Sustaining Dockless Bike-Sharing Based on Business Principles
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Why Mobike Is a Hit by Lin Chen
COVER STORY 14 Why Mobike is a Hit By Lin Chen icycles with bright orange wheels Mobike’s operational model is simple: perfectly in line with the post ’80s are now a common sight along download the app, deposit RMB300 and ’90s generation lifestyle trend of Bthe streets of Shanghai and and then pay RMB1 per half-hour “own nothing, reject nothing and be Beijing. It began last fall when mobike ride. The app provides the location of responsible for nothing”. became all the rage. But why has this nearby bikes and they can be dropped Tencent Holdings-backed start-up become off anywhere after use. One reason Thus despite the fact that the such a hit? behind mobike’s success is that it mobike business model is makes customers feel as if they are commercially illogical in many ways, getting a great bargain, paying RMB1 it has sparked public interest with to enjoy a RMB3,000 bike. Second, some even going as far as calling the mobike looks cool and many it a Unicorn in the making. But users have taken to sharing WeChat is mobike really a money-making Moments of themselves riding them. machine? Mobikes have now become a kind of social currency, synonymous with According to the company’s own cool, green (environmentally friendly) projections, its annual profit may and definitely in. Finally, the mobike be as much as RMB1.6 billion yuan; was destined to be a hit because of that’s more than the profit level of its flexible return system which is 90% of A share listed companies! “Own nothing, reject nothing and be responsible for nothing.” Lin Chen is Assistant Professor of Marketing at CEIBS. -
Platform Innovation in Urban Mobility Transitions the Case of Dockless Bike Sharing
platform innovation in urban mobility transitions the case of dockless bike sharing arnoud van waes colofon Dit proefschrift werd (mede) mogelijk gemaakt met financiële steun van de Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) als onder- deel van het onderzoeksprogramma Smart Urban Regions of the Future (no. 438-15-160 397). Platform innovation in urban mobility transitions: The case of dockless bike sharing. PhD thesis. Author: Arnoud van Waes Bookdesign & illustrations: Ilse Schrauwers; isontwerp.nl Printing: Gildeprint Enschede; gildeprint.nl ISBN: 9789492303424 © Arnoud van Waes, 2021 All rights reserved. No part of this production may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without prior written permission by the author. Platform innovation in urban mobility transitions The case of dockless bike sharing Platform innovatie in stedelijke mobiliteitstransities Een studie naar innovatieve deelfietssystemen (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof.dr. H.R.B.M. Kummeling, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 27 mei 2021 des ochtends te 10.15 uur door Arnoud Harry Marianne van Waes geboren op 21 oktober 1987 te Terneuzen promotor Prof. dr. R.P.J.M. Raven copromotoren Dr. J.C.M. Farla Dr. A. Nikolaeva manuscriptcommissie Prof. dr. N.M.P. Bocken Prof. dr. M.C.G. te Brömmelstroet Prof. dr. C. Castaldi Prof. dr. ir. Q.C. van Est Prof. dr. A. Meijer 1 content Preface . -
Accessibility and the Crowded Sidewalk: Micromobility’S Impact on Public Space CYNTHIA L
Accessibility and The Crowded Sidewalk: Micromobility’s Impact on Public Space CYNTHIA L. BENNETT Carnegie Mellon University, [email protected] EMILY E. ACKERMAN Univerisity of Pittsburgh, [email protected] BONNIE FAN Carnegie Mellon University, [email protected] JEFFREY P. BIGHAM Carnegie Mellon University, [email protected] PATRICK CARRINGTON Carnegie Mellon University, [email protected] SARAH E. FOX Carnegie Mellon University, [email protected] Over the past several years, micromobility devices—small-scale, networked vehicles used to travel short distances—have begun to pervade cities, bringing promises of sustainable transportation and decreased congestion. Though proponents herald their role in offering lightweight solutions to disconnected transit, smart scooters and autonomous delivery robots increasingly occupy pedestrian pathways, reanimating tensions around the right to public space. Drawing on interviews with disabled activists, government officials, and commercial representatives, we chart how devices and policies co-evolve to fulfill municipal sustainability goals, while creating obstacles for people with disabilities whose activism has long resisted inaccessible infrastructure. We reflect on efforts to redistribute space, institute tech governance, and offer accountability to those who involuntarily encounter interventions on the ground. In studying micromobility within spatial and political context, we call for the HCI community to consider how innovation transforms as it moves out from centers of development toward peripheries of design consideration. CCS CONCEPTS • Human-centered computing~Accessibility~Empirical studies in accessibility Additional Keywords and Phrases: Micromobility, Accessibility, Activism, Governance, Public space ACM Reference Format: Cynthia L. Bennett, Emily E. Ackerman, Bonnie Fan, Jeffrey P. Bigham, Patrick Carrington, and Sarah E. Fox. 2021. Accessibility and The Crowded Sidewalk: Micromobility’s Impact on Public Space. -
Electric Scooters and Micro-Mobility in Michigan
