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Optimising Bike Sharing in European Cities a Handbook

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Optimising Bike Sharing in European Cities a Handbook Optimising Bike Sharing in European Cities A Handbook Sevici Bicing Homeport Vélo'v Vélib' Cyclocity BiZiZaragoza Bari in Bici Barclays Cycle Hire Bicimia Hourbike Réflex Chemnitzer Stadtfahr- rad Bicincittà Velodi Greenstreet BikeOne Call a Bike OYBike BikeMi C'entro in bici Freiradl VéloMagg Örebro Cykelstaden Vélo+ Nbici Punto Bici Bike Sharing Vélo à la carte Ambici Rimini in Bici Atac Italy bike sharing Citybike Sweden Stockholm City Bikes Call a Bike Ter- lizzi by bike Ambiciat Citybike Servicio Municipal de Préstamo de Bicicletas de Vitoria-Gasteiz På cykel i Lundby Lånecyklar i Göteborg Sevici Bicing Vélo'v Vélib' Cyclocity France BiZiZaragoza Bari in Bici Noleggio bici Bolzano Bicimia Hourbike Réflex Chemnitzer Stadtfahrrad Bicincittà Velodi Greenstreet BikeOne nextbike OYBike BikeMi C'entro in bici Freiradl VéloMagg Örebro Cykelstaden Vélo+ Nbici Punto Bici Bike Sharing Vélo à la carte Ambici Rimini in Bici Atac bike sharing Citybike Stockholm City Bikes Czech Republic Call a Bike Terlizzi by bike Ambiciat Citybike Servicio Municipal de Préstamo de Bicicletas de Vitoria-Gasteiz På cykel i Lundby Lånecyklar i Göteborg Sevici FREIRADL Bicing Homeport Austria Vélo'v Vélib' Cyclocity BiZiZaragoza Poland Bari in Bici Barclays Cycle Hire Bicimia Hourbike Réflex Chemnitzer Stadtfahrrad Bicincittà Velodi Greenstreet BikeOne Call a Bike OYBike BikeMi C'entro in bici Freiradl VéloMagg Örebro Cykelsta- den Vélo+ Nbici Punto Bici Bike Sharing Vélo à la carte Ambici Rimini in Bici Atac bike sharing Citybike Stockholm City Bikes Call a Bike Bicing Terlizzi by bike Ambiciat Citybike Servicio Municipal de Préstamo de Bicicletas de Vitoria-Gasteiz Germany På cykel i Lundby Lånecy- klar i Göteborg nextbike Sevici Bicing Spain Vélo'v Vélib' Cyclocity BiZiZaragoza Bari in Bici Noleggio bici Bolzano Bicimia Hourbike Réflex Chemnitzer Stadtfahrrad Bicincittà Velodi Greenstreet BikeOne nextbike OYBike BikeMi C'entro in bici Freiradl VéloMagg Örebro Cykelsta- den Vélo+ Nbici Punto Bici Bike Sharing Vélo à la carte United Kingdom Ambici Rimini in Bici Atac bike sharing Citybike Stockholm City Bikes Call a Bike Terlizzi by bike Ambiciat Citybike Servicio Municipal de Préstamo de Bicicletas de Belgium Vitoria-Gasteiz På cykel i Lundby/Lånecyklar i Göteborg Sevici Bicing Homeport Vélo'v Vélib' Cyclocity BiZiZaragoza Bari in Bici Noleggio bici Bolzano Bicimia Hour- - 2 Authors and Acknowledgements This handbook is based on the findings Former partners who contributed of the OBIS project. to the handbook: OBIS, June 2011 Simon Hayes Christel Frühauf Martin Authors: Acknowledgements: Janett Büttner Hendrik Mlasowsky The OBIS partners would like to thank the following Tim Birkholz former members of the consortium: Dana Gröper Alberto Castro Fernández Hildegard Matthies Günter Emberger Joanna Dworak Tom Petersen Benoît Beroud Markus Robèrt Tony Russell Susana Serrano Vila Dave Holladay Philipp Reth Andrea Leverano Hermann Blümel Nicoletta Morrone Carles Romero Rodriguez Elena Pla Pineda Furthermore OBIS thanks all the cities, associations, Andrzej