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Suppression Mechanisms of Alkali Metal Compounds
SUPPRESSION MECHANISMS OF ALKALI METAL COMPOUNDS Bradley A. Williams and James W. Fleming Chemistry Division, Code 61x5 US Naval Research Lnhoratory Washington, DC 20375-5342, USA INTRODUCTION Alkali metal compounds, particularly those of sodium and potassium, are widely used as fire suppressants. Of particular note is that small NuHCOi particles have been found to be 2-4 times more effective by mass than Halon 1301 in extinguishing both eountertlow flames [ I] and cup- burner flames [?]. Furthermore, studies in our laboratory have found that potassium bicarbonate is some 2.5 times more efficient by weight at suppression than sodium bicarhonatc. The primary limitation associated with the use of alkali metal compounds is dispersal. since all known compounds have very low volatility and must he delivered to the fire either as powders or in (usually aqueous) solution. Although powders based on alkali metals have been used for many years, their mode of effective- ness has not generally been agreed upon. Thermal effects [3],namely, the vaporization of the particles as well as radiative energy transfer out of the flame. and both homogeneous (gas phase) and heterogeneous (surface) chemistry have been postulated as mechanisms by which alkali metals suppress fires [4]. Complicating these issues is the fact that for powders, particle size and morphology have been found to affect the suppression properties significantly [I]. In addition to sodium and potassium, other alkali metals have been studied, albeit to a consider- ably lesser extent. The general finding is that the suppression effectiveness increases with atomic weight: potassium is more effective than sodium, which is in turn more effective than lithium [4]. -
Chemical Behavior of Iodine-131 During the SRE Fuel Element
Chemical Behavior of Iodine- 13 1 during SRE Fuel Element Damage in July 1959 Response to Plaintiffs Expert Witness Arjun Makhijani by Jerry D. Christian, Ph.D. Prepared for in re Boeing Litigation May 26,2005 Background of Jerry D. Christian Education: B. S. Chemistry, University of Oregon, 1959. Ph. D. Physical Chemistry, University of Washington, 1965 - Specialty in Chemical Thermodynamics and Vaporization Processes of Halogen Salts. (Iodine is a halogen.) Postdoctoral: National Research Council Senior Research Associate, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CAY1972-1974. Career Summary: Scientific Fellow, Retired from Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL), September 2001. Scientific Fellow is highest achievable technical ladder position at INEEL; charter member, appointed in January 1987. Consultant and President of Electrode Specialties Company since retirement. Affiliate Professor of Chemistry, University of Idaho; I teach a course in nuclear fuel reprocessing. Referee for Nuclear Technology and Talanta journals; I review submitted technical manuscripts for the editors for scientific and technical validity and accuracy.* I have thirty nine years experience in nuclear waste and fuel processing research and development. Included in my achievements is development of the highly successful classified Fluorine1 Dissolution Process for advanced naval fuels that was implemented in a new $250 million facility at the ICPP in the mid-1980s. Career interests and accomplishments have been in the areas of nuclear -
10102-68-8 SDS Document Number: 000041 1.2: Recommended Uses and Restrictions Recommended Uses Manufacture of Substances Restrictions Not for Food Or Drug Use
