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Home , Chinese Civil War

• What was the result of the Chinese in 1949, & what happened to each side? Most importantly how could these results effect future relations with & the U.S.? The Communists won & claimed . The Nationalists went to . The UN & U.S. accepted Taiwan’s as the legitimate . • What is Pan-Africanism? An ideology & movement that encourages the solidarity of Africans worldwide, based on the belief that unity is vital to economic, social, & political progress & aims to "unify and uplift" people of African descent. • Explain in South Africa during much of the . Which leader & ANC member strongly opposed this? After South Africa had gained its independence from Great Britain, several white-minority governments, passed a series of laws that drastically curtailed the rights of Africans and other non-whites to vote, go to university, etc.; these governments also instituted laws requiring the separation of whites and blacks. Nelson Mandela, 1st African President of South Africa. Struggles for Democracy 1945-present

Free elections, Citizen participation, Majority rule, Minority rights, Constitutional government! Brazil: From Dictators to Democracy • Gained independence from Portugal in 1822; became a . • 1889  Republican gov’t controlled by wealthy elites • Vargas became dictator • 3 Presidents try to steer Brazil toward democracy and are unsuccessful • 1964  Army seizes power in a military coup • 1980s  recession gripped Brazil finally allow direct elections of local, state, and national officials • 1985  indirectly elected civilian president, Jose Sarney fails to solve the country’s problems • 1994 and 1998  Brazilians elect Fernando Henrique Cardoso, who achieved some success in tackling the nation’s economic/political problems • 1990s and onward  Brazil continued on the path of democracy Mexico: One Dominant Party

• 1911 Mexican (giving more rights and land) • After the , the government passed the Constitution of 1917 (outlining a democracy & promising reforms) • 1920-1934  Mexico elected several generals as president which led to the creation of the National Revolutionary Party • 1934-1940  President Lazaro Cardenas tried to improve life for peasants/workers & enacted many reforms • 1946  the dominant party changes its name to the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) • 2000  Mexican voters ended 71 years of PRI rule by electing center-right party candidate Vicente Fox Quesada as president Argentina: Casts off Repression

• 1946  Argentinean workers supported an army officer, Juan Peron, who won the presidency and then established a He and his wife created a welfare state. • 1955  Military ousted Peron & sent him to exile; they rule for the next 3 decades • Mid 1970s  Argentina is in chaos! – Economy in ruins & on the rise! • 1976  Generals seize power again establishing a brutal dictatorship/hunting down opponents • Early 1980’s  several thousand Argentines had simply disappeared— kidnapped by their own government! • 1983  Elect Raul Alfonsin as president in the first truly free election in 40 years; he worked to rebuild democracy and the economy. • Late 1990s  Democracy seemed established in Argentina

Democratic Challenges in African Nations NIGERIA: • Won its independence from Britain in 1960, but the country was ethnically divided • Nigeria sets up a federal system with three states, one for each region & ethnic group, with a corresponding political party in each • 1967-1970  Eastern Region seceded from Nigeria, declaring itself the new nation of Biafra; causing a Civil War. Biafra surrenders in 1970 and Nigeria was reunited. • 1970s – Military governs Nigeria • 1979  Military hands power back to civilian rulers • 1983 Military overthrew the civilian gov’t allowing a military regime, dominated by the Hausa-Fulani to take charge carrying out a policy of against other ethnic groups • 1993  Army held elections, resulting in the victory of Moshood Abiola. However, officers declared the results invalid & handed power to dictator, General Sani Abacha • 1998  General Abubakar seized power promising to end military rule • 1999  Nigerians freely elected their first civilian president, Obasanyo, in nearly 20 years Democratic Challenges in African Nations South Africa: • 1910 – Gains self-rule as a dominion of the British Empire. • 1931 – Became an independent member of the British Commonwealth • 1948 – National Party came to power in South Africa, promoting Afrikaner, or Dutch South African, and apartheid • 1959 – Minority gov’t set up reserves for the country’s majority black groups • 1960 – At an ANC demonstration, police killed 69 people, banned the ANC, & imprisoned many members (e.g. Nelson Mandela) • 1976 – 600 black students are left dead after riots in the township of Soweto • 1986 – are on the rise & the government declared a – under to change • Many nations imposed trade restrictions on South Africa and even banned it from the Olympic games • 1989 – White South Africans elect a new president, F. W. de Klerk  in 1990 he legalizes the ANC & released Nelson Mandela from prison! • 1994 – President de Klerk agreed to hold South Africa’s 1st universal elections, in which people of all races could vote! Mandela was elected president. • 1996 – A new, more democratic constitution was passed; guaranteeing equal rights for all citizens. • 1999 – Mandela retires from office

Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy

• 1960s-1970s  Censors decided what writers could publish & such basic rights as freedom of speech & worship were restricted by then leader, Leonid Brezhnev & his communist party – Brezhnev dies in 1982 • 1985  became general secretary & then, President of the in 1990. • 1985  Gorbachev announced a policy known as (political openness); encouraging Soviet citizens to discuss ways to improve their society. This allowed for churches to open, dissidents to be released from prison, and for previously censored authors to write. He also announced the policy of (economic restructuring) • 1987  Gorbachev signs the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty with U.S. President, . The treaty banned nuclear missiles with ranges of 300 to 3,400 miles. Reforms in Poland & Hungary

Poland Hungary • 1978  A Polish archbishop • Inspired by Poland, Hungary also became Pope John Paul III & lent launched a reform program; support to the anti-communist encouraging private enterprise & movement allowing a small stock market to • 1980  Shipyard workers strike, operate demanding gov’t recognition of • 1989  Radical reformers took their union, Solidarity over a Communist Party • 1989 Solidarity defeats congress; dissolving the party when military • 1990  National elections are leader, Jaruzelski legalized held & voters put a non- Solidarity and agreed to hold Communist gov’t in power Poland’s 1st free elections since • 1994  A socialist party formed the Communists took power a coalitionn w/a democratic party to rule

Communism Falls in East Germany

• 1989 Hungary allowed vacationing East Germans to cross over into Austria, & from there they could travel to West Germany (=escape route) • Protestors in East Germany demand the right to travel freely & hold free elections! • November 9th  the collapse of the • October 3rd, 1990  Germany is officially reunited! • 1998  German voters elect a new chancellor, Gerhard Schroeder of the Socialist Democratic Party

Democracy Spreads!

Czechoslovakia Romania • 1989  10,000 people • 1989  Romanians begin a gathered in Prague demanding democracy movement of their own & freedom! • December  a popular uprising Then, 3 weeks later gains the support of the army & 25,000 students do the same! together they overthrow the Finally, on Nov. 24, Communist dictator, Ceausescu! 500,000 people crowd • 1990/1992  Romania held into downtown Prague general elections • One month later  a new parliament • Government made economic elected Vaclav Havel as reforms to introduce elements of president! Collapse of the Soviet Union • 1980s Nationalist groups such as those in Georgia, Ukraine, and Moldavia began to demand Yugoslavia self-rule • Six major ethnic groups (Serbs, Croats, • 1990 – Lithuania declared its independence Muslims, Slovenes, Macedonians, and resulting in Gorbachev ordering a blockade of the Montenegrins) republic • Jospi “Marshal” Tito, led Yugoslavia from • June 1991  U.S.S.R. dissolved & Voters chose 1945 to 1980, holding it together until , a member of Parliament, to become his death the Russian Republic’s 1st directly elected president. • Serbian leader Milosevic asserts Serbian • Late 1991  Latvia and Estonia declare their leadership over Yugoslavia independence, with other republics soon following • 1991 – Slovenia and Croatia declare • Gorbachev pleads for unity, but by December, 1991, independence all 15 republics had declared independence • 1992 – Bosnia-Herzegovina declared • 1992-1994 Boris Yeltsin implements “shock therapy” independence which was an abrupt shift to free-market economics. This plan backfires when prices soar, the inflation • Bosnian Serbs launched a brutal war in rate averaged 800%, many factories had to shut March, using “ethnic cleansing” down and thousands of people were out of work (genocide) as a means to rid Bosnia of its • 1991 – Chechnya (a largely Muslim area in Russia) Muslim population. declared its independence, but Yeltsin denied this & • 1995  leaders of the 3 factions in the ordered 40,000 Russian troops into the area…. 1996 war sign a U.N.-and U.S.-brokered peace – The two sides signed a and Yeltsin treaty was re-elected • War soon breaks out again with Chechnya, and in • 1996 – Bosnians elected a 3-person 1999 Yeltsin resigns, naming Russian Premier presidency – one leader from each group Vladamir Putin as acting president (2000) Putin is able to crush the in Chechnya

