DOCSLIB.ORG

Investigation of Silver Nitrate–Impregnated Alumina As an Alternative Iodine Sorbent

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Investigation of Silver Nitrate–Impregnated Alumina As an Alternative Iodine Sorbent University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 12-2018 Investigation of Silver Nitrate–Impregnated Alumina as an Alternative Iodine Sorbent Jacob A. Jordan University of Tennessee Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Recommended Citation Jordan, Jacob A., "Investigation of Silver Nitrate–Impregnated Alumina as an Alternative Iodine Sorbent. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2018. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/5346 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Jacob A. Jordan entitled "Investigation of Silver Nitrate–Impregnated Alumina as an Alternative Iodine Sorbent." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Nuclear Engineering. Howard Hall, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: John D. Auxier II, Steven Skutnik Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Investigation of Silver Nitrate–Impregnated Alumina as an Alternative Iodine Sorbent A Thesis Presented for the Master of Science Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Jacob A. Jordan December 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis was a collaborative effort with numerous people providing invaluable input. My thanks go out to UTK Professors Howard Hall, Steven Skutnik, and John Auxier II for graciously sitting on my committee and providing feedback throughout the process. I am indebted to Oak Ridge National Laboratory for providing facilities, research, and a job. At the lab, my co-workers Stephanie Bruffey, Joe Walker, and Barry Spencer were invaluable in providing support and knowledge as I stumbled my way around the lab. Bob Jubin deserves special mention for providing a project and extensive guidance as a true expert in the field. This work could not have been done without Rodney Hunt (ORNL) for providing testing material. I’m grateful to David Glasgow, Riley Hunley, and Justin Knowles for doing the neutron activation analysis required for this project at ORNL’s High Flux Isotope Reactor. Joseph Birdwell was immensely helpful in hiring me into the Process Engineering Group, supporting my work on this project, and being an encouraging group leader. I would also like to thank UTK Professor Jamie Coble for providing me my first research group home and vastly improving my computer skills. Lastly, and most importantly, I must thank my wife, Sarah, for being (very) patient during the publishing process. ii ABSTRACT United States regulations on nuclear reprocessing would limit the release of certain radioactive volatile species, including 3H, 14C, 85Kr, and 129I. Conservative analyses indicate that >99.9% of the iodine contained in used nuclear fuel could require capture. Solid sorbents for this application include silver mordenite (AgZ) and silver nitrate– impregnated alumina (AgA). AgA has been studied previously under simulated possible reprocessing conditions to assess its effectiveness as an iodine sorbent, and those results have been compared with well-characterized AgZ. To date, AgZ and AgA have been investigated for use in iodine capture from off- gas generated by aqueous fuel reprocessing. However, modifications to traditional reprocessing have been considered, including upfront tritium pretreatment using NO2 as the oxidant. This introduces large amounts of NO2 to the off-gas, which has been shown to severely degrade the iodine capture performance of AgZ. Literature regarding the behavior of AgA in NO2-bearing gas streams suggested that AgA could be better able to retain its iodine-capture capabilities under these high-NO2 conditions. This hypothesis was tested by exposing AgA to a high-NO2 environment for varying periods of time and then measuring the iodine capacity of the sorbent. AgA retained 85%, 65%, and 25% of its capture capacity when exposed to NO2 for 1 week, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks prior to testing, respectively. When aged for 1 week and 4 weeks, AgZ only retained 3% and 8% of its capture capacity. In non-oxidizing conditions, the capture performance of the sorbents is similar. Thus, this thesis supports the theory that AgA is more robust to the presence of NO2 than AgZ and merits further consideration if advanced tritium pretreatment is to be performed during fuel reprocessing. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 Reprocessing and Off-Gas Basics ................................................................................. 3 Dose Limits and Off-gas Mitigation Requirements ........................................................ 5 Release Limits/Dose Regulations ............................................................................... 6 Decontamination Factor Requirements ...................................................................... 6 Iodine Behavior in Reprocessing Plant and Off-Gas ..................................................... 8 Head end processes (shearing and tritium pretreatment) ......................................... 8 Dissolver Off-Gas ........................................................................................................ 