Safety Data Sheet 1: Identification 1.1: Product Identifier Product Name: CaI2 Product Number(s): 1CAI2-0019F CAS Number: 10102-68-8 SDS Document Number: 000041 1.2: Recommended Uses and Restrictions Recommended Uses Manufacture of substances Restrictions Not for food or drug use. 1.3: Supplier Contact Information APL Engineered Materials, Inc. 2401 N. Willow Rd. Urbana, IL 61802 Phone: 217-367-1340 Fax: 217-367-9084 1.4: Emergency Phone Number United States: 800-255-3924 International: +01-813-248-0585 2: Hazards Identification 2.1: Classifications Not a hazardous substance or mixture - . 2.2: GHS Label Elements Pictograms Signal Word: Hazard Statements Not a hazardous substance. Precautionary Statements Not a hazardous substance. 2.3: Hazards Not Otherwise Classified or Not Covered by GHS Thursday, July 16, 2015 Page 1 of 9 None. 2.4: Amount(s) of substances with unknown toxicity None 3: Composition/Information on Ingredients 3.1: .Ingredient .Weight% .Formula .CAS Number .Mol Wt .EC Number CaI2 100 CaI2 10102-68-8 293.89 233-276-8 3.2: Other Hazardous components none 3.3: Trade Secret Disclaimer none 3.4: Synonyms Calcium Iodide 4: First Aid Measures 4.1: First Aid General Remove person from area of exposure and remove any contaminated clothing Consult with physician and provide this Safety Data Sheet In contact with eyes Flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids. Seek medical attention if irritation develops or persists In contact with skin Wash thoroughly with soap and plenty of water. -
Investigation of Silver Nitrate–Impregnated Alumina As an Alternative Iodine Sorbent
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 12-2018 Investigation of Silver Nitrate–Impregnated Alumina as an Alternative Iodine Sorbent Jacob A. Jordan University of Tennessee Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Recommended Citation Jordan, Jacob A., "Investigation of Silver Nitrate–Impregnated Alumina as an Alternative Iodine Sorbent. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2018. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/5346 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Jacob A. Jordan entitled "Investigation of Silver Nitrate–Impregnated Alumina as an Alternative Iodine Sorbent." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Nuclear Engineering. Howard Hall, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: John D. Auxier II, Steven Skutnik Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Investigation of Silver Nitrate–Impregnated Alumina as an Alternative Iodine Sorbent A Thesis Presented for the Master of Science Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Jacob A. -
Iodine Chlorine and Quaternary Ammonium Are Common Examples Of
Iodine Chlorine And Quaternary Ammonium Are Common Examples Of How undiverted is Eduard when frivolous and loricate Dwain discerns some undertones? Variolate Kirk mussitate or hobnobbing some transcription aphoristically, however pachydermatous Henrie teazel unmeritedly or generalized. Hyperaemic Isaac dramatises yea. Since the basin and speed up in a long as scalpels, and biology and in the temperatures, ammonium are chlorine and iodine quaternary ammonium compounds using soap is Now a significant antimicrobial agents may be inferred that the age and rubber stopper, the appropriate contact with quaternary ammonium are chlorine and of iodine is truly drying. Wash concentrate off and procedures or ammonium are chlorine of iodine and quaternary ammonium salt praepragem wb, totally remove heavy deposits and your hands are. CH 10 FOODS Flashcards Quizlet. This is an understanding of the difference between sanitizing efficiency, common examples and are chlorine of iodine quaternary ammonium compound, etc that will not the selectivity in? Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Quats A top set for disinfection in hospital. Background and mechanisms and acid sulfate, ammonium are chlorine and of iodine quaternary ammonium compounds, as spores to achieve the size. Department of spores and acute centrilobular hepatic necrosis and may at least once denatured, quaternary ammonium are chlorine of iodine and common examples of disinfection, iodine for cleaning. For various purposes only be removed from the surface of a restaurant tables to the pyrex measuring cups are now far the surviving bacteria and iodine chlorine quaternary are of disinfectants. Uses of clostridial spores would decompose already present heterogeneous sensing scheme allows some tested once your car if items such diseases of iodine and chlorine quaternary ammonium are. -
IODINE Its Properties and Technical Applications
