Why Mammal Study Collections and Vouchers Are Needed in Italy

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MUSEOLOGIA SCIENTIFICA nuova serie • 10: 177-183 • 2016 ISSN 1123-265X Buone pratiche

Why mammal study collections and vouchers are needed in Italy

Spartaco Gippoliti Società Italiana per la Storia della Fauna “G. Altobello”, Viale Liegi, 48. I-00198 Roma. E-mail: [email protected]

Gaetano Aloise Museo di Storia Naturale della Calabria ed Orto Botanico, Università della Calabria, Via Savinio, Edificio Polifunzionale. I-87036 Rende (CS). E-mail: [email protected]

“… Da tutto questo risulta che la questione ha orizzonti molto più ampi che la discus - sione sull’opportunità o meno di introdurre nuovi nomi, il cui valore è puramente rela - tivo e privo in parte di significato in sé, e che dall’accurata suddivisione tassonomica si risale alla sintesi di fenomeni grandiosi e di interesse generale” Gianbattista Dal Piaz, Studio sulle arvicole trentine, Studi Trentini 1924: 2

ABSTRACT In the last century, taxonomy has been neglected within the scientific community leading to an irreversible decline of natural history collections in Italy as well in other countries. In this paper, some examples are presented concerning the effects of poor collecting activities over the study of alpha taxonomy and geographic distribution of Italian mammals. The situation is even worse in Southern Italy and we discuss some taxa mainly restricted to Calabria, a region now recognized as a refuge for several endemic vertebrates. Here thanks to two collections (one public and one private) the hypodigma of several mammal taxa is increasing allowing a finer taxonomic work. This can have positive consequences for future ecological monitoring and conservation activities aimed at preserving the unique evolutionary lineages found in Calabria.

Key words: taxonomy, specimens-based research, Calabria, biodiversity.

RIASSUNTO Perché abbiamo bisogno di collezioni di studio di mammiferi e voucher?

Negli ultimi cento anni gli studi tassonomici sono stati spesso denigrati in seno agli studi biologici e ciò è all’o - rigine del declino scientifico dei musei naturalistici in Italia, ma non solo. Nel presente lavoro vengono presen - tati alcune delle difficoltà che l’abbandono della gestione scientifica delle collezioni comportano per la compren - sione della diversità tassonomica dei mammiferi italiani e della loro distribuzione territoriale. Il caso particolare della mammalofauna calabra permette di evidenziare quanto siano ancora ampie le nostre carenze conoscitive anche a causa della povertà dei reperti disponibili per lo studio. Le conseguenze per il monitoraggio e la con - servazione sono discusse.

Parole chiave: tassonomia, ricerca basata sugli specimen, Calabria, biodiversità.

We wish to dedicate the paper to Prof. Mauro Cristaldi (1947-2016), naturalist and teacher, who, although dedicated most of his late researches to biomonitoring and human health, always supported the existence of museum facilities for basic research, taxonomy and education.

INTRODUCTION our goal is, as mammalogists and conservation It is not our scope here to review the historical and practitioners, to show that the abandonment of scientific reasons that led to dismissal of the scientific collecting in Italy had (and still has) severe scientific value of mammal study collections consequences for the knowledge of alpha taxonomy particularly in Western Europe (Kryštufek & and, consequently, for the monitoring, management Dunnum, 2012; Gippoliti & Groves, 2012). Instead, and conservation of mammal diversity (Gippoliti &

WHY MAMMAL STUDY COLLECTIONS AND VOUCHERS ARE NEEDED IN ITALY 177 PAG 177-183_Gippoliti, Aloise_UNITO 02/12/16 12.33 Pagina 178

Museum Collection NMNH AMNH MNHN ISPRA MSNF

Total (skins/skulls) 5 (4/5) 2 (0/2) 3 (2/1) 2 (2/1) 6 (6/5)

Tab.1. Vouchers of Lepus corsicanus available to Palacios (1996). NMNH – National Museum of Natural History (London); AMNH – American Museum of Natural History (New York); MNHN – Muséum National de Histoire Naturelle (Paris); ISPRA – Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale, (Ozzano Emilia, Bologna); MSNF - Museo di Storia Naturale dell’Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sezione di Zoologia “La Specola” (Firenze).

