DOCSLIB.ORG

CRISES of EXPECTATIONS: WORKERS' STRUGGLES in ZAMBIA, 1964-2011 by FRIDAY ELIYA MULENGA a Thesis Submitted to the University O

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CRISES of EXPECTATIONS: WORKERS' STRUGGLES in ZAMBIA, 1964-2011 by FRIDAY ELIYA MULENGA a Thesis Submitted to the University O CRISES OF EXPECTATIONS: WORKERS’ STRUGGLES IN ZAMBIA, 1964-2011 BY FRIDAY ELIYA MULENGA A thesis submitted to the University of Zambia in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History THE UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA LUSAKA 2017 COPYRIGHT DECLARATION All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced or stored in any form or by any means without prior permission in writing from the author or the University of Zambia. i DECLARATION I, FRIDAY ELIYA MULENGA do hereby declare that this thesis represents my own work and that it has previously been submitted for a degree at this or any other University and does not incorporate any published work or material from another thesis. Signed ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Date ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ii APPROVAL This thesis by Friday Eliya Mulenga has been approved as fulfilling the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in History by the University of Zambia. EXAMINERS NAME SIGNATURE DATE 1………………………………………… …………………….. ……………… 2………………………………………… ……………………… ………………. 3………………………………………… ……………………… ……………….. iii ABSTRACT This study investigates aspects of the history of the trade union movement in Zambia from 1964 to 2011 by looking at some of the struggles the workers engaged in to obtain what they thought was due to them. The term ‘Crises of Expectations’ is used because what was expected and what was obtained did not always match. Workers, therefore, engaged in strikes to obtain benefits from their labour. The study investigated the economy and government labour policies. This subject was investigated because everywhere in the world workers occupy a strategic position in the economy and therefore need to have their history studied. In Zambia the trade union movement acted as the voice of the voiceless during the one party era. The main objective of the study was to investigate the nature of the workers’ expectations and their struggles to obtain rewards from their labour. The specific objectives were to examine the impact of the performance of the economy on the workers’ expectations and trade unionism; and government’s labour policies on the workers’ expectations and trade unionism; to analyse the nature of the relationship between the trade union movement and the government; to analyse the impact of economic liberalisation on trade unionism; to examine the nature of the industrial relations and impact on the economy and to examine the workers’ expectations from 1991 to 2011. Data was collected from primary sources in the Special Collections section of the UNZA library, the National Archives of Zambia and the UNIP Archives. This data was from monthly and annual labour reports, government reports, Parliamentary debates, Bank of Zambia annual reports and CSO reports. Secondary sources in the form of books, journal articles and newspapers were also consulted from both the UNZA library and NAZ. Oral sources were consulted, mainly those that have an idea of the history of the trade unionism. Data collected was analysed using mainly the qualitative method but also a little of the quantitative method through the use of tables. Major findings of the investigation are that the crises of expectations among the workers still remains and their struggles to better their lives still continue. Strikes prevented implementation of a wages and prices policy. There is still no wages and prices policy. During the First and Second Republics, in spite of confrontations between the trade union movement and the government, labour laws to a large extent helped strengthen the trade union movement. On the other hand, labour laws during the Third Republic were used to strengthen the position of investors while weakening the trade union movement, especially through economic liberalisation. On the whole, in spite of the challenges and struggles the trade union movement has shown resilience and still remains relevant to the country’s social, economic and political development, with one of its former leaders heading the Ministry of Labour as Minister until 2016 and another currently heading it as Minister. iv DEDICATION To the memory of my father, Mulenga Eliya Nkalamu, and my mother, Estelle Mwanza Nkalamu. And also to the memory of my elder sister Elisa (Deliya) and younger brother Benjamin. But on the whole, this work is really for my wife of many years Marjorie Kafula Kabela. It has been long in coming, but finally it is here! Thanks for everything, my friend. God is always faithful. