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CYCLING and URBAN AIR QUALITY a Study of European Experiences CYCLING AND URBAN AIR QUALITY A study of European Experiences Cycling and Urban Air Quality: A study of European Experiences www.ecf.com 1 RESPONSIBLE EDITOR European Cyclists’ Federation asbl Rue Franklin 28 B-1000 Brussels CYCLING AND AUTHORS Dr Guy Hitchcock & Michel Vedrenne URBAN AIR QUALITY RICARDO-AEA Gemini Building, Fermi Avenue, Harwell, Oxon, OX11 0QR, UK A study of European Experiences www.ricardo-aea.com Expert review by Prof. Dr Bas de Geus of Vrije Universiteit Brussel CONTACT PERSON AT ECF Benedicte Swennen Urban Mobility Policy Officer [email protected] COVER PHOTO BY Amsterdamize November 2014 ECFgratefully acknowledges financial support from the LIFE programme of the European Union. The information and views set out in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Neither the European Union institutions and bodies nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged. 2 Cycling and Urban Air Quality: A study of European Experiences www.ecf.com TABLE OF CONTENTS ABOUT THE EUROPEAN CYCLISTS’ FEDERATION ECFis the umbrella federation of bicycle users’organizations in Europeand beyond.Our aim is to havemore FOREWORD 6 peoplecycling more often andwetarget to double cycling by 2020in Europe.To reachthis goal wework with our membersand partners on putting cycling on the agendaatglobal, European,national and regional level. EXECUTIVESUMMARY 7 INTRODUCTION 8 MEASURESTO INCREASE CYCLING MODE SHARE 9 1.measuresaimed directly at increasing cycling 9 • Bike share schemes • Cyclinginfrastructure • Provisionof trip-end facilities • Integration of cyclingin public transportnetworks • Personalisedtravel information 2. measuresaimed at reducing the demand of other transport modes 11 • Low emission zones • Congestioncharging • Speedmanagement: 30 km/h (20 mph) zones • Car-free zones • Parking rationing and charging • Higher vehicle costs 3.Packagesof measuresand links with air quality policies 13 REVIEW OF CASE STUDIES 14 1.Antwerp 15 2. London 17 3. Nantes 19 4. Seville 21 5. Thessaloniki 23 6. Conclusions 25 IMPACT ASSESSMENT 26 1.Scenariodefinition 26 2. Study zones 27 3.Impacts of cycling on emission reductions 27 4. Impacts of emission reductions on local air quality 28 5. Impactsof improvements of local air quality on health 29 6. Conclusions 30 RECOMMENDATIONS 31 BIBLIOGRAPHY 32 4 Cycling and Urban Air Quality: A study of European Experiences Cycling and Urban Air Quality: A study of European Experiences 5 FOREWORD EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Dear Reader, Air pollution is amajor issueof concernto the public and of active cyclists. In this regard Sevilleexpectsto achieve a 3 politicians, with the focusof attention being on poor air qual- reduction of 4 μg/m in the annualmeanof NO2 in 2020 due Breathing clean air is one of the most important things for all of us. Working on our mission ity and the wayit affects the quality of life in urbanareas.It to the implementation of a complete packof traffic demand ‘More people cycling more often’, the European Cyclists’ Federation (ECF) supports all those who work on the promotion of cycling and strive to achieve better air quality in our is well recognisedthat road transport plays a significant part management measuresincluding cycling. cities. This study shows the potential effect of more cycling for cleaner air in our cities. in air pollution in urban environments,and thus contributes to this public health issue. Thefinal part of the study provided an illustrative assessment ECF’s main conclusion from this study is that investments in modal shift and getting more of the impactsof cycling, in terms of modeshift from car people cycling more often, makes areal contribution to improve air quality. Although small, there is actual and real decrease in air pollution from traffic which can be enhanced by its However,controlling the emissionsfrom road transport, the traffic, asa potential measureto improve urban air quality combination with technical measures. However, cities need to be ambitious and strive for main sourceof air pollution in most urban areas,hasnot levels (NO2,PM10and black carbon) in three of the casestudy a radical transformation of their urban transport system if they want to improve air quality. been an easytask. This is becausetransport emissions are cities (Antwerp, London and Thessaloniki).To accomplishthis, Air pollution is still too high with moderate increase of cycling or a limited approach for influenced by many factors suchasvehicle technology, fuel simulations werecarried out with two hypothetical scenarios: small car-free areas. type, vehicle size anddriver behaviour. Technical measures (i)atypical, moderatecycling investment scenarioinvolving Cyclists, pedestrians and other inhabitants do not pollute the air in the cities, but they are alone, in terms of technologies that directly reduceemission an assumed23%increase in cycling mode share (away from suffering from bad air quality. At the same time, cycling along with good public transport from road vehicles,are insufficient to meet compliancewith private motorized transport) and (ii) a limited car-freescenar- and walking facilities, is a key solution to maintain a good accessibility to green zones and urban air quality objectives. Thishasbeenhighlighted by io involving the closureof one or two major roadsin the re- car free areas in cities. the failure of vehicle Euroemission standardsto produce spective cities. Theassessmentshowedthat modal shift from A transformation of the transport system has to be pushed in all policies that have an the reductions in emis- private motorisation to impact on the mobility choices of people – and air quality policy is one of them. ECF sions expectedin urban cycling produced significant strongly recommends international institutions, countries, and cities to include modal shift areas. Therefore a more reductions in the emissions and cycling as a reliable measure to provide cleaner air in urban areas. I am sure that this “There are still major challenges to human health demand-side-focused ap- of NO , PM and black car- study is useful for all policymakers, advocates and researchers on the local, national and from poor air quality. We are still far from our x 10 international level for their work on the transition of cities into healthier and more liveable proach is needed to reduce bon. Thisvaried from city places. the impactsof transport, objective to achieve levels of air quality that do to city dependingon the suchasair pollution, and not give rise to significant negative impacts on local traffic situation. These Dr. Bernhard Ensink, develop a more sustainable human health and the environment.” emissionreductions in turn ECF Secretary General transport system. resulted in improvements in Janez Potocˇnik,European Commissioner for the Environment the air quality levelsof the In line with this approach (Potocˇnik,2013) studied zonesin the cities. cycling measuresare now Theimprovements again presentin the air quality varied from city to city asa and mobility plansof numerouscities around the world. This result of local conditions with for examplemuch greater ben- report setsout to understand in more detail the role that efits being seenin Antwerp than London.Alsoin two of the cycling measurescan have aspart of a mode shift approach three casestudies the observedreductions were not enough to help improveair quality. In relation to this a set of relevant to achievecompliancewith the Europeanlimit values. measuresdirected at increasing cycling mode sharewere investigated. Thesemeasuresare classified as to whether Theassessmentof air quality impacts was complemented they were aimed directly at increasingcycling or aimed at re- with an analysisof health improvements brought about by ducing the demandfor private motorized transport. Themost the reduction of ambient concentrationsof particulates. This representative examplesof measuresdirected at increasing assessmentwasmadeby estimating the disability adjusted cycling werethe development of cycling infrastructure such life years(DALY)metric for cardiopulmonary diseasecaused asbicycle share schemes,separated cycling lanes and tracks, by poor air quality levels.In all cases,the global disability provision of trip-end facilities and integration of cyclingwith levels were reduced asa consequenceof the improvements urban public transport networks. Asfor those measuresdi- produced by modal shift under the two modelled scenarios. rected at reducing the demandfor car use,the most relevant were congestion-charging schemes,low-emission zones, Themain conclusionthat canbe drawn from this study is parking rationing and increasingvehicle costs. that cycling measurescanimprove urban air quality levels as part of a packageof measuresdirected at reducing overall To understand the potential role of cycling measuresaspart road traffic. Although the extent of the improvementwill vary of an approachto air quality managementa selection of from city to city and acrossthe city itself with our analysis five Europeancities were studied ascasestudy examples. showing changesin NO2 concentrations from zero to 12.6µg/ 3 3 Theselected cities were Antwerp, London, Nantes, Seville m and changesin PM10concentrations from 0.3 µg/m to 1.4 and Thessaloniki,all of which are recognisedfor positively µg/m3 at the studied monitoring locations. However,overall implementing
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