Kosovo

• Rebellion in Kosovo, a province in S. Serbia made up almost entirely of ethnic Albanians 1998 – Independence movement grows violent – Serb forces enter the area to fight back • 1999  due to many Serbian atrocities & failure of diplomacy to bring peace – NATO began a bombing campaign against Yugoslavia 2 months later, Yugoslav leaders pull back their troops from Kosovo Eastern Europe Faces Problems

Poland Czechoslovakia Polish people are unhappy Reformers also launched with Lech Walesa’s an economic program strategy of “shock based on shock therapy therapy” reforms which causing led to inflation & Slovakia & the Czech unemployment Republic drift apart, in spite of President 1995 – they elect a former Havel’s pleas for unity Communist Aleksandr January 1, 1993 – Kwasniewski who vowed Czechoslovakia split to combine free market into two countries & policies with greater Havel was elected social benefits president of the Czech Republic

• 1979-1990 Prime Minister of the UK (only woman to do so) • 1975 - 1990  Leader of the Conservative Party • Nicknamed, “The Iron Lady” due to her uncompromising politics & leadership style • Her policies are known as “Thatcherism” (political platform emphasizing free markets with restrained government spending and tax cuts coupled with British nationalism both at home and abroad) • 1984  Signs the Sino-British Joint Declaration in , agreeing to hand over ’s sovereignty in 1997 • Died of a stroke in 2013 China Follows Its Own Path Mao’s Unexpected Legacy China & the West 1953-1957  First Five-Year Plan 1971  invited the U.S. team to Results: Industry grew 15% a China = 1st visit by an American group to China since year & Agricultural output grew 1949 very slowly = “Ping Pong Diplomacy” The U.S. reversed its policy & endorsed UN membership 1958-1962  Great Leap for China Forward 1972  President Nixon made a state visit to China to Results: China suffered economic meet with Mao & Zhou = cultural exchanges & limited disaster— industrial declines & trade food shortages & 1976 – & Zhao Enlai die Mao lost influence 1979  U.S. & China established formal diplomatic relations 1966-1976  1980  is most powerful leader in China Results: Mao regained influence & promotes goals known as the Four Modernizations by backing radicals (Red Guards) 1st Deng eliminated Mao’s unpopular communes & & leased land to individual farmers = food production Purges & conflicts among leaders increase by 50 % from 1978 to 1984 created economic, social, & 2nd Gov’t permitted small businesses to operate & Deng political chaos & welcomed foreign technology & investment Moderates increasingly opposed 3rd As incomes increased people began to buy appliances radicals in Communist Party and TVs, teens listened to western music, etc…China is now exporting abroad & turning toward capitalism Tiananmen Square • Increased contact with the West led to Chinese students learning about democracy & questioning China’s lack of political freedom • 1989  Students spark an uprising with more than 100,000 students occupying Tiananmen Square in Beijing. Their slogans were: “Down with corruption!” “Down with dictatorship!” “Long live democracy!” • Several thousand students went on a hunger strike & perhaps a million people poured into the square to support them • They call for Deng Xiaoping to resign

• Deng responds by declaring martial law & ordering 250,000 troops to surround Beijing • Most students left, but 3,000 remained & they erected a 33-foot statue named the “Goddess of Democracy” modeled off of the Statue of Liberty • June 4. 1989  Troops storm the square, tanks smash through the barricades crushing the statue, troops spray gunfire into crowds of students. Results: Hundreds killed, thousands wounded, 10,000 arrested China in the 1990s • By the mid-1990s, China’s booming economy was producing extraordinary changes including construction & traffic everywhere, indoor malls with new department stores, restaurants packed with China’s new urban , & an emergence of chain smokers. • 1997  Deng Xiaoping dies & assumed the presidency • 1997  Great Britain handed the thriving business center, Hong Kong over to China, ending 155 years of colonial rule As part of this transfer, China promised to respect Hong Kong’s economic system & political liberties for 50 years • 2000  U.S. Congress voted to normalize trade with China