Los Almerienses De La División Azul

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Los Almerienses De La División Azul Alfonso Viciana Martínez-Lage Alfonso Viciana Martínez-Lage INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS ALMERIENSES | 2018 INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS ALMERIENSES Colección Letras, nº 112 (narrativa) 700. Los almerienses de la División Azul © Texto: Alfonso Viciana Martínez-Lage © Fotografía de portada: Pablo Sagarra Ranedo © Edición: Diputación de Almería - Instituto de Estudios Almerienses www.iealmerienses.es Segunda edición ampliada: diciembre 2018 ISBN: 978-84-8108-668-3 Dep. Legal: AL-2863-2018 Primera edición: mayo 2018 ISBN: 978-84-8108-656-0 Dep. Legal: AL-1301-2018 Diseño y maquetación: Ignacio López-Gay Belda Imprime: Escobar Impresores Impreso en España La Diputación de Almería no se hace responsable de las ideas u opiniones expresadas por el autor. Se prohíbe la reproducción, total o parcial, de esta obra incluido el diseño tipográfico y de portada sea cual fuere el medio, electrónico o mecánico, sin el permiso previo de esta institución. A mis padres, Esteban y Josefina Índice Prólogo ...............................................................................................................9 Presentación ...................................................................................................13 Agradecimientos ...........................................................................................15 I. …Y el mundo contuvo el aliento ..........................................17 II. La llamada en Almería ................................................................31 III. Viaje al frente ............................................................................... 39 IV. La preparación de una división de combate. ....................47 Grafenwöhr y Hof V. Sí mi Führer. La División Azul toma cuerpo ..................... 55 VI. De Grafenwöhr al frente. Un camino sin fin ..................... 59 VII. El inicio de la pesadilla. Sector de Novgorod .................... 75 VIII. Descenso al infierno. Ostenki, Possad y Posselok ............ 87 IX. La estabilización del frente ..................................................... 107 X. 1942. La tensa espera ...............................................................119 XI. Cerco de Leningrado. Despliegue y posicionamiento ...............................................141 XII. Krasni Bor. La matanza del bosque rojo ...........................159 XIII. Primavera de 1943 ....................................................................185 XIV. El hundimiento del frente. Los almerienses de la Legión Azul ......................................195 XV. Gulag y Semíramis. Bajo las garras de Stalin ...................207 XVI. Perfiles humanos .........................................................................219 XVII. A modo de epílogo. Precisiones estadísticas. Cifras y datos de un colectivo dispar .................................239 Anexos Los almerienses de la División Azul .................................................. 244 Los almerienses de la Legión Azul ......................................................282 Los almerienses caídos en el frente ruso ......................................... 284 Bibliografía ................................................................................................. 288 700. LOS ALMERIENSES DE LA DIVISIÓN AZUL Prólogo Hace unos años, Alfonso Viciana, me participó su interés en in- vestigar sobre los almerienses que habían intervenido en la II Guerra Mundial. De aquello surgió un trabajo sumamente interesante y que quedó reflejado en el capítulo “De Normandía a Paris: cuatro héroes almerienses de la II Guerra Mundial” del libro “Almería, Cinco Historias Necesarias” (2014). Pero su curiosidad le generó una nueva inquietud y se preguntaba por los otros almerienses que también participaron en la última guerra mundial, pero en bando diferente. Esta inquietud le llevó a emprender una búsqueda de materiales y testimonios, para abordar el nuevo tema con la misma ilusión y objetividad con la que construyó el relato precedente; surge así este nuevo título: “700. LOS ALMERIENSES DE LA DIVISIÓN AZUL” Tengo que reconocer que mi aproximación al conocimiento de la II Guerra Mundial y en concreto, a lo que constituyó la denominada División Azul es muy difuso. Ciertamente que, a lo largo de mi vida, he tenido varios momentos de contacto con este tema, pero con distintos grados de intensidad y en consecuencia de influencia en mi percepción de esa realidad. Mi primer momento lo ubico cuando siendo muy niño, llegaron a nuestra ciudad los almerienses que habían estado presos en los cam- pos de concentración soviéticos. De aquello me queda un recuerdo muy lejano; mi hermano mayor comenta en casa que habían llegado a España, en un barco, los prisioneros de la