CLOSUP Student Working Paper Series Number 46 December 2018 Electric Scooters and Micro-Mobility in Michigan Perry Holmes, University of Michigan This paper is available online at http://closup.umich.edu Papers in the CLOSUP Student Working Paper Series are written by students at the University of Michigan. This paper was submitted as part of the Fall 2018 course PubPol 475-750 Michigan Politics and Policy, that is part of the CLOSUP in the Classroom Initiative. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the Center for Local, State, and Urban Policy or any sponsoring agency Center for Local, State, and Urban Policy Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy University of Michigan Perry Holmes December 10, 2018 PUBPOL 750: Michigan Politics and Policy Final Research Paper Electric Scooters and Micro-Mobility in Michigan This paper examines the emerging international trend of dockless electric scooters and evaluates how Michigan’s state and local policymakers can best respond. While there are important public safety and other concerns that must be addressed with regulation, the scooters are a promising last-mile mobility option. Communities should aim to address these concerns while allowing the scooter companies to operate safely and optimize their services. BACKGROUND The scooters, the companies, and their business model 1 Electric scooters are battery-powered, internet-enabled personal vehicles. They typically have a brake on one handle, an accelerator on the other, and a small kickstand that allows them to be parked upright. The maximum speed is around 15 miles per hour, with a range of 20 miles, although most rides are much shorter.2 The two largest scooter companies in the country are Bird and Lime, but several other startups are operating in cities across the country.3 In Michigan, Bird, Lime, and Spin are 1 Bird, https://www.bird.co 2 Lime, https://www.li.me/electric-scooter 3 Irfan, Umair. -
Niche Innovation Dynamics and the Urban Mobility Transition the Case of Dockless Bike-Sharing in London
Niche innovation dynamics and the urban mobility transition The case of dockless bike-sharing in London Russell Cannon Urban Studies Master’s Programme (Two-Year) 30 Credits VT2019 Supervisor: Désirée Nilsson 1 Abstract This thesis seeks to provide a detailed understanding of the introduction of dockless bike-sharing to London. As part of a wave of new smart and shared mobility services that are aiming to transform the way people move around cities, this emerging form of transport has created disruptions in London since its launch in 2017. This study aims analyse to what extent dockless bike-sharing aligns or conflicts with the aims and objectives of local authorities governing public space in London. In doing so, it also aims to reveal insights into transformations in contemporary mobility by exploring the dynamics of niche innovations within socio-technical transitions, thus contributing to knowledge in the field of transition studies. To do this, a qualitative case study methodology was employed using document analysis and interviews with four stakeholders integrally involved in the case study, representing both public authorities and a private sector dockless bike-sharing operator, Mobike. The findings demonstrate that dockless bike-sharing is well aligned with the city’s explicit objectives to reduce car dependency and encourage active travel. It has particular potential to make cycling more accessible by bringing bike-sharing to parts of the city that do not have access to the pre-existing, docked bike-sharing scheme, operated by the central transport authority, Transport for London. Despite this, dockless bike-sharing, as a niche innovation, has struggled to break into the existing urban mobility regime. -
Intention to Use Obike Among University Students in Malaysia Chai Yat Ling Chin Pui Nee Tan Hui Bing Woo Ke Ni Yong Yon Yang Ba
MK004/1805 INTENTION TO USE OBIKE AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN MALAYSIA CHAI YAT LING CHIN PUI NEE TAN HUI BING WOO KE NI YONG YON YANG BACHELOR OF MARKETING (HONS) UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND FINANCE DEPARTMENT OF MARKETING APRIL 2019 MK004/1805 INTENTION TO USE OBIKE AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN MALAYSIA BY CHAI YAT LING CHIN PUI NEE TAN HUI BING WOO KE NI YONG YON YANG A final year project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of BACHELOR OF MARKETING (HONS) UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND FINANCE DEPARTMENT OF MARKETING APRIL 2019 Intention to use oBike among university students in Malaysia. _______________________________________________________________________________ Copyright @ 2019 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this paper may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, graphic, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, without the prior consent of the authors. ii Intention to use oBike among university students in Malaysia. _______________________________________________________________________________ DECLARATION We hereby declare that: (1) This undergraduate research project is the end result of our own work and that due acknowledgement has been given in the references to ALL sources of information be they printed, electronic, or personal. (2) No portion of this research project has been submitted in support of any application for any other degree or qualification of this or any other university, or other institutes of learning. (3) Equal contribution has been made by each group member in completing the research project. (4) The word count of this research report is 10,724 words. -
