in price. Box 461. whereby readers can receive London, N.W.II. private household. Box 456. Miscellaneous subscription copies soon after Juster, Isidor. On October 1st, deeply CLERICAL PART-TIME WORK FOR SALE. First-class, hand-made publication date. mourned by his wife, son and wanted. German shorthand, typing, dining-room furniture. Steinway bookkeeping, P.A.Y.E., etc. Box 460. The " AUFBAU " will now be daughter - in - law, grandchildren, grand piano. 48 pieces finest glasses. mailed direct to subscribers fro"* brother, sister-in-law and friends. 8 EXPERT SECRETARY, bookkeeper, Rosenthal dinner set. Box 465. the publishers in America, tb"* St. Gabriel's Road, London, N.W.2. German and English shorthd. French. TO LET. Small, fully equipped saving considerable time. Available part time.—GLA. 3997. chocolate factory jn Hampstead. Box This quicker and better means of Lucas. On October 12th, our beloved 462. mother, Ida Lucas. Deeply mourned AJR Attendance Service transit will be applied to all exist­ and sadly missed by her sons, MANAGER or active Partner ing subscribers from issue No. 36, WOMEN available to care for sick required for sound leathergoods dated September Sth, 1958. daughters - in - law, grandchildren, people and invalids, as companions factory established 1944. North-East We are pleased to announce it is now nieces, relatives and friends. Dr. and and sitters-in ; full or part-time (not Mrs. Emst E. Lucas, and daughter England. Sale of business considered. possible to offer the following reduced residential). 'Phone MAI. 4449. Box 463. rotes, which will also be applicoDiS Eva, 5 Litchfield Way, London, when current subscriptions expire. N.W.ll. Mr. and Mrs. Ronald J. AJR Needlewoman Service MISSING PERSONS 2 yeors £4 3 0 Lucas and son Edwin, 32 Southlea Enquiries by AJR 1 year £2 10 0 WOMEN available for alterations, Frieda Zitter and Selma Zither, last 6 months £1 6 0 Avenue, Thornliebank, Glasgow. (NOTE THE VERY ADVANTAGEOUS mending, handicrafts. 'Phone MAI. known address in Germany, Goep­ 4449. TWO YEARS' RATEI CLASSIFIED pingen, Hauptstr. 20. Birth dates of Orders and payments should be Accommodation Vacant both are unknown. addressed to : Situations Vacant VACANCY FOR PERMANENT Personal Enquiries The Kosmos International COPY-TYPIST, using ten fingers and GUEST, lady or gentleman, in beauti­ Dr. Heinrich Fraenliel, Director of Agency able to file copies correctly, required. fully situated, well-heated country •' Poilus Oil ", Vienna, Central Offlce 39/40, LONDON ROAD. Camden Town area. Permanent posi­ house; continental cooking, every London ; Engineer Wiesenfeld, who LONDON, S.E.I tion. Commencing salary £9 10s. diet. Mrs. K. Schwarz, " Furzedown ", manufactured cigarette lighters; 'Phone : WATerloo 5461/2/3 Box 464. Wood Road, Hindhead, Surrey. Architect Bruno Pollak; Mr. Stern- AJR INFORMATION November, 1958 Page 15 One of the instances he mentions is that, in 1912, Viscount Samuel (then the Rt. Hon. Sir Herbert Social Work Samuel, Postmaster-General) approved of a scheme for the interchange of the day of rest SELF AID CONCERT daily average of about 25 residents in the preced­ between Jewish and non-Jewish members of the ing year, the number of persons lodging at the Post Offlce staff. It was also ascertained that As already announced in our last issue, this Shelter per day during the year under review, year's Self Aid Concert will take place on Wednes­ Scotland Yard would provide facilities for the averaged over 55. Two-thirds of the refugees observance by Jews of the Sabbath as often as day, November 19th, at 7.30 p.m., at the Wigmore housed in the Shelter were Hungarians and Hall. possible, if such facilities were applied for by Egyptians. Jewish policemen. The Hurwitz Ensemble, directed by Emanuel The work of the Shelter is mainly financed by Hurwitz, will appear, and Allan Schiller, the child private subscriptions, and the committee urgently THE HYPHEN prodigy, will perform Mozart's Pianoforte appeals to the community for support. It is The Hyphen programme for November includes Concerto in E flat, together with some works by hoped that, in appreciation of the work on their the organisation's 10th birthday party, to take place Spanish composers. Grieg's Holberg Suite is also behalf from 1933 to 1939. Jews who were admitted on Saturday, November 22nd, from 7.30 p.m. to part of the programme. to this country as refugees from Nazi oppression 11 p.m.. at Hodford Hall (Methodist Church Hall), Apart from the artistic aspect, the success of will not fail to respond to this call. Donations Hodford Road, GolderS' Green (back of P.O.). 'he concerts organised by Self Aid, which have should be sent to the Treasurer, Jews' Temporary There will also be a talk on Sunday. November now become an institution in the social life of our Shelter, 63 Mansell Street, London, E.l. 30th, at 7.30 p.m. on " The Latest Developments community, is of the greatest importance in the in the State of Israel" by a member of the interests of the many needy people in our midst, SABBATH OBSERVANCE EMPLOYMENT Friends of the Hebrew University, at Zion lo whose welfare the proceeds of the concerts are BUREAU House. 