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Ther5 1 017 024 Golenishchev.Pm6 Russian J. Theriol. 5 (1): 1724 © RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF THERIOLOGY, 2006 The developmental conduit of the tribe Microtini (Rodentia, Arvicolinae): Systematic and evolutionary aspects Fedor N. Golenishchev & Vladimir G. Malikov ABSTRACT. According to the recent data on molecular genetics and comparative genomics of the grey voles of the tribe Microtini it is supposed, that their Nearctic and Palearctic groups had independently originated from different lineages of the extinct genus Mimomys. Nevertheless, that tribe is considered as a natural taxon. The American narrow-skulled voles are referred to a new taxon, Vocalomys subgen. nov. KEY WORDS: homology, homoplasy, phylogeny, vole, Microtini, evolution, taxonomy. Fedor N. Golenishchev [[email protected]] and Vladimir G. Malikov [[email protected]], Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, Saint-Petersburg 199034, Russia. «Êàíàë ðàçâèòèÿ» ïîëåâîê òðèáû Microtini (Rodentia, Arvicolinae): ñèñòåìàòèêî-ýâîëþöèîííûé àñïåêò. Ô.Í. Ãîëåíèùåâ, Â.Ã. Ìàëèêîâ ÐÅÇÞÌÅ.  ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ïîñëåäíèìè äàííûìè ìîëåêóëÿðíîé ãåíåòèêè è ñðàâíèòåëüíîé ãåíîìè- êè ñåðûõ ïîëåâîê òðèáû Microtini äåëàåòñÿ âûâîä î íåçàâèñèìîì ïðîèñõîæäåíèè íåàðêòè÷åñêèõ è ïàëåàðêòè÷åñêèõ ãðóïï îò ðàçíûõ ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé âûìåðøåãî ðîäà Mimomys. Íåñìîòðÿ íà ýòî, äàííàÿ òðèáà ñ÷èòàåòñÿ åñòåñòâåííûì òàêñîíîì. Àìåðèêàíñêèå óçêî÷åðåïíûå ïîëåâêè âûäåëÿþòñÿ â ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûé ïîäðîä Vocalomys subgen. nov. ÊËÞ×ÅÂÛÅ ÑËÎÂÀ: ãîìîëîãèÿ, ãîìîïëàçèÿ, ôèëîãåíèÿ, ïîëåâêè, Microtini, ýâîëþöèÿ, òàêñîíîìèÿ. Introduction The history of the group in the light of The Holarctic subfamily Arvicolinae Gray, 1821 is the molecular data known to comprise a number of transberingian vicari- ants together with a few Holarctic forms. Originally, The grey voles are usually altogether regarded as a the extent of their phylogenetic relationships was judged first-hand descendant of the Early Pleistocene genus on their morphological similarity. Further, the data on Allophaiomys Kormos, 1930, in which molars, like in comparative cytogenetics and postzygotic reproductive common voles, had already become rootless. Their isolation made the taxonomists challenge the systemat- primitive dental pattern resembling that of such Central ic position of some microtine forms that had been Asiatic living groups of the genus Microtus as subgen- impossible only on the base of traditional morphology. era Phaiomys Blyth, 1863, Blanfordimys Argyropulo, However, it has not been possible to revise consider- 1933, and Neodon Hodgson, 1849 (Gromov & Polyak- ably either macroevolutionary scenario of formation of ov, 1977; Golenishchev & Sablina, 1991; Nadachows- voles recent diversity or ideas about systematic rela- ki & Zagorodnyuk, 1996). Martin & Tesakov (1998), tionships between the transberingian vicariants without considering that state of dental morphology as a sym- summarized results of different molecular-genetic anal- plesiomorphy, suggested to include Allophaiomys in yses. The common or the grey voles of the genus Mi- Microtus. Allophaiomys, in its turn, is believed to have crotus Schrank, 1798 (sensu lato) were usually includ- originated from the Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene ed together with Arvicola L., 1758 (and sometimes with genus Mimomys Major, 1902, in which molars pos- Ondatra Link, 1795) in the broadly defined tribe Arvi- sessed roots, crown cement in inward angles, and nega- colini (Pavlinov et al., 1995; Pavlinov, 2003). Howev- tively differentiated enamel. As far as the latter trait is er, molecular data indicate that Arvicola and Microtus concerned, among the recent species they are only are not sister taxa (Conroy & Cook, 2000). So apart Microtus (Orthriomys) umbrosus Merriam, 1898 and from Arvicola and Ondatra the species of the genus M. (Herpethomys) guatemalensis Merriam, 1898 which Microtus were lumped together in a tribe Microtini have such kind of dental morphology (Martin, 1998). Miller, 1886 (Shenbrot & Krasnov, 2005) that includes Though the diversity of living and extinct Arvicoli- a number of Palearctic forms and their Nearctic eco- nae shows that quite often different lineages achieve morphological vicariants with rootless ever-growing some similar characters independently of each other molars and crown cement. (Gromov, 1972; Angerman, 1973; Gromov & Polyak- 18 F.N. Golenishchev & V.G. Malikov ov, 1977), the overall common voles state of morphol- Pedomys from Pitymys and Orthriomys from Phai- ogy is still supposed to have been inherited directly omys, having doubts about the natural unity of voles from their hypothetical common ancestor. Most of the with the pitymyan rhombus. Indeed, neither living nor taxonomists