Amori, 2002). While this trend is known all over to previous efforts by Lorenzo Camerano and Western Europe (Gippoliti & Groves, 2012) in Italy Marcel Couturier (Camerano, 1914; Couturier, such a situation has a particularly negative 1938). Generally, we should expect that current consequences owing to 1) lack of a national centre population samples available to modern research repository under the form of a National Museum of would be more numerous than those available would Natural History; 2) the highly fragmented status of at the beginning of 20 th Century. This however is historical collections and 3) the periodical not always true. In the case of the Calabrian black abandonment and general scarce resources allocated squirrel ( Sciurus meridionalis Lucifero, 1907), Amori et to maintenance and care of the several medium or al. (2014) confirmed its distinctiveness from other small-sized collections spread over the country Italian squirrels re-analyzing the data of Cavazza (Andreone et al., 2014). Although a first census of (1913) who had at his disposal a mere five specimens Italian mammalogical collections has been realised from Calabria. Cavazza was a pioneer in the (De Marinis et al., 2007), this aspect is not high utilization of statistical methods in biology and among the priorities of the national scientific adopted a species concept similar to modern community. It should also be noted that recently it evolutionary biologists (the Biological Species has been proposed to establish a national reference Concept), yet he apparently lacked a training in mammal collection in the Museo di Storia Naturale classical taxonomy. Actually, measurements of dell’Università di Firenze (Gippoliti et al., 2014). Cavazza’s specimens cannot be easily reassessed, as While most enlighten vertebratologists recognize he did not indicated the place of deposition of the value of specimens and local collections to studied specimen. document objectively distributional ranges (faunistic More important, no sizeable samples of Calabrian data), it is often overlooked the need to revise black squirrels have been added to Italian public materials from a broad geographic range for collections during the last Century additional to the taxonomic research and to establish range limits of small Cavazza’s sample. The Calabrian black squirrel taxa. This is especially important in regions already exemplify the fact that most Natural History recognized as refuge or centers of endemism. Museums in Italy are found in the northern regions, and very rarely they had nationally-broad research SOME EXAMPLES and collecting programs (but see the Natural History Museum in Verona for a recent exception Several examples may illustrate some of the under the leadership of the late Sandro Ruffo). As a problems encountered due to poor collecting. While result, the Central-Southern regions have relatively criticizing some taxonomic decisions taken on the smaller samples. Modern evolutionary research study of Bovidae skull morphology, Zachos et al. needs to have a broader knowledge of processes (2013) stressed the importance of sample size for the involved with the present pattern and this should validation of statistical analyses (a point already only been obtained through complete geographic raised by the Italian zoologist Filippo Cavazza in sampling. Furthermore, conservation measures can several of his papers at the beginning of 20 th be postponed by the impossibility to describe new Century). Effectively, the American school of taxa that has been genetically detected but are not mammalogy has a long tradition of studying available in modern museum’s collections. It is the geographic variability and making taxonomic case of the recently discovered Italian Peninsular revisions on the bases of abundant materials, yet the cryptic taxa allied to Myotis nattereri (Salicini et al., most famous mammal taxonomists do not refrain to 2012). describe new taxa from single specimens (i.e. Thomas, 1906; Miller, 1909) but after comparison with sizeable collections. In some cases relating to INTRASPECIFIC VARIABILITY Italian mammals, taxonomic reevaluation have been As you can see from table 1, taxonomic reevaluation based on re-analysis of published data extracted of endemic Italian taxa, such as Lepus corsicanus De from abundant historical samples, as has been done Winton, 1898, has often been realized with very in the case of Rupicapra (Lovari & Scala, 1980) thanks limited available materials. In this specific case, of

