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Lessons Learned from Oil Tanker Spills

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Lessons Learned from Oil Tanker Spills Lessons Learned from Oil Tanker Spills Steering Committee & Technical Advisory Committee Meeting April 16, 2015 Nirupama Gopalaswami PhD candidate Mary Kay O’Connor Process Safety Center Texas A&M University, College Station [email protected] 1 Outline • Introduction • Top 10 Oil Tanker Spills • Root Causes • Contingency and Emergency Preparedness • Environmental Impact • Role of Media on Public Perception and Reputation Losses • Risk Perception and Public Outrage • Regulatory Changes • Technological & Procedural Changes • Recent Incidents • Lessons Learned 2 Introduction 5.74 million tons of oil spilled since 1970 [1] Tankers largest contributors to oil spills Number of spills over the decades 600 500 Medium Scale-50-5000 bbl 400 Large Scale> 5000 bbl 300 200 Number of spills of Number 100 0 1970S 1980S 1990S 2000S 2010S Number of large and medium spills per decade 3 Top 10 Oil Tanker Spills [2] Odyssey Torrey Canyon 119000 Ton 132000 Ton M/T Haven (1967, England) (1988, Canada) 144000 Ton (1991, Italy) 9 6 4 7 5 Exxon Valdez 8 10 37000 Ton Amoco Cadiz (1989, Alaska) 223000 Ton 1 1978, France Prestige 63000 Ton Hebei Spirit (2002, Spain) 11000 Ton Atlantic (2007, South Empress Korea) 287000 2 Ton (1979 T&T) ABT Summer 3 Castillo De Bellver 260000 Ton 252000 (1991, Angola) Ton (1983, Cape town) 4 Root Causes Medium- 50-5000 bbl./7-700 tons Large > 5000 bbl./700 tons • Incidence of spills due to internal fires and explosions are less when compared to navigational causes like collisions. 5 Contingency and Emergency Preparedness Mechanical Chemical Biological Physical Methods Methods Methods Methods Booms, Manual Dispersants Skimmer methods Petroleum degrading Bacteria & other biological agents Natural In situ burning processes Gelling agents & explosions biodegradation, oxidation Currently all these methods are well-developed 6 Response History to Spills • Response methods have not been deployed successfully in many spills. • Response methods aggravated the clean- up operations in Torrey Canyon oil spill. • No response techniques due to inaccessibility of the spill area in MT Haven oil spill. • Initial response techniques were hampered by unfavorable weather in Exxon Valdez. 7 Environmental Impact Oil Duration of Location of Characteristics exposure spill Short term Offshore Quantity effects deep Long term Onshore Type of oil effects shallow Amoco Cadiz – largest impact 8 Role of Media on Public Perception and Reputation Losses • Prior 1970, only spills over 100,000 gal captured public attention and spills below 25000 gal went unreported [4]. • Public response not proportional to magnitude of spill. e.g. Exxon Valdez spills and Arthur kill had a significant impact on brand value of the company. • MT Haven and ABT summer spills occurred within a duration of one month. Attention to MT haven was lost after ABT summer occurred. 9 Risk Perception and Public Outrage • Spatial and temporal Local Community factors. • Local community Environmental groups perceive risk differently than experts. General Public • Exxon Valdez- all Government groups actively involved. – Resulted in significant changes. Responsible • Communities with recent parties catastrophes are more sensitive. - Objective responsible parties vs subjective public responses. 10 Economic Impact • Cleanup, loss and damage of materials • Societal Impact -Tourism and recreational activities. • In Exxon Valdez oil spill – 60% loss in tourism business – 35% loss in number of tourist [7] • In Prestige oil spill, – Fishing banned in 90% of the coastline – Tourism affected in Spain and France. • Eco system impact- Fisheries and Mari-culture. 11 Economic Impact Contd.. • Spills closer to shore and affecting human populations are expensive.[5] • Shoreline cleanup to be 4-5 times more expensive than collecting the oil at sea, and 100 times more expensive than pumping oil from the damaged vessel [7]. • EffectAtlantic of Empress spillage rate and amountABT Summerof oil spilled. 12 Regulatory Impact • Post Exxon Valdez, introduction of Oil Pollution Act (OPA) in 1990 [8]. • Office of Emergency Management (OEM) • DOT 49 CFR 110 – Discharge of Oil [9] • EPA led SPAR programs – Spill Prevention And Response [10] • USCG National Contingency Plan • Fire Safety Systems Code 13 Technological & Procedural Changes 2007 2000 Enhanced navigation IMO during introduces 1996 hazards Mandatory Automatic towing Identification 1992 arrangements System (AIS) MARPOL mandates Double hull 1974 SOLAS mandates duplication of essential parts Recent Incidents 9 December 2014, ship collided with 22 March 2014, ship to ship collision cargo vessel Sela river causing leak in Houston ship channel causing leak of furnace oil of intermediate fuel oil http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Sundarbans_oil_spill http://www.nola.com/environment/index.ssf/2014/03/ship_barge_collide_in_houston.html Sunderbans Oil Spill Kirby Barge Oil Spill OT Southern Star Miss Susan- MV Summer Wind 350 ton Collision-550 ton 15 Lessons Learned • Lack of regulatory driver for risk communication covering all target groups. • There is need for study on public perception to improve risk communication. • Community should be involved in emergency planning. • A rapid response using a mix of efficient and effective technologies is critical. • Operations in extreme environments should include detailed assessment to prevent reputation losses and protect brand value. • Increase in competency for preventing oil tanker spills is necessary. 16 References [1] Retrieved from http://www.itopf.com/fileadmin/data/Documents/Company_Lit/Oil_Spill_Stats_2014FINALlowres.pdf dated 2/17/2015 [2] Retrieved from http://www.itopf.com/in-action/case-studies/ Dated 3/15/2015 [3] Retrieved from http://www.itopf.com/knowledge-resources/documents-guides/fate-of-oil-spills/ dated 2/17/2015 [4] Burger, J. (1994). Before and After an Oil Spill: The Arthur Kill. (Rutgers State University, Ed.). New Jersey [5] White, I. C., and F. C. Molloy. 2003. Factors that determine the cost of oil spills. International oil spill conference 2003 2003 (1):1225-1229. [online] URL: http://www.itopf.com/_assets/costs03.pdf http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-1225 [6] Nyman, T. 2009. Evaluation of methods to estimate the consequence costs of an oil spill. SKEMA Seventh Framework Programme, Athens, Greece. [7]Kontovas, C. A., H. N. Psaraftis, and N. P. Ventikos. 2010. An empirical analysis of IOPCF oil spill cost data. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:1455-1466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.05.010 [8] Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/oem/content/lawsregs/opaover.htm dated 3/15/2015 [9] Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/oem/docs/oil/spcc/guidance/B_40CFR110.pdf dated 3/15/2015 [10] Retrieved from http://dec.alaska.gov/spar/ dated 3/15/2015 [11] Retrieved from http://www.imo.org/blast/blastDataHelper.asp?data_id=15466&filename=98(73).pdf dated 5/15/2015 [12] Retrieved from http://www.transfeu.eu/fileadmin/user/pdf/TRANSFEU_to_IMO_and_ISO_K_Yoshida.pdf dated 5/15/2015 17 Acknowledgements • Dr. Sam Mannan • Dr. Ray Mentzer • All members of SC & TAC • All members of MKOPSC 18 Thank you Nirupama Gopalaswami PhD candidate [email protected] 19 .
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