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As is the case with such work, many people have helped to make it possible, but there is room to mention only a few of them here. I thank my friend and supervisor Professor Bizeck J. Phiri for working through this thesis with me, providing valuable advice and encouragement. Dr. Webby S. Kalikiti was the co-supervisor. I thank him as well for his input. I wish to express sincere gratitude to the University of Zambia for awarding me the Staff Research Fellowship under which this study began and for the financial assistance granted. I wish to express my gratitude to all my colleagues in the Department of History at the University of Zambia, Professor Francis B. Musonda, Dr. Euston K. Chiputa, Dr. Kamini Krishna, Miss Dorothy Mwansa, Dr. Clarence Chongo, and Miss Mailes Mbewe. They were there at the start of this work and in one way or the other helped to shape the work, although they may not be ware how! I also wish to remember the departed colleagues, namely, Dr. Bennett S. Siamwiza, Dr. Chewe M. Chabatama and Professor Mwelwa C. Musambachime. They were also there when this work started but were not around to see it concluded. Dr. Siamwiza and Dr. Chabatama in particular were familiar with this work and often offered encouragement. I also remember with gratitude, the late secretary in the Department of Historical and Archaeological Studies, Ms. Irene Banda. She constructed Table 7 on page 195. This work faced many delays, for example, at the start of my research at the National Archives of Zambia (NAZ), I found that files containing material on labour history were being re-classified. This took longer than expected and caused a delay of more a year and a half. And then there were the heavy teaching and marking loads, illnesses in the family, with my wife suffering an almost debilitating stroke, and then having to see her through a long healing process. I am grateful to God the Almighty for seeing us through all this. It was only in the last two years that I freed myself from the heavy teaching and marking loads that I was able to see the work completed. In this regard, I would like to express very special gratitude to the following members of staff in the Department for graciously agreeing to help me out by taking some of the load off me: Mr. Santebe Mbozi, Miss Mailes Mbewe, Mrs Martha N. Kayuni-Sikazwe, and Dr. Clarence Chongo. I also express my special gratitude to Mr. Patrick Sikayomya, Mrs Nisbert M. Malama, and Miss Yvonne Kabombwe of the vi Department of Language and Social Science Education (LSSE) in the School of Education at the University of Zambia (UNZA for helping me out. To all these wonderful men and women, I say, May God bless you richly always and please continue to be good people and may you all become very wonderful academics. I express my gratitude to the staff in the University of Zambia Library, but particularly all those that worked in the Special Collections Section during the entire period of this study. I also express gratitude to the staff at the National Archives of Zambia (NAZ). At the start of this work, there was a very long delay because the NAZ files on labour were being organised. When they were finally ready I was able to receive assistance from staff at NAZ. I should also express my gratitude to all those men and women that allowed me to interview them for this work or just to discuss the work with me for all the valuable insights they provided on the challenges and struggles of the workers and the trade union movement in Zambia. In this regard, I particularly thank Mr. Fackson Shamenda, Mr. Leonard Hikaumba, Mrs Joyce Nonde-Simukoko, the late Mr. Alec Chirwa, and Dr. Sketchley Sacika. They gave me valuable information and were very knowledgeable. There are few surviving sources with knowledge of pre-1964 trade union issues, but Dr. Sacika did his best to fill in. There were also those that diplomatically declined to be interviewed or to discuss the subject with me. I also wish them well. My students at the University of Zambia that studied Undergraduate history and took the courses I have offered from 1991, also deserve my gratitude. This is because in my lectures and discussions with them in tutorials, we often touched on the subject of workers and workers’ organisations not only in Zambia, but also in other African countries and the world at large. These students may not be aware of this, but in an appreciable way, they helped shape this work as well. The same goes for the men and women that gave me the privilege of supervising their post-graduate (Master of History) work. Two of the ladies are lecturers in History, one at UNZA, and the other at Nkrumah University in Kabwe. The other, a gentleman, is late, but was also a lecturer in History at Nkrumah University in Kabwe. I was happy to work with them all. Finally, I owe a huge debt of gratitude to my wife, Marjorie Kafula Kabela who wanted to see this work come to fruition. I am sure the work will make her as happy as it has made me happy.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Zambia's Independence