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the 18 available specimens (all except two taken practices and probably often preserved as hunting before 1935), 10 are housed in foreign museums. If trophy. So with the excellent exception of Giuseppe we exclude the six specimens from Corsica, where Altobello’s collection from Abruzzo and Molise, the species has been introduced historically, this rarely any specimens from Southern Italy of species leaves 12 specimens (11 skins and 10 skulls) from the such as wild boar, red deer, roe deer, Italian hare, entire Italian range (Palacios, 1996). It is possible wolf, otter have found the way in a major Natural that a few more specimens exist scattered in other History Museum in Italy. Research in Spain showed museums. In the Museo Civico di Zoologia in Rome that searching old specimens of a threatened species there is mounted skin of a completely white such as the Iberian lynx Lynx pardinus could be very specimen originating from the Campagna Romana rewarding (Casas-Marce et al., 2012). and taken in 1895 that certainly belongs to this species. Admittedly, this is a poor sample to assess HISTORICAL DATA intraspecific variability. Despite this, more recent In several museums, even if collections persisted, morphometric and genetic analyses evidenced a much information about specimens is lost. For geographic sub structuring in the species, with the instance, De Marinis and Lapini (1994) listed a Sicilian population that it is clearly distinct from the number of Italian museums that have mustelids continental populations (Riga et al., 2001; Mengoni vouchers without supplementary information. The et al., 2015). Although it is often impractical or importance of archival and historical research has costly to maintain vouchers of all individuals been often ignored in recent decades, but it can lead sampled, the discovery of two introgressed Lepus to a significant increase of the scientific value of europaeus with Lepus corsicanus (Mengoni et al., 2015) collections (Gippoliti & Bruner, 2007; Gippoliti & in Calabria demonstrate the importance to maintain Amori, 2011). If we consider the ermine Mustela vouchers for a later re-analysis. This issue of assuring erminea distribution in Italy as a case-study, Cavazza vouchers long-term maintenance seems more (1912) cites the fact that some old museum emphasized overseas that in Europe. Vouchers are specimens he saw were said to originate from the essential for clarifying unexpected results, which Parma Apennine, a fact he said, has not been may be due to convergence, to misinterpretation of confirmed at the beginning of XX Century. Another morphological or other data, or - perhaps most apparently overlooked record is represented by the commonly - to misidentification. As such, vouchers capture of an ermine male in winter coat in the are the basis of reproducibility, an essential part of Tuscany Apennine (S. Giovanni d’Asso), with this the scientific method (Ruedas et al., 2000; Funk et specimen then prepared in Siena by the famous al., 2005). As shown by the work of Filippo Cavazza, th naturalist Brogi (Brogi, 1898). This specimen is already at the beginning of 20 Century the certainly still maintained in an Italian museum necessity to indicate the exact origin and the among the many information-deficient vouchers placement of studied specimens was often identified by De Marinis & Lapini (1994). overlooked by modern biologists. In agreement with Regrettably, the scientific value of museum the general low appeal of classical taxonomy among collections was often so negligible to their staff that researches, Cavazza sent himself no obliged to fix in several museums original labels have been holotypes and to list the type series for some of the replaced by labels, which contained general taxa he described such as Putorious nivalis monticola information over the exhibited species Cavazza, 1908, Putorius ermineus minimus Cavazza, 1912, Martes martes notialis Cavazza, 1912. THE CASE OF THE CALABRIAN SMALL MAMMALS VALUE OF HISTORICAL SPECIMENS Before the Second World War, we are aware of only As urgent as continuing collecting of new material is three attempts to build up representative study the acquisition and preservation of old specimens collections of small mammals of the entire national anymore available today owing to the territory of Italy. These were led by Immanuel environmental changes and population extinctions Forsyth-Mayor (specimens often deposited in Pisa that occurred in the last century in Italy. This is and Florence museums), by Enrico Hyllier Giglioli especially true for large mammals. It is well known (collezione centrale dei vertebrati) at the Zoological that the original populations have often been Museum of Florence University, and by Lorenzo extirpated from the whole or part of Peninsular Italy Camerano (Collezione dei vertebrati italiani) at the and Sicily before being studied or even only sampled Zoological Museum of Turin University. Obviously, with traditional museum methods. To our specimens from the lesser-known regions of the knowledge, there has not been systematic attempts country (southern Italy and islands) were actively to recover or at least census old specimens of species searched but the number of obtained specimens of that formerly were subject to heavy hunting small mammals was very low, and this was especially