División Azul que estaban en Rusia; recuerdo que aparece vinculado a otro momento y que me sitúa con mi padre en la plaza Conde de Ofalia, que era donde se en- contraba la Jefatura Provincial del Movimiento. Me encontraba sobre un cañón que había en la esquina de la Escuela de Artes, rodeado de un tumulto de gente y junto a un hombre, que sería el padre de un divisionario, gritando muy emocionado, desde un balcón, que había recuperado a su hijo. La gente vitoreaba y hacía palmas con mucho entusiasmo… y no recuerdo más. 9 Alfonso Viciana Martínez-Lage Posteriormente, el cine me permitió comprender algo de esa rea- lidad de los prisioneros en los campos de trabajo soviéticos con la película “Embajadores del infierno” y por algún que otro relato escu- chado en las tertulias familiares. El segundo momento, tal vez el más importante cualitativamente, llegó con la lectura en el Colegio de La Salle de un libro que me ge- neró cierto interés, su autor Tomás Salvador y el título “División 250”. Lo anecdótico es que su lectura fue una casualidad y no estaba en principio dentro mi esfera de interés. Ocurrió que la dirección del co- legio abrió una salita de lectura, para que se pudiese leer antes de en- trar en clase; por entonces tendría unos 12 años y mucha curiosidad. Allí me encontré con varios libros, algunos interesantes, pero siem- pre estaban en manos de los alumnos internos que solían entrar antes a la sala, así que me tenía que conformar con los disponibles y entre ellos estaba este título, División 250 y me pareció curioso desde que comencé a leer sus primeras páginas, pero lo que no puedo negar, es que para mí fue una llamada de atención hacia una realidad histórica que no entendía muy bien y de la que tampoco se hablaba mucho. Sus relatos me parecieron verosímiles, no solo porque los vivió su autor en primera persona, sino por que expresaban una realidad objetivable. De hecho, muchos de sus pasajes han pervivido en mi imaginación de una manera permanente y los he podido rememorar en muchas ocasiones, incluso, en cierta medida, idealice sus relatos por la épica de los hechos. Posteriormente llegué a autocensurarme, no me encajaban las ges- tas y acciones descritas, cuando las ubicaba en el contexto en el cual se desarrollaron, el régimen nacionalsocialista acaudillado por Hitler. Esto me hizo poner en cuarentena y olvidarme de esa realidad que había idealizado de gestas y gestos de un grupo de españoles en la campaña de Rusia. Con el tiempo coincidí en el ámbito deportivo y de las asocia- ciones juveniles con personas que habían participado en la División 10 700 LOS ALMERIENSES DE LA DIVISIÓN AZUL Azul, pero que nunca manifestaron sus vivencias; creo que para ellos era una experiencia superada y olvidada. Esta obra, que nos ofrece Alfonso Viciana, viene a rescatar la me- moria de unos hechos protagonizados por esos 700 almerienses, vivi- dos en un contexto histórico del que no podían sustraerse, pero que dejaron en sus vidas, un rastro imborrable de sufrimiento, horrores, grandeza, valentía y por qué no, también de algunas miserias. El libro presenta, bajo mi punto de vista, varias lecturas diferentes, pese al esfuerzo por objetivar la realidad de unas personas que pro- tagonizaron uno de los aspectos más controvertidos y complejos de la política exterior española en el inicio del régimen de Franco. No cabe duda que el libro busca ser un testimonio de las historias de vida de los 700 almerienses que combatieron, encuadrados en la División 250 de la Whermacht, en el frente ruso entre 1941/1944. El autor busca reconocer su papel en el esquema de la participa- ción española en el conflicto; pero a su vez, trata de aclarar los mo- tivos que determinaron la incorporación de estos almerienses a esta unidad militar conocida como División Azul y, por último, destacar la epopeya militar que desarrollaron con su arrojo y valentía estos divisionarios. Son tres planos que aparecen unidos, pero claramente diferenciados, aunque mantenga similar tratamiento. Es un trabajo realizado desde el rigor académico de una persona relacionada con la investigación y que manifiesta una clara compo- nente estética unida a una reconocida capacidad para el discurso literario. Ello hace, que no solo sea fácil su lectura, sino que posibilita el desarrollo imaginativo con la descripción de escenas y personajes. Me consta la ardua tarea desarrollada en la búsqueda de fuentes y testimonios, por lo que para mí le hace ganar en credibilidad al texto, que unido a las citas a pie de página, los análisis estadísticos del epí- logo y anexos, nos permite reconocer que el texto es un relato que adquiere algunas veces rasgos de ensayo. 11 Alfonso Viciana Martínez-Lage Si bien el género del libro se puede inscribir dentro de la narrati- va como una novela, no es menos cierto que aloja distintas formas del discurso literario,
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