Special Libraries, November 1961

San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks

Special Libraries, 1961 Special Libraries, 1960s

11-1-1961

Special Libraries, November 1961

Special Libraries Association

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SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION Putting Knowledge to Work OFFICERS DIRECTORS President SARAAULL EUGENEB. JACKSON LT~iiversity of Housto~d Research Laboratorier, General Motors Corporatiou Houston 4, Texas war ref^, Michigan ~~ORRAINECIBOCH First Vice-president and President-Elect Charles Bruning Co., Itti.. ETHELS. KLAHRE iMount Prospect, Ilhois Federal Reserrie Bank of Cleveland, Cler~eland.Ohio W. ROY HOLLEMAN Second Vice-president School of Library Scier~ce FLORINEA. OLTMAN University of Southern Californin Bibliographic A~Sj~tanCeBranch. Air University Library Los Angeles. Cnlifornia Maxwell AFB. Alabama P.WL W. RILEY Secretarv College of Businer.~ Ad?)zitii~trafhn MRS.'JEANNE B. NORTH Boston College Lockheed Missiles G Spare Dit,.. Palo Alto, Calif. Chestnut Hill, Masrdchusefts Treasurer EDWARDG. STRABLE OLIVEE. KENNEDY 1. Walter Thompsoiz Co. Room 5600, 30 Rockefeller Plaza. New York, N. Y. Chicago, Illinois Immediate Past-President MRS. ELIZABETHR. USHER WINIFREDSEWELL Metropolitan Museum of Art Nntional Library of Medicine. Washington, D. C. New York. New York EXECUTIVE SECRETARY: BILL M. WOODS Special Libraries Association 31 East 10 Street, New York 3. New York MEMBERSHIP Dues: Su~tai~ing- $100; Active - $15 ; A~sociate- $10; Afiliate - $15 ; Student - $2 ; Emeritus - $5 ; Life - $250. For qualifications, privileges and further information, write the Executive Secretary, Special Libraries Association.

Aviation subject headings, 1949 ...... $1.75 Nicknames of American cities, towns Bibliography of new guides and aids to and villages past and present, 19Sl .... public documents use 1953-1956 (SLA Picture sources: an introductory list, bibliography no. 2), 1957 ...... 1.50 1959 ...... A checklist for the organization, opera- SLA directory of members, as of Octo- tion and evaluation of a company li- ber 21, 1960 ...... members brary, 1960 ...... 2.00 nonmembers Contributions toward a special library Source list of selected labor statistics, glossary, 2nd ed., 19S0 ...... 1.25 rev. ed., 1953 ...... Correlation index document series 8: PB Sources of commodity prices, 1960 ...... reports, 1953 ...... 10.00 Special Libraries Association-its first Creation & development of an insur- fifty years, 1909-1959, 1959 ...... ance library, rev. ed., 1949 ...... 2.00 Special Libraries Association personnel Directory of special libraries, 1953 ...... 5.00 survey 1959, 1960 ...... Guide to Metallurgical Information Subject headings for aeronautical engi- (SLA Bibliography no. 3), 1961 ...... 4.00 neering libraries, 1949 ...... Handbook of scientific and technical Subject headings for financial libraries, awards in the United States and Can- 1954 ...... ada. 1900-1952, 1956 ...... 3.00 Technical libraries, their organization Map collections in the U. S. and Can- and management, 1951 ...... ada; a directory, 1954 ...... 3.00 Translators and translations: services and National insurance organizations in the sources, 1959 ...... United States and Canada, 1957 ...... 3.50 Visual presentation. Our library, 1953 .. TECHNICAL BOOK REVIEW INDEX-Subscription, $7.50; Foreign, $8.00; Single copies, 756

SPECIAL LIBRARIES is published bv Special Libraries Association, monthlv September to April, bimonthly !day to August, at 73 Main Street. Brattleboro, Vermont. Ed~rorialOffices: dl East 10th Street, New York 3. New Yorh. Second class Dostage. -. d aid at Brattleboro, Vermont. -- - -- POSTMASTER: If undeliverable, send Form 3579 to Special Libraries Association, 31 East 10 St.. New York 3, N. Y. How's your space control ?

Have you been able to control the The Times for a period of approximately amount of space devoted to news filing ten days. Not a page has been omitted. in your library? Or do growing moun- Your file of the news of national and world tains of newspapers, magazines, and clip- affairs is always complete and up to date pings still get in your way? for quick and easy reference. There's no need to waste storage space It's a low-cost service, too-available to in maintaining a news reference file that you on a subscription basis at a price is complete and up to date. At a moderate of $222 a year. The films that were re- cost, you can get The New York Times leased before your subscription starts on Microfilm. It's a wonderful invest- are available at a slightly higher cost ment for libraries where space is at a per month. You can also order the films premium. for complete back years. On compact, easy to handle reels of You'll find that in salvaging so much 35mm film, you get the complete Late storage space for other uses, The New City Edition -the same edition that is York Times on Microfilm will more than used in compiling the famous New York earn its keep. Why let another month Times Index. Three times a month, you go by without adopting this convenient, get a new reel of film (sometimes a pair low-cost way of keeping all the important of reels) containing all the issues of news on file? The New York Times I on Microfilm 229 West 437

NOVEMBER 1961 RARE CLASSICS FOR THE LIBRARY Can be supplied on Microfilm Now available are: THE FARINGTON DIARY (Windsor Typescript) from the Royal Library, Wind- sor. This complete and unabridged diary of a well-known Royal Academician (1747- 1821) is now published for the first time. THE LETTERS OF CHARLES DICKENS (Originals) from the Dickens House, Lon- don. The entire Dickens House collection (over 400 letters, 1832-1870) has been published as a complete set of facsimiles. Photocopies of individual letters also available. THE HISTOLOGY OF BRITISH MOSSES by Professor J. Else, F.R.B.S. and Leslie B. C. Trotter, M.A., M.D., F.L.S. 1960. A completely new work reproduced in full colour: two exquisite water-colour drawings for each species. W'rite to: in EXPERIENCE, CRAFTS- MICRO METHODS LTD. MANSHIP, REQUIRE- East Ardsley, Wakefield, Yorks MENTS and SERVICE

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SPECIAL LIBRARIES SPECIAL LIBRARIES

Volume 52, NO.9 CONTENTS NOVEMBER 1961

Summary of Copyright Positions

A Publisher Looks at Copyright

Using Coprighted Material

Planning the New Library: Ford Motor Company's Aeronutronic Division Library

Report on IFLA and FID Meetings

SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION Division Subscription Bulletins SLA Sustaining Members Association News

NEWS Have You Heard Off The Press

Editor: MARYL. ALLISON SPECIALLIBRARIES COMMITTEE Assistant Editor: JUNE REPHAN Chairman: MARYBONNAR

Papers published in SPECIAL LIBRARIES exQress the ziews of the arrlhors and do not represent the opinion or the policy of the editorial staff or the publtshrr. h4anuscripts submitted for publtcation ,must be typed double space on only one side of gaper and mailed to the editor. 0 Reprints may be ordered tmmediately beJore or after publication. Subscriptions: U. S. $7; foreign, $7.50; single copies 756. @ by Special Libraries Associ- ation 1961. :Norxco IN Iltlsiness Periodicals Index, Public Affairs Information Seruice, Library Literature, Business Methods Index and Library Science Abstracts. The literary treasures of two worlds are here

This vault at University Micro- films holds tens of thousands of books and periodicals from the finest research libraries of the Old and New Worlds. Your library can share them. Perhaps you need to strengthen some part of your collection, broaden source material holdings, or expand to meet the demands of a new age of library growth. Whatever your plans, University Microfilms can be of service. The collections include, for example:

--ENGLISH - BOOKS, selected from Pollard and Redgrave's Short Title Catalog, 1475-1640 and Wing's Short Title Catalog, 1641-1700; ENGLISH LITERARY PERIODICALS of the 17th, lath, and 19th centuries; AMER- ICAN CULTURE SERIES I and 11, from Columbus letter of 1493 to books of 1876; IRISH newspapers; OSSERVATORE ROMANO; BAP- TIST books, 1526-1837; RUSSIAN LANGUAGE works. Those are but a small part of the collections available here. Write for Catalog 12 for complete information.

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SPECIAL LIBRARIES What is happening in the copyright field is going to affect authors, owners of copyrights, publishers, libraries and the research field in general. It isn't limited to any one small group. . . . This panel was planned for two specific purposes: first, to find out exactly what is involved in the Copyright Law Revision, how it affects special librarians, how it affects users of libraries and how it affects research efforts in the world in general; and second, what, if anything, librarians can do to facilitate the use of information. ROSEVORMELKER, Moderator* Summary of Copyright Positions ALBERTA L. BROWN, Former Librarian The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan

HE FIRST PART of this paper is a history late 15th century. . . . For the most part T of copyright itself, and the second part the early 'right of copy' consisted of a license is a discussion of the studies that have been from the sovereign to an individual printer, made in the matter of the revision of the giving him a monopoly in the publication of Copyright Law. a particular work. "In England this development did not Definition and History serve to protect the rights of authors or pub- "Copyright, under the law of the United lishers; rather it created a source of revenue States, consists of a group of exclusive rights for the crown and became an effective tool given for limited time to the authors or in the field of censorship. After much con- proprietors of original literary, dramatic, troversy Parliament enacted the Statute of Anne in 1710, which, instead of granting artistic or musical writin~s.0 As the name implies, copyright includes the exclusive perpetual rights as had been the previous right to copy an author's work, and to prevent custorn, limited copyright protection to a others from copying or publishing it with- maximum of 28 years. The new law pro- out permission. Ownership of a copyright voked a controversy as to whether the earlier also carries with it exclusive right to translate perpetual common law copyright had been the work, to dramatize or arrange it, and to destroyed or whether it would continue to change it into other versions. The exclusive exist after the statutory term of protection rights to perform or present a work in public had expired. The courts determined that and to reproduce it on mechanical instru- upon publication, the common law copyright ments, are granted subject to certain condi- was destroyed and the author or proprietor tions and limitations. must rely on the statute for any rights he "A half-formed concept of literary protec- might claim. The present copyright law of tion was recognized in a few isolated in- the United States is a direct descendent of stances before the end of the Middle Ages, this Statute of Anne, and the fundamental but the first formal grants of exclusive pub- principal of relying on the statute is recog- lishing rights did not take place until the nized in our law. "Following the American Revolution, most of the states enacted copyright laws patterned * The following three papers were presented at ;I pnel discussion on "Copyright Law'' at the SLA generally after the Statute of Anne. The need Joint Chapter Regional Meeting sponsored by the for federal legislation governing both patents Cleveland Chapter and held at Battelle Memorial and copyrights was soon recognized, and Institute in Columbus, Ohio, April 14, 1961. Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution grants

NOVEMBER 1961 499 Congress the power 'to promote the progress countries and a number of important coun- of science and useful arts, by securing for tries in other parts of the world were limited times to authors and inventors the parties."l exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries.' The first federal copyright Revision for Adherence to the statute, which was enacted in 1790, covered Universal Copyright Convention maps, charts, and books, and gave copyright After World War 11. with the further protection to authors and proprietors upon expansion of the foreign market for United com~liancewith certain formalities. A term States copyright material, a movement for of 14 years was provided, with the privilege more effective international copyright rela- of renewal for a second term of 14 years. tions was again revived. The problem re- "During the 19th century a number of volved largely around the Berne Convention successive copyright statutes were enacted in to which the United States would not sub- the United States. Taken as a whole, thev scribe. demonstrate three unmistakable trends ik The report of the Senate Committee on the development of the copyright law. First, Foreign Relations dealing with the Universal the subject matter of copyright protection Copyright Convention stated: was gradually enlarged from books, maps, "The United States has found it impossi- and charts to include prints, musical compo- ble to subscribe to the Berne Convention sitions, dramatic compositions, photogral~h,hs, because it embodied concepts at variance and works of fine arts. Second, the maximum with American Copyright Law. These con- term of protection was extended from 28 to cepts imolved such matters as the automatic 42 years. Third, the scope of protection recognition of copyright without any formal- granted by copyright was broadened from ities, the protection of 'moral' rights and the the exclusive rights to perform a dramatic retroactivity of copyright protection with work publicly, to translate and dramatize a respect to works which are already in the work, and to perform a musical composition public domain in the United States. This in public. revival of copyright under the retroactivity "Early in the 20th century a strong move- doctrine would have worked considerable ment fir general revision bf the copyright prejudice to American motion picture, music, laws began to gain momentum. Technolog- and publishing houses. . . . Finally it was ical advances, changing concepts, and other claimed that Berne's protection of 'oral' factors made somebr&sions-of the earlier works, such as speeches, would have con- statutes ambiguous, inadequate or obsolete. flicted with Article I, Section 8 of the Con- . . . Congress ultimately passed the Act of stitution, which refers only to 'writings' as March 4, 1909, which in almost all of its material to be prote~ted."~ essentials, is the present copyright law of This new effort was directed at preparing the United States. Changes in the original a new international convention to which both law of 1909 now make the maximum term the member countries and the nonmembers of protection in the United States 56 years; of the Berne Union might adhere. Unesco copyright actually lasts for 28 years and may undertook a survey of the international copy- be renewed for another 28 years. Upon the right relations of all the countries of the expiration of a copyright all~exclusiv~rights world, assembling information from them by end, and the work enters the public domain. means of questionnaires. Out of this came a "After the First World War, the growing proposal for the preparation of a new Uni- market for American works abroad empha- versal Copyright Convention and the formu- sized the shortcomings in the international lation of basic principles for such a Conven- copyright relations of the United States and tion. An Intergovernmental Conference was gave impetus to a broad movement to have held in Geneva in 1952, at which time the it adhere to the International Copyright Con- Universal Copyright Convention was drafted vention, commonly known as the Berne in final form. The new Convention was Convention, to which most of the European signed by 40 countries. including the United

SPECIAL LIBRARIEC: States, and was open to adherence by other countries as well. This study treats two related studies: I) General Revision of the Law Copyright damages for copyright infringement, and 2) The Copyright Office of the Library of costs and attorney's fees. The first subject Congress under an authorization by Congress includes the questions of compensatory and has undertaken a program of studies looking statutory damages and profits. The second forward to a general revision of the Copy- treats the award of expenses incurred in the right Law (Title 17 of the U.S. Code). prosecution of an infringement action or in

These studies are beingu circulated to a an el the defense against such action. Despite sev- of consultants appointed by the Librarian of eral legislative efforts at revision, the pro- Congress for their comments and views. visions on damages and costs are still sub- Thev are all available for "general distribution stantially the same as those of the Copyright to interested persons from the Superintend- Act of 1909. ent of Documents, Government Printing Of- fice, and the following material was extracted STUDYNO. 3 : DURATIONOF COPYRIGHT and paraphrased from Studies 1-20. The origin of the provisions concerning duration of copyright in the various copyright statutes in the United States is the Statute of Anne, enacted in England in 1710 and referred to earlier in this discussion. This study refers to the mechanical repro- Later English and United States Laws took duction rights in the field of music. The divergent courses. The duration of English summary states: A review of the testimony copyright is for the life of the author plus contained in the hearings and the reporis 50 years; in the United States the duration reveals the fact that a number of attempts is for 28 years with the privilege of renewal were made to eliminate or extend the com- for 28 years. There are several basic issues pulsory license provisions. Each attempt, to be considered in connection with duration: however, provoked considerable controversy. 1. Date from which the term is to be measured The development of radio and other elec- a. Date of publication (present law) tronic devices for the recording and repro- b. Date of creation duction of sound L~rovided the motivation c. Date of first public dissemination behind many of the proposals, while eco- d. Date of registration nomic conditions affecting the phonograph 2. Length of term industry exerted a counterbalancing influence. a. Present law allows 28 years with re- Conflicts arose between the creators and newal of 28 years the users. The principle of compulsory b. Unqualified single term or a qualified license was attacked by the authors because single term it restricted their bargaining power; the STUDYNO. 4: DIVISIBILITYOF COPYRIGHTS benefits derived from the statutory. royalties . went to the music publishers as copyright Every major bill to revise the Copyright owners, rather than to the authors; and the Law first enacted in 1909 has included pro- copyright owners frequently found their visions for divisibility. Copyright has been works being exploited by unscrupulous, fi- called the metaphysics of the law. Its details nancially irresponsible recording manufac- are now embalmed in a statute that is 50 turers. That the subject of compulsory license years old. The theory of the indivisibility of is a controversial one may be deduced from copyright is a technical refinement, grafted the fact that a great number of bills were onto this structure, which affects the transfer introduced in the 68th to the 80th Con- of the rights granted under copyright. gresses and a comparatively small number When copyright consisted solely in the were ever reported out of committee or voted right to multiply copies, transfers were gen- upon by either House. erally of the entire copyright; as long as the