Innovation Briefinnovation Brief Regulating Dockless Bike-Sharing Schemes
Innovation briefINNOVATION BRIEF Regulating dockless bike-sharing schemes The bike-sharing (bike hire) concept has by solutions allowing flexible parking of bikes been available for decades, but since the at public spaces and relocating them, while ac- turn of the millennium such systems have cess is offered more and more via the users’ spread across the globe and have become own smartphones (most commonly apps). part of the sustainable mobility offer for many As technology made so called ‘dockless’ (or cities. These schemes traditionally provide ‘freefloating’) solutions possible, such bike- public hire bikes at bike ‘docking stations’ sharing providers have emerged and boomed throughout the city. With the rapid develop- in the second half of the 2010s, with especially ment of technology and new business mod- high penetration in China. Their business model els, dockless bike-sharing1 providers have was based on introducing much larger bicycle emerged and boomed in the second half of fleets at a much quicker pace, allowed by free- the 2010s, with especially high penetration floating technology (as there was no need to in China. However, their rise in cities glo- deploy expensive docking stations) and making bally did not exploit the full potential of the use of the unclear regulation of the use of pub- concept in improving mobility, and has also lic space. Ofo started in October 2015 in Beijing with 2,000 bikes, while at the end of 2016 it had caused negative externalities, which made 85,000 bikes in China, and in 2017 it deployed necessary for cities to develop regulations. more than 10 million bikes in 250 cities globally. -
Shared Mobility Pilot Program
RESPONSE TO RFA: SHARED MOBILITY PILOT PROGRAM Prepared by Lyft Bikes and Scooters, LLC for the City of Santa Monica Primary Contact Information Name: David Fairbank Address: 1705 Stewart St., Santa Monica, CA 90404 Telephone #: < > Email: [email protected] CONFIDENTIALITY STATEMENT Please note that the information designated as confidential herein contains proprietary and confi- dential trade secrets, and/or commercial and financial data, the disclosure of which would cause substantial competitive harm to Lyft. Accordingly, Lyft requests that the City of Santa Monica main- tain the confidentiality of this information. Lyft further requests that, should any third party request access to this information for any reason, the City of Santa Monica promptly notify Lyft and allow Lyft thirty (30) days to object to the disclosure of the information and, if appropriate, redact any in- formation that Lyft deems non-responsive to the request before any disclosure is made. We have clearly marked each page of our proposal that contains trade secrets or personally identi- fying information that we believe are exempt from disclosure. The header of each page with confidential information is marked as illustrated to the TRADE SECRET - PROPRIETARY right: The specific written content on each page subject to these restrictions are bracketed < This specific content marked with the following symbols < >, as in this confidential and proprietary.> illustrative example to the right: Visual content and tables (e.g. images, screenshots) on each page subject to these restrictions will be highlighted with a pink border, as in this illustrative example below: The bracketed sections and highlighted visual content and tables are exempt from disclosure. -
Mobility Payment Integration: State-Of-The-Practice Scan
Mobility Payment Integration: State-of-the-Practice Scan OCTOBER 2019 FTA Report No. 0143 Federal Transit Administration PREPARED BY Ingrid Bartinique and Joshua Hassol Volpe National Transportation Systems Center COVER PHOTO Courtesy of Edwin Adilson Rodriguez, Federal Transit Administration DISCLAIMER This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the objective of this report. Mobility Payment Integration: State-of-the- Practice Scan OCTOBER 2019 FTA Report No. 0143 PREPARED BY Ingrid Bartinique and Joshua Hassol Volpe National Transportation Systems Center 55 Broadway, Kendall Square Cambridge, MA 02142 SPONSORED BY Federal Transit Administration Office of Research, Demonstration and Innovation U.S. Department of Transportation 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE Washington, DC 20590 AVAILABLE ONLINE https://www.transit.dot.gov/about/research-innovation FEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION i FEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION i Metric Conversion Table SYMBOL WHEN YOU KNOW MULTIPLY BY TO FIND SYMBOL LENGTH in inches 25.4 millimeters mm ft feet 0.305 meters m yd yards 0.914 meters m mi miles 1.61 kilometers km VOLUME fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters mL gal gallons 3.785 liter L ft3 cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m3 yd3 cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m3 NOTE: volumes greater than 1000 L shall be shown in m3 MASS oz ounces 28.35 grams g lb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg megagrams T short tons (2000 lb) 0.907 Mg (or “t”) (or “metric ton”) TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) o 5 (F-32)/9 o F Fahrenheit Celsius C or (F-32)/1.8 FEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION i FEDERAL TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION ii REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. -