8 Vessel Off-Gas ............................................................................................................ 9 Summary of Iodine Off-Gas ...................................................................................... 10 2. Literature Review ...................................................................................................... 11 Historical Approaches to Iodine Capture ..................................................................... 11 AgA as iodine sorbent................................................................................................... 14 High NO2 Impact on Iodine Sorption ............................................................................ 17 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 20 3. Motivation and Proposed Research ......................................................................... 22 4. Methodology .............................................................................................................. 23 Sample Preparation ...................................................................................................... 23 System Setup and Design ............................................................................................ 24 Experimental Procedure ............................................................................................... 26 5. Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 27 Weight Estimates .......................................................................................................... 27 Neutron Activation Analysis .......................................................................................... 28 6. Results and Discussion ............................................................................................. 29 Concentration Series .................................................................................................... 29 Humidity Series ............................................................................................................. 30 Temperature Series ...................................................................................................... 30 NO2 Aging Series .......................................................................................................... 31 Water Loading, No Iodine ............................................................................................. 32 Error Analysis ................................................................................................................ 33 7. Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 37 8. Future Work ............................................................................................................... 40 Iodine Speciation .......................................................................................................... 40 Iodine Loading Form ..................................................................................................... 41 Determination of Experimental Error ............................................................................ 42 Works Cited ...................................................................................................................... 43 Appendix ........................................................................................................................... 47 Appendix A: Tables ....................................................................................................... 48 Appendix B:
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Suppression Mechanisms of Alkali Metal Compounds
    SUPPRESSION MECHANISMS OF ALKALI METAL COMPOUNDS Bradley A. Williams and James W. Fleming Chemistry Division, Code 61x5 US Naval Research Lnhoratory Washington, DC 20375-5342, USA INTRODUCTION Alkali metal compounds, particularly those of sodium and potassium, are widely used as fire suppressants. Of particular note is that small NuHCOi particles have been found to be 2-4 times more effective by mass than Halon 1301 in extinguishing both eountertlow flames [ I] and cup- burner flames [?]. Furthermore, studies in our laboratory have found that potassium bicarbonate is some 2.5 times more efficient by weight at suppression than sodium bicarhonatc. The primary limitation associated with the use of alkali metal compounds is dispersal. since all known compounds have very low volatility and must he delivered to the fire either as powders or in (usually aqueous) solution. Although powders based on alkali metals have been used for many years, their mode of effective- ness has not generally been agreed upon. Thermal effects [3],namely, the vaporization of the particles as well as radiative energy transfer out of the flame. and both homogeneous (gas phase) and heterogeneous (surface) chemistry have been postulated as mechanisms by which alkali metals suppress fires [4]. Complicating these issues is the fact that for powders, particle size and morphology have been found to affect the suppression properties significantly [I]. In addition to sodium and potassium, other alkali metals have been studied, albeit to a consider- ably lesser extent. The general finding is that the suppression effectiveness increases with atomic weight: potassium is more effective than sodium, which is in turn more effective than lithium [4].