NOVEMBER 1961 rights and the uses of copyright material speakers whose particular performance is remained few, the problems incident to captured on the record. transferring one of a bundle of rights were 3. The contribution of the record producer. of little consequence. The present difficulty This includes the contributions of the sound arises from the fact that a theory enunciated engineers, directors and other personnel re- during the period of a limited number of sponsible for capturing, editing and mixing rights and uses of copyright material has the sounds reproduced on the record. been applied to the great proliferation of rights and uses that have developed since Since authors are covered elsewhere in the the turn of the century. The concept of in- Copyright Law, this Study is concerned with dividuality tends to force all sales or trans- unauthorized use of recorded material. fers of copyrights or rights in copyrights into one of two molds: 1) assignment, a complete transfer of all rights, or 2) license, a transfer Among the basic conditions for protection of any portion of those rights. provided in the United States Copyright The periodical situation has been com- Law, perhaps the most important is the plicated by the problem of copyright notice. requirement for a copyright notice. To se- At present the author is rarely the first copy- cure and maintain copyright in the United right proprietor in the case of periodicals or States, the copies of a work published in this music, nor is he always the copyright pro- country must bear a notice in the form and prietor in the case of books. The control of position specified in the statute. Publication rights is an important bone of contention of a work without the prescribed notice re- between authors and publishers. sults in the permanent loss of copyright The Author's League Bdetin says : "The protection and places the work in the public author as creator of the property is funda- domain. This concept of notice as a condi- mentally the person properly entitled to the tion of copyright has been embodied in ownership of all the rights therein. The idea United States law almost from the very be- that ownership of copyright should properly ginning of federal copyright legislation. Of vest in any person other than the creator, is the countries that today are large producers an anomaly and is repugnant to common of copyrighted material, the United States is sense; and its existence is an error in our practkally alone in making notice a condi- American jurisprudence." tion of copyright protection for all types of It is conceivable that a reconciliation of published works. the divergent points of view of the author There are opponents and proponents for and publisher might be worked out on a notice of copyright. The opponents say it is practical industry basis, but divisibility would anomalous, anachronistic, useless, unjust and seem to make it necessary to specify in the oppressive. The proponents support the idea law who the initial copyright owner is. saying it is socially desirable, it is in accord with the United States theory of copyright STUDYNO. 5: THE UNAUTHORIZEDDU- and it fits the United States. PLICATION OF SOUNDRECORDINGS In essence, the arguments for and against At the present stage of their technological a notice requirement may be said to revolve development, sound recordings ordinarily around two opposing -aims--on the one embody three distinct contributions: hand to assure all authors the benefit of 1. The contribution of the authors. This in- copyright protection for all of their works cludes the musical or literary works per- and to give prospective users a readily avail- formed on the record, together with the able starting point for determining the contributions of various secondary authors ownership and 'duration of copyright-when such as arrangers, translators and editors. a claim is asserted; and on the other hand to 2. The contribution of the performers. This facilitate the dissemination of works by al- includes the contributions of all the various lowing free use of works in which no claim instrumental musicians, singers, actors or to copyright is asserted. SPECIAL LIBRARIES ercise of due care be considered an infringer at all? Should the remedies against him be "Before publication an author has, in the limited ? fruits of his intellectual labor, a property as whole and as inviolable as that which exists STUDYNO. 9: THE OPERATIONOF THE in material possessions; . . . he has su- DAMAGEPROVISIONS OF THE COPYRIGHT preme control over such productions, may LAW exclude others from their enjoyment, may This is a supplement to Study No. 2 dis- dispose of them as he pleases."3 cussed above, The Damage Provisions of the These absolute rights in an unpublished United States Copyright Law. work are recognized and protected in the United States by the common law and con- STUDYNO. 10: FAIR USE OF COPYRIGHTED tinue perpetuall~as long as the work remains MATERIALS unpublished unless, for certain classes of "Fair use may be defined as a privilege in unpublished works, the owner voluntarily others than the owner of the copyright, to chooses to secure statutory copyright by reg- use the copyrighted material in a reasonable istration in the Copyright Office. It is the manner without his consent, notwithstanding accepted rule of law that the property right the monopoly granted to the owner by the the author has under the common law is ~opyright."~The summation of the issues in- terminated by publication of the work. After volved in the problem state: publication, rights in intellectual works must be defended under the copyright statute. 1. Should a statutory provision concerning However, the term publication is not defined fair use be introduced into the United States clearly in the statute, and this lack of clarity law ? leads to difficulties. 2. If so: Three alternatives have been suggested in a. Should the statute merely recognize the solution of the problems involved: the doctrine in general terms and 1. Continue the system of the present law, leave its definition to the courts? whereby statutory copyright may be obtained b. Should the statute specify the general for unpublished works by voluntary registra- criteria of fair use? If so, what should tion, with all unpublished works not reg- be the basic criteria? istered being left to protection under the 3. Should specific situations be covered? If common law. so, what specific situations ? 2. Make the statute applicable to all works when publicly disseminated in any manner, STUDYNO. 11: WORKSMADE FOR HIRE AND ON COMMISSION with works not disseminated being- left to the protection of the common law. The problem considered in this Study is, 3. Make the statute applicable to all works what person should be considered the author from their creation without regard to publi- or first copyright owner in the following cation or public dissemination, with common situations: 1) a work made by an employee law being eliminated. in the course of his employment by another person, and 2) a work made by one person under a commission at a fixed fee for another person. Copyright infringement consists of interference with any of a variety of rights, and STUDYNO. 12: THEECONOMIC ASPECT OF judges may resort to a number of remedies. THE COMPULSORYLICENSE IN THE COPY- Such interference may be intentional, negli- RIGHT LAW gent or accidental. Questions arise in the case This Study deals with copyright problems of the so-called innocent infringer. Should in the area of music where the compulsory one who copies, performs or sells a copy- license and statutory fee pertain. Since this righted work unintentionally and in the ex- is not of immediate importance in the fields

NOVEMBER 1961 of science and technology, the Study is not literary works and to exhibit motion pictures. discussed here. Since this is somewhat removed from the area of science and technology, the Study STUDYNO. 13: JOINTOWNERSHIP OF COPY- need not be discussed further. RIGHT The problems of joint ownership con- STUDYNO. 17: USES OF THE COPYRIGHT sidered here relate to the situation in which NOTICE two or more persons together own the same This subject is discussed under two head- right or rights in the same work. In this ings: 1) commercial use of the copyright situation, single copyright is owned by two notice and 2) use of the copyright notice by or more persons jointly, no one of them be- libraries. This latter use is of interest to ing the sole owner of the particular right special librarians. The results were obtained involved. A perusal of this Study indicates by the use of a questionnaire and showed that the major problems fall in the area of conclusively that copyright was important, co-ownership in the field of music. and essential to bibliographic work.

STUDYNO. 14: REGISTRATIONOF COPY- STUDYNO. 18 : MISCELLANEOUSCOPYRIGHT RIGHT PROBLEMS The registration of copyright had its roots These cover the following: in the Statute of Anne enacted in 1710. However, at an early date registration in 1. Remedies other than damages for copy- England fell into disuse, and the copyright right infringement of books was conceived to attach on publica- 2. Authority of register of copyrights to tion without formality. The British have reject applications for registration never had a strong pLblic registration sys- 3. False use of copyright notice tem, which suggests that an effective copy- 4. Copyright in territories and possessions right law does not stand or fall on public of the United States registration. In the United States the trend has been in the opposite direction, in the persistence of registration and other formalities. Photocopying has become an indispensable aid to persons engaged in research, and li- STUDY NO. 15 : THE RECORDATIONOF braries are able to provide an indispensable COPYRIGHTASSIGNMENTS AND LICENSES service by furnishing such persons with ma- The assignability of copyright has always terial that has been reproduced. In general been accepted in Anglo-American jurispru- the justification for photocopying of copy- dence. It thus appears particularly necessary righted material would seem to be founded to consider, in any revision of the law, on the doctrine of "fair use" mentioned provisions for a system of recording docu- earlier. Two general alternatives are sug- ments pertaining to the ownership of copy- gested as a solution to this problem: 1) pro- rights in order to: 1) permit the copyright vide by statute for the making and supplying owner to enjoy the benefits of constructive of photocopies for purposes of research and notice afforded by an effective recording study and 2) leave the matter to the working scheme and 2) furnish the prospective pur- out of practical arrangements between li- chaser or user with reliable records of copy- braries and research groups on one hand and right ownership. publisher and author groups on the other. Fair use and photocopying are both dis- STUDYNO. 16: LIMITATIONSOF PERFORM- cussed at greater length by another member ING RIGHTS of this panel, William S. Budington. The "performing rights" in this study are considered to include the right to perform STUDYNO. 20: PROTECTIONOF WORKSOF dramatic and musical works but also the FOREIGNORIGIN corresponding rights to deliver nondramatic Three alternative bases are suggested for

SPECIAL LIBRARIES adoption if a new Copyright Law should be the exclusion of all others. This danger- is written : present today by virtue of the current wide- 1. Retain the present basis of protecting only spread concern with fair use, particularly those works of foreign authors that meet with respect to photocopying. The library specified conditions. administrator who limits his interest to this 2. Extend protection to the works of all topic may indeed help to solve it construc- authors regardless of their nationality. tively, yet have little or no effect upon more 3. Extend protection to the works of all fundamental issues."" authors regardless of their nationality, except as the President by proclamation may withhold or restrict protection as to the CITATIONS works of nationals of any particular country. 1. Copyright. Americana Encyclopedia, vol. 7, 1957 ed. New York: Americana Corp., 1957, p. Conclusion 670-3. Joseph W. Rogers, Chief of the Copyright 2. U. S. CONGRESS.SENATE. Executive Report, No. 5, 83rd Congress, June 11, 1954. Washington, Cataloging Division of the Library of Con- D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1954. gress has said: "In the past the impact of 3. DRONE.The LUJof Pfoperty in Intellectual the librarian upon copyright legislation has Productions. 1879. not by any means been negligible. While 4. BALL. The Law of Copytight ntzd Literary this is so, it must be admitted that the li- Property. 1944. 5. ROGERS,JOSEPH W. Libraries and Copyright brarian has tended to wear blinders which Law Revision-Progress and Prospects. ALA Bul- focused his attention upon one problem to ]elin, Jan. 1961, vol. 55, no. l, p. 56-8.

A Publisher Looks at Copyright DR. DONALD DORWARD, Associate Editor (Attorney at Law) Chemical Abstracts, Columbus, Ohio

NYBODY WHO TENDS to discuss any phase particular extension of the law than to the A of copyright law and its revisions soon fear of constitutional barriers."l comes to the conclusion that it is better to What is true for the information field in classify it as schizophrenia compounded. As general is even more true in the operation we are all aware, the Copyright Law, as Miss of the American Chemical Society and Brown has pointed out very neatly, as it now Chemical Abstracts in particular. In the re- exists, was adopted only after a very ex- mainder of my remarks, I will refer to either tended and bitter fight between the camps the Society or the Service, but any state- of those who produce the copyrighted ma- ments I make can be considered as applying terial and those who like to disseminate it. to either or both. The many attempts to effectuate a major revision of existing copyright statute have ACS as a Publisher all been frustrated by attempts to satisfy the Under the Congressional charter by which needs and protect the interests of these same the Society is organized, one of the duties opposing groups. As stated in an article on of the Society is the encouragement and dis- copyright revision from 31 New York Uni- semination of information in the field of versity Law Review, printed in 1956: "These chemistry. In fulfilling this responsibility, bills have all failed to pass, which can be the Society has become one of the largest attributed more to fear of incurring the dis- publishers of scientific material in the world. pleasure of various interest groups or fear As I think most of us are aware, Chemical of the impracticability or undesirability of a Abstracts in itself has become one of the

NOVEMBER 1961 most comprehensive and extensive periodical eral public for some purpose of the appli- publishing efforts in the world-and this cant. Until 1956, the Society uniformly re- without considering its indexes. fused such requests. However, at that time The publication of the journals of the a schedule of rates was established for Society is a multimillion-dollar effort, in licensing the use of published abstracts. spite bf the fact that much of the work of But, because of the Society's policy, this preparation is done by volunteers for only licensing schedule was not highly publicized a nominal consideration. Needless to say, on until 1960. When the change was an- this publishing phase of the Society's work, nounced, the established rates were suffi- it is firmly on the side of the composers, ciently high that, for most purposes, it

authors and originalu ~ublishersand -insists would probably serve the would-be copier upon adequate copyright protection for its better to subscribe to additional copies. efforts. It is simply beyond consideration Even in such cases, permission is generally that the Society should release these publica- restricted to internal use. Frankly, Chemical tions for unrestricted copying without com- Abstracts couldn't survive otherwise. pensation or for what it might consider inadequate compensation. ACS as a Disseminator of Information An example of the direct result of in- The schizoid tendencies of publishing sufficient control over the use made of CA and education with regard to Copyright occurred during the first year persons sub- Law are directly present in the Society in the scribing to Chemical Abstracts under the Chemicnl Ab.rtrncts services. The services are single-member rate were required to sign a dedicated to the rapid dissemination of pledge that they would use CA only for chemical information in spite of the some- their own purposes and would not release times delayed publishing schedules. As long the copy to another person or party for more as the services were limited to the publica- than two years. At that time the drop in tion of CA and its indexes, the problem was the restricted single-member subscriptions ignored. They were in favor of strict en- and the corresponding increase in the un- forcement of the Copyright Law. However, restricted subs&iption< was so great that it could be argued, and was, that CA by its it was noted and commented about by un- very existence violated the Copyright Law trained clerks in the subscription ofice in with every ~ublication.This was answered Washington. Obviously, a significant number by a statement in American Jurisprudeme on of persons had been taking undue advantage the subject of copyright: "Copyright is not of the lower rate to misuse the privilege. the right to an idea but to the words or With rapidly increasing rates made nec- symbols by which the idea is expressed or essary by the exploding world-wide growth conveyed to other^."^ of chemical research publications and the The attitude of Chemical Abstracts, with higher costs of production, the problem is the approval of the ACS General Counsel, multiplied many times. Any decrease in (parenthetically I might add that the ACS revenues caused by unauthorized copying of General Counsel, Elisha Hanson, was one the journals could rapidly result in the of the experts to whom the 20 studies to collapse of the publishing ventutes. This is which Miss Brown referred was sent for particularly true of Chemical Ab~tracts, which involves about 40 per cent of the comment, and his comments are usually publishing budget of the Society. found somewhere in the back of each of The Society has received hundreds of re- those studies) is stated that as long as CA quests for permission to copy parts of CA. takes only the basic idea, or rather so much ranging from a limited number of individual of it that it would be necessary for the in- abstracts to significant percentages of the terested reader to inquire further, and does total number of abstracts. Many of the re- not involve extensive copying of the original quests have been for permission to make material, the abstracting portion of the CA multiple copies for distribution to the gen- services constitutes a "fair use" of this SPECIAL LIBRARIES original material. The big problem affecting so-called "fair use" doctrine. The ruling of not only CAI but, I suspect, many other or- the General Counsel, though, was to the ganizations, was raised by the Society at the contrary. He held that this also would con- same time as the above decision. This was stitute infringement. the problem of photocopy, and the decision of the General Counsel was frankly un- Fair Use favorable to CA's then current practice and At this point, I am going to digress to the practice fostered and encouraged by slightly and go into this oft-quoted term, most libraries. "fair use." "Fair use" is defined by statute or One of the first of the nonabstracting convention in almost every country. How- services provided by Chemical Abstracts was that of providing photocopies of individual ever, in the United States there is no statu- articles to subscribers who paid for the serv- tory provision for using copyrighted material ice by purchasing coupons from Chemical without the permission of the holder of the abstract^. This part of the program was copyright. The courts have permitted a started in 1946, with the actual photocopy- certain amount of what they term "fair ing being handled by the United States De- use," which might be defined as a privilege partment of Agriculture Library. However, to use the copyrighted material reasonably, because of legal rulings and interpretations without the holder's consent-and I em- by the Attorney General's office in 1956, the phasize that term rea~onablybecause that has USDA Library informed Chemical Abstracts a specific connotation to a lawyer. When that it would no longer be able to provide lawyers speak of something being reasonable, for the service on such a basis, although they they mean they're going to draft 12 people intended to continue to do photocopying on off the street and set them in a box and let an individual order basis. them decide, "Is this a 'fair use' or isn't it?" While CA was attempting to arrange for That is what is meant by "reasonable" in a an ultimate source of photocopies, the Gen- courtroom. eral Counsel was questioned as to legality of All the doctrine says, in effect, is that the the operation in the first place. His opinion holder may be deemed to have consented to was that under the present status of the law, a certain amount of use of the material, and even providing single copies of copyrighted by so consenting, the use is no longer an material for research constituted infringe- infringement. Certainly in the field of sci- ment and violation of the statute. Further, it ence, no one would object to the use of the was his opinion that such infringement was results reported in one paper as part of the by its very nature willful and made CA sub- basis for another paper. In fact, research is ject to penalties for willful violation, virtu- often defined as "plagiarism from two or ally a criminal proposition. more sources." Copying data, sentences or A similar ruling blocked the plan whereby CA proposed to photocopy articles from in- even paragraphs with proper citation and dividual journals received by it and to send acknowledgment is not questioned. The the photocopies to abstracters, in preference problem arises from the copying of whole to the original, to use in preparing the ab- pages and articles. It is this that is believed stracts. It was felt that such a procedure to be infringement, even when done for would result in material lessening of the private use. postage costs, cut losses, greatly improve and To return now to the problem in relation increase the speed of abstracting and im- to CA, it is significant that the Library of prove the accuracy, since photocopies of the Congress, the home of the Registrar of original would then accompany the abstract Copyrights, has established as a policy that throughout the editing and indexing pro- even single photocopies made in lieu of cedures. Since the use would be strictly in- sending the article or journal in question, ternal, it was felt that this would not violate will not be made without the permission of copyright or would at worst be within the the copyright holder, with some specified

