AUSTRIANCENTER STUDIES FOR AUSTRIAN STUDIESNEWSLETTER Vol. 10, No. 3 Fall 1998 New Austrian center opens in Canada The Center for Austrian tral European theme. It Studies gained a sister will work with the Uni- institution on this con- versity of Alberta librar- tinent when the Cana- ies and the Embassies of dian Center for Austrian Austria, the Czech Re- and Central European public, Hungary, Po- Studies (CCAuCES) land, and Slovenia to es- formally opened at the tablish a resource center University of Alberta in for Austrian and Central Edmonton, Canada, on European Studies for 8 September 1998. scholars throughout As reported in ASN Canada and the United [see p.16, Winter 1998], States. Szabo is particu- the University of Al- larly eager to cooperate berta reached an agree- with CAS, and he and ment in March 1998 Richard Rudolph have with the Austrian gov- been discussing ideas ernment and the Aus- for cooperation; pre- trian Conference of liminary suggestions in- University Presidents to clude joint research establish a new Cana- His Excellency Dr. Walther Lichem, Austrian ambassador to Canada, and Dr. Patricia Clements, projects, jointly spon- dian Center for Austrian dean of arts, University of Alberta, at the signing of the Memorandum of Agreement between the sored conferences, and and Central European Austrian Government and the University of Alberta, 2 March 1998.(courtesy Franz Szabo) sharing the cost of Studies in order to en- bringing Central and courage further area study and research on this part of the world. Since East European speakers to North America. In addition, Szabo has pro- then the enterprise also gained the cooperation and support of the gov- posed contributing a CCAuCES column to ASN. ernments of the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovenia. The opening ceremony was attended by some 300 guests, including The Center was formally opened by the Austrian Federal Minister of Canadian government and education officials; government, consular, and Science and Transportation, Dr. Casper Einem, and President and Vice- trade officials from Austria, the Czech Republic, and Hungary; officials Chancellor of the University of Alberta, Dr. Roderick D. Fraser. Dr. from the European Union (EU) Delegation in Canada, the Austrian Con- Franz A. J. Szabo, currently a professor of History at Carleton Univer- ference of University Presidents, the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and sity in Ottawa and winner of the 1996 ACI prize for his monographs on Canadian national funding and research agencies; members of the local Count Kaunitz, was named director of the CCAuCES. The Austrian gov- continued on page 9 ernment is funding an ongoing visiting faculty member under the “Insti- IN THIS ISSUE tutslektor” program of the Ministry of the Sciences. Visiting Instituts- lektoren will come on three-year terms and also serve as Associate Di- rectors to the Center. The first Institutslektor selected was Dr. Markus LetterfromtheDirector 2 Reisenleitner, a scholar of Early Modern and Biedermeier cultural his- MinnesotaCalendar 3 tory who has taught at the University of Vienna since 1993. NewsfromtheCenter:CenterforHolocaustStudies 3 The new Center will be both the resource center and the focal point of ASNInterview:MichaelLandesmann 4 a national expertise network on central Europe, not only for scholars and The“LesserTraumatized”:ExiledAustrianJews 6 academics but also for business, government, and nongovernment orga- nizations. Its task is to coordinate Austrian and Central European stud- TheSalzburgerSettlementatEbenezer,Georgia 10 ies at the University of Alberta, provide a leadership role for Austrian Publications:NewsandReviews 12 Studies within Canada, and create a network of cooperation with other NewsfromtheField:1848/49Conference 16 Canadian universities. CCAuCES will sponsor conferences, artistic fes- SAHHNews 16 tivals, symposia, and other scholarly events with an Austrian and Cen- HABSBURGHappenings 17 THE CENTER HAS A NEW FAX NUMBER: ASNInterview:GerdaNeyer 18 612-626-9004 SalburgFestival1998:Heavenly! 