57 Eton Avenue. N.W.3. Further par­ devoted. Though, fortunately, due to restitution In its report for 1957, the Sabbath Observance ticulars can be obtained from the Hon. Secretary, and compensation payments, the position for many Employment Bureau states that the year was not 69 Queen's Drive, London, N.4 (Tel. STA. 4922). "as considerably improved, there are still a large an easy one, owing to the many applicants whose number of refugees from Nazi oppression in this jobs became redundant through recessions in ACTIVrriES OF BERLIN JEWISH country, from Germany and other European various trades and industries. This development COMMUNITY Countries, who for one reason or another must particularly affected a number of elderly persons On the occasion of the High Festivals, the Berlin still depend on the generosity of their fellow- who were in the higher salary groups, and who Jewish community issued a special publication for refugees. could not easily fit into new jobs. Altogether the its members, which refers to the community's wide­ Tickets for the concert may be obtained at the Bureau dealt with about 1,500 new applicants. spread and intense activities. The publication, office of Self Aid of Refugees, Ib Swiss Terrace, These included the placing of 102 clerks, 90 amongst other things, mentions the establishment N.W.6. Tel.: PRI. 5151/2. secretary/shorthand typists, 40 showroom of the Leo-Baeck-Wohnheim, and the forthcoming assistants and 26 dressmakers. completion of a second Wohnheim, commemora­ JEWS' TEMPORARY SHELTER The Bureau has now been in existence for 50 ting the name of Heinrich Stahl. The work of the The report of the Jews' Temporary Shelter for years. One of its founder members, the Rev. I. community also covers the care of returnees, of jne year ending October 31st, 1957, reveals that Livingstone, recalls the Bureau's work in its first whom every month about 100 are economically 'He work has increased considerably. Against a stages, in a special article published in the report. reintegrated.

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Phone : Westbourne 619471 and Prop.: E. BRUDER RELAX Corsets Silhouette Ltd., 130 Park Lane, London, W.l af "ARLET" '• St. Gobrlel's Road, London, N.W.2 SIMAR HOUSE p TeL: GLA. 4029 the Private Continental Hotel '-ori'ri°"^"* Guests ond Visitors coming to well known for its good food STANDARD SEWING MACHINE SERVICE LTD. furr\-°L? °''® welcome in my exquisitely '"ished & cultivated Private Guest House 10 & 24, HERBERT ROAD, ELITE TYPEWRITER Co. Ltd. BOURNEMOUTH WEST •^ot & Cold Water, Radiator Heating WEL. 2528 p Garden, Television The House with the Home-like VjrJ'"*"*°l rneals can be provided if desired Atmosphere All Mokes Bought, Sold & Exchonged Repairs, Maintenonce ' good residential district. Buses b Tube Phone : Westbourne 64176 verv neor SIMON ond MARGOT SMITH 18 CRAWFORD STREET, BAKER STREET, W.l Mrs. Lotte Schwarz Page 16 AJR INFORMATION November, 1958 COUNCIL OF JEWS FROM GERMANY LEO BAECK INSTITUTE Meeting in London Third Year Book The Leo Baeck Institute's Third Year Book The Council of Jews from Germany, of which vis-a-vis the German authorities were actively will appear shortly. It will include essays on the AJR is the British constituent, held a con^ considered. Martin Buber, Eugen Taeubler, Paul Nathan, ference in London on October ISth, under the The internal organisation of the Council was chairmanship of its President, Dr. S. Moses (Jeru­ discussed, and unanimous agreement on matters Stefan Zweig, Albert Ballin, and a history of the salem). The conference was attended by members arising therefrom was reached. Furthermore, it family of N. Israel. Other contributions wiU of the directorate and representatives from Great was decided to give publicity to the Council's work deal with the relationship of German Jews to their Britain, the United States, Israel, France, and at regular intervals. environment, with Ihe Berlin Jewish community Belgium. The distribution of the Council's funds among and with institutions such as the Philanthropin in Following a report by the President on the its various regional bodies was also dealt with, Frankfurt. The Year Book will conclude with organisation, activities and programme of the and it was resolved that a certain sum should be excerpts from Leo Baeck's writings and a biblio­ Council, Mr. R. Callmann, New York, one of provided for cultural purposes. graphy of post-war publications on German Jewry. the Council's representatives on the Board of the Full agreement was reached on all matters The price of the Year Book is 35s. Members Claims Conference, gave a survey of those resolu­ covered by the conference, and the principles of of the Society of Friends of the Leo Baeck Insti­ tions adopted by the Claims Conference at its the Council's work in the coming period were tute will receive the Year Book and the Quarterly last directors' meeting, which directly affect Jewish laid down. emigrants from Germany. Bulletin (in German) free of charge. The minimum subscription rate for 1959 is £2 12s. 6d. Appl'C^' On the basis of a detailed report by Dr. F. AJR BOARD MEETING Goldschmidt, London, on the present position in The AJR Board meeting took place in London tions should be sent to the Society of Friends or the field of restitution and compensation, steps to on October 19th. A detailed report will be pub­ the Leo Baeck Institute, 8 Fairfax Mansions, safeguard the interests of the Jews from Germany lished in the next issue. London, N.W.3.

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