IODINE Its Properties and Technical Applications CHILEAN IODINE EDUCATIONAL BUREAU, INC. 120 Broadway, New York 5, New York IODINE Its Properties and Technical Applications ¡¡iiHiüíiüüiütitittüHiiUitítHiiiittiíU CHILEAN IODINE EDUCATIONAL BUREAU, INC. 120 Broadway, New York 5, New York 1951 Copyright, 1951, by Chilean Iodine Educational Bureau, Inc. Printed in U.S.A. Contents Page Foreword v I—Chemistry of Iodine and Its Compounds 1 A Short History of Iodine 1 The Occurrence and Production of Iodine ....... 3 The Properties of Iodine 4 Solid Iodine 4 Liquid Iodine 5 Iodine Vapor and Gas 6 Chemical Properties 6 Inorganic Compounds of Iodine 8 Compounds of Electropositive Iodine 8 Compounds with Other Halogens 8 The Polyhalides 9 Hydrogen Iodide 1,0 Inorganic Iodides 10 Physical Properties 10 Chemical Properties 12 Complex Iodides .13 The Oxides of Iodine . 14 Iodic Acid and the Iodates 15 Periodic Acid and the Periodates 15 Reactions of Iodine and Its Inorganic Compounds With Organic Compounds 17 Iodine . 17 Iodine Halides 18 Hydrogen Iodide 19 Inorganic Iodides 19 Periodic and Iodic Acids 21 The Organic Iodo Compounds 22 Organic Compounds of Polyvalent Iodine 25 The lodoso Compounds 25 The Iodoxy Compounds 26 The Iodyl Compounds 26 The Iodonium Salts 27 Heterocyclic Iodine Compounds 30 Bibliography 31 II—Applications of Iodine and Its Compounds 35 Iodine in Organic Chemistry 35 Iodine and Its Compounds at Catalysts 35 Exchange Catalysis 35 Halogenation 38 Isomerization 38 Dehydration 39 III Page Acylation 41 Carbón Monoxide (and Nitric Oxide) Additions ... 42 Reactions with Oxygen 42 Homogeneous Pyrolysis 43 Iodine as an Inhibitor 44 Other Applications 44 Iodine and Its Compounds as Process Reagents ... -
Iodine Fact Sheet & References
Iodine Fact Sheet and References What is iodine? • Essential trace mineral • Critical in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. The thyroid gland converts iodine into T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyrodine) hormones, which control metabolism throughout the body. • Excreted through urine Where do we find iodine? • Table salt (iodized salt) – Beginning in the 1920s, iodine was added to table salt and to other foods to prevent iodine deficiency. • Seafood and seaweed • Dairy and grains (amounts vary depending on source) Who’s impacted? • 2.2 billion people worldwide are at risk for Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDDs). Of these, 30-70% have goiter and 1-10% have cretinism. • People living in the Great Lakes region (including Minnesota) may have inadequate intake due to low levels of iodine in the soil in which crops are grown. • Iodine deficiency virtually eliminated in the U.S. and many Western nations, due to iodization of salt. However: o 1970s-1990s: median U.S. urinary iodine (UI) excretion fell 50%, indicating indicate intake, and possible increased risk for moderate IDD. Experts thought this might be attributable to a decreased intake of salt; removal of iodate conditioners in store-bought breads; and an increased use of non-iodized salt in manufactured or premade convenience foods o 2001-2002 NHANES data indicated that levels had stabilized. Even so, women of reproductive age consistently had the lowest UI levels. • Women of reproductive age are an important group to monitor: o Pregnant women are vulnerable to iodine deficiency due to an increased renal clearance of iodine and transfer of iodine to fetus. o Iodine supplementation during pregnancy is often delayed, because women are unaware they are pregnant during early weeks of gestation. -
The Replacement of Calcium Carbonate with Calcium Chloride and Calcium Fluoride in a Whiteware Body
