BORIS KRYŠTUFEK AND VLADIMÍR VOHRALÍK MAMMALS OF TURKEY AND CYPRUS RODENTIA I: SCIURIDAE, DIPODIDAE, GLIRIDAE, ARVICOLINAE BORIS KRYŠTUFEK VLADIMÍR VOHRALÍK MAMMALS OF TURKEY AND CYPRUS RODENTIA I: SCIURIDAE, DIPODIDAE, GLIRIDAE, ARVICOLINAE ZALOŽBA ANNALES Univerza na Primorskem, Znanstveno-raziskovalno središče Koper Zgodovinsko društvo za južno Primorsko KOPER 2005 BORIS KRYŠTUFEK & VLADIMÍR VOHRALÍK: MAMMALS OF TURKEY AND CYPRUS. RODENTIA I: SCIURIDAE, DIPODIDAE, GLIRIDAE, ARVICOLINAE KNJIŽNICA ANNALES MAJORA Odgovorni urednik: Darko Darovec Urednica: Nataša Režek Donev Lektor: Radoslav Obrtel Recenzenti: prof. dr. Kazimir Tarman, doc. dr. Franc Janžekovič, prof. dr. Jan Zima Prevajalec: Boris Kryštufek Oblikovanje: Dušan Podgornik Prelom: Uroš Čuden, Medit d.o.o. Fotografije: Petr Benda, Ebru Buruldaĝ, Jaroslav Červený, Boris Kryštufek, Alenka Kryštufek, Cengiz Kurtonur, Ciril Mlinar, Petr Musil, Zuzana Musilová, Beytullah Özkan, Vladimír Vohralík, Davorin Tome. Risbe: Jan Hošek, Boris Kryštufek, Simona Prokešová. Izdajatelja: Univerza na Primorskem, Znanstveno-raziskovalno središče Koper, Založba Annales, Zgodovinsko društvo za južno Primorsko Za izdajatelja: Darko Darovec, Salvator Žitko Tisk: Tiskarna Ljubljana d.d. Naklada: 600 izvodov Dosegljivo/Available from: University of Primorska, Science and Research Centre Koper, Garibaldijeva 1, 6000 Koper, Slovenia, Email: [email protected] Finančna podpora: Agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije, Charles University, Prague CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 599.32(560) 599.32(564.3) KRYŠTUFEK, Boris Mammals of Turkey and Cyprus. Rodentia I : Sciuridae, Dipodidae, Gliridae, Arvicolinae / Boris Kryštufek & Vladímir Vohralík ; prevod Boris Kryštufek ; fotografije Petr Benda ... et al.]. - Koper : Zgodovinsko društvo za južno Primorsko : Univerza na Primorskem, Znanstveno-raziskovalno središče, Založba Annales, 2005. - (Knjižnica Annales Majora) ISBN 961-6033-60-3 (Zgodovinsko društvo za južno Primorsko) 1. Vohralík, Vladimír 222536192 Contents FOREWORD BY P. A. MORRIS 7 PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9 INTRODUCTION 11 MATERIAL AND METHODS 13 ORDER: RODENTIA 19 SUBORDER: SCIUROGNATHI 20 FAMILY: SCIURIDAE HEMPRICH, 1820 20 SUBFAMILY: SCIURINAE HEMPRICH, 1820 21 GENUS: SCIURUS LINNAEUS, 1758 21 EURASIAN RED SQUIRREL – SCIURUS VULGARIS 22 CAUCASIAN SQUIRREL – SCIURUS ANOMALUS 27 GENUS: SPERMOPHILUS BLASIUS, 1884 35 EUROPEAN GROUND SQUIRREL, EUROPEAN SOUSLIK – SPERMOPHILUS CITELLUS 38 ANATOLIAN GROUND SQUIRREL – SPERMOPHILUS XANTHOPRYMNUS 44 FAMILY: DIPODIDAE FISCHER, 1817 52 SUBFAMILY: ALLACTAGINAE VINOGRADOV, 1925 53 GENUS: ALLACTAGA CUVIER, 1837 53 WILLIAMS’ JERBOA – ALLACTAGA WILLIAMSI 56 EUPHRATES JERBOA – ALLACTAGA EUPHRATICA 64 SMALL FIVE-TOED JERBOA – ALLACTAGA ELATER 68 SUBFAMILY: SICISTINAE ALLEN, 1901 72 GENUS: SICISTA GRAY, 1827 72 CAUCASIAN BIRCH MOUSE – SICISTA CAUCASICA 73 FAMILY: GLIRIDAE THOMAS, 1897 78 SUBFAMILY: GLIRINAE THOMAS, 1897 79 GENUS: GLIS BRISSON, 1762 80 EDIBLE DORMOUSE – GLIS GLIS 80 GENUS: MUSCARDINUS KAUP, 1829 87 HAZEL DORMOUSE – MUSCARDINUS AVELLANARIUS 87 SUBFAMILY: LEITHIINAE LYDEKKER, 1896 92 GENUS: DRYOMYS THOMAS, 1906 93 FOREST DORMOUSE – DRYOMYS NITEDULA 93 WOOLLY DORMOUSE – DRYOMYS LANIGER 103 GENUS: ELIOMYS WAGNER, 1840 106 ASIAN GARDEN DORMOUSE – ELIOMYS MELANURUS 107 GENUS: MYOMIMUS OGNEV, 1924 112 ROACH’S MOUSE-TAILED DORMOUSE – MYOMIMUS ROACHI 113 SETZER’S MOUSE-TAILED DORMOUSE – MYOMIMUS SETZERI 119 FAMILY: MURIDAE ILLIGER, 1815 122 SUBFAMILY: ARVICOLINAE GRAY, 1821 123 GENUS: ELLOBIUS FISCHER, 1814 125 SOUTHERN MOLE-VOLE – ELLOBIUS LUTESCENS 125 GENUS: PROMETHEOMYS SATUNIN, 1901 131 LONG-CLAWED MOLE-VOLE – PROMETHEOMYS SCHAPOSCHNIKOWI 132 GENUS: CLETHRIONOMYS TILESIUS, 1850 136 BANK VOLE – CLETHRIONOMYS GLAREOLUS 136 GENUS: ARVICOLA LACÉPÈDE, 1799 142 WATER VOLE – ARVICOLA TERRESTRIS 142 GENUS: MICROTUS SCHRANK, 1798 149 PINE VOLES 150 EUROPEAN PINE VOLE – MICROTUS SUBTERRANEUS 154 MAJOR’S PINE VOLE – MICROTUS MAJORI 162 DAGHESTAN PINE VOLE – MICROTUS DAGHESTANICUS 167 THE ARVALIS GROUP 171 ALTAI VOLE – MICROTUS OBSCURUS 174 SOUTHERN VOLE – MICROTUS ROSSIAEMERIDIONALIS 179 SOCIAL VOLES 184 GÜNTHER’S VOLE – MICROTUS GUENTHERI 189 SOCIAL VOLE – MICROTUS SOCIALIS 199 DOĞRAMACI’S VOLE – MICROTUS DOGRAMACI 203 ANATOLIAN VOLE – MICROTUS ANATOLICUS 206 GENUS: CHIONOMYS MILLER, 1908 209 EUROPEAN SNOW VOLE – CHIONOMYS NIVALIS 211 CAUCASIAN SNOW VOLE – CHIONOMYS GUD 222 ROBERT’S SNOW VOLE – CHIONOMYS ROBERTI 227 APPENDIX 233 ERRATA TO KRYŠTUFEK & VOHRALÍK (2001) 233 NOMENCLATURE 233 TAXONOMY AND DISTRIBUTION 233 REFERENCES 239 SESALCI TURČIJE IN CIPRA RODENTIA I: SCIURIDAE, DIPODIDAE, GLIRIDAE, ARVICOLINAE 261 COLOUR PLATES 265 CAPTIONS TO COLOUR PLATES 281 INDEX 285 BIBLIOTHECA ANNALES MAJORA Foreword by Pat A. Morris My first involvement with Turkish mammals was in the 1960s. I was part of a student expedition, intent on exploring caves in Anatolia. Whilst my colleagues wriggled through small underground spaces, I set about collecting bats and sub-fossil material from the cave floors. The specimens were later identified by G. B. Corbet at the British Museum (Natural History), and I was amazed that he was able to do so at all. There seemed to be no field guides, no useful books and little else to assist. Yet he managed to put names to my skins, skulls and bones. The leopard skull, from a cave near Elmalı, was obvious enough. So were the porcupine quills, but the bats and rodents all looked the same to me. Latter it transpired that some of the rodent fragments were from a dormouse, Myomimus, the first records for Turkey. I was pleased to have found something of note, but also surprised that a mere student expedition, not focused on zoology anyhow, should manage to achieve a “First” for a country as large and important as Turkey. Since than, much has changed. Available information has vastly increased and reference specimens are now much more numerous. The material now exists to create an authoritative review of the taxonomy and distribu- tion of Turkish mammals, but what a task! About one third of all known mammal species is a rodent. For Turkey and Cyprus, the figure is over 40%. Moreover, many of them look very similar, so their identification is difficult, and published species lists may not always be fully reliable. Variation among rodent