    Zambia’s Independence In thy cozy loamy soils deeply flowed mine young blood/ In thy sun- scotched patches birth-ed thee a patriotic lad/ How this thought of hilarity mine psyche partly flood/ Thy progeny in hope mine entrails thou maketh glad/ Thy black visage daily mine heart gladly beholdeth/ For thine good, whence mine desire dryly flourisheth/ Oh Zambia, kind Mother to me thou may be more/ Oh land, thy toil, the oil that boileth our common soul! BRIEF INTRODUCTION In this chapter, the author relives the memories of Zambia’s 19th independence celebrations as a child at Mibenge Primary School in Mibenge’s village in Samfya- Mansa district of Luapula Province. It introduces the major theme of independence, the founding fathers of the independent Republic of Zambia, and the promise of a prosperous, democratic and free nation. MAJOR THEME: Independence ≈ History ≈ Politics ≈ §1.1 Mibenge was born on the ninth Christmas after Zambia became independent. My mother told me that she almost named me Mary had I been a girl, but for the second born who was already called by that name in the family. I was born Charles Chushi Zachariah Mwewa to Zachariah I 1 Kalubeya Mwewa and Justina Kunda of Mibenge village in Samfya-Mansa district in the Luapula Province of Zambia.2 I am positioned seventh in an eight-member family of only two girls: John Mwewa, Mary Kalaba, Gilbert Ng’andwe, George (also called Charles Chibwe), Joseph Ng’andwe, Jeremiah Chushi, and Anne Mwewa. When I was born, it was perhaps not a family secret that I was unexpected.
    [Show full text]
  • NKRUMAH, Kwame
    Howard University Digital Howard @ Howard University Manuscript Division Finding Aids Finding Aids 10-1-2015 NKRUMAH, Kwame MSRC Staff Follow this and additional works at: https://dh.howard.edu/finaid_manu Recommended Citation Staff, MSRC, "NKRUMAH, Kwame" (2015). Manuscript Division Finding Aids. 149. https://dh.howard.edu/finaid_manu/149 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Finding Aids at Digital Howard @ Howard University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Manuscript Division Finding Aids by an authorized administrator of Digital Howard @ Howard University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 BIOGRAPHICAL DATA Kwame Nkrumah 1909 September 21 Born to Kobina Nkrumah and Kweku Nyaniba in Nkroful, Gold Coast 1930 Completed four year teachers' course at Achimota College, Accra 1930-1935 Taught at Catholic schools in the Gold Coast 1939 Received B.A. degree in economics and sociology from Lincoln University, Oxford, Pennsylvania. Served as President of the African Students' Association of America and Canada while enrolled 1939-1943 Taught history and African languages at Lincoln University 1942 Received S.T.B. [Bachelor of Theology degree] from Lincoln Theological Seminary 1942 Received M.S. degree in Education from the University of Pennsylvania 1943 Received A.M. degree in Philosophy from the University of Pennsylvania 1945-1947 Lived in London. Attended London School of Economics for one semester. Became active in pan-Africanist politics 1947 Returned to Gold Coast and became General Secretary of the United Gold Coast Convention 1949 Founded the Convention Peoples' Party (C.P.P.) 2 1949 Publication of What I Mean by Positive Action 1950-1951 Imprisoned on charge of sedition and of fomenting an illegal general strike 1951 February Elected Leader of Government Business of the Gold Coast 1951 Awarded Honorary LL.D.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analytical Narrative on the Construction and Maintenance of Policital Order in Zambia Since 1960