NOVEMBER 1961 exceptions, and then only when the pur- licensing of photocopying, other than a chaser assumes full responsibility for any simple per-page charge, would be almost infringement. Taking the position of the impossible, since who can define the value of General Counsel as the probable official posi- any given publication ? tion of the ACS, any copying of articles voluntary licensing might have a point in without the expressed permission of the its favor but would depend upon an over- holder of the copyright is infringement. whelming majority of the publishers and copying facilities joining in the venture. This Possible Solutions to Photocopying Problem would also require something of a policing The problem then becomes, "What should organization, collecting royalties, handling be done?" Certainly no one would deny the accounting problems and distributing funds paramount need for greater and more rapid on an equitable basis. dissemination of scientific information. Fur- I believe, however, the best system, and ther, no one would deny that it is financially the one that would be favored by the Society prohibitive to expect any scientist or group is something of a gentlemen's agreement of scientists-or even most libraries for that similar to that used bv the British. If it were matter-to attempt to subscribe to even the written into the code as an amendment to most important journals available in all of obviate antitrust problems, it would not the ~ertinentfields of science. On the other only apply to signatories but also to foreign hand, the contention that unrestricted copy- journals protected in the United States by ing should be permitted is completely un- the Universal Copyright Convention. It tenable, since the immediate Ioss to the pub- would have the advantage of allowing rea- lishers of the material would rapidly force sonable copying without royalties and would them out of business. Among the proposals protect against some of the multiple copying that have been introduced for changes in the now done in the absence of traditional de- Copyright Law are 1) compulsory licensing, cisions limiting "fair use." such as is used in the music recording" indus- The British system considers it reasonable, try, 2) voluntary licensing, such as is repre- and not an infringement, to make single sented by ASCAP and BMI and 3) gentle- copies for research purposes under the fol- men's agreements under the law as it now lowing stipulations. The recipient is given stands. notice that he is liable for the infringement I believe, frankly, that the Society would of copyright by misuse of the copy and that oppose compulsory licensing, at least in the it is illegal to use the copy for any further form now known in the recording industry. reproductions. The organization making and Using that industry as an example, the rec- furnishing the copy does so without profit ord manufacturers are unhappy, feeling that to itself. Proper acknowledgment is given the royalty is too high, and most of them to the publication from which the copy is make -the-ir contracts calling for cheaper made. Not more than one copy of any ex- licenses. On the other hand, the composers cerpt shall be furnished to any one person. In addition, they require that the person and authors feel that the rovaltv1 I is too small. They point out, and reasonably, the decrease purchasing such a photocopy state in writing in the value of money since the royalty that it is purely for private study or research amount was set up by -statute in the earl-; and recommend the use of reprints, for part of the century-that amount being two which payments usually are made, in prefer- cents per record. A lot has happened to two ence to making the photocopies. This type cents since 1909! Also, the royalties ulti- of use shall constitute what a person in the mately received are greatly lessened, since United States would term "fair use," with- they are used to provide funds for policing out the necessity of wholesale revision of the the program, and with the compulsory pro- basic statute. visions, policing is almost an automatic The problem of statutory change deserves concomitant. The mere problem of setting a mention here since it becomes a problem of, reasonable scale of roydties for compuls~ry "Does one take hold of the head or the tail SPECIAL LIBRARIES of the tiger?" If the statute attempts to spell rather than protection of the method by out in detail what can be done, the courts which the idea is communicated. Within the immediately construe the statute to mean field of science then, the problem is how to that this, and only this, can be done. This communicate. As stated in the committee re- stifles attempts to improve techniques or else port, the situation is not a struggle between fosters attempts to evade the statutory limita- scientists on one hand and publishers on the tions. On the other hand, if the statute spells other. It's a struggle mainly within science. out what can't be done, it still remains for The scientist and educator is trying to create, the courts to determine what can be done, and the scientific publisher is trying to do and the problem of litigation is faced again. the same. But he is trying to carry on a non- I believe from the statements of the General profit-motivated activitfwhile operating in Counsel, the Society would take the position an economic system based on competition

that the fewer the changes, the better, on the for profit. Since he must Iwrotect his eco- theory "better the evil we know than that nomic returns from the publication, and he that we know not." has no other means of protection, he copyrights. About 50 per cent of scientific pub- Committee to Investigate Copyright Problems lications are copyrighted. It is this attempt Pertinent to this position is the work done to retain some form of revenue for scientific by the Committee to Investigate Copyright publications, rather than copyright, that is Problems Affecting Communication in Sci- the main struggle. The CIPC also came to the interesting ence and Education, the CIPC Group, under 0 the direction of Dr. Hoffman, Chairman of conclusion that single-copying agreements the Council on Library Resources, and Dr. are not the answer to the problem. They feel Meyerhoff, President of the Scientific Man- that if a solution can be obtained for the power Commission. This group has held multiple copy problem, the solution to single two meetings in an attempt to formulate copy issues will be included. They do not some type of general policy on copyright that feel that the problem can be avoided any could be acceptable to composers and pub- longer. The technique is now available lishers and also to libraries and information whereby only a single copy of a publication industries. need be made. The remainder of the demand As a result of the first meeting, a study could be met by mechanical reproduction group under Dr. Hoffman formulated a re- methods currently available. The questions port that discussed all the proposals, reason- that must be answered as they view them able or not. which had been ~utforth. in an are I) the mechanism of operating a li- effort to come up with an optimum solution. censing organization, 2) the rates to be This report, circulated prior to the second charged, 3) allocation of funds to be dis- meeting, ~rovided the basis of discussion tributed, 4) extent of photocopying to be -' L during this second meeting, which was held allowed, S) what to do with out-of-print in May 1960. It is significant, in view of the books and finally 6) copyright renewal. broad basic interest represented on the CIPC, I want to make one point on that last con- that the optimum solution was believed to sideration. The holder of a copyright may be some form of voluntary agreement, possi- not be the one permitted to renew. The only bly combined with a voluntary licensing person permitted to renew a copyright under program administered by a nonprofit or- the statute is the original author or composer, ganization. or his heirs if he's dead. So it may be that The CIPC in its second meeting agreed ACS could publish an article, and when it on two points worthy of mention here:~he came time for renewal of the copyright on first was a statement of the basic problem. that individual article, it would have to They pointed out that the interest protecting check back to find out who the man was, or the field of the arts was directly opposed to his heirs, to obtain a renewal on it. This is the primary interest of science, which is, of a problem in the statute. course, the communication of the basic idea, I believe that the CIPC Group has made

NOVEMBER 1961 some progress and that it mdy be possible to believe that if the CIPC comes up with a formulate an acceptable program. The sug- workable solution to the photocopy ques- gestions made in the first meeting were gen- tions, the Society will support the CIPC. erally oriented to the view of the manufacturers of facsimile equipment. However, CITATIONS during the second meeting this view was 1. LICHTENSTEIN,S., et al. Copyright-Study of not as evident. In fact, it was obvious in the the Term "Writings" in the Copyright Clause of second meeting that CIPC was aware of the the Constitution. hTew Yolk University Lnu, Re- critical needs of the publishers and that any z:iez~;vol. 31, 1956. p. 1263. program proposed would take these needs 2. Literary Property and Copyright. American into consideration. The Society was directly Jtlri~prudmce,vol. 34, 1941. represented in the second meeting. One of the points made by the Society's representa- AUTHOR'SNOTE: Since the preparation and presentation of this material, the Congressional Com- tive was that the decline in journal subscrip- mittee studying copyright revision released, as a tions directly corresponds to the increase in final report, a proposed comprehensive revision of the use of facsimile equipment. However, the 1909 Statute. This proposal includes provi- the Society is aware that the use of such sions to permit single photocopies to be made by libraries under specific restrictions as to use. This equipment is going to continue to increase author believes that the Society could approve this and is trying to adjust to the situation. I proposed revision. Using Copyrighted Materia I WILLIAM S. BUDINGTON, Associate Librarian John Crerar Library, Chicago, Illinois

HEN I FIRST saw the line-up for this or not. Librarians are indebted to the Copy- W program, I began to wonder what right Law for more than providing them the kind of a prizefight was going to take place. imprint date, publisher's name and place. I feel that CA is poised on one hand, and They recognize, of course, that if it were not I've been chosen as the antagonist to a type for the Copyright Law, publishers would not of dragon (or the reverse, as the case may publish and many writers would not write. be). I feel very much like a layman rushing This is probably not true insofar as writers in where obviously a lawyer fears to tread. in the scientific field are concerned; but it I think there are several points I might is true, as Dr. Dorward stated, on the pub- reiterate here. One is the distinction between lishing side. Another aspect of the Copyright the right to copy and the fair use. These are Law, and one that librarians have quite often two areas where there is trouble. The right failed to appreciate, is that it is due to the to copy is legally set down in the statute. Copyright Law in the first place that they "Fair use," is merely based on decisions, and have most of their bibliographic services to- it is an extremely flexible thing. This is what day. The Catalog of Copyright Entries as it makes it so hard to argue, because there are first was issued was the only source in the no specifics about which to argue except that United States of bibliographic information it's dl wrong, and as the repr&entative of an about publications, and for many years it institution that breaks the law approximately constituted the only source for finding out one-half million times a year, I can't be what existed. From this was developed, of particularly fitted to step forth. course, the U. S. Catalog, Cumulative I think it behooves us as librarians to take Book Index and American Book Publishers a broader view for, as Miss Brown pointed Record; still today, the Catalog of Copy- out in quoting from Mr. Rogers' article, right Entries is a primary source for informa- there's a lot more to the Copyright Law Re- tion about music, about drama and about vision than whether one can copy something non-book materials. So librarians owe the SPECIAL LIBRARIES Copyright Law, and those that uphold it, a copied; 7) the amount of material copied; considerable debt. 8) the relative value of original material. Justice Storey, one of the outstanding peo- Fair Use ple in this field in the past, boiled it down I think, too, the interest of librarians is to three primary thoughts: I) what are the one of sympathy for their users. We have objects of the selection; 2) how much is great concern for intellectual endeavor and taken, and what is its basic value; and 3) advancement. We want to help the people the most important point of all, the degree whom we serve and we realize that they offer to which one's use of copied material may and have as many problems as we. prejudice the sale, diminish the profits or In a recent issue of the AAUP Bulletin, supersede the objects of the original work. there is a very eloquent plea titled "Let's Dr. Dorward has recognized that this is Make Fair Use of Fair Use."" It tells about ACS's primary concern and that it is desper- a writer who had a great deal of trouble ate for sufficient support. Librarians certainly securing permission to use short quota- have every reason to sympathize with that tions. He suddenly realized that he didn't concern. really have to ask permission because he was Another interesting aspect brought out in making "fair use," that it was an allowable some of the material we have studied is the "fair use" by and large, as established by matter of competition between the original decisions over the years, and that every time work and the work containing the copied he asked a publisher for permission, he lost material. If one is using a quotation in a his right to "fair use." The pleas only competing scientific work, it may be that tended to make publishers feel possessed of "fair use" is quite allowable. The effect of more power than they really had. the competition is mitigated if it's a scholarly Library implications, as far as taking ad- scientific piece of work. There was an in- vantage of "fair use" are concerned, are teresting decision between the Henry Holt probably not very frequent except in the Publishing Company and Liggett-Myers To- photocopying field. Librarians may possibly bacco Company, in which the latter lifted turn out annotated lists occasionally in which three sentences from a Henry Holt publica- the annotations consist of a quoted portion tion and used it in a small pamphlet adver- of a work. If this is the case, they have to tising its products. This was found to be a consider whether or not they are making substantial infringement, despite the fact that "fair use." There are many considerations as it was only three sentences out of an entire to what "fair use" may be. Some of these textbook. It did constitute about one-twen- have been set down, and in the materials we tieth of the pamphlet itself. If those three three panelists have all been reading assidu- sentences had been used in another scientific ously, there have been spelled out eight con- book, there would have been no question for siderations as to what "fair use" may mean: that would have been "fair use," in spite of 1) the type of use being made of the copied the fact that the publication competed with material; 2) the intent with which this copy the original work. In this case, Liggett-Myers is made; -3) the effect on the original work was obviously using the copied sentences for when one quotes from it; 4) the amount of commercial purposes and for its own gain. one's labor involved (if it takes a lot of time There was no question that use of these to copy something, one is presumed less three sentences was bad. culpable than if he can do it very quickly. In other words, if you write it out by hand, that Copyright Renewal is fine; if you snap a picture, it's not so Another interesting point concerns re- good) ; 5) the benefits gained by this copy- newal of copyright. It is a fact that 90 per ing; 6) the basic nature of the work that is cent of all copyrighted material is not renewed after the 28 years. Only ten per cent * HOUGHTON,D. E. Let's Make Fair Use of Fair Use. AAUP Bulletin, vol. 47, no. 1, March 1961, is renewed for the other 28 years. I'd be in- p. 56-9. terested in CA's position on this. Is any- NOVEMBER 1961 thing older than 1933 in the public domain? is allowed to copy from books only when I suspect not, but it might be. the librarian does not know who the copyright owner is and he can't find out through Photocopying Considerations some reasonable effort. So, essentially, all one can legally do there is copy from articles, Of the s~ecificI imolications of librarv usage of copyrighted material, the first, of providing one signs all the necessary state- course, and the obvious one, is photocopy- ments. For books, permission from the copying. When librarians copy, many of us use right owner is necessary. such phrases as a "single copy for private It's interesting to note, too, how far the scholarly use." Whether it's a company do- discussion of "fair use" has gone in Great ing the- copying or an individual, it's- very Britain. There has recently been comment difficult to decide what is "private, scholarly and discussion of what is called "Public use." The definitions of all these terms goes Lending Right in Libraries," in which Ii- into the determination of what is "fair." Mr. braries may be asked to pay a royalty every Dorward has said those 12 men on the street time they lend a copy of a book. Evidently play an important part here, for there are not very many librarians in Britain have many decisions in the courts from which been aware of this, because they certainly some guidance can be gained. haven't made much noise about it. The MP Multiple copying by industry is a sensi- who has been pushing the scheme is a very tive can a company copy abstracts prolific writer. The Royal Society recog- from CA or any other copyrighted source, nized the problems in this area and has set run off 200 copies of these and circulate out an agreement of a number of the schol- them around? I don't think there's any ques- arly publishers in Great Britain called Fair tion at all of this being fair use; obviously, Copying Declaration. This provides that it is not. If a lawyer is asked, he can give there may be single copies for private study, only one answer-"It's wrong." It's consid- which must be made by a nonprofit agency, ered this way in Germany, where some steps and that they may not be sold-or otherwise have been taken to try to define what con- reoroduced.I stitutes "fair use," and how to allow copying In considering library copying, people to permit wider dissemination of informa- tend to think in terms of a charitable institution. There, personal use is definitely speci- tion, working overtime at night to help the fied as not including professional and trade poor scholar along. Actually library copying purposes. In other words, "industry" is not is a commercial operation-there's no getting personal use, in spite of the fact that only around that. The statements libraries issue one person in a company is making such and ask people to sign, stating that they un- use--it's still company use. Therefore, in derstand all this and take the responsibility, 1958 an agreement was reached between the still do not relieve the library of the respon- German Publishers Association and the Ger- sibility for having done the copying. The man Industrial Association stating that ar- library will take the rap if anybody does and ticles less than three years old, or copy- must pay the damages- he agreement is not righted material less than three years old, can between the fellow who signs the library be copied in multiple fashion on the pay- statement and the copyright owner. The only ment of various royalties. These are fixed, thing these statements do allow is the pos- and the copier knows how much it's going sibility of the library collecting damages from the person for whom it made the copy. to cost: if it's less than three vears old., vou, pay your money and copy your material. If It's ~articularlv imoortant to remember J I it's older than three years, there are no roy- how many different uses of copying there alties and one may go ahead and copy as are likely to be in the future, particularly freely as he wants. with the-growth and improvement of copJ- In Britain in 1956 a Copyright Act was ing devices and when much old material is set up. Copying there is essentially restricted now turning to dust, being exchanged, going to articles. For all intents and purposes, one to University Microfilms or being micro- SPECIAL LIBRARIES copied by libraries themselves. What are that out in the abstract for this particular libraries going to do with those microcopies use. Therefore, the abstract is prepared from in the future? They may be beyond the realm scratch. of copyright, but many of them may still be Retrospective searching and compilation copyrighted and not in the public domain. of bibliographies is a little more relevant to If a reader comes to a librarian, nine times the use of copyrighted abstracts from CA out of ten he may end up making a copy for and other sources. Recently I went down to him. If there is a free 3M Reader-Printer our bibliography section and scanned through in the reading room, how many times an current issues of abstracting services. I hour does that button get pushed, and what checked about 50 of them and found that is the library's liability? In the future library about 60 per cent of them are not: copyrighted. Of those that were copyrighted, materials may be in considerably different two-thirds were foreign. A surprising num- physical form than they are now, and the ber were from Great Britain and Germany. liability in photocopying is going to be much The problem thus may not be as serious as more hazardous. we think; if copied abstracts are essential to a library's operation, there are plenty to be Effect of Copyright on the Compilation and had. Obviously, sources must be acknowl- Publication of Bibliographies edged. Crerar's own publications are not Crerar Library does a considerable amount copyrighted and use may be made of its ab- of bibliographic compilation-not necessar- stracts at any time. ily for publication, although there is some There is also the saving fact that, in spite publication. Are we, or are we not, ham- of the copyright restrictions, "fair use" is pered by the fact that abstracts in many of defined as copying the theme or the idea Crerar's subject fields may be copyrighted? I rather than the expression. I don't want to think it is not a serious problem for several appear to point out short cuts or other sly reasons. First of all, we prepare abstract bul- maneuvers, but one can rewrite abstracts letins and provide clients with abstracts on a and not break copyright. There are times current basis. "Current" means current with when librarians may be faced with this nec- a capital C. We have to do the abstracting, essity. of course, from the original publication. I think this is true in many individual libraries, company or otherwise, where author abstracts may be used. There are a number of Single Copy Photocopying journals that recognize this use of author Recommendation Approved abstracts as an important use. The Journal The Joint Libraries Committee on Fair Use of Applied Physiology, for example, has on in Photocopying has recommended that "it be its masthead page the statement, "All rights library policy to fill an order for a single reserved. However, the abstract appearing at photocopy of any published work or any part the beginning of each article may be repro- thereof." A full report from this Committee, duced in any form, or translated without which included summaries of the studies of specific permission, and without any addi- the photocopying practices of six representa- tional credit line." Go ahead and use it; it's tive libraries undertaken with a grant from free, it's yours, and let's get this information the Council on Library Resources and the out as fast as we can. legal opinion of counsel, was published in Another factor in Crerar's work is that the May-June issue of Special Libraries, the abstracts it prepares for individual clients p. 251-5. During the summer the recom- usually have to satisfy a very specific need mendation was approved by the four associa- on his part, and in many cases are slanted tions represented on the Committee: Special abstracts. They do not fairly represent the Libraries Association, American Library As- entire content of the article as CA does. We sociation, Association of Research Libraries take a particular part of an article and bring and American Association of Law Libraries.