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Behavior of Iodine-131 During the SRE Fuel Element
    Chemical Behavior of Iodine- 13 1 during SRE Fuel Element Damage in July 1959 Response to Plaintiffs Expert Witness Arjun Makhijani by Jerry D. Christian, Ph.D. Prepared for in re Boeing Litigation May 26,2005 Background of Jerry D. Christian Education: B. S. Chemistry, University of Oregon, 1959. Ph. D. Physical Chemistry, University of Washington, 1965 - Specialty in Chemical Thermodynamics and Vaporization Processes of Halogen Salts. (Iodine is a halogen.) Postdoctoral: National Research Council Senior Research Associate, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CAY1972-1974. Career Summary: Scientific Fellow, Retired from Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL), September 2001. Scientific Fellow is highest achievable technical ladder position at INEEL; charter member, appointed in January 1987. Consultant and President of Electrode Specialties Company since retirement. Affiliate Professor of Chemistry, University of Idaho; I teach a course in nuclear fuel reprocessing. Referee for Nuclear Technology and Talanta journals; I review submitted technical manuscripts for the editors for scientific and technical validity and accuracy.* I have thirty nine years experience in nuclear waste and fuel processing research and development. Included in my achievements is development of the highly successful classified Fluorine1 Dissolution Process for advanced naval fuels that was implemented in a new $250 million facility at the ICPP in the mid-1980s. Career interests and accomplishments have been in the areas of nuclear
    [Show full text]
  • Iodine Chlorine and Quaternary Ammonium Are Common Examples Of
    Iodine Chlorine And Quaternary Ammonium Are Common Examples Of How undiverted is Eduard when frivolous and loricate Dwain discerns some undertones? Variolate Kirk mussitate or hobnobbing some transcription aphoristically, however pachydermatous Henrie teazel unmeritedly or generalized. Hyperaemic Isaac dramatises yea. Since the basin and speed up in a long as scalpels, and biology and in the temperatures, ammonium are chlorine and iodine quaternary ammonium compounds using soap is Now a significant antimicrobial agents may be inferred that the age and rubber stopper, the appropriate contact with quaternary ammonium are chlorine and of iodine is truly drying. Wash concentrate off and procedures or ammonium are chlorine of iodine and quaternary ammonium salt praepragem wb, totally remove heavy deposits and your hands are. CH 10 FOODS Flashcards Quizlet. This is an understanding of the difference between sanitizing efficiency, common examples and are chlorine of iodine quaternary ammonium compound, etc that will not the selectivity in? Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Quats A top set for disinfection in hospital. Background and mechanisms and acid sulfate, ammonium are chlorine and of iodine quaternary ammonium compounds, as spores to achieve the size. Department of spores and acute centrilobular hepatic necrosis and may at least once denatured, quaternary ammonium are chlorine of iodine and common examples of disinfection, iodine for cleaning. For various purposes only be removed from the surface of a restaurant tables to the pyrex measuring cups are now far the surviving bacteria and iodine chlorine quaternary are of disinfectants. Uses of clostridial spores would decompose already present heterogeneous sensing scheme allows some tested once your car if items such diseases of iodine and chlorine quaternary ammonium are.
    [Show full text]
  • IODINE Its Properties and Technical Applications
    IODINE Its Properties and Technical Applications CHILEAN IODINE EDUCATIONAL BUREAU, INC. 120 Broadway, New York 5, New York IODINE Its Properties and Technical Applications ¡¡iiHiüíiüüiütitittüHiiUitítHiiiittiíU CHILEAN IODINE EDUCATIONAL BUREAU, INC. 120 Broadway, New York 5, New York 1951 Copyright, 1951, by Chilean Iodine Educational Bureau, Inc. Printed in U.S.A. Contents Page Foreword v I—Chemistry of Iodine and Its Compounds 1 A Short History of Iodine 1 The Occurrence and Production of Iodine ....... 3 The Properties of Iodine 4 Solid Iodine 4 Liquid Iodine 5 Iodine Vapor and Gas 6 Chemical Properties 6 Inorganic Compounds of Iodine 8 Compounds of Electropositive Iodine 8 Compounds with Other Halogens 8 The Polyhalides 9 Hydrogen Iodide 1,0 Inorganic Iodides 10 Physical Properties 10 Chemical Properties 12 Complex Iodides .13 The Oxides of Iodine . 14 Iodic Acid and the Iodates 15 Periodic Acid and the Periodates 15 Reactions of Iodine and Its Inorganic Compounds With Organic Compounds 17 Iodine . 17 Iodine Halides 18 Hydrogen Iodide 19 Inorganic Iodides 19 Periodic and Iodic Acids 21 The Organic Iodo Compounds 22 Organic Compounds of Polyvalent Iodine 25 The lodoso Compounds 25 The Iodoxy Compounds 26 The Iodyl Compounds 26 The Iodonium Salts 27 Heterocyclic Iodine Compounds 30 Bibliography 31 II—Applications of Iodine and Its Compounds 35 Iodine in Organic Chemistry 35 Iodine and Its Compounds at Catalysts 35 Exchange Catalysis 35 Halogenation 38 Isomerization 38 Dehydration 39 III Page Acylation 41 Carbón Monoxide (and Nitric Oxide) Additions ... 42 Reactions with Oxygen 42 Homogeneous Pyrolysis 43 Iodine as an Inhibitor 44 Other Applications 44 Iodine and Its Compounds as Process Reagents ...