    Working Paper no. 75 - Development as State-making - STATE RESILIENCE AGAINST THE ODDS: AN ANALYTICAL NARRATIVE ON THE CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF POLICITAL ORDER IN ZAMBIA SINCE 1960 Jonathan DiJohn Crisis States Research Centre June 2010 Crisis States Working Papers Series No.2 ISSN 1749-1797 (print) ISSN 1749-1800 (online) Copyright © J. DiJohn, 2010 24 Crisis States Research Centre State Resilience Against the Odds: An Analytical Narrative on the Construction and Maintenance of Political Order in Zambia since 1960 Jonathan Di John Crisis States Research Centre Zambia is now one of the poorest countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is a land-abundant but sparsely populated country of 11 million inhabitants. This paper attempts to explain why the Zambian state has remained resilient over the period 1960-2010 despite confronting a substantial set of crises and unfavourable ‘initial conditions’, which include: one of the worst declines in per capita income in sub-Saharan Africa since 1970, a heavy debt burden, dramatic price and production declines in its main export (copper), one of the continent’s most unequal distributions of income, one of the worst HIV/AIDS epidemics in the world, declines in its Human Development Index in every decade since 1980, relatively high levels of poverty, substantial influxes of refugees (particularly in the 1990s) that reached as high as 200,000, high transport costs as a result of being a landlocked economy, and being surrounded by five countries that have experienced civil wars and political disorder. By any conceivable measure, the growth performance of Zambia has been poor (see Table 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Article in PDF Format
    Nordic Journal of African Studies 10(2): 224-244 (2001) Colonial Legacy and the Role of Society in the Creation and Demise of Autocracy in Zambia, 1964-1991 BIZECK J. PHIRI University of Zambia, Zambia ABSTRACT This paper explores the origin, growth and demise of autocracy in post-independence Zambia from a macro-historical perspective. It is argued that the underlying dynamic, which gradually turned Zambia into a virtual autocracy after its independence in 1964, stems from its colonial past, although augmented by the Zambians themselves. It is shown how emerging hero- worship within the dominant United National Independence Party (UNIP) turned the country’s first president, with the support of the people, into an autocrat. In the 1980’s the autocracy started to seriously crumble in the face of food riots and rising unemployment resulting from a deepening economic depression. It is concluded that, despite the return to a multi-party state in 1991, there are strong indications that this newly found democracy is already being undermined by the same dynamic that led to autocracy in the first place. [Ed.] Keywords: autocracy, colonialism, United Independence Party INTRODUCTION The one-party state system of government in post-independence Zambia, and indeed elsewhere, was perceived as a form of dictatorship. Yet, scholars were merely content to comment on the shortcomings of this system of government. Its origins were generally explained away as part and parcel of the intransigence of political parties that assumed political power at independence. Little was said about the impact of the colonial past, and indeed, the role of society in influencing the political direction of post-independence Zambia.
    [Show full text]
  • Annexes Bibliography
    Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/18587 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Leenstra, Melle Title: Beyond the façade : instrumentalisation of the Zambian health sector Issue Date: 2012-03-14 Annexes Annex I Analysis of the National Health Strategic Plan 1995-1999 In this annex we present and analyse a specific policy document that captured the spirit and intent of the health reforms at their conceptual maturity, the National Health Strategic Plan 1995-1999. This plan, which was first drafted in 1994 and of which a revised third edition was published in July 1996, covered the main aspects of the implementation of reforms conceived over the previous years, as the MMD came to power. The Foreword to the plan, presented in Box I.1 was written by a remarkable character who figures prominently in this dissertation, Dr. Katele Kalumba, the deputy minister and later Minister of Health, who was credited as being one of the theoretical and political architects of the reforms. He began the Foreword by looking back at the history of Zambia’s health sector in colonial times.1 Kalumba reflected on the tur- bulence that ambitious reform plans face and the imperfect nature of government action anywhere. As we will see later, with this presentation, Kalumba not only looked back at the past of his colonial ‘predecessor’, but also to the future of his own reforms failing to bypass the ‘pitfalls of the past’ that he was determined to avoid. From here, Kalumba proceeded to describe what is required for this process of im- plementing and fostering a shared vision for reform.