B. Piotrowicz organisations, operators and researchers who have Rafa Ejsmont been involved, for their invaluable support, informa- Piotr Kuropatwi ski tion, material and pictures which have made this Magdalena Kowalewska handbook possible. Filippo Vecchiotti Harald Reiterer OBIS was funded under the Intelligent Energy Europe Sébastien Robert programme (IEE). Jaques Gagneur Olivier Richard The sole responsibility for the content of this hand- Maxime Jean book lies with the authors. It does not necessarily Sara Basterfield reflect the opinion of the European Union. Neither Chris Williamson the EACI nor the European Commission are respon- Charles Snead sible for any use that may be made of the informa- Neal Giles tion contained therein. Elena Georgiou Ji í Galatík Radomíra Plíšková Jaroslav Martinek Marco Menichetti Matteo Banfi 3 Table of Contents Authors and Acknowledgements 3 Table of Contents 4 Figures 6 Tables 8 Abbreviations 9 1. Introduction 10 1.1 The OBIS Project in Brief 10 1.2 How to Use this Handbook 10 2. Policy Recommendations 12 2.1 National Level 12 2.2 Municipal Level 12 2.3 Arguments You’ll Have to Deal With 14 3. OBIS – European Bike Sharing Schemes on Trial 16 3.1 Bike Sharing in Europe 16 3.2 The OBIS Sample 16 3.3 Influencing Factors on Bike Sharing Schemes 16 3.4 Endogenous Factors (Policy Sensitive) 18 3.4.1 Physical Design 18 3.4.2 Institutional Design 25 3.4.3 Chapter Summary 28 3.5 Exogenous Factors 29 3.5.1 City Size 29 3.5.2 Climate 31 3.5.3 Cycling Modal Share 32 3.5.4 Chapter Summary 32 3.6 Success Factors for Bike Sharing Schemes 32 3.6.1 Definition of Success and Measurability 32 3.6.2 Survival of Bike Sharing Schemes 34 3.6.3 Case Studies: Non-Survival of Bike Sharing Schemes 36 3.6.4 Chapter Summary 37 4. Guide and Recommendations 38 4.1 Planning 38 4.1.1 Define Bike Sharing Schemes as a Catalyst of Change 39 4.1.2 Define Goals 40 4.1.3 Get Information and Get Everyone on Board 41 4.1.4 Get Ideas and Define a Rough Concept 42 4.1.5 Write a Tender 45 4.1.6 Chapter Summary 46 4.2 Implementation 46 4.2.1 Division of Tasks 46 4.2.2 The Operator Contract 47 4.2.3 Funding Sources 58 4.2.4 Chapter Summary 58 4 4.3 Optimisation 59 4.3.1 Steer Demand 59 4.3.2 Scheme Densification and Expansion 60 4.3.3 Redistribution and Availability 61 4.3.4 Financing Opportunities 62 4.3.5 New Technologies 63 4.3.6 Combination with Other Means of Transport 64 5. OBIS Country Studies 66 5.1 Austria 66 5.2 Belgium 68 5.3 Czech Republic 70 5.4 France 72 5.5 Germany 74 5.6 Italy 76 5.7 Poland 78 5.8 Spain 80 5.9 Sweden 82 5.10 United Kingdom 84 References 86 The OBIS Partners 88 5 Figures Figure 1: BSS Influencing Factors 17 Figure 2: BSS Configuration Modules 18 Figure 3: Access Technology in OBIS Sample (N=51) 18 Figure 4: Bicing Scheme Card (Photo: Tim Birkholz, choice) 18 Figure 5: Stockholm City Bikes Scheme Card (Photo: Tim Birkholz, choice) 18 Figure 6: Barclays Cycle Hire Key Ring Pendant (Photo: TfL) 19 Figure 7: Call a Bike Code Lock (Alberto Castro Fernandez, TUW) 19 Figure 8: Italian Key Scheme in Teramo, Bike Docking Point (Photo: Centroinbici) 19 Figure 9: Italian Key Scheme in Teramo, Key Mechanism (Photo: Centroinbici) 19 Figure 10: Vélib’ Handle Bar (Photo: Carlo Mellis, choice) 19 Figure 11: Clear Channel Bikes Bicing (Photo: Janett Büttner, choice) 20 Figure 12: Clear Channel Bikes Velo à la carte in Rennes (Photo: Ronan Mulet, Clear Channel) 20 Figure 13: Homeport in Prague (Photo: Jaroslav Martinek) 20 Figure 14: LEIHRADL-nextbike Advertisements (Photo: nextbike) 20 Figure 15: Call a Bike Lock (Photo: Alberto Castro Fernandez, TUW) 20 Figure 16: Flexible Scheme nextbike (Photo: nextbike) 21 Figure 17: Vélobleu Station Nice (Photo: CETE de Lyon) 21 Figure 18: LEIHRADL-nextbike Station (Photo: nextbike) 21 Figure 19: Vélib' Terminal (Photos: Carlo Mellis, choice) 21 Figure 20: Vélib' Station with Terminal (Photos: Carlo Mellis, choice) 21 Figure 21: Barclays Cycle Hire Station (Photo: TfL) 22 Figure 22: LaBiGi Station in Italy (Photo: Bicincittà/ Communicare) 22 Figure 23: Cyclocity in Brussels (Photo: Creative Commons BY-NC 2.0 by Flickr-User Frank Dhooge) 22 Figure 24: Detail Terminal in Hamburg (Photo: Benjamin Dally) 22 Figure 25: Scheme Availability in OBIS Sample (N=51) 23 Figure 26: Usage Charge Illustrative Examples 24 Figure 27: Vélo Bleu Nice (App by: Intellicore) 24 Figure 28: eo’City Rennes - Integrated BSS-PT App, Start Screen (App by: NewLC) 25 Figure 29: eo’City Rennes - Integrated BSS-PT App, Map (App by: NewLC) 25 Figure 30: Operator Distribution in OBIS Sample (N=51) 26 Figure 31: Number of Cities per City Size in OBIS (N=48) 29 Figure 32: Average Modal Share by City Size (Car N=16/16/6, PT N=16/15/6, Bike N=15/15/7) 29 Figure 33: Bike Sharing Technology by City Size (Large N=20, Medium N=22, Small N=8) 29 Figure 34: Opening Hours by City Size (Large N=20, Medium N=23, Small N=8) 30 Figure 35: Minutes Free of Charge by City Size (Large N=20, Medium N=23, Small N=8) 30 6 Figure 36: Average Annual Rentals per Bike by City Size (Large N=10, Medium N=9, Small N=4) 31 Figure 38: Monthly Rentals Divided by Average Monthly Rentals 31 Figure 37: Availability through the Year by Average Yearly Temperature (<11 °C N=20, >11 °C N=14) 31 Figure 39: Average Annual Rentals per Bike per Cycling Modal Share Group (N=22) 32 Figure 40: Cyclocity in Brussels (Photo: Creative Commons BY-NC 2.0 by Flickr-User Peter Forret) 36 Figure 41: LEIHRADL-nextbike (Photo: nextbike) 36 Figure 42: Velo á la Carte, the Former BSS, in Rennes (Photo: Ronan Mulet, Clear Channel) 37 Figure 43: Using the BSS to Enjoy the Scenery in Stockholm (Photo: Tim Birkholz, choice) 39 Figure 44: Mayor Boris Johnson Supports the London BSS (Photo: TfL) 42 Figure 45: Mayor Boris Johnson Supports the London BSS (Illustration: TfL) 42 Figure 46: Bike Sharing during Winter (Photo: Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 2.0 by Flickr-User oriolsalvador) 43 Figure 47: Planning Steps for a BSS 46 Figure 48: DB Rent E-Bike (Photo: DB Rent) 47 Figure 49: New Solar Terminal and New Docking Points for Berlin (Graphic: neo systems) 49 Figure 50: BikeMi-Station in Milan (Photo: BikeMi) 50 Figure 51: Vélib´-Station in Paris (Photo: JCDecaux) 50 Figure 52: Barclays Cycle Hire Groundwork 1 (Photos: TfL) 51 Figure 53: Barclays Cycle Hire Groundwork 2 (Photos: TfL) 51 Figure 54: Vélib’ App (App by: 770 PROD) 54 Figure 55: Signing to Bicing-Stations in Barcelona’s Subway (Photo: Barcelona Municipality) 54 Figure 56: The PT Card in Stockholm
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