20 PLEASE MAKE A NOTE OF IT! Announcements 22 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER LETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR Springing ahead As I write this letter it is still summer, but we are moving along at full putting some outstanding international scholars in the history of the re- speed on our annual symposium, which will be held next spring. We feel gion together with political scientists, journalists, psychologists, anthro- we have an extremely significant and exciting set of themes. The sym- pologists, sociologists, and specialists in literature to provide a venue posium, “Creating the Other: The Causes and Dynamics of Nationalism, for interdisciplinary and comparative discourse. I am anxious to hear Ethnic Enmity, and Racism in Central and Eastern Europe,” will be held complete versions of many intriguing proposals: Glen Bowman, an an- May 6-8 1999 at the University of Minnesota. It is the first stage in a thropologist and sociologist from England, will speak on his theoretical long-term interdisciplinary and international research project on ethnic and field work on comparison of the conflict in the former Yugoslavia and national enmity. with the Israeli-Arab conflict; there will be a joint presentation by a Turk- We were gratified and a bit overwhelmed by the fact that over 150 ish and a Greek scholar, Bulent Gokay and Lily Hamourtzi, on Greco- people sent us proposals. The selection process was therefore difficult, Turkish ethnic enmity and images; and a German colleague, Björn because there were so many excellent proposals, and our selection com- Krondorfer, who has done work on the concept of “the other” with refer- mittee had to make painful choices, rejecting around a hundred appli- ence to inmates of a concentration camp, will incorporate discussions cants. As we continue with the research project, the proposals sent to us with his father (a camp guard) into his presentation; Anton Pelinka, a should serve as a reservoir for future workshops and publications. leading Austrian political scientist, and Annaliese Rohrer, political edi- Conference participants will come from a variety of disciplines and tor of Die Presse, will join with others to discuss the workings of racism countries, ranging from England in the West to Russia and Japan in the and xenophobia on modern Austrian political life. There will be discus- East. Scholars from Austria—Vienna, Graz, Salzburg, and Innsbruck— sions of Austrian and Habsburg conceptions of “the other,” as well as will be there in full force, as will colleagues from the so-called succes- ethnic and national questions among Hungarians, Romanians, Czechs, sor states of the Habsburg monarchy. Of course many scholars from the Poles, Ukrainians, Roma, Jews, Muslims, African-Americans, Latinos, United States will also participate. and the former Yugoslavians, all in comparative perspective. I am personally very much looking forward to this opportunity to ex- Also, in keeping with my long-held idea that conferences should make plore the nuances of the problems from the perspectives of various dis- use of the minds of assembled scholars rather than reduce them to pas- ciplines in different parts of the world. I am fascinated by the idea of sive listeners, we will try to have as much discussion as possible and will try for the first time to publish most, if not all, of the papers on our web page in advance of the conference in order to increase the time for EDITOR’S NOTE discussion. You will be receiving the brochure for the conference and will be seeing more in the Austrian Studies Newsletter on the details. Since we employ a lot of students, we have a bit more staff turn- We wholeheartedly invite all who are interested to attend and join the over than some institutions. This doesn’t necessarily make it easier discussions. to say goodbyes; in fact, bidding farewell to AHY assistant editor and Richard L. Rudolph ASN editorial assistant Carol Duling is particularly difficult. Carol has worked at CAS for seven years—since September AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER 1991—and has been the AHY assistant editor since the 1994 issue • (Vol. XXV). More importantly, Carol was very good at what she did. Volume 10, No. 3 Fall 1998 She coordinated production of the AHY from the submission of Editor: Daniel Pinkerton manuscripts through the final proofing of galleys. It was her job to Editorial Assistants: Carol Duling, Michael Seward condense and combine footnotes, query (and mollify) authors, and Austrian Correspondent: Barbara Lawatsch-Boomgaarden urge typesetters and printers on to higher plateaus of speed and Secretaries: Trina VandenLangenberg, Melissa Guggisberg efficiency. To this job she brought an English graduate student’s mas- ASN is published three times annually (January, April, and September) and distributed tery of the language, tremendous mediation skills, the gift of gab, free of charge to interested subscribers as a