    [Show full text]
  • Achberger Dissertation1.Pdf
    Copyright by Jessica Lynn Achberger 2012 THE DISSERTATION COMMITTEE FOR JESSICA LYNN ACHBERGER CERTIFIES THAT THIS IS THE APPROVED VERSION OF THE FOLLOWING DISSERTATION: “FORWARD WITH THE NATION”: ZAMBIA, CHINA, AND THE WEST, 1960- 1970 Committee: Toyin Falola, Supervisor Mark Lawrence Mark Metzler H. W. Brands Catherine Boone “FORWARD WITH THE NATION”: ZAMBIA, CHINA, AND THE WEST, 1960- 1970 by JESSICA LYNN ACHBERGER, B.A.; M.A. DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN DECEMBER 2012 Dedication For my parents. Acknowledgements A popular African proverb says that it takes a village to raise a child. I have realized over the course of the past six years that it takes a global village to research and write a dissertation. It would be impossible to name the hundreds of individuals around the world who have made this gigantic undertaking possible. Some of whom I do not even know their names, though I remember their kindness when I was far from home, jet- lagged, and frustrated with research. To all of you: Thank You, Zikomo, Xie Xie. You may not remember me, but I will always remember you. However, there are a few special people that I wish to thank in these pages. Although much of this work took place far away, I greatly appreciate the support of my colleagues in my ‘home’ of Austin, Texas. To my fellow Africanists, past and present, Tosin Abiodun, Saheed Aderinto, Nana Amponsah, Lady Jane Aquiah, Emily Brownell, Roy Doron, Kwame Essien, Tyler Fleming, Ryan Groves, Sylvester Gundona, Matt Heaton, Carla Khlem, Jason Morgan, Segun Obasa, Adam Paddock, and Danielle Sanchez—thank you all for being such a great ‘family.’ Thank you especially to my fellow Africanist, Charles Thomas, for showing me the library, keeping me company during office hours, reading drafts, and for being a friend all these years.
    [Show full text]
  • The Challenge of Sustaining a Professional Civil Service Amidst Shifting Political Coalitions: the Case of the Ministry of Finance in Zambia, 1991-20181
    bit.ly/pocketsofeffectiveness Pockets of Effectiveness Working Paper No. 6 The challenge of sustaining a professional civil service amidst shifting political coalitions: The case of the Ministry of Finance in Zambia, 1991-20181 Marja Hinfelaar* and Justine Sichone ** June, 2019 *Southern African Institute for Policy and Research (SAIPAR), Lusaka Email correspondence: [email protected] ** Southern African Institute for Policy And Research (SAIPAR), Lusaka Email correspondence: [email protected] ISBN: 978-1-912593-35-4 1 This paper was produced for the ESRC-DFID project, ‘Investigating Pockets of Effectiveness in Developing Countries: A New Route to Building State Capacity for Development’. Pockets of effectiveness (PoEs) are public organisations that function effectively in providing public goods and services, despite operating in an environment where effective public service delivery is not the norm. This project, which investigates PoEs in relation to the politics of state-building and regime survival in sub-Saharan Africa, is being led by Professor Sam Hickey, based at the Global Development Institute, The University of Manchester, in collaboration with Professor Giles Mohan (The Open University), Dr Abdul-Gafaru Abdulai (University of Ghana), Dr Badru Bukenya (Makerere University), Dr Benjamin Chemouni (University of Cambridge), Dr Marja Hinfelaar (SAIPAR, Lusaka) and Dr Matt Tyce (GDI, Manchester). It is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council and Department for International Development with some additional funding from the DFID-funded Effective States and Inclusive Development Research Centre. http://www.effective-states.org/research/pockets-of-effectiveness/ The challenge of sustaining a professional civil service amidst shifting political coalitions: The case of the Ministry of Finance in Zambia, 1991-2018 Abstract Zambia experienced a decade of strong economic growth from 2004 to 2014, averaging 7.4 percent a year.