What Killed Ofo? Efficient Financing Pushed It Step by Step Into the Abyss
2018 International Workshop on Advances in Social Sciences (IWASS 2018) What Killed ofo? Efficient Financing Pushed it Step by Step into the Abyss Nansong Zhou University of International Relations, China Keywords: ofo, Efficient Financing, dilemma Abstract: ofo is a bicycle-sharing travel platform based on a “dockless sharing” model that is dedicated to solving urban travel problems. Users simply scan a QR code on the bicycle using WeChat or the ofo app and are then provided with a password to unlock the bike. Since its launch in June 2015, ofo has deployed 10 million bicycles, providing more than 4 billion trips in over 250 cities to more than 200 million users in 21 countries. However, negative news coverage of ofo has increased recently. In September 2018, due to missed payments, ofo was sued by Phoenix Bicycles In the same month, some netizens claimed that ofo cheats and misleads consumers. On October 27, another media outlet disclosed that the time limit for refunding the deposit was extended again, from 1-10 working days to 1-15 working days. Various indications suggest that ofo is in crisis. What happened to ofo? How did the company come to be in this situation? This paper will answer these questions. 1. Introduction Bicycle sharing is a service in which bicycles are made available for shared use to individuals on a short-term basis for a price or for free. Such services take full advantage of the stagnation of bicycle use caused by rapid urban economic development and maximize the utilization of public roads. The first instance of bicycle-sharing in history occurred in 1965 when fifty bicycles were painted white, left permanently unlocked, and placed throughout the inner city in Amsterdam for the public to use freely. -
Bike Sharing 5.0 Market Insights and Outlook
Bike Sharing 5.0 Market insights and outlook Berlin, August 2018 This study provides a comprehensive overview of developments on the bike sharing market Management summary 1 Key trends in > Major innovations and new regulations are on the way to reshaping the mobility market innovative mobility > New business models follow an asset-light approach allowing consumers to share mobility offerings > Bike sharing has emerged as one of the most-trending forms of mobility in the current era > Digitalization has enabled bike sharing to become a fully integrated part of urban mobility 2 Bike sharing market > Bike sharing has grown at an extremely fast rate and is now available in over 70 countries development > Several mostly Asian operators have been expanding fast, but first business failures can be seen > On the downside, authorities are alarmed by the excessive growth and severe acts of vandalism > Overall, the bike sharing market is expected to grow continuously by 20% in the years ahead 3 Role of bike sharing > Bike sharing has established itself as a low-priced and convenient alternative in many cities in urban mobility > The three basic operating models are dock-based, hybrid and free-floating > Key success factors for bike sharing are a high-density network and high-quality bikes > Integrated mobility platforms enable bike sharing to become an essential part of intermodal mobility 4 Future of bike > Bike sharing operators will have to proactively shape the mobility market to stay competitive sharing > Intense intra-city competition will -
Cardiff City Bike Share a Study in Success
Narrative, network and nextbike Cardiff City Bike Share A study in success Beate Kubitz December 2018 About the author Beate Kubitz is an independent researcher and writer on innovative mobility. She is the author of the Annual Survey of Mobility as a Service (2017 and 2018) published by Landor LINKS, as well as numerous articles about changing transport provision, technology and innovation including bike share, car sharing, demand responsive transport, mobile ticketing and payments and open data. Her background is in shared transport – working on the Public Bike Share Users Survey and the Annual Survey of Car Clubs (CoMoUK). She has contributed to TravelSpirit Foundation publications on autonomy and open models of Mobility as a Service and open data and transport published by the Open Data Institute. About the report This report is based on interviews with Cardiff cyclists carried out online and a field trip to Cardiff in August 2018 including interviews with: • Cardiff City Council Transport and Planning Officer • Cardiff University Facilities Manager • Pedal Power Development Manager • Group discussion with Cardiff Cycle City group Membership and usage data for Cardiff, Glasgow and Milton Keynes bike share schemes was provided by nextbike. In addition, it draws on the Propensity to Cycle Tool, the 2017 Public Bike Share User Survey (Bikeplus, now Como UK), Sustrans reporting, local government data and media and social media scanning. Photographs of Cardiff nextbike docking stations and bikes were taken by the author in August 2018. The report was commissioned and funded by nextbike UK in order to understand how different elements affect the use and success of a bike share scheme.