public service of the Center for Austrian and a sunny disposition. As editorial assistant at ASN, she was the Studies, an international resource center for the study of Austria and Central Europe, and the University of Minnesota. finest copyeditor I have ever worked with—her sharp eye for detail, Director: Richard L. Rudolph her encyclopedic knowledge of the Chicago Manual, and her nu- Executive Secretary: Barbara Krauß-Christensen Editor: Daniel Pinkerton anced and helpful suggestions for word and phrasing choices have Contributions for publication or subscription requests should be addressed to: improved every item published in these pages. She is as respon- sible for ASN’s success as anyone. Carol has already started work at a Center for Austrian Studies Attn: Austrian Studies Newsletter publishing firm; we wish her well in her chosen career. 314 Social Sciences Bldg., 267 19th Avenue S., Minneapolis MN 55455 Ken Marks, editorial assistant for the last three CAS monographs, Phone: (612) 624-9811 Fax: (612) 626-9004 website: http://www.socsci.umn.edu/cas will become the assistant editor for AHY. Our newest team member, Editor's e-mail: [email protected] Michael Seward, will be ASN’s copyeditor. Michael, a graduate stu- Subscriptions: [email protected] dent in creative writing who also holds an M.A. in German, was hired The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer. in March 1998 to coordinate the 1999 conference, and he will handle those duties as well. He has also written the ASN interview that ap- Winter 1998 submission deadline: pears on p. 4. We welcome him to our staff. Daniel Pinkerton 15 november 2 FALL 1998 NEWS FROM THE CENTER

U of M opens Center for MINNESOTA CALENDAR

Holocaust Studies 3 NOVEMBER. Distinguished Carlson Lecture. Nobel Prize laureate Elie Wiesel. 12:15 P.M., by Daniel Pinkerton Northrup Auditorium. Free admission, but tickets must be reserved in advance. In 1997, a small but significant new center of great interest to scholars of Central Europe 10 NOVEMBER. “Doing Business in the EU.” opened at the University of Minnesota. And yet Seminar cosponsored by the Austrian Trade the new Center for Holocaust and Genocide Commission and the Minnesota Trade Of- Studies(CHGS) is not just for scholars—its pri- fice. Minnesota Club, St. Paul. See story on mary purpose is to educate in the broadest sense page 9 for details. and to serve as a resource center for Min- nesota’s colleges and universities, primary and 11 NOVEMBER. Lecture. His excellency secondary schools, and the public at large. Helmut Tuerk, Austrian ambassador to the CHGS is supported by the University and a United States. 3:30 P.M., Wilkins Room, number of anonymous private donations. Al- Humphrey Institute. Reception follows. though its work emphasizes the Holocaust, which acting director Stephen Feinstein de- 15 NOVEMBER. Lecture. Artist Yaffa Eliach, scribes as “the Nazis’ attack on European Jews 7:30 p.m., Minneapolis Jewish Community and other groups, including Poles, the Roma Center, 4330 Cedar Lake Rd. S., Minneapo- and the Sinti, and gays and lesbians,” CHGS lis. Cosponsored by the Jewish Community is, in his words, committed to studying other Relations Council and the U of M Center instances of extreme violence such as “the treat- for Holocaust and Genocide Studies. See ment of the native peoples of the Western story this page for more information. Hemisphere, the assault on Armenians in 1915, Dr. Stephen Feinstein, Acting Director and the recent ‘ethnic cleansing’ in Bosnia, Rwanda, and East Timor.” Director of Vienna Circle It is important, according to Feinstein, to sity departments and centers on a regular ba- to teach at U of M “use the word genocide conservatively” to de- sis, including CAS; the Centers for Bioethics, note “deliberate destruction of national, racial, Victims of Torture, and Jewish Studies; the Professor Friedrich Stadler, associate profes- and religious groups by means of physical, bio- Minnesota International Center; the School of sor of the history and philosophy of science at logical, and cultural decimation.” CHGS sees Law; and the Departments of History, Sociol- the University of Vienna and scientific direc- comparative, interdisciplinary studies of geno- ogy, and German. tor of the Vienna Circle Institute, will be a vis- cide as a way to “develop fundamental lessons However, its outreach programs may be even iting fellow at the Minnesota Center for the about how and why extreme prejudice and vio- more ambitious. “Is genocide material [suit- Philosophy of