    [Show full text]
  • Iodine Fact Sheet & References
    Iodine Fact Sheet and References What is iodine? • Essential trace mineral • Critical in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. The thyroid gland converts iodine into T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyrodine) hormones, which control metabolism throughout the body. • Excreted through urine Where do we find iodine? • Table salt (iodized salt) – Beginning in the 1920s, iodine was added to table salt and to other foods to prevent iodine deficiency. • Seafood and seaweed • Dairy and grains (amounts vary depending on source) Who’s impacted? • 2.2 billion people worldwide are at risk for Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDDs). Of these, 30-70% have goiter and 1-10% have cretinism. • People living in the Great Lakes region (including Minnesota) may have inadequate intake due to low levels of iodine in the soil in which crops are grown. • Iodine deficiency virtually eliminated in the U.S. and many Western nations, due to iodization of salt. However: o 1970s-1990s: median U.S. urinary iodine (UI) excretion fell 50%, indicating indicate intake, and possible increased risk for moderate IDD. Experts thought this might be attributable to a decreased intake of salt; removal of iodate conditioners in store-bought breads; and an increased use of non-iodized salt in manufactured or premade convenience foods o 2001-2002 NHANES data indicated that levels had stabilized. Even so, women of reproductive age consistently had the lowest UI levels. • Women of reproductive age are an important group to monitor: o Pregnant women are vulnerable to iodine deficiency due to an increased renal clearance of iodine and transfer of iodine to fetus. o Iodine supplementation during pregnancy is often delayed, because women are unaware they are pregnant during early weeks of gestation.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Sodium Boron Iodine Nitrogen Magnesium Cobalt
    Micronutrients Micronutrients Micronutrients Macronutrients essential to most essential to some essential to some CHNOPS organisms plants animals Carbon Sodium Boron Iodine Nitrogen Magnesium Cobalt Selenium Phosphorus Potassium Silicon Chromium Oxygen Calcium Vanadium _ Hydrogen Chlorine _ _ Sulfur Manganese _ _ _ Iron _ _ _ Copper _ _ _ Zinc _ _ Element Structure/function Nitrogen Nucleic acids (RNA/DNA) Amino acids (protein) Phosphorus ATP! Nucleic acids (RNA/DNA) Phospholipids (membranes) Bones Potassium Osmotic balance Basis of charge gradients (ATP production, action potentials in animals) Activates enzymes Calcium Cell walls Bones & exoskeletons Signal transduction (within cells, between neurons) Sulfur Amino acids methionine & cysteine Many enzymes, cofactors, and catalysts Sulfur metabolism Iron Ion donor/acceptor (redox reactions, electron transport) O2 transport 7 Science 12 August 2011: vol. 333 no. 6044 880-882 Medicago truncatula Units? Figure 8: An experimental reference watershed at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, USA Researchers have manipulated entire watersheds, for example by whole-tree harvesting, and then monitored losses of various elements. The whole-tree harvesting of watershed 2 in 1965 affected the uptake and loss of nutrients and elements within the forest ecosystem and was followed by high loss rates of nitrate, hydrogen ions, and calcium ions in stream waters for several years. (Stream chemistry data were provided by G. E. Likens with funding from the National Science Foundation and The A. W. Mellon Foundation.) SimUText : Nutrient Cycling Section 2, Page 19 Nitrogen concentration in streams flowing from adjacent clearcut and intact forests at Hubbard Brook, NH (after Likens et al., 1970).