NOVEMBER 1961 Copyright Office Recommendations for a New Copyright Law

ALAN LATMAN,* Attorney-at-Law Cowan, Liebowitz, Emanuel & Latrnan, New York City

HE TIMELINESS of Copyright Law Re- significant issues. These recommendations do T vision is reflected in a Presidential mes- not include draft language. They are de- sage to Congress: signed to stimulate public discussion and the submission of views that will assist the Our copyright laws urgently need revision. Copyright Office in the drafting of a bill for They are imperfect in definition, confused introduction into Congress. This article is and incozsistent in expression; they omit written in the hope that librarians will ac- provision for many articles which, under cept this invitati& modern reprodxctive processes, are entitled Because of their pivotal nature, as well as to protection; they impose hardships upon their interest to librarians, the provisions the coppright proprietor ulhich are not es- dealing with notice, registration and unpub- sential to the fair protection of the public; lished works have been selected for con- they are difficult for the courts to interpret centrated treatment. IntentionaIIv omitted is and impossible for the copyright ofice to ad- any discussion of fair use and photocopying minister zuith satisfaction to the public. by libraries since this has been and is being These were not the words of Tohn F. subjected to specialized treatment in this and Kennedy. Rather, they were transmitted to past issues of Special Libraries. The reader is Congress in 1905 by Theodore Roosevelt. urged to secure from the Copyright Ofice at They led to the enactment four years later the Library of Congress the summary of of a statute that has remained the core of selected recommendations entitled Recom- United States copyright law to the present mended Revisions of the US. Copyright day. Yet, the ironic cycle of human affairs Law of Special Interest to Libraries and read makes each of President Roosevelt's words it in conjunction with this article. presently applicable to our 52-year-old law. The Register's Report is noteworthy in at Revision of this Copyright Law is now least two respects. First, it is a remarkably in prospect. (See VARMER.The Copyright well-written. -concise and thoughtful- doc;- Law Revision. Special Libraries, April 1961, ment. The reader cannot fail to appreciate vol. 61, no. 4, p. 185-8.) Culminating a six- the distillation of thinking and delicate bal- year program of valuable studies of law and ancing of considerations ;t represents. Sec- practices by the Copyright Office of the Li- ond, the Report does not make a clean break brary of Congress, a Repolpt of the Register with the past. In leaving many features of of Copyrights on the General Revision of present law undisturbed, it avoids change the U. S. Copyright Law was made available merely for the sake of change. Even more during the summer. The Report was sub- significant in this respect, is the preservation mitted to the Judiciary committees of the of the basic philosophical framework of Senate and House not as "the final word" United States law in the face of the different but rather as the "present thinking" of the approach taken by the rest of the world. Al- Register and his staff. It differs from the 34 though it is believed that further considera- legal and factual studies on which it is based, tion might be given to extending the recom- by making specific recommendations on all mendations in several respects, itwould seem that they represent essentially sound sugges- * Member of the New York and District of Colum- bia Bars; formerly Special Consultant to Copyright tions well-adapted to the situation in the Office on Revision of Law. United States. SPECIAL LIBWE$ Notice Requirements an author does not seek copyright, the notice A basic premise of our law is that copy- is said to furnish significant information as right should not flow automatically from the to the copyright status and ownership of a creation of a work. Accordingly, unless an work. author wishes to secure copyright, the work The key recommendations of the Regis- enters the public domain. This philosophy ter's Report in this area are: has given rise to a system whereby: I) the 1. A notice of copyright should be required author must claim copyright by using a pre- to be so placed in all published copies of a scribed copyright notice upon publication of copyrighted work that a reasonable inspec- his work; 2) the claim must be registered in tion will reveal it. The notice should consist a government office; and 3) protection en- of the word "Copyright" or symbol 0,the dures for a stated period after the making name of the copyright proprietor and the of the claim. Although the Report suggests year of first publication. (Although the Re- substantial modification or refinement of the port recommends elsewhere that the statute notice, registration and duration provisions, should be extended to cover works dissem- this framework remains unimpaired. inated by means other than published copies, A decision to preserve, in any form, the the notice is recommended only for such so-called formalities of copyright is likely to copies.) be criticized by proponents of the automatic 2. Inadvertent omission of notice from pub- copyright system characteristic of the laws lished copies does not invalidate copyright if of most foreign countries, including the only a few copies are involved or if registra- more than 40 members of the Berne Union. tion is made and an explanatory statement is Literary property, this group argues, should filed no later than one year after the publica- be accorded protection against unauthorized tion. Innocent infringers misled by the omis- appropriation in accordance with the gen- sion are not liable for an infringement begun eral rules of property and should not be sub- before actual notice of registration and can- jected to discriminatory requirements such as not be enjoined from completing the in- the giving of notice of a claim of copyright fringement unless reimbursed for their out- or the registration of that claim. lay. The critics of a notice requirement ac- 3. Certain presumptions are provided where curately point out that this provision keeps the name of the proprietor or year date is the United States law out of step with for- omitted or erroneous, but copyright is not eign statutes. Moreover, it is often argued invalidated thereby. Where, however, the that the informative function of notice, with year date is more than one year later than respect to the identity of the copyright the year of actual first publication, a state- owner and date of expiration of copyright, ment showing the correct date and the cir- is illusory. Most significant, however, is the cumstances of the error must be filed within charge that a notice requirement leads to un- one year after the publication of copies bear- intended forfeitures of copyright. ing the later date. The Register's Report meets this major The requirements of a showing of "inad- objection to the present notice provisions by vertence" in omitting notice reinforces the recommending a number of specific mitigat- position that notice should be mandatory and ing modifications of the present require- not merely permissive. Yet, it should be ments. These cover inadvertent omission of noted that omission of two of the three ele- notice from even a large number of pub- ments of the notice is not fatal, apparently lished copies and an erroneous or omitted even if such omission was not inadvert- name or year date. Satisfied that the chief ent. Thus, in the absence of a name or date objection to a mandatory notice is thus an- associated with the notice, "it should be pre- swered, the Register views the effect of such sumed that, for the purposes of the notice: a notice requirement as extremely salutary. (a) The author named in the copy, or the In addition to making freely available the publisher if no author is named, is the copy- great mass of published material for which right owner. (b) The imprint or issue date in the copy is the date of first publication." flexibility with assurance to proprietors of at The full significance of these presump- least one certain example of a reasonable tions is not altogether clear; illumination, notice, it could be provided that a properly here as elsewhere, must perhaps await spe- placed use of the three elements recom- cific draft language. But the applicability of mended by the Report shall in any case con- the presumptions "for purposes of the no- stitute a proper notice. This latter provision tice" would at least protect the copyright would also have the effect of encouraging owner against attack by an infringer. Pre- achievement of the informative purposes of sumably, the absence of an imprint or issue notice and of satisfying, with respect to date or even the name of an author and pub- protected foreign nationals, our obligations lisher would not invalidate copyright. under the Universal Copyright Convention. The result of this system would thus seem The system recommended in the Report to be virtually complete copyright protection requires resort to registration records in or- through use of the word "copyright" or sym- der for the user to be certain that inadvertent bol O. omission of notice has not been cured. This The virtue of this system is apparent to of necessity severely reduces the usefulness those who have grappled with the decep- of the notice, or more accurately, the absence tively simple concepts, "the name of the of notice, as a reliable guide of copyright copyright proprietor" and "the year of first status. With little greater hardship on users, publication." The former has caused a great registration itself could also be deemed a

deal of difficultv because of commercial Drac-I reasonable notice of copyright within the tices which result in different persons hold- meaning of the proposal set forth above. To ing different rights under a copyright. The reduce the possibility of an inchoate copy- vear of first ~ublicationis often troublesome right hovering over free and complete use of in the case of new versions of earlier works. works, a time limit could be placed on reg- The "proprietor" problem is perhaps most istrations accorded this curative effect. This dramatically illustrated by contributions to limit could properly be one or two years periodicals and the "year" problem, by comic after publication without adequate notice. strips. The Register's Repovt adverts specif- Of course, no liability should attach to uses ically to both of these problems by its rec- prior to such registration nor should the ommendation that "a single notice in a col- term of protection be extended by a late lective work should be a sufficient notice for registration. the work as a whole and for each of the It is believed that the other incentives for component works, including those previously registration to be discussed below will en- copyrighted." courage early registration. An additional in- This over-all approach toward the require- centive could be permitting a user of a work ment of notice appears generally desirable. published without reasonable notice to com- In view, however, of the procedures excusing plete his use begun before registration, even omission of name or date, it would seem that though the proprietor is willing to reimburse the recommendations could be taken a step the user for whatever he spent before the further with two desirable results: simplifica- property was registered. tion of the system and greater accommoda- The proposals made above would elimi- tion of the Berne system critics. Rather than nate the difficult concept of inadvertence and providing a seemingly mandatory set of ele- give a proprietor a second chance. They ments, the statute could provide that notice would also comport with the original pur- may consist of anything that actually affords pose of notice, i.e., to prevent innocent viola- notice that copyright is being claimed or is tion of copyright. They would, however, de- reasonably calculated to do so. This would part from a formalistic formula unless the be extending the philosophy of the location proprietor chooses to use it. If he does not, of the notice (borrowed from the Universal he may use any reasonable method of in- Copyright Convention) to the elements of forming the public of his claim, including the notice itself. In order to combine this timely registration.

SPECIAL LIBRARIES Registration In addition to the foregoing, the Register Needless to say, registration records af- recommends that : ford more complete information and a more 1. Prima facie or presumptive effect be given more permanent record than a copyright no- to the certificate of registration if registra- tice. In addition, registration permits a pro- tion is made within one year after public cedure for deposit of copies in the Library of dissemination of the work. Otherwise, the Congress and enables the Copyright Office to probative weight is left to the discretion of check for proper compliance with the law the court. and assist the public and the courts in con- 2. Refusal of registration by the Copyright struing the law. It is, however, generally Office should not preclude suit for infringe- agreed that failure to register should not in- ment (as it would under one recent deci- validate copyright. This is the approach of sion) where the applicant deposited the represent law. quired copies, application and fee. On the other hand, the value of an effec- 3. The statute should expressly recognize tive registration system suggests the need for the authority of the Register to refuse regis- stronger incentives than are presently pro- tration, subject to review by the courts, of vided. The latter include evidentiary value any claim he finds invalid. of a certificate of registration as well as the This entire set of recommendations seems necessity of a certificate for suit which, how- generally desirable. The related recommenda- ever, can reach infringements committed tions concerning deposit of copies, a subject prior to registration. Accordingly, the Report which may be of special interest to librarians, proposes making certain remedies against in- would seem to involve little controversy. The fringers dependent on registration. Thus, an modifications recommended do not seem ma- award of the infringer's profits and the ex- jor and are mainly directed at permitting the traordinary "statutory" or unproven damages Register of Copyrights, with the approval of presently available would be inapplicable to the Librarian of Congress, greater flexibility an infringement commenced before registra- as to deposit requirements. tion. An injunction against future infringements would be within the discretion of the Dissemination vs. Publication court. The same would be true for an injunc- In the above discussion it was noted that tion of an infringing undertaking com- dissemination of a work, over and above the menced before registration and the impound- public distribution of copies, is recognized ing or destruction of infringing articles that in the Report. Actually, dissemination has would be available only if the infringer be been accorded considerable significance in fully reimbursed for his outlay. Thus, the the Report in several other contexts. It is only remedy on which the proprietor could used as the line of demarcation between rely in the absence of registration is the award works which should, in the view of the of actual damages. This rule is mitigated by Copyright Office, be protected under the allowing a grace period of three months after new statute on the one hand, and under the dissemination (in any form, not merely dis- common law on the other. In addition to tribution of copies) in the United States or this role at the inception of copyright, dis- six months after dissemination abroad. semination is suggested as the point from With regard to the applicability of the which the term of protection should be com- Universal Copyright Convention to this pro- puted. posal, the Report states: "It would comport Under the present law, "publication" is better with the spirit of the U.C.C., if not the boundary between works which must its letter, to continue exempting foreign rely on the statute for protection and those works covered under the convention from which may rely on the common law (or al- the consequences of failure to register. These ternatively be voluntarily registered under works should therefore be excluded from Section 12 of the statute). For "published the proposed limitations on the remedies for works," the federal statute, as the sole infringement of unregistered works." source of protection, specifies its conditions,

NOVEMBER 1961 limitations, duration and the remedies for 2. Distribution of printed copies no longer its enforcement. It is accordingly surprising constitutes the sole, or even the principal, that only a partial answer can be g&en to means of disseminating works. Differences the questions, I) what are "published in the medium of exploiting a work should works?' and 2) what constitutes "publica- not deprive an author of federal coverage. tion?" What is clear, however, is that the 3. No disseminated and commercially ex- technical meaning of publication is rooted ploited works should receive the perpetual in books, the historic subject matter of copy- protection that the common law accords. right. Accordingly, the Copyright Office is clearly A book is published when copies are pub- correct in recommending abandonment of licly distributed or offered; it is at this point the historically limited concept of publica- that the federal statute comes into play. The tion. One can hardly quarrel with moderniz- selection of this point can be explained in ing this concept by providing for federal part by the fact that, according to the com- coverage of works disclosed to the public mon law, the public disclosure of a literary by any means. It is possible that the rec- work achieved by general distribution of ommendations might profitably go a step copies of the work terminated protection. further by providing that all copyrightable The federal statute was enacted largely to works, whether disseminated or not, are cov- continue ~rotectionfor a limited the- be- ered by the federal statute. yond such disclosure. Public disclosure of a copyrightable work Unpublished Material is hardly limited today to the general dis- The Copyright Office admits having "given tribution of copies of the work. This is due considerable thought" to this suggestion. to I) the gradual expansion of copyright- The Report considers as "over-balancing" able material to include such things as music, the reasons for preserving "the common drama and works of art, printed copies of law protection in undisseminated works un- which mav not be available; and 2) tech- til the author or his successor chooses to dis- nological developments such as motion pic- close them." Thus, it is stated that the right tures, phonograph recordings, radio and tele- of privacy with respect to undisseminated vision. The definition of publication has material would be violated by the time limit imperfectly kept apace with these develop- on protection necessarily required by the ments, thus creating inequities and uncertain- Constitution for the federal statute to be ties. For example, a Broadway drama or tele- applied. To throw all private papers into the vision play may be considered unpublished public domain after a fixed period might unless copies of the script have been pub- induce holders to destroy them. Moreover, licly distributed. And there is considerable the essentially private and local interest in confusion as to whether phonograph records these works negates any federal concern are "copies" of the work recorded and justifying exclusive federal jurisdiction. whether their genera1 distribution amounts Notwithstanding this philosophy, the Re- to "publication." port makes two suggestions that would ex- In view of the foregoing, there seems to pand the function of the statute with respect be general agreement that publication, as to undisseminated works. First, it is recom- traditionally understood, does not furnish mended that the option of securing statutory a satisfactory boundary between the operation copyright by registration be extended to all of federal and state law. The reasons for disseminated works, as contrasted with the this conclusion may be summarized as fol- present provision, which permits such regis- lows : tration only in the case of certain types of 1. Publication is an uncertain concept. This unpublished works and excludes from this is extremely dangerous for authors if they privilege nondramatic literary material. Sec- must, on the pain of forfeiture of all copy- ond, the Report recognizes "that, after some right, comply with formalities upon "pub- period of time, the need for privacy dimin- lication" to secure federal protection. ishes and private papers may become valu-

SPECIAL LIBRARIES able sources of information for historians lateral issues concerning published works. and other scholars." In order to balance the For example, state law has recently been ap- interests of scholarship and privacy, the Re- plied to determine whether the copyright in port makes the following recommendation: a movie reverted to the owner of copyright "When any holder of a manuscript has in a novel by virtue of the agreement grant- made it accessible to the public in a library ing motion picture rights. Even if all in- or other archival institution: fringement suits are transferred to the fed- "a. The institution should be permitted to eral courts to be determined by federal supply any applicant with a single copy of procedure and the substantive provisions of the manuscript for his use in research. the federal copyright statute, the states would "b. The manuscript should be subject to fair continue to determine such questions as in- use. terpretations of contracts, heirship and other "c. The manuscr~iptmaterial .should go into aspects of ownership, foreclosure of mort- the public domain when it is fifty years old gages of copyright and so on. And of course and has been in the institution ,for more than questions concerning ownership or possession ten yearr, unless the owner of the literary of manuscripts as well as common law rights property rights has registered a claim of outside the realm of copyright (unfair com- copyight which is still subsisting. With re- petition, right of privacy, etc.) will remain spect to manuscripts placed in an institution state questions. before the effective date of the new law, this The uniform rules of literary property rule should not become applicable until ten possible under a comprehensive federal stat- years after the effective date." [emphasis ute appear to be a positive advantage. This added] type of intangible property may at any mo- since this recommendation would be un- ment be transmitted around the world. This necessary if all works were brought under may explain the strong and growing interest the statute, we may profitably examine first in the international aspects of copyright. The the reasons supporting such a result. At the dimensions of protection should not vary outset, the arguments emphasizing the right within the United States on the basis of what of privacy and local interest do not seem to may be fortuitous state contacts. justify the introduction of an essentially new The uniformity possible under the proposed concept-dissemination-as the touchstone statute would also permit a more reliable ful- of the basic question of over-all coverage of fillment of the undertaking of the United a new statute. A lesson should perhaps be States under the Universal Copyright Con- learned from the history of the concept of vention that "there shall be means of pro- publication. Translation of this concept to- tecting without formalities the unpublished day into "dissemination" may still not fulfill works of nations of other Contracting States." the needs of the future. Moreover, the existence of a single system of Perhaps even more serious are the uncer- protection would be in harmony with the tainties that are likely to result from hinging general treatment of the problem throughout vital consequences on an act that can be as the rest of the world. It should be noted that ephemeral as a performance. Moreover, the some of the countries providing for unitary potentiality of dissemination is always pres- copyright protection, such as Switzerland, ent and will often be the source of contro- Germany, Mexico and Canada also have fed- versy. Where plagiarism has taken place, the eral systems of government. While the leg- work probably has been disseminated by the islative powers of the central government in copyist, and the work would no longer in these countries may cover wider areas than is fact be "private." true in the United States, it nevertheless ap- The prospect of upsetting our valuable pears that a dual system of copyright pro- federal-state balance by means of this change tection has not been considered essential to a in the Copyright Law does not appear great. federal system. It should be noted that even under the pres- A very important policy consideration not ent situation, state law determines many col- yet mentioned seems to weigh in favor of