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true for the Calabria Region. In his classic work on Both genetic and morphological studies are needed little-known Italian vertebrates, Forsyth Major to fully understand the status of the cryptic (1877) recorded from Calabria a single mole he Calabrian Neomys cf. fodiens taxon. identified as Talpa caeca and some Microtus savii all Still less clear is the taxonomic status of members of from a single locality (Arena di Calabria). Apart the the genus Myodes in Calabria. Two taxa has been important but less than satisfactory work of Lucifero described from the Region; hallucalis Thomas, 1906 (1905-1909), it is not surprising that major from the Aspromonte massif in the southern tip and contributions to the knowledge of Calabrian small curcio von Lehmann, 1961 from the Sila Massif. A mammals and adjoining regions originated from a first molecular study showed a considerable genetic few specimens deposited in foreign museums. Some distance between Calabria samples (including the of the most talented mammalogists of the time Pollino massif) and the rest of Italy (Colangelo et al., studied a few critical specimens (Barrett-Hamilton, 2012), and hallucalis was raised at species level by 1899; Thomas, 1906; Miller, 1909) comparing them Gippoliti (2013). A through revision of hallucalis is with the extensive collections stored at the then in dire need to highlight further differentiation and British Museum (Natural History). After the Second contribute to undercover the palaeobiogeography of World War, the first modern collections with the region. adequate sampling of local populations was done by Ernest Von Lehmann for the Bonn Zoological CONCLUSIONS Museum (Lehmann 1961, 1964, 1973, 1977). One Modern phylogeographic studies mainly based on consequence is that typical series of newly-described mtDNA studies have revealed a complex genetic taxa are mostly found in the Bonn Zoological structure found in Calabria vertebrate populations, Museum (Hutterer & Peters, 2010), while materials that are very often clearly distinct from the rest of stored in Italy are scarce and, often, unstudied. In peninsular Italy (for mammals see Castiglia et al., the last decades the Department of Ecology of the 2007; Grill et al., 2009; Canestrelli et al., 2010; University of Calabria and one of the present author Colangelo et al., 2012; Mouton et al., 2016) . This is (GA) established two scientific collections of certainly due to the complex Quaternary Calabrian mammals (see Aloise et al., 1990; De paleogeographic history of Calabria, an archipelago Marinis et al., 2007). In table 2, we summarized the for much of its history (Bonfiglio et al., 2002). It achievements of both the Gaetano Aloise Calabrian should be stressed that the use of a single measure, Mammal Collection and University of Calabria. For such as a genetic divergence of cytochrome b, as a almost all Calabrian mammal taxa, the increase of taxonomic tool has been criticized (Ferguson, 2002). available vouchers is relevant. For Sciurus meridionalis There have been calls for an integrative approach to hypodigm has more than doubled. These collections taxonomy (Dayrat, 2005; see also Wauters et al., in are critical for any study aimed to verify the validity press). Collections are often undervalued in of the many described taxa and their exact European mammalogy but morphological studies distribution and phyletic relationship. and classic taxonomy can add valuable data to Here are some examples; genetic research and serve as a guide for an effective Erinaceus europaeus consolei Barret-Hamilton, 1900 is genetic sampling strategy that emphasize visible generally considered an endemic Sicilian form, but differentiation often recognized by subspecific Wettstein (1941), cited it for Calabria too. Genetic identification (Cotterill, 2016). According this data confirm the distinctiveness of the Sicilian form author’s tentelism thesis, (combining the Latin roots while Erinaceus from central Calabria cluster with Tena - to hold, with Tela - a web) specimens inform Italian hedgerows (Santucci et al., 1998). There is no biodiversity sciences; specimen preservation available data from the southern tip of Calabria maintains the fecundity, fidelity and veracity of both (Aspromonte Massif) and, further, no morphological existing and future knowledge. Natural science study has tested validity of consolei with a richer collections in museums preserve tentelic specimens material (e.g Toschi, 1959). as the focal sources of scientific verification and Neomys fodiens , recently reported for the first time innovation. Considering the huge gap in our from the Calabria region (Sila Massif), based on a knowledge of biota in Italy and the pressing threats single specimen, this represents the southernmost to its biodiversity, it is time that taxonomic occurrence throughout the range of the species infrastructures are considered essential for (Aloise et al., 2005). Genetically, the Calabria understanding of Italian mammals real taxonomic sample is allied to the Pyrenean population and diversity and for conservation planning. distinct from all other European populations. The Spanish and southern Italian haplotypes share four substitutions with respect to the central Italian ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS haplotype; the Calabrian haplotype has accumulated We wish to thank Randy Berry, Fenton Cotterill, five additional substitutions (Castiglia et al., 2007). Boris Kryštufek and Vincenzo Vomero for useful

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