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UK Election Statistics: 1918–2012

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UK Election Statistics: 1918–2012 UK Election Statistics: 1918-2012 RESEARCH PAPER 12/43 7 August 2012 This paper presents an overview of results from UK elections since 1918. It includes summary results for general elections and parliamentary by-elections; local government elections including elected mayors; elections to the European Parliament and devolved bodies; and results from referendums. Data are also provided on the social backgrounds of Members elected to the House of Commons. Feargal McGuinness Recent Research Papers 12/30 Defamation Bill [Bill 5 of 2012-13] 28.05.12 12/31 Inflation: the value of the pound 1750-2011 29.05.12 12/32 Economic Indicators, June 2012 07.06.12 12/33 Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Bill [Bill 7 of 2012-13] 07.06.12 12/34 Unemployment by Constituency, June 2012 20.06.12 12/35 Bank of England (Appointment of Governor) Bill [Bill 8 of 2012-13] 03.07.12 12/36 Economic Indicators, July 2012 03.07.12 12/37 House of Lords Reform Bill [Bill 52 of 2012-13] 04.07.12 12/38 Olympic Britain 10.07.12 12/39 Scrap Metal Dealers Bill [Bill 9 of 2012-13] 10.07.12 12/40 The Supporting People programme 16.07.12 12/41 Unemployment by Constituency, July 2012 18.07.12 12/42 Economic Indicators, August 2012 07.08.12 Research Paper 12/43 This paper replaces Library Research Paper 08/12 Election Statistics: UK 1918-2012. Contributing Authors: Feargal McGuinness Richard Cracknell Martin Davies Mark Taylor This information is provided to Members of Parliament in support of their parliamentary duties and is not intended to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual. It should not be relied upon as being up to date; the law or policies may have changed since it was last updated; and it should not be relied upon as legal or professional advice or as a substitute for it. A suitably qualified professional should be consulted if specific advice or information is required. This information is provided subject to our general terms and conditions which are available online or may be provided on request in hard copy. Authors are available to discuss the content of this briefing with Members and their staff, but not with the general public. We welcome comments on our papers; these should be e-mailed to [email protected]. ISSN 1368-8456 Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 General Elections since 1918 3 2.1 Summary of results 3 Conservatives 3 Labour 4 Liberals 4 Other parties 5 2.2 Turnout and electorate 13 2.3 Spoilt ballots 14 2.4 Postal votes 14 2.5 Characteristics of Members of Parliament 16 Gender 16 Age of MPs 17 Ethnicity 17 Parliamentary experience 18 2.6 Social background of Members of Parliament 19 Education 19 Occupation 19 3 House of Commons by-elections 23 3.1 Great Britain 23 3.2 Northern Ireland 31 4 European Parliament elections 33 5 Elections to devolved legislatures and London elections 35 5.1 National Assembly for Wales 35 5.2 Scottish Parliament 36 5.3 Northern Ireland Assembly 37 5.4 London Assembly 38 5.5 Mayor of London 38 5.6 Women’s representation in devolved assemblies and the European Parliament 40 6 Local Elections 41 6.1 Council Elections 41 6.2 Elected Mayors 43 Mayoral referendums 44 Mayoral election results 45 7 Referendums 51 7.1 Scotland (1979 and 1997) 51 7.2 Wales (1979 and 1997) 52 7.3 Northern Ireland (1973 and 1998) 53 7.4 London (May 1998) 53 7.5 North East England (November 2004) 54 7.6 Europe (June 1975) 54 7.7 Alternative Vote (May 2011) 54 Appendix A: Voting systems and electoral geographies used in UK elections 55 Appendix B: Further information 57 RESEARCH PAPER 12/43 1 Introduction This paper provides summary results for UK elections from 1918 to 2012, primarily focusing on elections to the House of Commons. 1918 marks a paradigm shift in British electoral politics. A large extension of the electoral franchise meant women aged over 30 were able to vote in general elections for the first time. It was no longer necessary to hold property in order to be able to vote, thus bringing many more working class people into the electorate. The Liberals’ position as one of the two dominant parties in British politics alongside the Conservatives was threatened by splits in the party leadership. Labour became the main opposition party at the 1918 General Election as a consequence of a Conservative-Liberal coalition, and by 1922 Labour had supplanted the Liberals as the Conservatives’ main challenger. From 1918 onwards, British politics has generally been dominated by the Conservatives and Labour. In fifteen out of twenty-five general elections since 1918 the Conservative Party have won the most seats while Labour have