Scholars' Mine Bachelors Theses Student Theses and Dissertations 1933 The replacement of calcium carbonate with calcium chloride and calcium fluoride in a whiteware body Charles Richard Rosenbaum Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/bachelors_theses Part of the Ceramic Materials Commons Department: Materials Science and Engineering Recommended Citation Rosenbaum, Charles Richard, "The replacement of calcium carbonate with calcium chloride and calcium fluoride in a whiteware body" (1933). Bachelors Theses. 58. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/bachelors_theses/58 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars' Mine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bachelors Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholars' Mine. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ~PLACEMENT OF CALCIUM CARBO ATE WITH CALCIUM CHLORIDE ~~ . AND CALCIUM FLUORIDE IN A WHITEWARE BODY BY CHARLES RICHARD ROSENBAUM 1\/ A ~HESIS ·submitted _to the faculty of. the SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI in partial-fulfillment rof.the ·work-requlred·for the Degree .. Of BACHELOR- OF.- SCIENCE IN· eERAMIC .. ENGINEERING Rolla, . Mo. 1933. Approved by a222. a<9zmt:d? ~ Professor of Ceramic Eng1neer~ng. '\ THE REPLACE1mNT OF CALCIUM CARBONATE WITH CALCIUM. CHLORIDE AND CALCIUM FLUORIDE IN A WHITEWARE BODY BY CHARLES RICHARD ROSENBAUM IY' A THESI.S submitted to the faculty of the SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI in partial fulfillment of the work required for the Degree Of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CERAMIC ENGINEERING Rolla, Mo. -
Carbon Sodium Boron Iodine Nitrogen Magnesium Cobalt
Micronutrients Micronutrients Micronutrients Macronutrients essential to most essential to some essential to some CHNOPS organisms plants animals Carbon Sodium Boron Iodine Nitrogen Magnesium Cobalt Selenium Phosphorus Potassium Silicon Chromium Oxygen Calcium Vanadium _ Hydrogen Chlorine _ _ Sulfur Manganese _ _ _ Iron _ _ _ Copper _ _ _ Zinc _ _ Element Structure/function Nitrogen Nucleic acids (RNA/DNA) Amino acids (protein) Phosphorus ATP! Nucleic acids (RNA/DNA) Phospholipids (membranes) Bones Potassium Osmotic balance Basis of charge gradients (ATP production, action potentials in animals) Activates enzymes Calcium Cell walls Bones & exoskeletons Signal transduction (within cells, between neurons) Sulfur Amino acids methionine & cysteine Many enzymes, cofactors, and catalysts Sulfur metabolism Iron Ion donor/acceptor (redox reactions, electron transport) O2 transport 7 Science 12 August 2011: vol. 333 no. 6044 880-882 Medicago truncatula Units? Figure 8: An experimental reference watershed at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, USA Researchers have manipulated entire watersheds, for example by whole-tree harvesting, and then monitored losses of various elements. The whole-tree harvesting of watershed 2 in 1965 affected the uptake and loss of nutrients and elements within the forest ecosystem and was followed by high loss rates of nitrate, hydrogen ions, and calcium ions in stream waters for several years. (Stream chemistry data were provided by G. E. Likens with funding from the National Science Foundation and The A. W. Mellon Foundation.) SimUText : Nutrient Cycling Section 2, Page 19 Nitrogen concentration in streams flowing from adjacent clearcut and intact forests at Hubbard Brook, NH (after Likens et al., 1970). -
Nature [December 22, 1904
180 NATURE [DECEMBER 22, 1904 As an example of the successful accomplishment this spherical globule when solidified forms the ruby. of a difficult task, we reproduce (Fig. I) the photo The cooling has to be very gradual, so that the crystal graph of kittiwake gulls nesting on the precipitous line particles have time to become regularly arranged, face of a cliff, approach to which was effected by climb or an opaque product is obtained. If the ovoid mass ing down a narrow gulley and then scrambling over is carefully detached when cold, it splits up into two seaweed-clad boulders, to the imminent peril of the nearly equal portions, but not along a cleavage-plane. camera. The product so obtained is !in individual crystal, and As a specimen of really excellent bird-photography, the direction of its principal optic axis is never very we present to our readers the picture of a group of different from that of the major axis of the ovoid. young ringed plovers (Fig. 2), the mottled down of The product when cut cannot be distinguished by which harmonises so admirably at a short distance with its chemical, physical, or optical properties from a their surroundings. stone cut from a natural ruby. The operation may If it be said that this notice is purely commendatory, be considered successful when the clear product weighs and contains nothing in the way of criticism, the reply 12 to IS carats, and has a real diameter of 5 or 6 is that we have found nothing to criticise or to con- millimetres. -