NOVEMBER 1961 bringing all copyrightable works under the Finally, it should be noted that the Copy- federal statute. A cornerstone of federal con- right Office agrees that even if the federal stitutional policy concerning copyright is the statute exclusively covers only disseminated time limitation to be imposed on authors' works, there should be provision for electing rights. To the extent consistent with provid- to enjoy federal protection by voluntary reg- ing an incentive and fair return to authors, istration. It is true that such registration, our philosophy has been in favor of placing especially if accompanied by a deposit of works in the public domain after some rea- copies, may be deemed a type of "dissemina- sonably long period of protection. It is ar- tion" of the work. But it may be question- gued that this consideration does not apply able to draw lines on the basis of the with equal force to letters or diaries that an broad policy considerations and then to per- author chooses to keep private. It is believed mit the lines to be crossed merely by the that the policy is applicable to undissemi- decision of an individual that he would nated works for the following reasons: I) rather have federal than state protection. the public interest, from a historical point Conclusions of view, in old private papers outweighs the The foregoing discussion has focused minimal property interest of remote heirs of upon the provisions recommended by the the author or the possible personal embar- Register of Copyrights with respect to no- rassment of such heirs or other persons; 2) tice, registration and unpublished works. the impracticality after a long period of time Those who have concerned themselves with of determining and locating persons from copyright revision have continually been whom permission under copyright might be struck with the interdependence of many obtained; 3) many undisseminated works key feature's of any proposed law. Registra- may be of lasting literary artistic or musical tion must, of course, be integrated with pro- value (this class of works may include a visions for recording assignments. It is also novel as well as a letter) ; and 4) the pos- clear that "fair use" is a dimension of the sessor of the manuscript has considerable rights granted to the proprietor in the first powers of control in anyevent. instance and that the question of infringe- Most of these reasons are recognized in ment is often dependent on the definition of the recommendation by the Report of an ex- copyrightable subject matter. ception in the case of manuscripts placed in Perhaps less apparent is the relation of libraries. In fact the Report notes that "au- the important question of duration of pro- thors who place their manuscripts in the tection to the provisions discussed above. For possession of other persons take the risk that example, arguments for using the death of those persons, even when not authorized to the author as the base point from which to disclose the manuscripts, may in fact do so." measure the term becomes more convincing Some risk of disclosure is present even when where all works are automatically copyright- the author keeps the manuscript himself. able than where a system of notice and reg- And as indicated above, where plagiarism is istration provides ready access to such other committed-the only practical situation in dates as publication or other dissemination. which the issue under discussion is relevant Without attempting to explore further this -dissemination has in fact taken place. type of interdependence, in the context of It is diAicult to believe that authors rely either the Register's recommendations or the on their perpetual common law protection possible modifications suggested above, it for privacy rather than on physical controI of may be useful to offer some form of sum- the manuscript. Moreover, the right of primary of the more significant changes recom- vacy would itself apply to any improper dis- mended in the Report; this is accordingly closures. Doubts as to the effectiveness of accomplished in the appendix. such physical control, rather than changes in As intimated at the outset, many of these A - the law of literary property, would seem to changes reflect considerable refinement of be a more likely cause fir destroying a manu- concepts and resolution of present uncer- script. tainties. Fewer make dramatic substantive SPECIAL LIBRARIES changes. Only two or three mark historic de- 7. Inception of copyright upon dissemination in partures from traditional United States Copy- any form. right Law. It is certain that groups having 8. Relaxation of notice provisions to prevent un- intended forfeiture. various interests would characterize the im- 9. Extending renewal term of copyright by 20 portance of particular recommendations in years for a total of 76 years. Where a disseminated different ways. There should be little ques- work is later published and copyright is not re- tion, however, that adoption by Congress of newed, protection ends 28 years after publication. the Register's recommendations in toto would 10. Renewal merely extends the term without affecting ownership of rights and can be effected by result in a substantially more effective and application during the last five years of the orig- equitable Copyright Law. inal term. 11. Free public libraries may supply researchers Appendix: Significant Recommended with single copies of articles or of reasonable por- Changes tions of publications or, where the copy does not appear available from the publisher, of an entire 1. Elimination of the "compulsory license" provi- publication. sions relatmg to mechan~calreproduction of music. 12. Maximum statutory damages, which may be 2. Ellmination of the exemption of coin-operated awarded in the court's discretion, should be in- machine renditions of music from payment of pub- creased to $10,000. lic performance royalties. 13. Manuscripts deposited in free public libraries 3. Elimination of the requirement of domestic are subject to special provisions, including time manufacture of books and periodicals. limit on protection. 4. Extension of protection to foreign and domestic 14. Sound recordings should be protected against works on the same basis with a proviso for Pres- unauthorized duplication under copyright princi- idential exceptions, conditions or limitations on ples, but detailed recommendations are deferred works of nationals of any country. pending further study. 5. Conditioning certain remedies against infringe- 15. Divisibility of copyright ownership is expressly ment on registration. recognized. 6. An assignment by the author is valid for only 16. A central government agency should be em- 20 years unless it provides for continuing royalties, powered to authorize exceptions to the prohibition rather than a lump sum. against copyright in government publications. Council on Library Resources Grants The Council on Library Resources awarded sored by the American Library Association a two-year, $125,100 contract to William J. and the Public Archives Commission, State Barrow, of Richmond, Virginia, for estab- of Delaware. The Institute of Paper Chem- lishing and maintaining a laboratory for istry, Appleton, Wisconsin, will do the re- research on problems relating to the preser- search involved, investigating boxes now in vation of books and other library materials. use and seeking to develop a box that will be The new laboratory will be housed at the fire resistant. moisture resistant and have re- Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, and duced acidity and insect repellancy. will work exclusively on Council projects. Two grants, totaling $24,480, were made Performance standards for library bookbind- to the Library Technology Project for evalu- ing, techniques for adhesive bookbinding for ation of library-type record players and of library use, use of a spray to deacidify books methods and equipment for producing full- to retard or halt deterioration, the relation- size, hard paper copies from microtext. ship of storage conditions to natural aging The Council has awarded $13,200 to the of books, permanence-durability properties Music Librarv Association. to assure Ameri- of coated papers and performance-durability can representation in the great bibliography of microfilm and adequacy of existing criteria of early music now being prepared under for these materials are to be investigated. international auspices. The Music Library A $25,194 grant for development of Association and the American Musicological archival boxes, which will provide safer Society co-sponsor the United States Joint storage for valuable papers in libraries, Committee which is responsible for organiz- archives and historical societies was made ing contributions to Musical Sources (Rep- by the Council, and the project is co-spon- ertoire International des Sources Musicales). NOVEMBER 1961 Planning the New Library: Ford Motor Company's Aeronutronic Division Library

L. H. LINDER, Manager, Technical Information Services Aeronutronic Division, Ford Motor Company, Newport Beach, California

N IMPORTANT COMPONENT of the $33,- Force on Project "Farside," a missile space- A 000,000 research and development cen- probe launched at Eniwetok in October ter built by the Ford Motor Company for its 1957. This missile, fired from a balloon, Aeronutronic Division in Newport Beach, reached an altitude higher than any other California, is the library, which serves per- vehicle of that time. Since then, Aeronu- sonnel of this Division. The library is the tronic has steadily expanded its activities, visible manifestation of much of the work capabilities and facilities in the missile, space, carried on by the Technical Information electronics, propulsion and weapons fields. Its Services Department, which seeks to achieve successful growth was recognized by the its maximum potential through a proper in- Ford Motor Company in July 1959 when it tegration of facilities, resources and services. was merged with the Ford Motor Company We believe we are reaching this goal at and given divisional status. The Newport Aeronutronic because of the foresight and Beach facility, consisting of nearly 1,000,000 wisdom of top management, the cooperation square feet of floor space in ten separate of support and user groups and the dedi- buildings, was begun in 1958 and is now cated efforts of the Technical Information more than 98 per cent complete. Services staff. Preliminary Planning Aeronutronic History The value of library and technical infor- Aeronutronic was formed May 9, 1956 mation services to research and development and incorporated as a subsidiary of the Ford groups has been well recognized by Ameri- Motor Company under the name Aeronu- can business and industry. Aeronutronic is tronic Systems, Incorporated. Actual opera- no exception in this. Following the decision tions began July 1, 1956. In that same year, to build a permanent facility in Newport the organization began work for the Air Beach, California, initial plans were made

View of lounge showing comfortable chairs and tables. This room also contains 400 current periodicals.

Aeronutronic Division

522 SPECIAL LIBRARIES Reception area. Reference section and staff work area are in the background.

Acronutronic Division providing for an allocation of nearly 5,000 in which all parts are on the modular plan. square feet of floor space for library pur- During an occupancy 06 a year and a half, poses. A single library was contemplated, this feature has proved its worth whenever and it was decided to 1dace it in an area staff workspace, stacks or reader service areas convenient to most users. Accordingly, the have had to be adjusted to meet changing library now occupies a most desirable loca- needs. It is anticipated that as the Division tion near the center of the complex of build- grows to its planned complement of 5,000 ings, adjacent to the Division cafeteria and employees, the present quarters will prove to dining rooms in the Central Services Building. be adequate to meet most needs without re- The internal arrangements, lighting, dec- ducing services or resources from their pres- oration and utilization of this space were de- ent level. Traffic flow patterns, determined termined jointly by the Facilities Planning in part by certain fixed features such as the and Design Staff, the interior design firm of location of the main entrance and vault of Carroll Sagar and Associates of Los Angeles the library, are adjustable in the same manner and the author. Management and Division as the work and study areas. support groups cooperated to aid in achieving an attractive, comfortable and efficient Floor Plan library. Basically, the library may be thought of The key phrase in planning the library as occupying a large rectangular room 50 x has been functional flexibility. With the ex- 83 feet. At one end of this room, near the ception of the vault walls, which are perma- northwest corner, is a 10 x 20-foot exten- nent, nearly everything can be moved about sion of this space. A door at the end of this easily. Recessed telephone and electric power area ~rovidesdirect access to a main corri- outlets dot the floor, and additional power dor leading to the rest rooms and cafeteria. outlets are spaced along the baseboard of the Near the southwest corner of the rectangle is perimeter so as to provide maximum flex- another extension 23 feet square. This room, ibility in the placing of desks or equipment reached through a large archway, is the li- for work or study purposes. All book shelv- brary's lounge and current periodicals room. ing units and study carrells are free-standing. The main rectangle, as is apparent from the Insofar as possible, equipment and furniture floor plan, is used for the following func- is of modular design, to make combinations tions:;eception-circulation, reader-study area, of units simpler and to provide for future reference services, stacks, a vault for classi- expansion. In this respect, the equipment re- fied materials and staff work area. Of the flects the over-all planning of the building total space available, approximately 700

NOVEMBER 1961 AERONUTRONIC LIBRARY

TABLE -A- 4880 SO. FT

SCALE d

SUPPLY

CABINET

"7 OESK I

CASE [S-p BOOK CASE

COUNTER- HIGH SHELVES

BULLETIN 4 BOARDS \ 3 llLJ CARRELLS in a mottled beige. Chairs used with the carrells and study tables, by Knoll Associ- ates, Inc., of New York, are in contemporary style, covered with Oxford grey wool and black Naugahyde and have foam rubber cushions. All furniture in the lounge area, as well as the framed serigraph prints on the wall, are decorator-selected to harmonize with the interior. This furniture is of modern design and includes two brown and black cloth covered settees, four deep lounge chairs upholstered in tan leather, four arm- chairs upholstered in gold nylon, eight arm- Aeronutronic Division Twenty of these study carrells are placed chairs upholstered in black wool and Nauga- along the windows in the stack area. hyde, two round walnut conference tables and several low occasional tables. Off-white square feet are utilized for study carrells and planters, an area carpet and large ashtrays of tables, 530 square feet for the lounge and enamel on copper complete the decor of this current periodicals room, 430 square feet for room. reference and circulation purposes, 735 Desks and chairs in the staff area are fin- square feet for storage of classified materials, ished in matching shades of brown and 1,150 square feet for book and periodical black. Desk tops of tan Textolite closely stacks and 1,335 square feet for staff work match the color of the vinyl table tops in the area. The stacks will be ex~andedsomewhat reader areas. The entire area is air-condi- as our resources increase in quantity, but tioned, and the ceiling is covered with acous- this will be achieved without seriously in- tic tile. Lighting is from recessed fluorescent truding on the other functional areas. fixtures keyed to accommodate present and Reader and study space has been allocated future stack aisles. The draperies are light oatmeal, and the to areas near the card cataloe" and circulation- reception desk, reference area and stacks con- general color scheme, decoratively speaking, taining books, unclassified reports and bound is pleasantly warm, stressing brownish tones periodicals. These are favored areas since with accents of black throughout. This has they are adjacent to the windows by the proved to be quite compatible with the func- patio entry and south windows overlooking tion of the library and has offered users a Newport bay. In the lounge and current pe- variation from the greys, greens and blues riodicals room over 400 current issues of predominant in most of the other buildings journals and other serial ~ublications re- at this facility. ceived on subscription are displayed. Com- fortable chairs, sofas and tables provide Special Equipment seats and study space for 20 user; Forty In addition to the furniture described more users may also be seated in the li- above, the library also has a considerable brary, half at the study carrells referred to amount of metal equipment such as filing earlier and half at study tables located by cabinets, special shelving for technical re- the stacks and reference books. ports and cabinets for large maps and Stacks, study carrells, the dictionary stand, charts. With the exception of the multi-level card catalog cabinet, atlas case, study tables circulation desk, all desks utilized by staff and the circulation desk are "New Life" li- members, as well as four matching tables brary furniture supplied by the John E. available for use in the staff work area, are Sjostrom Company of Philadelphia. All this of metal, manufactured by Steelcase Inc., of furniture is hardwood with a walnut finish. Grand Rapids, Michigan. Standard four- Carrells, study tables and the circulation drawer filing cabinets of both letter and desk have attractive and practical vinyl tops legal size are used for vertical file material, NOVEMBER 1961 selected Division and Technical Informa- tion Services publications, correspondence and other records. There are also two similar cabinets, each with 11 shallow drawers, which are utilized for records of ASTIA reports on hand, an index to NASA publications, ASTIA Microcards and short lengths of microfilm. A somewhat larger cabinet, specially equipped, contains over 4,000 3% x 4-inch classified glass slides. Two supply cabinets and a large three- section map and plan case used for large maps and aeronautical charts are standard Aeronutronic Division office or drafting room items. Six low metal Book and iournal cataloging, mail sorting bookcases and 28 high metal bookcases are and book orders are handled in this area. used mainly in the staff work area to hold materials in process, bindery preparations, on 4 foot 6 inch centers. Since this shelving the collection of professional journals in the is 12 inches deep, aisle widths are minimal. field of library science, United States gov- Vertically, each section contains eight shelves ; ernment publications, duplicate materials, thus approximately 10 inches of free space sorted incoming mail, individual collections is allowed between the top of each shelf and of professional books and certain other items. the bottom of the one above it. Because All of the above equipment and waste bas- Aeronutronic reports and proposals and most kets and desk trays are finished to match the other technical reports are printed on 8% x walnut color of the wood furniture. 11-inch sheets, it is possible to utilize these Two Microcard readers and a microfilm Verti-Files most efficiently by shelving all re- reader-printer are available for use in the ports fore-edge down. When this is done, a reader and staff areas. Normally these are single filled section presents to the eye an self-service items, but staff members help a almost solid mass of paper from the floor to user whenever necessary. A low padded the top of the section, and little space is stool on swivel casters is kept in the refer- wasted either above or behind the reports. ence area for the convenience of those wish- Five vertical dividers supplied with each ing to be seated while examining items on shelf maintain the reports in upright posi- lower shelves. A Xerox 914 office copier has tion whenever a shelf is partially filled. Fluor- been ordered and when installed, will make escent lighting installed above each aisle possible quick, convenient copying facilities supplies excellent illumination. A small for users. At present self-service equipment metal book truck and two step stools with of this type is in an adjacent building, but spring loaded casters are kept in the vault by having it in the library the elimination of for the convenience of the staff. special charge records and the labor costs associated therewith will offset the cost of Resources this equipment. Book trucks of both wood Although library services were initiated in and metal of varying sizes and a tape re- 1957, the growth of resources such as books, corder, utilized in translating, complete the journals and reports has been greatest in the inventory of special equipment. last two years. The book collection is now approximately 9,300 volumes and includes a The Vault number of the major reference works in the The vault, entered by way of a metal door fields of mathematics, physics, chemistry and equipped with an approved combination engineering. In addition to these volumes, lock, is 18 x 41 feet. In this space, 90 single- a considerable number of "retention" or ex- faced sections of %-inch high Verti-File tended loan items have been purchased and shelving have been installed in parallel rows cataloged for the use of various departments. SPECIAL LIBRARIES The back files of iournals and other serials concurrence of the Library Advisory Com- now amount to 2,800 volumes exclusive of mittee not to route current journal issues. reference sets of abstracting and indexing Instead, current issues are kept in the lounge tools. Technical reports, including the stock until they are replaced by succeeding ones. of Aeronutronic reports and proposals, ex- This procedure serves well, due partly to ceed 36.000. The classified and comDanv-L, the lil;raryVscentral location and nearness to confidential reports are shelved in the vault, the Division cafeteria-a circumstance that while most external unclassified reports are encourages users to visit its lounge on the currently shelved in the general stack area. way to or from lunch. In addition to the foregoing there are a The library currently receives 38 indexing number of smaller collections such as ver- and abstractkg servicks, and, whenever a6 tical file material, selected United States gov- plicable, these are searched fully by both ernment publications and about 1,350 maps users and staff. The aim is to combine the and aeronautical charts. library staff's speed and skill in searching indexes with expert scientific and technical Services judgment provided by the user. This pooling Services properly supported by resources of talents results in a team effort beneficial and facilities are probably the library's most to~- all.. The Technical Information Services important asset. We strive constantly to also issues a complete loose-leaf book-form stress this attitude in dealing with all who listing of Aeronutronic reports, descriptive use the library. Lending policies, while literature about our resources and services formalized to the extent of having definite and regular listings of scientific and techni- loan periods established for books, reports cal meetings of interest to our personnel. and journals, are as flexible as possible. Ref- The book catalog is conventional in most erence materials, which do not normally cir- respects. The Library of Congress system of culate, may, with justification, be borrowed classification and Library of Congress cards for short periods. In the utilization of re- are utilized whenever available. Author and sources the multi-disciplinary approach is title entries are filed in one alphabet and sub- stressed as much as possible. Dr. Lloyd P. ject entries in another. In the subject file, Smith, the Director of the Research Labora- however, the typing of subject headings on tory, is, with others, a strong advocate of this all cards has been eliminated in favor of typ- view. We seek to implement this in many ing them once on full-cut guides placed ways. For example, in the regular acquisi- ahead of cards relating to each subject. In tions list, items are not arranged by subjects addition to saving time and money at the but instead are listed alphabetically in main time of preparation, only the guide need be entry order. Experience has shown that short retyped and tracings modified when a change lists of high quality items are read carefully of subject headings is required. by users. By such reading, they encounter Technical reports are currently shelved in material not only of value to them in their accession number order, listed on cards by field of prime interest, but they also learn source and assigned descriptors based on the about useful items in other disci~hes.The ASTIA Thesaurus of Descriptors. Code num- requests based on these lists will support bers representing descriptors used are as- this statement. Concurrently with the issu- signed to random access cards in the Terma- ance of each new list, books and reports trex system, and the numbers of appropriate listed are displayed so that users may exam- re~ortsI are then drilled into the cards. At ine them and reserve loans. Broad usage of the present time approximately 2,400 reports materials is encouraged in yet anotherVway. are listed and provided with descriptor terms After a study of the information needs of readv to be recorded on the cards. As this Division personnel, the values derived by system is applied to the total report holdings, users from regular exposure to total serial it is anticipated that it will give greater speed holdings, and the relative costs of routing of access to the content of the literature, and central display, it was decided with the greater specificity in analysis and more logic