    [Show full text]
  • THE ZAMBIAN CABINET (In the Picture Above), Seated Left to Right: A. G. Zulu (Transport & Works), S. Kalulu (National Resour
    THE ZAMBIAN CABINET (in the picture above), Seated left to right: A. G. Zulu (Transport & Works), S. Kalulu (National Resources), H. D. Banda (Housing & Social Development),R.C.Kamanga (Vice- President Designate), M. M. Chona (Home Affairs), N. Mundia (Commerce and Industry), S. Wina (Local Govt.), Standing left to right: A. W. Gaminara (Secretary to the cabinet), P. Matoka (Information, Post Office & Telegraphs), S. N. Kapwepwe (Foreign Affairs), J. Skinner (Justice), A. N. Wina (Finance), M. Sipalo (Health), M. J. Chimba Cabinet Office) (Labour & Mines), E. K. Mudenda (Agriculture), J. Mwanakatwe (Education), E. S. Kapotwe (senior Principal, Cabinet Office), D. Joy (Principal, Cabinet Office) Government Ministers, Parliamentary Secretaries and other close associates of the President. ZAMBIA’S INDEPENDENCE CABINET, which became effective on 24th October 1964. President: The Hon. Dr K. D. Kaunda. Vice-President: The Hon. R. C. Kamanga. Ministers—Foreign Affairs: The Hon. S. M. Kapwepwe; Home Affairs: The Hon. M. M. Chona; Finance: The Hon. A. N. Wina; Justice: The Hon. J. J. Skinner; Local Government: The Hon. S. Wina; Transport and Works: The Hon. A. G. Zulu; Land and Natural Resources: The Hon. S. Kalulu; Agriculture: The Hon. E. H. K. Mudenda; Education: The Hon. J. M. Mwanakatwe; Labour and Mines: The Hon. J. H. Chimba; Commerce and Industry: The Hon. N. Mundia; Housing and Social Development: The Hon. H. D. Banda; Health: The Hon. M. Sipalo; Information and Postal Services: The Hon. P. W. Matoka. Hvden Dingiswayo Banda: bom Lundazi, 1925. Educated Munali Secondary School. Trained as bookkeeper and typist. Has travelled in many parts of Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Logics of Arms Deals: Multilevel Evidence from China-Zambia Relations
    WORKING PAPER NO. 37 MAY 2020 Logics of Arms Deals: Multilevel Evidence from China-Zambia Relations Jyhjong Hwang sais-cari.org WORKING PAPER SERIES NO. 37 | MAY 2020: “Logics of Arms Deals: Multilevel Evidence from China-Zambia Relations” by Jyhjong Hwang TO CITE THIS PAPER: Hwang, Jyhjong. 2020. Logics of Arms Deals: Multilevel Evidence from China- Zambia Relations. Working Paper No. 2020/37. China Africa Research Initiative, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://www.sais-cari.org/publications. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Jyhjong Hwang Email: [email protected] NOTE: The papers in this Working Paper series have undergone only limited review and may be updated, corrected or withdrawn. Please contact the corresponding author directly with comments or questions about this paper. Editor: Daniela Solano-Ward 2 CHINA-AFRICA RESEARCH INITIATIVE ABSTRACT SAIS-CARI WORKING PAPER WHY DO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WANT TO EXPAND NO. 37 | MAY 2020: their air force and why would Chinese arms suppliers be “Logics of Arms Deals: Multilevel Evidence from preferred? This paper provides a multifaceted answer China-Zambia Relations” based on field interviews in Zambia as well as desk by Jyhjong Hwang research, developing five different logics for burgeoning arms trade between developing countries and new arms suppliers in the international market. Military and bilateral relations history, current strategic concerns in defense and finance, domestic political economy, psychological quest for prestige, and systemic concerns are all essential factors. A uni-dimensional explanation would lead to skewed or even erroneous interpretations of the intentions of both arms buyers and arms sellers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Musakanya Papers
