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University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES of ZOOGLOEA RAMIGERA ISOLATE 115

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University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES of ZOOGLOEA RAMIGERA ISOLATE 115 This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 69-11,658 JOYCE, Gayle Hahn, 1937- BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ZOOGLOEA RAMIGERA ISOLATE 115 WITH EMPHASIS ON ETHYL ALCOHOL METABOLISM. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1968 Microbiology University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ZOOGLOEA RAMIGERA ISOLATE 115 WITH EMPHASIS ON ETHYL ALCOHOL METABOLISM DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University v * By Gayle hT Joyce, B.S., M.S. ****** The Ohio State University 1968 Approved by / Adviser ' fj . qpobiAcademic Faculty of Miqpobial.qpobiAcademic and Cellular Biology ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express her sincere gratitude to Dr. Patrick R. Dugan for the many helpful suggestions and guidance given during the course of this study and in the preparation of this manuscript. Her appreciation is expressed to the graduate students of the Faculty of Microbial and Cellular Biology, particularly to Mr. Jon Tuttle, for their helpful discussions and assistance, to Mrs. John Olenzak for her technical assistance, and to Mr. Robert Joyce for his patience during the course of this study. The use of the facilities of the Water Resources Center of The Ohio State University is appreciated. The research was supported in part by Research Grant No. WP-00713 from the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, U.S. Department of the Interior. VITA September 10, 1937 Born - Cleveland, Ohio 1959 ....... B.S., Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 1959-1961 ........ Research Assistant, Department of Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 1961 ....... M.S., The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 1961-1962 ........ Senior Demonstrator, Department of Biology, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 1962-1968 ........ Research Associate, Teaching Assistant; and Research Assistant, Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Co lumbu s, Oh io PUBLICATION Joyce, Gayle H. and H. H. Weiser. 1967. Survival of enteroviruses and bacteriophage in farm pond waters. J. Amer. Water Works Assn. 59: 491-501. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . ii. VITA . ........................................ 111 LIST OF TABLES ..................................... vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS............................... viii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ............................. I II. STATEMENT OF P R O B L E M ..................... 4 III. REVIEW OF SELECTED LITERATURE.............. 5 IV. MATERIALS AND METHODS ..................... II Isolation and Maintenance of Cultures . II Biochemical Characterization of Cultures ............................. 14 Chitin and Collagen Media ............. 15 Blood Agar M e d i a ..................... 16 Carbon and Nitrogen Sources ............. 16 Ammonium Salts ............. 16 Amino Acids ........... 17 Sugars and Sugar Alcohols............. 17 Organic Acids and A l c o h o l s ........... 18 Ethyl Alcohol Metabolism ................ 18 Assay for Products in Supernatant Fluids .................. 19 Nature of Ester Production ............. 23 Cell Bound Enzyme Studies............. 23 Soluble Exoenzyme Studies ............. 27 Enzyme A s s a y s .......................... 28 Alcohol Dehydrogenase ................ 28 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase .. 28 Butyrate Enzyme System ............. 29 Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and Glyoxylate Cycle Enzymes ........... 30 Exopolymer Studies ..................... 31 iv Chapter Page V. RESULTS ...................................... 42 Biochemical Reactions . .......... 42 Carbon and Nitrogen Sources ........ 45 Sugars and Sugar Alcohols ................. 45 Organic Acids and Alcohols . .........48 Alcohol Metabolism ................... 52 Intermediate Acids ....................... 56 Ester Identification.................... 56 Ester Production ........................ 69 Site of Esterifying E n z y m e ..............76 Specific Enzyme Assays ................... 82 Exopolymer Studies ...................... • 85 VI. DISCUSSION .................................98 Amino Acids, Sugars, and Sugar Alcohols . 99 Low Molecular Weight Alcohols and Acids . 103 Ester Synthesis and Ethyl Alcohol M e t a b o l i s m ............................ 106 Enzymes Demonstrated ..................... 120 Polymer Synthesis ......................... 127 VII. SUM M A R Y .................................... 136 LITERATURE CITED .................................... 