NOVEMBER 1961 One portion of the lounge and periodicals room. Periodical shelves are free-standing.

functions for each dollar spent than if this favorable newspaper publicity also resulted were done by other means. from this effort. During the current year this The library attempts to provide for all rea- service is continuing. sonable needs for technical information. Ma- In achieving the foregoing, the Technical terial needed by more than a single individ- Information Services has been guided by its ual or department is generally acquired on basic objective, "the provision of an inte- the Technical Information Services budget grated, comprehensive information service and made available on an equal basis to all for engineering, management and scientific personnel. When books, journals or reports personnel." This objective has received man- are required for an extended period of time agement approval and is implemented by an individual or a department, "reten- through an appropriate statement of respon- tion" copies may be obtained. The cost of sibilities. The functions derived from these these is borne by the department concerned, responsibilities are as follows: and the signature of the department manager is required for this action. The library ac- 1. TECHNICALPUBLICATIONS PROCURE- quires the items, catalogs them and sends MENT AND PROCESSING(selection, acquisi- them to the reauestor on a "retention loan" tion, descriptive cataloging and subject ana- basis. This procedure provides for central- lyzing, including classifying and indexing, ized acquisition and bibliographical and of books, serials, reports, charts, microcards physical control of technical information, yet and microfilm) does not limit a department when in its 2. LIBRARYLENDING SERVICES AND FACILI- judgment it has need for retention copies. If TIES (circulation and interlibrary loan serv- a staff member has a retention copy of an ices plus reading and study facilities) item. this is returned at the time of his ter- 3. RESEARCHINFORMATION SERVICES (lit- mination, and it may be reassigned to another. erature searches, information interpreting, During the school year, 1960-1961, the information scouting, seeking technical data, library was open on alternate Tuesday eve- abstracting and specialized aid in the use of nings for the use of high school'science stu- information sources and indexes) dents and others who might be interested in 4. INTERNALREPORT SERVICES(storage, using unclassified resou&es. This service organization, dissemination, control and re- proved to be very popular and was a stimu- lease of Aeronutronic reports) lating experience for all who participated in 5. BIBLIOGRAPHYAND TRANSLATIONSERV- it. A commendation from the Orange County ICES (compilation of subject bibliographies Industry-Education Council and considerable and provision of custom translations) SPECIAL LIBRARIES 6. DIVISIONARCHIVES (a single, organized facility planning, office layout, lighting, repository of Division publications and re- equipment, decor and related items. Manage- lated materials) ment has been appreciative of this and ac- 7. LIAISONACTIVITIES (with other technical cordingly has provided wise counsel and information centers and with project groups good support in the creation of the library. within Aeronutronic) Services and resources have developed within such a climate, and the future is It is evident that performance of the faced with the confidence that there is a above functions is affected by such things as good base for later developments.

I VITAL STATISTICS FOR AERONUTRONIC LIBRARY Total square foot area 4,880 Staff 19 Professional (1 position vacant) 7 Nonprofessional 12 Employees served at location 3,100 Average number of users per day (including telephone) 210 Volumes and bound and unbound periodicals as of September 1, 1961 12,100 Current periodical subscriptions 463 Technical reports (including Aeronutronic reports) 36,000 Date of completion April 1960 Planned by Facilities Planning and Design Staff, consultants and librarian Special facilities or equipment: Microfilm reader-printer, Microcard readers, Xerox 914 ofice copier, large map and plan case, Termatrex equipment for information storage and retrieval

Division Subscription Bulletins HE DIVISIONSof Special Libraries Asso- Focus." As a result, three special supple- T ciation keep their members informed of ments were issued which give basic refer- Division business, officers, committees, Con- ence sources for Canada, United Kingdom vention plans and the like. Many go beyond of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and this and include valuable reference materials, France, The Netherlands and Germany. evaluations of books and services, results of These supplements are available to the pub- research studies, annotated lists of articles, lic at $1 or the set of three for $2.50 ; checks new serial titles, bibliographies and feature are payable to the Advertising Division, articles reflecting a truly professional atti- S~ecial1 Libraries Association. These refer- tude. For this expanded coverage a subscrip- ence guides furnish valuable information to tion price may be charged to nonmembers or anyone interested in economic conditions, even to members of a Division. marketing and distribution problems or vital The table included each year in the No- statistics of the countries covered. vember issue of Special Libraries highlights Exhibit Books. This is not listed in the information on these subscription bulletins. table, since it represents three books of This year, further information is given ex- forms available on a rental basis. Book I, plaining the features more fully and going Correspondence, has stationery and memos, into the history of some of the bulletins. labels and stamps, question and assignment records, form letters and order forms. Book Advertising 11, Circulation, has periodical record forms, Advertising Division Bulletin. The Bdle- routing slips, overdue notices, charge forms tin in 1960-61 had the theme, "International and pockets, catalog cards, mount sheets and NOVEMBER 1961 DIVISION SUBSCRIPTION BULLETINS

ISSUES PAY CHECK TO AND FORMAT A YEAR PRICE SUBSCRIPTION FROM TITLE EDITOR COVERAGE .A- DIVISION - - .------~- .- 10 $3.50 .\ilvcrtising Ui\ i4on I1.hat.s Xew in fiorothy Ravneberg .Idvrrtising, media and mar- 9 pages LDVF,RTISINQ Ad. Footr. Cone 6i Relding ~riimeo members 1. Terry Mungrr I wt~stnyand Market. keting publications ; cullsumer 247 Park Ave. suryevs and bibliographies ; $3.00 .I. Walter T~O:IIIIP(III(.I). w \-?\I- l'ork 17. N. Y. pre-l,;blication announcements ; nnnn~embers nnalyses of important books, scr~icesand periodicals - \larv blar~aretRcgan Rrport frum chairman ; Corw 4-15 pages 8 Eubieam, Inc. ntittee reports ; want li?b ; mimeo 285 Madison Ale. news of members and member- lew Tork 17, N. Y. ,hip changm ; membership directory by name, firm and ;Ires ; note on publications of interest Jlildred I). J)unohue Sews notcs, olficial notic?,, 4.i-.>0 pages Tcclu~ulogyk Science Uept. original articlrs Alult!lith U~iiycrsityoi Maryland Librar! or nilnleO !dil(lred Ihno1111e ('ollege Park, hlaryland it,? rlldvr I.: IIH ~LSINESSAND IJ t~sinpss and Finanrr k Uivision Bulletin IIook Purchasing Dept. bibliographies ; articles ; yroi- photo-offset 111111 13r:u1~1r~,rt,111c. FINANCE Uoston Public Library ert reports ; business service> I

Insurance Literature Hubv E. Fangernann .Innotated listings of current 4 pages $3.30/yr. Igncm Brite, Librarian (formerly Insurance 16 dtqrvesant Oval literature of all types in the offset $6.00/2 yr. \-tw Englalr~lMutual Life Book Reviews) Sew York 9, N. Y. field of insurance hsurance Co. i01 nil,)liton St. Uoslon 17. Mass. -- .- - - - ~ - - Picturescope AIr% b1in11a I3rcuer 1)ivision news ; biblingraphie. ; Frcr to Pirtuw l>i\-ision. ST,.% 143 Mclrose ;~rticlrs; book reviews ; mem- ~iicnibers \It.-. I<. I; $2.00 "!,I; Sf.ilg\\-i~~Ji.I) i~. abstracts t~onnren~bers Yew Yurk 68, K. Y. -- ~- Frank G. Delinett IV 1)ivision and Sectiol~news and :32-80 pages (:~or,-,>E. IIalpern 13519 Uheltenham Ih-. annual r~ports; bibliography ~lrintd I%u.it~<:>sMgr. Sci-Tet.11 Shrrm;tn O:iks, California digest ; documentation digest ; nvw serial titles; editorials and articles; letters to tht .- ~ditnr Scientific geetings Gertrude Blwmcr Forthcoming conventions, ex- \-;trious page, Thc FVilliam S. hlerrell Co. pi,sitiolis and symposia, ar- offset Lockland Station ranged by name of sponsoring Cincinnati 1.5, Ohio urganizations ; chronological in dex -- 5-TPHIRb1.i- Winifred Sewell l ist of nrw drugs and corrrpn 12 plus CEUTICAL 335 Howard Avc. nitions with rderence to sollrc< .?mi-;ulnual SECTION Rockville, &Id. cumulatire ~r~rrualinde' -- - .- ~ - S-T PIIARllA- Theodore Treible, I.ibruria11 Listing of currrnt free indus 4 CEUTICAL Scientifi~.Inforn~ation Div. trial or institntional pamphlel SECTION The Iioivich Phnruiacal a. material of an informative na P. 0; Irth Laboratories Iiadnor, Penna. cross-reference sheets. Book 111, Library Lit- known to be indexed in Library Literatzlre, erature, has statistics sheets, bibliographies, Czlrrent Geographical Publications, Survey- library publicity brochures, manuals, policy ing and Mappitzg and Bibliotheca Carto- memoranda and departmental reports. The graphic~.A cumulative index is planned. charge is $3 monthly for each to members of the Advertising Division, $4 for nonmem- Insurance bers, with an additional charge of $1 a week Ztzszlrame Literature (formerly Znsurame for each book kept thereafter. Checks pay- Book Reviews). Features of this bulletin able to the Advertising Division should be include sections on casualty insurance and sent to Miss Catharine Lynch, Librarian, allied lines, fire and marine insurance, -gen- American Broadcasting Co., 7 West 66th era1 insurance. health insurance. life in- Street, New York 23, N. Y. surance, social security and gerontology. Each section is compiled by librarians in Biological Sciences the special field. There are also special ar- The Reminder. This is a news bulletin for ticles about insurance from noninsurance members of the Division. It contains pri- periodicals including law and medical jour- marily short, original articles descriptive of nals, selected foreign and United States gov- various libraries and of new techniques. Offi- ernment periodicals and popular magazines. cial Division notices and directory data are Frequently attached are lists of duplicate also furnished. The editor has a file running materials available and items wanted by back into the early 1950s. members. An annual index is planned starting in 1961. Business and Finance Before November 1961, this publication Business and Finance Division Bulletin. was entitled Insurance Book Reviews. It was Besides features noted in the table, this bul- published quarterly and distributed free to letin brings news of members and informs members of the (then) Insurance Group, them of meetings, workshops, courses and starting in the 19%~.1; the mid-1940s the institutes of particular interest. This publica- presenF publishing schedule of ten issues a tion combines the best features of separate year on a subscription basis was undertaken. bulletins of the former Business Division Principal credit for establishing this program and Finance Division. goes to Mrs. Angelica Blomshield (now Geography and Map Mrs. Hovey) of the New York Life Insur- ance Company. Mrs. Blomshield served as Geography atzd Map Divi~ionBulletin. -. volunteer editor, but since her retirement in Designed for those concerned with carto- graphical . and geographical materials, the 1960, the editor has been paid. The Division Bulletin, in addition to providing important maintains a special fund to support this pub- new book and map lists, also serves as a lication since subscriptions do not meet the forum for the exchange of recent news, ideas full cost. Free copies go to editors of the in- and techniques in the handling of these ma- surance trade press and to a select list of terials. Original articles are carried on re- foreign insurance people. search problems, mapping programs, classification systems, historical studies, subject Picture bibliographies and descriptions of collec- Picturescope. As there is no other pub- tions. The Bulletin first appeared in Novem- lication that records developments in the ber 1947 ; it appeared semiannually thereafter field of pictorial documentation, picture re- for six years and has appeared quarterly search, the use of pictures as documents and since 1953. Numbers 1 through 16 (April the organization of such pictures, this news- 1954) are available on microfilm from the letter's main function is to keep its readers Photoduplication Service, Library of Con- abreast of news in this field. Frequent mail- gress. Numbers 1 through 30 are indexed in ings of leaflets and flyers published by spe- No. 32 (April 1958). Current issues are cial collections are featured. Each issue re- NOVEMBER 1961 ports on new or unusual picture sources, and names and generic and other trivial names. from its pages stemmed the popular SLA The data supplied for each entry include publication, Picture Sources: An Introductory the name or names, constitution, manufac- List. Indexed in Lib~aryLiterature, it is now turer, action, dosage and source from which in use in library schools throughout the the information was taken. Newly found country. Particularly gratifying is the num- names of drugs are considered "unlisted" ber of paid subscribers outside the immediate and suitable for inclusion in Unlisted Drugs library field. if they do not occur in the latest editions and supplements of some 15 standard sources. Science-Technology The publication is issued in loose-leaf form, Sci-Tech News. This official bulletin of and individual items may be clipped and the Science-Technology Division is intended pasted on 3 x 5 cards. to keep members informed on the latest and Unlisted Drugs was established in January most pertinent bibliographies, documenta- 1949 as a cooperative enterprise of a number tion articles and new serial titles (with ab- of pharmaceutical libraries. All back issues stracts for each). It includes information ar- are available as well as cumulated indexes ticles, reprints from Chapter bulletins, guest for volumes 1-8 and 9-10. Five-year cumu- editorials and articles on how to solve mu- lative indexes are scheduled starting with tual problems. Begun in 1947 as Ye Alchem- volume 11. ical Alnaanack, frequency and coverage have COPNZP List. This records current in- varied over the years. A popular feature dur- formation pamphlet material issued by manu- ing most of its history has been "Selected facturers in the pharmaceutical and related Abstracts," now carried as "Documentation industries and by trade associations or foun- Digest." dations supported by them. It covers mate- Scientific Meetings. Where known, the rial having value in the pharmaceutical, med- following information is given for each ical and veterinary fields, and in the aspects meeting: inclusive dates, city and meeting of chemistry, physics, technology or manage- hall, theme, sponsor, literature reference to ment related to these fields. Titles that are advance program or abstracts of papers or to not self-explanatory are supplemented with more complete information, person to con- a brief descriptive note, and tables, graphs, tact for further information. Started in 1957 illustrations and bibliographies are indicated as a cooperative project of the Science-Tech- when present. House organs, trade lists and nology Division, it carried at first only a certain types of advertising literature are not list of United States and foreign organiza- included. tions with the meetings they were sponsor- COPNIP List was started in 1953 to fill ing. A chronological index and plentiful a long-felt need of pharmaceutical, chemical cross references to symposia and jointly- and medical libraries and by numerous busi- sponsored meetings were soon added to in- ness organizations whose work is related to crease the value of the basic list. the pharmacomedical interests. The title is the abbreviation of Committee on Pharma- Pharmaceutical Section comedical Nonserial Industrial Publications Unlisted Drugs. This promptly describes of the Pharmaceutical Section of Special Li- new experimental and commercial products braries Association. from American and foreign sources as they LOISW. BROCK,Division Liaison Officer are encountered in the scientific literature Librarian, General Tire and Rubber Company and includes experimental numbers, trade Akron, Ohio SLA Sustaining Members CHEMCELLLIMITED, Montreal, Quebec, Canada EDITOR'SNOTE: This, and the 114 Sustaining Members listed in previous 1961 issues of Special Libraries, includes all applications received through October 27, 1961.