    The Musakanya Papers THE MUSAKANYA PAPERS THE AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL WRITINGS OF VALENTINE MUSAKANYA EDITED BY MILES LARMER Lembani Trust LUSAKA http://sites.google.com/site/lembanitrust/ First published 2010 by the Lembani Trust Lusaka, Zambia Editorial matter and introduction Copyright © Miles Larmer 2010 Text Copyright © Kapumpe-Valentine Musakanya 2010 All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored into or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, with- out the written permission of the copyright owner. ISBN 978-9982-9972-3-2 Typeset in Gentium First, this book is dedicated to the emergence of a new Zambian spirit that is dedicated to accurate historical presentation and writing and to all those that will be encouraged by this book to write — for today and for the future. Second, but not least, this book is dedicated to Flavia Musonda Musakanya; this completes you now. You waited painfully for so many years, without any reward, for a platform of reason and accuracy in which your husband’s writings could be presented on unconditional terms. Table of Contents Foreword..............................................................................ix Acknowledgements...........................................................xiii Editor’s Introduction.........................................................xv Introduction.......................................................................xxi
    [Show full text]
  • Kwacha Ngwee—Into Thezambian Morning Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia by Macpherson
    Kwacha Ngwee—Into theZambian Morning Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia By Macpherson Nineteen sixty-three had been a year of conflict and confusion, yet it had been certain that the goal of all the striving would be reached. As some of the nationalists had prophesied on several occasions, it had been the darkest hour before the dawn, a time when agitated people were rushing up and down, as it were, stumbling blindly, shouting, knocking into one another roughly and unreasoningly in the darkness. Then, like a tiny strip of light, at first no bigger than a man’s finger, the dawn had begun to reach from the east into the area of jaded, sleepless strife, coming from where national sovereignty was virtually an accomplised fact, in East Africa and in the land soon to be called Malawi. For Northern Rhodesia, 1964 was to be the time of the lightening of the sky, in which the country was to move swiftly through what one commentator would call ‘the most amicable pre-independence talks’ with Britain ‘for the past five years’, to the status of a republic within the British Commonwealth, welcomed into the United Nations Organisation, and widely acclaimed as a star of hope in Africa. This realisation of a new dispensation was what was meant, in essence, by the slogan ‘KWACHA NGWEE’. Indeed the word "Kwacha' had, as we have noted, been the watchword of the nationalist movements of both Central African Protectorates, a word meaning either ‘The dawn is about to break’ or ‘The dawn has come’, according to the inflection of the voice.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 22 Verse 21
    University of Pretoria etd – Bwalya, M (2006) 74 CHAPTER 3 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN ZAMBIA: 1964-1999 3.1 INTRODUCTION The previous chapter has established beyond any reasonable doubt that scarcity is the root which runs through economics, economic development, modern economic systems and the quest for sustainable development. Formulated and refined by economic thinkers mainly of the industrial West, the concept was “exported” to conquered lands and colonies by Western Colonisers. There, the concept continued to define the practice of economics in those spe- cific areas including Africa. Post-independent and decolonised Africa did not depart from the legacy of scarcity as the “point of departure” for her quest for rapid economic develop- ment. In building the case of Zambia, it ought to be stated that she took scarcity as her “point of departure” for nation-building and economic development from the time of her independ- ence in 1964. As a young nation, she had to choose between the capitalist individualist phi- losophy and the socialist collectivist philosophy as the major economic systems by which scarcity can be solved. From 1964 to 1991, even though the Zambian economy was mixed in nature, it was the so- cialist collectivist philosophy that was prominent. Modest positive economic and social re- sults were achieved during this period. Nevertheless, by 1991, the economy of Zambia reached a catastrophic decline with very serious social ramifications. Zambia had failed to solve her scarcity problems due to, inter alia, ineffective measures to fully combat scarcity. It is crystal clear that Zambia has had problems to fully solve scarcity in her quest for eco- nomic development.
    [Show full text]