species, especially when they occur on islands, confuses the picture even more. Many taxonomic revisions, surveys and field studies have now been published, but in a bewildering variety of languages. Sorting out a definitive review is a daunting task indeed, especially as the resources are scattered among museums and libraries in many countries. Few would be brave enough to undertake such a task. The authors of this volume are therefore to be con- gratulated not only on their scholarship, but also for their bravery and determination to complete this huge and complex challenge. This review will be of service to biologists for decades to come and also serve as an inspiration for others to follow. Dr. P. A. Morris Senior Lecturer in Zoology 7 BIBLIOTHECA ANNALES MAJORA Preface and Acknowledgements Four years passed since we published the 1st volume all those who accompanied us during our field work of, hopefully, the first in a series which was to gather or provided specimens collected on their independ- up the present knowledge of the mammals of Turkey ent trips to the study area (in alphabetical order): Dr. and Cyprus (Kryštufek & Vohralík, 2001). After Michal Andreas (Prague), Dr. Petr Benda (Prague), reviewing insectivores, a group of primitive euthe- MSc. Ebru Buruldağ (Edirne), Dr. Jovana Čiháková rians which is nowadays no longer considered to be a (Prague), Dr. Daniel Frynta (Prague), Prof. Dr. Ivan natural group, we focused on rodents. Rodents are by Horáček (Prague), Dr. Bogdan Horvat (Ljubljana), Mr. far the largest mammalian group in general and in the František Hubínek (Hřebeč), MSc. Eduard Kletečki region under study in particular. Of the 141 species of (Zagreb), Mrs. Alenka Kryštufek (Ljubljana), Asst. mammals listed for Turkey and Cyprus (Kryštufek Prof. Dr. Miloš Macholán (Brno), Dr. Beytullah Öz- & Vohralík, 2001), sixty are rodents (= 43%). Yet kan (Edirne), Dr. Antonín Reiter (Znojmo), Dr. Petr it is not only the number of species alone, which Voříšek (Prague), and Prof. Dr. Jan Zima (Brno). makes rodents a demanding group for study. More This study would not have been possible without literature accumulated on rodents than on any other the efforts of numerous other collectors who provid- mammal group from the study area. Consequently, ed voucher specimens to various museums around there are possibly more published papers on rodents the World, as well as curators who preserved them than on all the remaining mammals of Turkey and and made them available to us (in alphabetic order Cyprus combined. Much of valuable information was of collections; see Material and Methods section for published in the past in Turkish journals with very the acronyms of the collections): Dr. Paula Jenkins limited distribution or in occasional publications. It (Mammal Collection, BMNH), Dr. Andrew P. Cur- was thus hard to trace references and even more dif- rant (Department of Palaeontology, BMNH), Dr. ficult to obtain papers. Although rodents are mainly William Stanley (FMNH), Prof. Dr. Hans M. Steiner well represented in museum collections, many spe- (HSC), Ing. Ján Obuch (JOC), Dr. Marina I. Baskevič cies have very limited ranges or are extremely rare in