------532 SPECIAL LIBRARIES Association News

Fall Board Meeting Executive Board Actions The Fall Meeting of the Executive Board The Foundation Grants Committee Chair- was held at the Gramercy Park Hotel in man, Robert W. Gibson, Jr., reported that a New York City on September 28 and 29. request for funds to support the compilation A number of Association Committee Chair- and preparation of a second revised and ex- men presented proposals and supplied infor- ~andededition of Tvanslators dnd Transla- mation on continuing projects, while several tiom: Services and So~/rceshas been sub- Chapter and Division officers listened in on mitted to the National Science Foundation. the open sessions. On the evening of Sep- A single proposal for compiling library sta- tember 28, Stechert-Hafner, the well-known tistics has been forwarded to the Council on book selling and publishing firm and the Library Resources, Inc. by ALA, a project in Association's landlord, was host at a dinner which SLA would cooperate. The Council is party for the Board and professional mem- still considering support of a study of the bers of the Association's staff. cost of interlibrary loans to special libraries and a study of standards for special libraries. A fourth request for funds involves an ex- Recommendations of Executive Secretary change of tours of American special librar- Bill M. Woods, Executive Secretary, out- ians to Soviet s~ecialI libraries and then a lined four specific recommendations, all of tour of Soviet special librarians to American which were approved by the Board and ac- special libraries. The Association has asked tion taken to implement them: the State Department's Exchange of Per- sons ProgramAto consider such lours in its 1. Membership Drive. The Membership Committee was instructed to organize an As- current negotiations with the Soviet Union and at the same time has requested the Na- sociation-wide membership campaign aimed tional Science Foundation to underwrite the at increasing the number of Active, Asso- exchange. The Committee also is working on ciate, Affiliate and Student members. several other projects that will require sup- 2. Participation in ALA Conferences. It was port from fund-granting organizations, pri- agreed that the Association should continue marily one for the SLA Loan Collection of to participate in ALA Conferences and other Classification Schemes and Subject Heading national library association meetings. Lists. 3. Policy on Status and Image. The Public As requested by the Board in June, the Relations Committee was asked to consider Public Relations and Publications Commit- Association policies and procedures in li- tees have been studying the purpose, name, brarian status and image instances and to ask format, frequency, distribution and costs of the Advisory Council to discuss the problem the SLA Bulletin, and both recommended at its Mid-Winter Meeting so that the Board that beginning in 1962 the Balletin be dis- might receive some guidance in formulating continued as a separate newsletter. Instead a policy. the "Association News" section of Special 4. Consultation Service Review. A review Libraries will be published as a supplement or study of the Consultation Service is to be to the journal. It will appear as a four-page made by a committee of Executive Board insert on colored paper and will be stapled members. This study will seek to define the into the center of the journal where it may desirable extent of participation at the in- be retained for binding and permanent ref- dividual, Chapter and Association levels to erence or pulled out and filed separately. For determine the cost of the Service to all con- the same amount now required to issue three cerned and to assess its short- and long-time Bulletins a year, four "Association News" vJue and objective. supplements can be printed, and the distribution will be increased by over 1,200, for $65,912 for the Translations Center was also all journal subscribers will also receive it approved. regularly. These recommendations were ap- The Constitution and Bylaws Committee, proved by the Board. Katharine L. Kinder, Chairman, recom- The Chairman of the Copyright Law Re- mended that a single, abbreviated document vision Committee, Chester Lewis, reported combining the present Constitution and By- that copies of "Recommended Revisions of laws of the Association be submitted to the the U. S. Copyright Law of Special Interest membership at the Annual Business Meeting to Libraries," prepared by the Copyright at the Convention in Washington. At this Office of the Library of Congress, had been time it is not anticipated that any changes in sent to all Chapter Presidents and Division the membership requirements will be made. Chairmen with an accompanying memo urg- A progress report on the Translations ing them to study and discuss the recom- Survey was discussed by the Board. The final mendations with their memberships and to report will be prepared under the direction convey to him opinions regarding the survey. of the Translations Activities Committee, To further guide the Association in formu- Elizabeth Walkey, Chairman. lating definite recommendations on the Other Board actions included the appoint- Copyright Law Revision, a program on copy- ment of an ad hoc committee to study the right is tentatively being planned for the need for membership statistics, Mrs. Jeanne 1962 Convention in Washington. B. North, Chairman; a request that the Fi- The Board approved the appointment of nance Committee and the Division Liaison James V. Jones, Director of the St. Louis Officer continue to study Division finances; University Libraries, as Chairman of the preliminary approval of the Illinois Chap- 1964 Convention, which will be held in ter's project to revise A Brief for Corpora- St. Louis, June 7-1 1, 1964. tion Libravies with a new work to be The possibility of contracting for 100 entitled Special Libruvies: A Guide for Man- square feet of exhibit space in either the ngeme~zt;preliminary approval of Rosemary Hall of Education or the Pavilion of Ameri- Neiswender's Guide to Russian Reference can Industry at the New York World's Fair Materials: SLA Bibliogruph?; No. 4: and the 1964-1965 was discussed at length, and it appointment of an ad hoc committee under was finally decided not to participate, chiefly the chairmanship of Winifred Sewell to because of the enormous expense involved. study possible publication by the Associa- A brief memorandum received from the tion of the Sci-Tech Division's serial, Sri- Placement Policy Committee reported that entific Meetings. Chapter Presidents had been requested to H. W. Wilson Company send their advice and opinions about the fu- Chapter Award Theme ture policies and operation of the Associa- The H. W. Wilson Company Chapter tion's Placement Service to the Committee. Award for 1962 will be given to the Chapter Since no Chapter meetings were held during that conducts the most effective program of the summer, suggestions and comments will building up a closer mutual relationship be- be assembled during the late fall. tween the special libraries and the library John P. Binnington, Head of the Research schools in its area. The purpose is not pri- Library, Brookhaven National Laboratories, marily one of recruitment but rather to Upton, Long Island, New York, was ap- acquaint students and library school faculty proved as the editor of the forthcoming members with the services and techniques of Handbook for Special Libsaries. special librarianship and in turn to learn Upon the recommendation of the Fi- what library schools are and can do to im- nance Committee and its Chairman, Dr. prove the education of special librarians. Paul Wasserman, the Board approved a gen- Each entry should include a brief typewritten eral operating budget for the 1961-1962 summary of the Chapter project as well as a Association year of $155,120. A budget of visual display of the materials used and the SPECIAL LIBRARIES results achieved. Chapters intending to com- cipal medium for improving the Associa- pete for the Award must notify the Executive tion's internal public relations programs and Secretary before April 1, 1962. as a clearinghouse for Chapter and Division Public Relations Committee Chairmen. It Fourth Eleanor S. Cavanaugh Scholarship was accompanied by a complete list, which At the recommendation of the Scholarship can also be used as an order form, of the and Student Loan Fund Committee, a fourth Association's display pieces and printed ex- Eleanor S. Cavanaugh Scholarship of $1,000 hibit materials. Anyone wishing to be added has been awarded to Almuzaffar A. G.Khan, to the mailing list for the Newsletter should the Senior Librarian of the Council of Sci- notify the Public Relations Director. entific Industrial Research in Karachi, Pak- istan. The Council of Scientific and Indus- Presidential Chapter Visits trial Research is the official research agency This fall President Eugene B. Jackson of Pakistan and is responsible for the gov- will visit the following Chapters: ernment's laboratories and for coordinating Montreal-October 16 the research efforts of the country. Because New York-October 17 of her long interest in and concern with New Jersey-October 18 international affairs, it seemed fitting to give Philadelphia-October 19 the first Cavanaugh Scholarship for a foreign Greater St. Louis-October 30 student to a man who has been appointed to Indiana-November 1 one of the most important library positions Minnesota-November 3 in his own country. The grant will enable Mr. Khan to work for his master's degree at Additions to SLA Oficial Directory the School of Library Science at Western The following appointments should be Reserve University in Cleveland, where he added to the Official Directory 1961-1962, can receive basic training in American li- which appeared in the September 1961 Spe- brary techniques and have an opportunity to cial Libraries: observe the operations of American research libraries. In 1954 Mr. Khan graduated from TRANSLATIONSACTIVITIES COMMITTEE, Muslim University, Aligarh, India, and five TRANSLITERATIONSUBCOMMITTEE CHAIR- years later earned his library science degree MAN: Rosemary Neiswender, The RAND there. Before joining the Council of Sci- Corporation, 1700 Main Street, Santa Mon- entific and Industrial Research, he served as ica, California. Librarian of Jinnah College, where he in- INTERAGENCYCOUNCIL ON LIBRARYTOOLS stituted classification and cataloging pro- FOR NURSINGREPRESENTATIVE : Mrs. Bar- cedures, open shelves and a regular loan bara Coe Johnson, Harper Hospital Library, system, all innovations in his country. Detroit, Michigan.

Public Relations Mid-Winter Meeting The Public Relations Department has re- The Mid-Winter Meeting of the Execu- cently issued for the first time the SLA tive Board and Advisory Council will be P~~blicRelations Newsletter, a mimeo- held at the Dearborn Inn, Dearborn, Michi- graphed item intended to serve as the prin- gan, February 15-17, 1962.

Report on IFLA and FID Meetings OK THE THIRD YEAK in a row, the SLA Scotldnd were the exemplary hosts on this F President has been able to represent latest occasion in Edinburgh, September 2nd- North American special librarianship at the 7th, during the final week of the Edinburgh International Federation of Library Asso- Festival. Officers of library associations in ciation's Council meeting. The librarians of such fields as public, national, university, NOVEMBER 1961 535 parliamentary, rare books and children's less common one, avoid changes in titles work far outnumbered the hospital, agricul- and titles composed of initials. They also tural and other subject-based librarians. asked that proceedings of congresses be in- The principal contribution made in the cluded in special lists in national bibliog- name of Special Libraries Association there raphies. was by serving as an information source- SLA members are more familiar with the names of "opposite number" special li- International Federation of Documentation brarians, unusual sources of information, (FID) through its publications. SLA Past the prospect for exchanges of industrial President Burton W. Adkinson, NSF, be- ~peciallibrarians (not too favorable), and came FID President in succession to Alex- the probable impact of proposed IFLA ander King. SLAer Karl Heumann, NRC, recommendations. The main IFLA business became Vice-president representing North was conducted through meetings of sections America and SLAer Dake Gull, GE, is and committees with their findings being Chairman, U. S. National Committee for routinely approved in plenary session by FID and led the American delegation. the Council. Several hundred people were registered The sessions of the International Asso- for the meetings in Caxton Hall near Lon- ciation of University Libraries and the Com- don's Westminster Abbey, September 7-15th, mittee on Periodical and Serial Publications so it would be impractical to list all known were the most pertinent. IATUL recom- attendees. Aslib bas in charge of local mended to universities the inclusion of both arrangements. Sessions on linguistic prob- an introductorv course in the use of the li- lems and mechanical storage and retrieval brary and another on bibliography in the attracted the most attention.~itlesof general third year. An international teletype code sessions included "Highlights on Recent De- for use among librarians was to be ex- velopments in Documentation," "Scientific tended, and application for a UNESCO and Technical Information," "Economic and grant was to be made in support of a three- Managerial Information" and the "Efficient weeks' seminar for mature technical uni- Use if Information." Although certain versity librarians with the locale being in papers lacked vitality and originality, they Delft, The Netherlands. A project for the encouraged hallway conferences which are collection of information on all European among- the most valuable contributions af- technical library research projects would forded by international meetings anyway. also be established there if suitable financing A travel grant from the National Science is obtained. Foundation made possible my attendance at The periodicals group planned to ask the the preceding meet& and at the concurrent International Union of Publishers to print a "curriculum vitae" inside their journal Eighth Anglo-American Aeronautical Con- covers, supply abstracts in a common lan- ference at the Royal Aeronautical Society. guage at the head of articles written in a EUGENEB. JACKSON, President, 1961-62