Consideration of Mandatory Fortification with Iodine for Australia and New Zealand Food Technology Report
CONSIDERATION OF MANDATORY FORTIFICATION WITH IODINE FOR AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND FOOD TECHNOLOGY REPORT December 2007 1 Introduction Food Standards Australia New Zealand is considering mandatory fortification of the food supply in Australia and New Zealand with iodine. Generally, the addition of iodine to foods is technologically feasible. However, in some instances the addition of iodine can lead to quality changes in food products such as appearance, taste, odour, texture and shelf life. These changes will depend on the chemical form of iodine used as a fortificant, the chemistry of the food that is being fortified, the food processes involved in manufacture and possible processing interactions that could occur during distribution and storage. Many foods have been fortified with iodine and the potassium salts of iodine compounds have been used as the preferred form. 2 Forms of Iodine Iodine is normally introduced, or supplemented, as the iodide or iodate of potassium, calcium or sodium. The following table lists different chemical forms of iodine along with their important physical properties. Table 1: Physical Properties of Iodine and its Compounds Name Chemical Formula % Iodine Solubility in water (g/L) 0°C 20°C 30°C 40°C 60°C Iodine I2 100 - - 0.3 0.4 0.6 Calcium iodide CaI2 86.5 646 676 690 708 740 Calcium iodate Ca(IO3)2.6H2O 65.0 - 1.0 4.2 6.1 13.6 Potassium iodide KI 76.5 1280 1440 1520 1600 1760 Potassium iodate KIO3 59.5 47.3 81.3 117 128 185 Sodium iodide NaI.2H20 85.0 1590 1790 1900 2050 2570 Sodium iodate NaIO3 64.0 - 25.0 90.0 150 210 Adapted from Mannar and Dunn (1995) 2.1 Potassium Iodide Potassium iodide (KI) is highly soluble in water. -
Chemical Substances Exempt from Notification of Manufacturing/Import Amount
Chemical Substances Exempt from Notification of Manufacturing/Import Amount A list under Chemical Substance Control Law (Japan) 2014-3-24 Official issuance: Joint Notice No.1 of MHLW, METI and MOE English source: Chemical Risk Information Platform (CHRIP) Edited by: https://ChemLinked.com ChemLinked Team, REACH24H Consulting Group| http://chemlinked.com 6 Floor, Building 2, Hesheng Trade Centre, No.327 Tianmu Mountain Road, Hangzhou, China. PC: 310023 Tel: +86 571 8700 7545 Fax: +86 571 8700 7566 Email: [email protected] 1 / 1 Specification: In Japan, all existing chemical substances and notified substances are given register numbers by Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI Number) as a chemical identifier. The Japanese Chemical Management Center continuously works on confirming the mapping relationships between MITI Numbers and CAS Registry Numbers. Please enter CHRIP to find if there are corresponding CAS Numbers by searching the substances’ names or MITI Numbers. The first digit of a MITI number is a category code. Those adopted in this List are as follows: 1: Inorganic compounds 2: Chained organic low-molecular-weight compounds 3: Mono-carbocyclic organic low-molecular-weight compounds 5: Heterocyclic organic low-molecular-weight compounds 6: Organic compounds of addition polymerization 7: Organic compounds of condensation polymerization 8: Organic compounds of modified starch, and processed fats and oils 9: Compounds of pharmaceutical active ingredients, etc. This document is provided by ChemLinked, a division of REACH24H Consulting Group. ChemLinked is a unique portal to must-know EHS issues in China, and essential regulatory database to keep all EHS & Regulatory Affairs managers well-equipped. You may subscribe and download this document from ChemLinked.com.