    [Show full text]
  • Removal of Radioactive Iodine Using Silver/Iron Oxide Composite Nanoadsorbents
    nanomaterials Communication Removal of Radioactive Iodine Using Silver/Iron Oxide Composite Nanoadsorbents Mah Rukh Zia 1,†, Muhammad Asim Raza 2,3,† , Sang Hyun Park 2,3 , Naseem Irfan 1, Rizwan Ahmed 1, Jung Eun Park 4, Jongho Jeon 4,* and Sajid Mushtaq 1,2,3,* 1 Department of Nuclear Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, P. O. Nilore, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan; [email protected] (M.R.Z.); [email protected] (N.I.); [email protected] (R.A.) 2 Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212, Korea; [email protected] (M.A.R.); [email protected] (S.H.P.) 3 Radiation Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea 4 Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.J.); [email protected] (S.M.); Tel.: +82-53-950-5584 (J.J.); +92-51-9248611-3716 (S.M.) † These Authors contributed equally to this study. Abstract: Efficient and cost-effective removal of radioactive iodine (radioiodine) from radioactive contaminated water has become a crucial task, following nuclear power plant disasters. Several materials for removing radioiodine have been reported in the literature. However, most of these materials exhibit some limitations, such as high production cost, slow adsorption kinetics, and poor adsorption capacity. Herein, we present silver/iron oxide nanocomposites (Ag/Fe3O4) for the efficient and specific removal of iodine anions from contaminated water. The Ag/Fe3O4 were Citation: Zia, M.R.; Raza, M.A.; Park, synthesized using a modified method and characterized via scanning electron microscopy, transmis- S.H.; Irfan, N.; Ahmed, R.; Park, J.E.; Jeon, J.; Mushtaq, S.
    [Show full text]
  • State of the Art Report on Iodine Chemistry
    Unclassified NEA/CSNI/R(2007)1 Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 23-Feb-2007 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ English - Or. English NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY COMMITTEE ON THE SAFETY OF NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONS Unclassified NEA/CSNI/R(2007)1 STATE OF THE ART REPORT ON IODINE CHEMISTRY Working Group on Analysis and Management of Accidents (WGAMA) Members of the Writing Group: B. Clément (IRSN), Coordinator L. Cantrel (IRSN) G. Ducros (CEA) F. Funke (FRAMATOME-ANP) L. Herranz (CIEMAT) A. Rydl (NRI) G. Weber (GRS) C. Wren (UWO, formerly AECL) For further information regarding this document please contact [email protected] English - Or. English JT03222514 Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format NEA/CSNI/R(2007)1 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......................................................................................................................... 3 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 8 2. OVERALL DESCRIPTION OF IODINE BEHAVIOUR IN SEVERE ACCIDENTS............................. 9 3. IODINE PHENOMENA........................................................................................................................... 12 3.1. IODINE RELEASE FROM FUEL AND BEHAVIOUR IN THE RCS...........................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Elements.Pdf
    A Periodic Table of the Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos National Laboratory's Chemistry Division Presents Periodic Table of the Elements A Resource for Elementary, Middle School, and High School Students Click an element for more information: Group** Period 1 18 IA VIIIA 1A 8A 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 2 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIAVIIA He 1.008 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 4.003 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne 6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 3 Na Mg IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB ------- VIII IB IIB Al Si P S Cl Ar 22.99 24.31 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B ------- 1B 2B 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95 ------- 8 ------- 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.47 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 5 Rb Sr Y Zr NbMo Tc Ru Rh PdAgCd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 6 Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt AuHg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 190.2 195.1 197.0 200.5 204.4 207.2 209.0 (210) (210) (222) 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116 118 7 Fr Ra Ac~RfDb Sg Bh Hs Mt --- --- --- --- --- --- (223) (226) (227) (257) (260) (263) (262) (265) (266) () () () () () () http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/ (1 of 3) [5/17/2001 4:06:20 PM] A Periodic Table of the Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Lanthanide Series* Ce Pr NdPmSm Eu Gd TbDyHo Er TmYbLu 140.1 140.9 144.2 (147) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Actinide Series~ Th Pa U Np Pu AmCmBk Cf Es FmMdNo Lr 232.0 (231) (238) (237) (242) (243) (247) (247) (249) (254) (253) (256) (254) (257) ** Groups are noted by 3 notation conventions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Reaction Between Iodine and Silver Under Severe PWR Accident Conditions
    283 '"" CH9700209 The Reaction between Iodine and Silver under Severe PWR Accident Conditions. An Experimental Parameter Study. F. Funke, G.-U. Greger, A. Bleier, S. Hellmann, W. Morell Abstract An extensive experimental parameter study was performed on the kinetics in the reaction systems k/Ag and F/Ag in a laboratory-scale apparatus. Starting with h or F solutions and silver powder suspensions, the decrease of soluted t or F, respectively, due to fixation on the silver particles, was monitored as function of time using the radioactive tracer 1-131. The measured data were analyzed using a model of first order kinetics with respect to the iodine concentration. However, the analysis using first order kinetics had to be performed separately in an early, fast reaction phase (0-5 min) and in a late, slow reaction phase (5-30). The reason for this unexpected behaviour was not identified. Thus, rate constants, two for each test, were deduced from 14 VAg main tests and from 36 F/Ag tests. No dependencies of the rate constants were found on the parameters temperature (varied between 25°C and 160°C), pH (3-7), initial iodine concentration (1E-4-1E-6 mol/1), presence of boric acid (2000 ppm), type of silver educt (different powders, plate, coarse shreddings of control rod material), and pretreatment of the silver educt (hydrogen reduction) prior to the tests. However, the stirring of the reaction solution generally enhanced the kinetics highlighting the importance of mass transfer. The F/Ag reaction proceeded only if there was no inertization of the reaction solution by sparging with nitrogen.
    [Show full text]
  • The Crystal Structure of Two Iodine-Containing Compounds William Joseph James Iowa State College
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1953 The crystal structure of two iodine-containing compounds William Joseph James Iowa State College Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Physical Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation James, William Joseph, "The crystal structure of two iodine-containing compounds" (1953). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 14773. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/14773 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. in the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.
    [Show full text]
  • How Do You Ingest Iodine?
    How Do You Ingest Iodine? • Trace element, not very common in most foods • Ocean foods • Cod, sea bass, haddock, perch • Sea Vegetables such as seaweed • Can be found in food products if iodine is added to animal feed or the food source • Salt Iodized Salt • 1831 J.G. Boussingault proposed iodized salt to prevent goiter • 1920’s iodization of salt implemented in the U.S. to prevent goiter • The use of iodized salt has declined Iodized Salt • Potassium iodide • 74g iodide/gram of salt • Cost effective way to prevent goiter • Effective tool to decrease the presence of goiter • Inadequate to provide the body’s need for iodine • 53% off all salt sales in the U.S. is from iodized salt Nutrients. 2015 Mar 10;7(3):1691-5. doi: 10.3390/nu7031691 Iodized Salt: Low Bioavailabilty • 2 Groups • Group 1: Iodized salt • Group 2: Iodized bread • ≈750µg/day iodide in both groups Expected result: 17.2µg/L (Serum) Pittman NEJM 1969; 280:1431 Iodized Salt: Low Bioavailability 18 16 14 12 10 Expected 8 6 4 2 0 Serum Levels (mcg/L) Pittman NEJM 1969; 280:1431 Abraham, G. 2004 Iodized Salt: Low Bioavailability 20 18 16 14 12 Expected 10 Bread 8 6 4 2 0 Serum Levels (mcg/L) Pittman NEJM 1969; 280:1431 Abraham, G. 2004 Iodized Salt: Low Bioavailability 20 18 16 14 12 Expected 10 Bread 8 Salt 6 4 2 0 Serum Levels (mcg/L) Only 10% of iodine in salt is bioavailable Is this because of competitive inhibition by chloride in salt? So, who would still recommend iodized table salt? Pittman NEJM 1969; 280:1431 Abraham, G.
    [Show full text]