Storage and Retrieval recording unit is a Flexowriter typewriter, The FMA FileSearch system is a compact 35mm planetary camera with code recording system for automated information and re- unit, recording table, lights and controls. trieval. A FileSearch library will fit in a The retrieval unit is a film transport, auto- small office, without special environmental matic code reader, request card reader, out- conditions or power connections, can be op- put viewer and hard copy printing unit. All erated by clerical personnel and is econom- are combined in a desk-size assembly. The ically priced. The system is composed of a recording unit photographs files of docu- recording unit and a retrieval unit. The ments along with their coded descriptions in 5 36 SPECIAL LIBRARIES the form of opaque spots. These are stored ~tructr,all members of the Nation'd Federa- on microfilm. Filesearch se~rches docu- tion of Science Abstracting and Indexing ments at the rate of 6,400 pages a minute, Services, founded in 1958 to advance scien- documents are displayed on a viewing screen tific progress. and hard copies are automatically printed if desired. For further information write FMA Letters to the Editor Inc., 142 Nevada Street, El Segundo, Cali- fornia. The selection of letters in the July-August issue of Special Libraries concerning the training of Medical Library Association Appointment librarians should produce a lot of worthwhile discussion, and, to keep it going, here is my five Mrs. Helen B. Schmidt, formerly Assistant cents worth, from a rather different viewpoint. Director of Midwest Inter-Library Center, I have come up the "hard way" and have had to has been appointed Executive Secretary of the do a lot of digging to get at the basic principles of librarianship. While our library is strictly a Medical Library Association, with new head- reference library, it is under the loose control of quarters in the Palmolive Building, Chicago. the Departmental Librarian who has been more than helpful in all phases of the work. I fully Washington State Library School realize that a library degree is a must for a large library, but there is a place for the scmi-profes- Graduate courses of instruction in library sional in the smaller library such as this one. A education have been added to the Center for library degree would not give me the knowledge Graduate Study at Hanford, operated by the of the specialized requirements of my ofticers; this University of Washington in cooperation takes in-job training. Our cataloging is set up not "by the book" but in a manner that is most con- with Washington State University and Ore- venient to us. In the selection of books for pur- gon State University. The Center serves as a chase, I can call upon the experience of my officers, link between the University and one of the all of whom are able authors. The actual purchase, major atomic plants in the- nation, and it is cataloging and shelving of the books are my responsibility, and I am also required to have a supported by an annual grant from the working knowledge of what is in the books- Atomic Energy Commission and by student where can I get that in a library course? I agree fees. Credits earned at the Center may be that a specialized course on cataloging, binding, applied, under certain conditions, toward and so on would be useful and provide me with degree programs at the University of Wash- background information, but without it I seem to be doing a job that is satisfactory to my officers. ington and the two cooperating institutions. Some of the writers seem to forget that our Association recognizes the semi-professional and Aerospace Research in Japan to refresh their memory, I refer them to sub- paragraph (4) of the requirements for Active and Under the sponsorship of the National Sci- Associate memberships. ence Foundation, a team of five United States experts, directors of major United STAFFSERGEANTR. C. WELLSTOOD Historical Section, Army Headquarters States abstracting and indexing services, is Department of National Defence conducting a survey of Japanese concepts Ottawa, Ontario and methods of handling scientific information. The group visited Japan in June to ex- The Metals Division members are considering a plore Japanese principles and procedures in change of Division name. Many metals people are generating and disseminating scientific in- thinking in terms of materials rather than just formation. A primary purpose of the survey metals and alloys. Metals are being combined with ceramics and plastics. Materials competitive to is to develop closer cooperation, along vol- metals are increasing, and so should the scope of untary, nongovernmental lines, between the the Metals Division be broadened? This is what Japanese scientific-technical community and we are thinking. that of the United States. Representatives to We should welcome comments of SLA members. Please write to address below. the survey are from Chemical Abstracts Seru- ice, Biological Abstracts, Engineering In- ELEANORB. GIBSON,Chemical Metals Division dex, I?zter.izational Aero~pace Abstracts and Librarian, Logan Lewis Library Carrier Research & Development Co. Meteorological and Ge~astvophysical Ab- Syracuse 1, New York NOVEMBER 1961 Book Reviews The Fry study is the next logical step in the CHARGINGSYSTEMS. Leila H. Kirkwood (State of series sponsored by the Council on Library Re- the Library Art, volume 2, part 3, edited by Ralph sources. First, the Kirkwood survey of the state R. Shaw). New Brunswick, N. J.: Graduate of the art; second, the Diebold study-where School of Library Service-Rutgers, 1961. 397 p. should we go from here; and then George Fry $8. (L. C. 60-16771) Distributed by Rutgers Uni- and Associates went out and did it. That is, the versity Press. Fry study carried out most of the recommendations of the Diebold study. The Fry study, based on the STUDYOF CIRCULATIONCONTROL SYSTEMS (LTP evidence they found, did not get into integrated Publications no. 1). George Fry & Associates, Inc. machine systems, which the Diebold study ad- Chicago: Library Technology Project of the Ameri- vocated. can Library Association, 1961, vii, 138 p. paper. In general, the Fry study is a very thorough, $2.50. workmanlike job. First, questionnaires were sent These two studies of circulation systems have to a large number of libraries of various types, two characteristics in common. They are both in- then different types of libraries were visited and dicative of the current efforts to reduce the amount intensive studies of circulation systems made, to of tedious clerical work involved in circulation of get actual time figures. Discussions were held library materials, and they are both results of the with equipment manufacturers to get cost figures program of the Council on Library Resources to and to learn of any future development plans. An support research in librarianship. In fact, a li- advisory committee developed objectives and mini- brary historian writing one hundred years hence mum characteristics of circulation systems to pro- would probably refer to this time as "the era vide selection guides. All of this information has when librarians had money for research." been analyzed and presented in such a way that a The Kirkwood book is part of the Rutgers series public or college librarian can use a selection that was comissioned because the Council on Li- manual to find circulation systems meeting his brary Resources recognized its need for a cornpila- objectives and then find the one most economical tion of present knowledge as a base for a research system by inserting labor, material and equipment program. Like other volumes in the Rutgers series, costs. it is a survey of the literature and an evaluation of This is wonderful for the college or public li- the evidence supporting statements in the litera- brarian. But the special librarian seems to have ture. Unfortunately, like other volumes in the been considered only as an afterthought, and he Rutgers series, it suffers from the same poor has suffered because of it. No questionnaires were typography and organization. sent to the special libraries and only 12 were It is natural to compare Kirkwood with Geer's visited. In the 12 special libraries visited, only Charging Sy.rtems, published in 1955. Although one type circulation system was found. The study the approach was different in Geer (no attempt concluded that the subject field of the special to survey the literature was made), one wo*uld library, or the type of organization of which it is expect to find the details of various systems and a part, did not determine the type of circulation their respective merits. Geer covers 17 systems in system. On the other hand, no attempt was made a very clear and readable manner with an ade- to find other types of circulation systems in special quate bibliography. On the other hand, Kirkwood libraries. The two types of systems recommended describes 22 systems in such exhaustive detail that for special librarie; do not meet all the criteria this reviewer got bogged down and could hardly set down for special library circulation systems. tell which system was under consideration. Never- So the special librarian will have to borrow from theless, you can be sure that all the details are his college and public counterparts. there, and that they will be described in the words This study should stand as a milestone in the of the writers of the time. circulation field, and every equipment manufacturer It is unfortunate that, while the publication date should be familiar with it before undertaking de- of Kirkwood's study is 1961, it appears that the velopment of new systems. study extended only through 1958. Some of the WILLIAMH. RICHARDSON,Reference Librarian significant publications that appeared after this Sandia Corporation period are the preliminary study by John Diebold Albuquerque, New Mexico and Associates (also sponsored by CLR), the report on machine circulation systems in special CLASSIFICATIONSYSTEMS, Maurice F. Tanbey and libraries (Special Libraries, November 1960), the Edith Wise; GIFTS, Donald E. Thompson; Ex- Brooklyn College IBM system, and finally the CHANGES,Donald E. Thompson (State of the Li- second subject of this review, the study by George brary Art, volume 1, parts 3, 4, 5, edited by Ralph Fry and Associates. R. Shaw). New Brunswick, N. J.: Graduate 5 38 SPECIAL LIBRARIES Sthotrl of Library Service-Rutgers 1961. 528 ; at the conclusion of each section. 'There are no IS; 35 p. $8. (L. C. 60-lh77Z) Distributed hy over-all reviews of the general classification picture Rutgers Llniversity Press. toclay, and no attempt to survey and describe Over 500 pages of this volume of the State of really early systems, nor is there an indication of the Library Art series are devoted almost entirely the hundreds of special subject classification sps- to quotations from the voluminous critical and tenis that have been developed as shown by the descriptive literature about hierarchical and non- Guide to the SLA Loan Collection of Cia.rs;fication hierarchical classification systems, chiefly those of Schemes and Subject Heading Lists. Anglo-American origin developed in the last quar- Tauber and Wise have done a tremendous ter of the 19th century and in the 20th. Tauber amount of work in selecting and excerpting their says in his preface, material, and it will be of use to advanced stu- "In the following discussions of the various dents of the theory and development of classifica- systems of classification and proposals for organiz- tion systems in getting various schemes into ing collections of materials, the reader will find perspective. Beginning students will find it bewil- much controversy and little evidence that state- dering. Librarians wishing help in practical appli- ments concerning values of certain classifications cations of certain schemes will not find it here, nor are based upon carefully collected and evaluated will those seeking guidance in the selection of the data. The full sweep of the observations of the best system for a specific use. students of classification who are represented Following the quite consistently illogical ar- through the selections from their writings allows rangement of this series of volumes on the State the reader to have at first hand points of agree- of the Library Art, the editor of the series has ment, disagreement, and rebuttal. Out of this as- tucked at the end of this work two brief bibli- sembly of comment it is expected that further ographical essays by Donald E. Thompson, one on analyses may be made." Gifts and one on Exchanges, each of which is There are separate chapters of varying length supplemented by extensive bibliographies. Finally on the more traditional systems-Dewey Decimal, there is an index covering all three parts which Richardson, Brown, Cutter, Library of Congress, is completely inadequate, being little more than Bliss and Universal Decimal-each containing ex- a name index. There are, for instance, almost no cerpts from the writings of the originators of the qualifying phrases, so there are 55 separate refer- systems and of their proponents and critics. Brief ences to Sayers, only two of which give further biographical and historical notes and rather ex- clue as to topic. Although the text of this volume tensive descriptions of each system are given. has been much more carefully proofread than Footnote references are gathered at the end of each several other volumes in this series, only a casual chapter, and, for these systems, it will be noted check showed several errors in the index. that the citations are limited pretty much to classi- HELENM. FOCKE, Professor of Library Science ficationists who have written extensively in book School of Library Science form, such as W. C. B. Sayers, W. H. Phillips, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio E. A. Savage and S. C. Bradford. There are very few references to the periodical literature. Optics Translations These chapters are followed by considerations of The Optical Society of America is preparing to Ranganathan's Colon Classification and a group of publish Optic and Spectruscopy, under the "Ois modern systems and experiments which are non- Club Scheme." It is now a free monthly transla- hierarchical and in some cases cannot strictly be tion of Optika i Spektroskopiya, published under called classification systems at all-the Battelle a grant from the National Science Foundation that Memorial Institute classification for titanium met- will terminate in December. Subscription rates will allurgy, Mooers Zatocoding, the Perry system for be $7.50 to OSA members, $11 to members of the machine literature searching, Taube's Uniterms Ois Club, $15 to nonmembers and libraries. The and coordinate indexing, the U.S. Patent Office jcurnal is published in English within three months Classification, the ASM/SLA classification scheme of the Russian edition. For details write the As- for metallurgy, and the systems and ideas of E. G. sistant Secretary, OSA, 1155 lGth Street, N.W., Brisch, E. Wyndham Hulme, J. E. L. Farradane Washington 6, D. C. and B. C. Vickery of England. In some of these chapters the schemes are explained in detail, in Boston Chapter's Directory others only comments and criticisms about them The sixth edition of the Directory of Special Li- are given, and the reader is referred to the original braries: Boston, Vicinity and Member Libraries in papers for detail. Here, too, the quotations are New England, compiled by the Boston Chapter lengthy but highly selective, and there is much through the use of punched cards is now available. dependence on the critical comments of such peo- 244 libraries are listed by subject, giving services ple as John Metcalfe and Brian Vickery. provided, hours and specializations. An alphabeti- In almost no cases have Tauber and Wise added cal index of libraries is included. Copies may be critical commentary of their own, except in very obtained from the Treasurer of the Boston Chap- brief summaries of the needs for further studies ter, Special Libraries Association, Louis Rains, NOVEMBER 1961 Science and Technology Department, Boston Pub- Carey, Navdl War Cullege. and lists 28 Linited lic L~brary,Boston, at 53 to members of SLA, and Spates Army, Navy and Air Force annotated refer- $4 to nonmembers. ences. A.l/l/tri,-y Herddry (nos. 25. 25A and 25H) lists ten titles for the small library. 25 titles for the Management Book List college or public library and 100 titles for the large library (insignia. decorations, crests, medals) The SLA Wisconsin Chapter published as part of and was compiled by Margaret D. Kerns, U. S. its work for National Library Week a booklist, Army Artillery and Missile School Library. Sub- I'op Boohr )or Munugeme~zt:Ail Annotated Book- mit~itzes(nos. 26, 26A and 26B), ten titles for the list, compiled by Jack Baltes. This eight-page pam- small library. 20 titles for the college or public phlet can be obtained gratis by writing to the com- library and 60 titles for the large public or piler. The Square D Company, Industrial Controller academic library, was compiled by Rosamon~l Division, Milwaukee 12. Wisconsin. Cruikshank, Shipyard Technical Library, Ports- mouth Naval Shipyard. Single copies of these bib- Geographic Gazetteers Available liographies are available upon request from the The IT. S. Board on Geographic Names is publish- Technical Assistant to the Director, Air University ing a series of new gazetteers of standardized geo- Library, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. graphic names. The gazetteers constitute the au- thoritative source of geographic names in the areas Cincinnati Union List covered-and their spelling and application-that The Uiiion List of Scientific and Tecniral Publi- arc official for use by the United States Govern- cations of Librurie~ of Cincinmzti and Viri~zity. ment. They also contain the more important un- compiled and edited by Gertrude Bloomer, and a~:proved names or spellings cross-referenced to covering holdings of 35 libraries to January 1958 the approved ones. Now in press are Denmark is now $5. Its former cost was $10. Copies are nnd the Fireme Islandr, Hungary. Portugal, Spain available from Roberta Andrews, Librarian, Occu- 'md Andorru. Arabian Pewin.rulu, Iceland, Vene- pational Health Field Headquarters, 1014 Broad- xeh, Southern Vietnam and Yugoslavia are sched- way, Cincinnati 2, Ohio. Checks should be made uled for publication in 1961, and Aurlria, Equa- payable to Special Libraries Association, Cincin- to~iulAfrica, Finlirnd. Northern Korea, Pakistan nati Chapter. and Sudan are in preparation. To be placed on a notification list, write the Superintendent of Docu- RECENT REFERENCES ments, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. The cost of the gazeteers in a 12-month Bibliographical Tools period will be about $25. ASTRONAUTICS:U. S. Air Force Academy Library, 3rd rev. (Special bibliography series no. 5) Colo- Southeastern Supplement Reduced rado: Headquarters, United States Air Force Academy, 1961. 22 p. pap. Gratis. Available from The serial holdings of three dozen university and Lt. Colonel George V. Fagan at above address. college libraries in ten Southern states are avail- Selected list of holdings of the Air Force Acad- able at half price in one volume entitled South- emy Library on Astronautics, brought up to date ea.1terrz Supplemeilt to the Union List of Seriuls. since the 1959 edition. The volume can be obtained from the Southern Regional Education Board, 130 Sixth Street, N.W., CATALOGOF REPRINTSIN SERIES,19th ed. robe^^ Atlanta 13. Georgia, for $10; its former price M. Ofton. New York: Scarecrow, 1961. 713 p. was $20. $15. (L.C. 61.8715) Library Survey Due to increased size of VOIU~K,numerical listing previously given is not included. Part 1: Au- G. B. Miller, Jr. has prepared a 100-page survey, thor-title dictionary catalog. part 2: alphabetical A P~oposulfor a New Informirtion System jor the list of publishers and series. Riegel Paper Corporation, which contains recommendations for the organization of an information DISSERTATIONSIN PHYSICS:An Indexed Bibliog- facility and discusses storage and flow of informa- raphy of all Doctoral Theses Accepted by Ameri- tion and problems involved. Copies of this report can Universities, 1861-1959. M. Lois Mrrrrktoor~h, may he obtained by writing Mr. Miller, Technical comp. Stanford, California: Stanford University Information Center, Riegel Paper Corp., Milford, Press, 1961. xii, 803 p. $17.50. (L. C. 61-6530) Jersey. 8,216 author entries. Theses of 97 universities, author, title. university and date. Permutation suh- Military Bibliographic Series ject index. Three new bibliographies have been added to the INDEXTI~ANSLATIONUAI: International Bibliog- Military Librarians Division bibliographic series. raphy of Translations. (Series no. 12) Paris: hlilitarly Biograph] (no. 24)- was compiled by UNESCO, 1961. 735 p. pap. $20. E. Gaye Byars, Air University Library, Carmen E. 29,661 translated books published in 1959 in 63 Clark, Army War College L~braryand Frances I.. countries. Bibliographies arranged in alphabetic-al SPECIAL LIBRARIES order by countries. by their French names. Author EXCELLENTOPPORTUNITY for an assistant librarian index. In a technical library. We are engaged in aircraft, missile and astronautics research and development. LAHORHISTORY IN THE UNITEDSTATES: A GCn- Responsibilities include acquisitions, cataloging, era1 Bibliography. (Bibliographic contributions no. documents and reference services in an established 6) Gene S. Sttoud and Gilbert E. Donahue, comps. technical library. Male librarian preferred. Previous Urbana, Illinois: Institute of Labor and Industrial technical library experience preferred. Must be a Relations, 1961. 167 p. pap. $2. U. S. citizen. Send complete resume to C. G. Jones, 2,022 listings by author. Subject index. Manager of Salary Personnel, Goodyear Aircraft Corporation, Akron, Ohio. Miscellaneous HEALTHORGANIZATIONS OF THE UNITEDSTATES POSITION WANTED AND CANADA:NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND STATE: A Directory of Voluntary Associations, Profcs- PROFESSIONALLIBRARIAN experienced in organi- sional Societies and Other Groups Concerned with zation, administration, reference and documents de- Health and Related Fields. Clara Dedacca and sires transfer vicinity Barstow, California. Career Civil Service status. Please write Box B 80. PauI Wa.rsetman. Ithaca, New York: Graduate School of Business and Public Administration, Cor- nell University, 1961, 191 p. $10. SWETS & ZElTLlNGER Almost a thousand national and regional bodies Keizersgracht 471 & 487 and hundreds of statewide bodies. Details for each Amsterdam-C. Holland national and regional organization include ad- New and Secondhand Bookdealers dress, names of principal officials, purposes and ' objectives, finances, programs and activities, pub- 1 Current Subscriptions lications, prizes and awards, meeting dates, affili- Periodicals, Sets, Backfiles, and Separate I Volumes. ates. Detailed subject index of all national and regional bodies. American Represen!arzue WALTER D. LANTZ CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING 555 WOODSIDE AVE., BERWYN, PA. Positions open and wanted-50 cenls per Gne; Suburban Philadelphia Phone: Niogara 4-4944 minimum charge $1.50. Copy must be received by tenth of month preceding month of publication.

------POSITIONS OPEN LIBRARIANS! ASSISTANTCHIEF of economic documentation scrv- THE JOB: ice. Required by international organization in Positions immediately available in new Washington, D. C. Male under 40. L.S. degree. branches, subject departments, technical Experience in reference work, reading knowledge services, children's work, and bookmobiles. of French and Spanish; basic knowledge of economics. Some supervisory experience desirable. Sal- THE SALARY: $464-$575 PER MONTH ary $7,000-$7,500 depending on qualifications. (Experienced librarians may start above Please reply to Box B 78. mmimum.) --- THE PLACE: HAWAII. Research Librarian for University legis- Los Angeles, where the climate is always lative service agency. Librarian performs acquisi- good. tion, classification and cataloging, reference, and research functions. Position has faculty status; sal- THE FUTURE: ary $5,700-$7,595 plus pay-related benefits. Prefer Good opportunity for professional growth librarian trained in political science or public ad- and promotional advancement in a grow- ministration. Write: Tom Dinell, Acting Director, ing system; 35 librarian promotions within Legislative Reference Bureau, University of Ha- the last 12 months. waii, Honolulu, Hawaii. STUDENTS MAY APPLY DURING THEIR LAST SEMESTER OF LIBRARY SAN FRANCISCO.Liberal Arts degree or one in following subjects, plus M.L.S. and seven years SCHOOL. experience in economics, business statistics, finance For additional information write to: reference and literature searching. Need writing ability. Career position on staff of central library Personnel Officer at company headquarters. Starting salary commensurate with experience required. Merit salary pro- Los Angeles Public Library gram. Liberal benefits. An equal opportunity em- 630 West Fifth Street ployer. Mail resumes to Standard Oil Company of Los Angeles 17, California California, 225 Bush Street, San Francisco 20, Cal- ifornia, Personnel Dept.. Room 1331. NOVEMBER 1961 ASSISTANT LIBRARIAN HEAD LIBRARIAN WANTED FOR Scientific research and development conl- TECHNICAL RESEARCH pany wants head librarian to assume full LABORATORI ES responsibility of periodical and scientific library, supervision of three librarians, liaison To supervise staff functions and with MIT, Northeastern and Harvard li- central library processing. Mod- braries. ern punch card and electronic Graduate degree in library science, five years' machine methods. Responsibil- experience in scientific library and knowl- ities include acquisitioning, cat- edge of Armed Forces classification system. aloguing, indexing and issuing Experience in handling classified documents. of library publications. Indus- Participation in literature search. trial salary commensurate with Allied Research R & D facility is com- experience. Company's composed of 225 people; 110 are scientists and prehensive employee benefit engineers. Professional atmosphere, high cal- iber associates in projects among most im- program, including annual wage portant in country. Salary commensurate dividend, applies. Fine cultural with experience. Permanent position. Lib- and recreational opportunities eral benefits. in the area. Send resume to Write: G. L. Opperman, Personnel Manager BUSINESS AND TECHNICAL PERSONNEL DEPT. ALLIED RESEARCH ASSOCIATES 43 Leon Street, Boston, Massachusetts EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Garrison 7-2434 ROCHESTER 4, N. Y.

Reference ASSISTANT LIBRARIAN Librarian for established scientific research institute in Midwest. Applicant will have Excellent career opportunity for li- responsibility for all conventional librarian with interest in documenta- brary procedures and activities in li- tion and machine literature searching. brary of basic scientific texts, current Background and/or experience in periodicals, extensive government doc- metallurgy or allied fields required. uments and serving staff of 200 sci- Training provided in comparative entists and technicians. Growth possi- bilities. documentation methods. All replies confidential. Send resume to : Prefer library school graduate with supervisory experience, but will consider college graduate with science Mr. Allen Kent background and equivalent knowledge Associate Director of library techniques and supervisory experience. Center for Documentation and Communication Research Salary open. Comprehensive employee benefit program. Western Reserve University Send application and resume to Box Cleveland 6, Ohio B 79.

SPECIAL LIBRARIES TECHNICAL LIBRARIANS Special Libraries Association Hughes Aircraft Company, the West's invites application for the leader in advanced electronics, has immediate openings in the Library Systems position of and Services Group for technical li- Assistant to Executiue Secretary brarians. These positions require a Master's degree Experience both in special librarian- in Library Science plus extensive experi- ship and personnel work desirable. ence. Supervisory experience is preferred. Handles Placement Service, general Excellent salaries are offered commensurate with background and ability. supervision of Addressograph Section, interviews and correspondence relat- Please send your resume to: ing to Headquarters personnel, recruit- Mr. Carey W. Baker ment and scholarships. Responsible for Association Headquarters in absence of Executive Secretary. I Salary range $6,900-$9,000. Four I HUGHES I ! ! weeks vacation. Send complete resume to Bill M. HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY 1 1940 West Jefferson Blvd. Woods, Executive Secretary, Special Culver City 30, California Libraries Association, 31 East 10th An equal opportunity employer. Street, New York 3, New York.

CATALOGER MAGAFILES I BM I Nerd capable person in an expanding Tech- nical Reports Center to enlarge cataloging procedures and perform cataloging of a high volume of engineering and scientific literature in a wide range of subjects. Desire individual who can participate in present and proposed applications of advanced com- puter techniques in information processing related to cataloging. Qualifications: Prefer experienced librarian with knowledge of engineering sciences. At IBM you will enjoy physical surround- ings second to none . . . job stability . . . Re most practical ad economical files liberal company benefits . . . paid reloca- tion expenses. This is a ground floor growth for unbound magazines and pamphlets. opportunity to ally your future with a leader in its field. Free sample MAGAFILE-with com- All eligible applicants will be considered plete descriptionand price lid-will be for employment without regard to race, creed, color or national origin. sent upon request. It must sell itself Please write outlining qualifications and ex- -no salesman follow-up. See, try and perience to: prove to your ownsatisfaction with no MR. F. 1. GUTH Department 403 >bligation. A card today will bring a Space Guidance Center lample MAGAFILE by return mail. IBM Corporation Owego, New York YE MAGAFILE CO. 0. BOX 3121 ST. LOUIS 30, MO.

NOVEMBER 1961 1 Studies in MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY

A series sponsored by the American Geographical Society of New York

Volume 2 Studies in Disease Ecology

620 pages 42 tables 14 illustrations $1 8.50 Volume 3 The Ecology of Malnutrition in the Far and Near East

704 pages 220 tables 30 illustrations $1 3.50

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TComplete composition, press and pamphlet binding facilities, coupled with the knowledge and skill gained through fifty years of experience. can be put to your use-profitably

THE VERMONT PRINTING COMPANY

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PRINTERS OF THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATIOX

SPECIAL LlBRARIES MICROCARD EDITIONS, INC., beginning 1 January 1960, will give a Mark VII MicrocardR Reader (retail price: $450.00) to any library purchasing $10,000.00 worth of Microcard'" publications within a given year.

These Readers will be given under the following conditions: 1. $10,000.00 worth of publications must be purchased within a calendar year. 2. These must be publications of Micro- card Editions, Inc. 3. They must be purchased directly from Microcard Editions, Inc. 4. This offer may be cancelled by Micro- card Editions, Inc. at the end of any calendar year.

The following libraries have already received Mark VII Microcard "eaders on the above basis: University of South Caro- lina and Western Michigan University.

PU8LISHERS OF ORIGINAL AND REPRINT MATERIALS ON MICROCARDS I POI TWENTY-SIXTH STREET. NW. WASHINGTON 7. D C FEDERAL 3.4393 DOKLADY, BIOCHEMISTRY SECTION

from AIBS. . .

English translations of the BIO<:HEMIS- TRY SECTION of DOKLADY. [he Pro- ceedings of the Academy of Sciences of The USSR. and the most iniportant source of published information on Russian scientific research activities. 'These English translations of the Biochemistry Section of DOKLADI'- made possible by ;I grant from the National Science Foundation- provide an invaluable review of Russian research activity in this field. They are edited by Dr. Jacob A. Stekol, Head, Department of Physiological (:hemistry and Nutrition. Insti- tute for (:ancer Research. Some recent articles: "<:hanges in the Propor- tion of Esterihed to Free <:hlorophyll During the Process of Its Formation."; "Study of Degradation of Starch During Exposure to lonizingy-Radiation in Relation to the Dosage Administered."; "Effect of Aeration on Reduc- tion of Methemoglobin by Ascorbic Acid." The volumes of English translation hear the Soviet volume number and appear in the same number of volumes per year ac the original So\-iet iournals.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES ZOO0 P ST N W . WASHINGTON 6 0 C PHONE HOBART 2 6555