143 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Biochemical characteristics of Zoogloea isolate No. 1 and Zoogloea ramigera isolate No. 115 43 2. Growth of isolates No. 1 and No. 115 in basal medium II with amino acids as carbon and nitrogen sources ............... 46 3. Growth of isolate No. 115 with sugars and sugar alcohols as sole and supplementary carbon sources .......... 47 4. Growth of isolate No. 115 on short chain alcohols and a c i d s ................... 49 5. Growth of isolate No. 115 on basal medium II with arginine when supplemented with alcohols .............................. 55 6 . Products detected in isolate No. 115 culture supernatant fluids... ................ 55 7. Separation of components from isolate No. 115 culture supernates by TL G ........... 57 8 . Separation of components from isolate No. 115 culture supernates by paper chromatography ....................... 57 9. Identification of components from isolate No. 115 culture media using colorometric spot t e s t s .................................. 58 10. Values showing GLG retention times for selected e s t e r s ......................... 68 11, Values indicating the shortest length of time required for ester detection .... 68 vi Table Page 12. Comparison of rate of growth and ester production in complex and defined media . 77 13. Ester production in non-growth systems . 78 14. Ester production in culture supernates which had been heated ............... 81 15. Values indicating the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase in Zoogloea cell extracts . 81 16. Relative rate of butyrate oxidation......... 84 17. Summary table showing the formation of various TCA intermediates .......... 86 18. Flocculation in cell-free culture supernates. 93 vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE Page 1. Flow diagram showing the procedure used to fractionate and examine culture media and cells for ester production ................. 24 2. Flow diagram showing the procedure used to fractionate and analyze culture medium .... 32 3. Flow diagram showing the procedure used to fractionate and analyze pooled supernates (B-l) and (B - 2 ) .............................. 35 4. Flow diagram showing the procedure used to demonstrate the production of exocellular polymer from heated culture supernate .... 37 5. Flow diagram showing the procedure used to demonstrate the production of exocellular polymer from unheated culture supernate . 38 6 . Flow diagram showing the procedure used to precipitate and examine protein from s u p e r n a t e .................................... 40 7. Relative growth of isolate No. 115 versus substrate concentration in the presence and absence of ethyl alcohol ................. 50 8 . pH changes in ethyl alcohol supplemented and non-supplemented media ................... 53 9. Gas chromatograms of PPYE-EtOH culture supernate concentrated using a continuous ether extraction showing presence of ester . 59 10. Gas chromatograms of PPYE-EtOH culture supernate concentrated using Aquaeide showing the presence of e s t e r ....................... 61 viii FIGURE Page 11. Gas chromatograms showing comparisons of culture supernates ..................... 63 12. Gas chromatogram of a mixture of fatty acids. 65 13. Infrared spectrum of 1 per cent ethyl butyrate in absolute alcohol .............. 70 14. Infrared spectrum of fraction of culture supernate extracted with absolute alcohol . 72 15. Infrared spectrum of absolute alcohol .... 74 16. Infrared spectrum of culture supernatant material washed off a membrane filter .... 88 17. Infrared spectrum of ethyl alcohol soluble fraction of culture supernate . ........ 91 18. Infrared spectrum of floe material formed in unheated culture supernate .... 95 INTRODUCTION Of the microorganisms that have been isolated from aerobic waste treatment systems, the floc-forming aerobic bacterium, Zoogloea ramigera appears to be one of the most predominant organisms. Present in activated sludge and on trickling filters, Zoogloea species, members of the Pseudo- monadales, are extremely active in reducing the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of waste waters (Butterfield, 1937). The rapid degradation and oxidation of organic materials in waste treatment systems is an essential process, and removal of the oxidized products depends upon the settling capacity of biological floes which have tied up the oxygen demanding material. Butterfield (1935) isolated a zoogloeal-forming bacterium from activated sludge which, in pure culture, was able to remove 41 to 84 per cent of the oxidizable material in water during a three hour aeration period. He identified the isolate as a Zoogloea ramigera variety. In a later paper Butterfield and his co-workers (1937) reported a 50 per cent BOD reduction by purified zoogloeal forms after only 5 hours aeration. The BOD in waste water consists of oxidizable nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids, fatty 1 acids, alcohols. Metabolic conversion of these substrates to the storage polymer, poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB), has been reported in Zoogloea
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