won the most seats on the other ten occasions. In all general elections between 1918 and 1945 the Conservatives received more votes than any other party; only in 1997 did the party for the first time fail to win at least 35% of the vote. Labour did not win a House of Commons majority until 1945, although it had twice previously formed minority governments after the 1923 and 1929 elections. Labour became the second largest party at Westminster, behind the Conservatives, in 1922, when it received slightly more votes than the Liberals but won more than twice as many seats. Between 1945 and 1970 all but a handful of House of Commons seats were held by the Conservatives and Labour, who together took about nine in every ten votes cast in general elections over this period. Since 1974 an increasing share of the vote has gone to the Liberal Party and its successor, the Liberal Democrats. There has also been an increase in support for candidates other than from the three main parties; smaller parties and independent candidates won 12% of the vote in 2010 compared to less than 1% in 1951. The profile of Members elected at general elections has altered since 1918. Only one of the 707 Members elected in 1918 was a woman, compared to 145 out of 650 MPs in 2012. Four Labour MPs elected in 1987 were the first black and minority ethnic (BME) Members to sit in the House in the post-war era; today there are 27 Members from BME backgrounds. More MPs in the current parliament have been to university than was the case sixty years ago, while the numbers who attended private schools or went to Oxbridge have decreased. The growth in support for smaller parties at general elections can also be observed in local government elections and, to an even greater extent, elections to the European Parliament. The three main parties won 97% of the vote in the 1979 European Parliament elections but only 57% in 2009. The introduction of a proportional voting system for European Parliament elections in 1999 was a factor in more MEPs being elected from outside the three main parties: in 2009 about one-third of UK MEPs were from smaller parties. The First Past the Post electoral system used in Westminster elections and local elections in England and Wales means that the increase in votes for smaller parties has not translated into an increase in their number of MPs or councillors. The Scottish National Party (SNP) and Plaid Cymru have generally performed better in devolved elections than in Westminster elections. However, while the SNP have improved on their performance in the first Scottish Parliament election in 1999, Plaid Cymru have been unable to match their performance at the 1999 National Assembly for Wales elections at subsequent Assembly elections. 1 RESEARCH PAPER 12/43 Parliamentary by-elections are now less common than fifty years ago and in local authorities that have moved from a two-tier structure to unitary status, local elections are less frequent. However, devolution in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and the introduction of elected mayors for some local authorities mean additional events have been added to the electoral calendar. The first elections for the Mayor of London and London Assembly were held in 2000. The office of elected mayor has been introduced in seventeen English local authorities since 2001, and another 35 authorities have rejected creating the new office in a referendum. From November 2012, voters in England and Wales (excluding London) will elect a police and crime commissioner for their local police force area. Detailed results from individual elections can be found in relevant House of Commons Library research papers. This paper replaces Library Research Paper 08/12 Election Statistics: UK 1918-2012. 2 RESEARCH PAPER 12/43 2 General Elections since 1918 2.1 Summary of results There have been 25 UK general elections since 1918. On fifteen occasions the Conservatives won the most seats while Labour won the most seats on ten occasions. In four general elections no party secured an overall majority of seats. The Conservatives held the most seats following the 1923 general election but resigned government to be replaced by a minority Labour administration. Labour was the largest party in the House of Commons after the 1929 and February 1974 general elections and on both occasions formed a minority government. In 2010, the Conservatives won the most seats and entered government in coalition with the Liberal Democrats. On three occasions, the party with the most votes did not win the most seats. In 1929 and in February 1974, Labour polled fewer votes than the Conservatives but had more MPs. In 1951 the Conservatives won the most seats but received fewer votes than Labour.
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