consider the common voles as Holarctic fossil representatives of any Palearctic taxa with the genus Microtus (Hinton, 1926; Ellerman, 1941; Eller- pitymyan rhombus have ever been known from Asiatic man & Morrison-Scott, 1951; Gromov & Polyakov, part of Beringia or adjacent regions of North-East Sibe- 1977; Corbet, 1978; Musser & Carleton, 2005) that is ria. Nevertheless, Repenning (2001) supposed that some of a Palearctic origin. According to those authors it is ancient representatives of the subgenus Terricola could comprised of about 63 species (including 19 Nearctic have immigrated to North America via Beringia about ones), of 17 subgenera (among which six are New 800 000 years ago. Worlds endemics, and three are Holarctic ones). In It has been considered that all the American micro- spite of the clear evidence that the striking environmen- tines originated from some Asiatic forms of the genus tal resemblance between those continents had to cause Microtus, which immigrated to North America via Ber- a strong tendency towards parallel formation, there are ingia as three subsequent waves. That supposition some Palearctic microtines, each of them was quite seemed to be quite reasoned because of a large amount often referred to the same subgenus or even to the same of data on repeated Pleistocene glaciations that caused species with its Nearctic morphoecological analogue. sinking of the sea-level and emerging of the Bering Those vicariants (Tab. 1) together with some former Bridge. According to that point of view the first wave ideas about their systematic relationships were listed reached Laurentia after Blancan V Glaciation about 2.1 previously (Golenishchev & Malikov, 2004). Mya (Hoffman & Koeppl, 1985; Repenning, 2001). In As regards extinct forms, according to the cladistic particular Repenning et al. (1990), and initially Martin analysis Nearctic Microtus pliocaenicus Kormos, 1933 (1998) supposed that it was Early Pleistocene Allophai- and M. meadensis Hibbard, 1944 were placed in the omys deucalion Kretzoi, 1969 (sensu lato), which had a subgenera Phaiomys and Terricola subsequently (Mar- very widespread geographic range throughout Europe tin, 1995), as well as Pedomys Baird, 1858 was synon- and into Siberia, and, thus, could have dispersed to imized under Pitymys s. lato (Martin, 1987), and all North America where it might have given an origin to advanced voles with T45 confluent were lumped in M. californicus Peale, 1848, M. umbrosus and M. gua- the tribe Pitymyini (Repenning, 1983; Repenning et al., temalensis which are the most archaic extant Nearctic 1990). Then Martin (1995), according to the results of common voles. The immigrants of the second wave cladistic evaluation of dental morphology, separated were thought to have crossed the Bridge in the Middle Table 1. The Palearctic and Nearctic species of the common voles, which were believed as closely related. Palearctic species Nearctic species Semi-aquatic forms genus Arvicola Lacepede, 1799 subgenus Aulacomys Rhoads, 1894 Arvicola terrestris L., 1758 Microtus (Aulacomys) richardsoni De Kay, 1842 Inhabitants of meadows subgenus Microtus subgenus Microtus Schrank, 1798 M. (Microtus) pennsylvanicus Ord, 1815 M. (Microtus) agrestis L., 1761 M. (Microtus) chrotorrhinus Miller, 1894 Petrophilous forms subgenus Microtus genus Chionomys Miller, 1908 M. longicaudatus Merriam, 1888 The voles of forbs subgenus Chilotus Baird, 1857 subgenus Sumeriomys Argyropulo, 1933 M. (Chilotus) oregoni Bachman, 1839 Semi-subterranean forms subgenus Pitymys McMurtria, 1831 subgenus Terrico la Fatio, 1867 M. (Pitymys) pinetorum Le Conte, 1830 M. (Pitymys) quasiater Coues, 1874 Narrow-skulled voles of tundra-steppe subgenus Stenocranius subgenus Stenocranius Kastschenko, 1901 M. (St.) miurus Osgood, 1901 M. (St.) gregalis Pallas, 1778 M. (St.) abbreviatus Miller, 1899 The developmental conduit of the tribe Microtini (Rodentia, Arvicolinae) 19 Pleistocene. They were considered as ancestral to M. tocene. As concerns the notion about Allophaiomys quasiater Coues, 1874, M. oaxacensis Goodwin, 1966, deucalion as ancestral to American M. umbrosus and M. pinetorum, and M. ochrogaster. Martin & Tesakov M. guatemalensis (Martin, 1998), which are the most (1998) supposed those species to be descendants of A. archaic living voles with rootless molars, and A. plioce- pliocaenicus or its closest relatives, which evolved nicus, with the positively differentiated enamel, as an- from early descendants of A. deucalion, which had cestral to all the Palearctic and Nearctic advanced Mi- already possessed the positive enamel differentiation. crotus-like species (Martin & Tesakov, 1998; Chalin et The third, Late Pleistocene portion of Palearctic forms, al., 1999; Repenning, 2001), there are two general except M. oeconomus Pallas, 1776 (Lance & Cook, objections to it as follows: 1998) and the
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