Science (MCPS) fall quarter lence occur, as well as how they may be pre- able] for the classroom?” asks Feinstein rhe- 1998. Stadler, whose residence is supported pri- vented.” torically. “We think so. Its study is especially marily by a Fulbright Grant, will be research- At the University of Minnesota, CHGS of- important for young people growing up in a ing the connections between Austrian and fers courses on the Holocaust and related sub- multicultural world that demands the toleration American philosophy, focusing on Herbert jects; Jack Zipes (German), David Kopf (His- of racial, ethnic, and religious differences. Feigl (1902-1988) and the MCPS, which he tory), and Feinstein have been among the fac- [We]. . . are strongly committed to working founded in 1953. Stadler has written numer- ulty involved. It sponsors speakers and lectures - with teachers and students in middle and sec- ous articles on the history of philosophy of sci- ith various academic departments. Last ondary schools.” CHGS maintains a database ence and Austrian intellectual history. pring’s speakers included Judge Gabrielle of Minnesota teachers who are interested in He will also teach a graduate seminar, Phil irk McDonald of the International Criminal Holocaust instruction, surveys them to deter- 8600: Logical Empiricism—Origins, Devel- ribunal for the former Yugoslavia; U.S. Amb- mine their resource needs, advises them on se- opment, and Influence. The course will criti- assador to Switzerland Madeline Kunin lection and use of Holocaust-related materials, cally examine Central European history and speaking on Swiss banking and Holocaust rest- conducts a workshop for middle school and philosophy of science, tracing logical empiri- itution), and Yehudit Shendar, Chief Curator high school teachers on Holocaust and geno- cism from its turn-of-the-century origins to its f Art at the Yad Vashem Art Museum. CHGS cide education, and, with local interfaith orga- worldwide spread after the 1938 Austrian in- lso compiles an inventory of classes that have nizations, sponsors visits of teachers and oth- tellectual diaspora. olocaust content and advises undergraduate ers to the U.S. Holocaust Museum in Wash- Stadler will also deliver a CAS seminar pre- nd graduate students doing research on the ington, D.C. sentation on the Vienna Circle and/or the ori- olocaust and other instances of mass violence. Feinstein and assistant director Dr. Jeremy gins of logical empiricism in late November CHGS cooperates with a number of univer- continued on page 8 or early December 1998. 3 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER Michael Landesmann: Europe’s integrated future

by Michael Seward There are a lot of unre- solved issues regarding the Michael Landesmann European Monetary Union, was a Schumpeter Fellow which I think will affect the at Harvard University process of integration. Ba- 1997-98 and, as a part of sically, a lot of resources the Center for Austrian will be used up in the after- Studies’ seminar series, math of Monetary Union. gave a talk at the Univer- Therefore, East-West inte- sity of Minnesota titled: gration will be pushed to “The Shape of the ‘New the background for two or Europe’: Perspectives on three years. Otherwise, the East-West European Inte- political machinery of the gration.” West would be overloaded, stalling the reforms that ASN: Tell us about your would come in the wake of education and background. monetary integration. ML: Well, I grew up in Vi- Let’s look at the interac- enna with some intermis- tion between the two Euro- sions in Switzerland. I went pean experiments and a to the University of Vienna, with a year as a Fulbright scholar at Bran- little bit at what Eastern European countries face from their own point of deis University while I was an undergraduate. Then I returned to Vi- view. To some extent, East-West integration and the potential accession enna, to the Institute for Advanced Studies, but after one year began a of these countries to the EU will aid in the reforms that Europe is due to Ph.D. at Oxford. After Oxford, I returned to the University of Vienna for undertake anyway. We know that reforms are absolutely necessary in a year, then on to Cambridge, where I spent about ten years as a fellow at the common agriculture policy and regional policy. Further enlargement Jesus College and a senior researcher at the Department of Applied Eco- would press the EU to undertake these reforms—a benefit. If, however, nomics. From there I got a call for a professorship to the Johannes Kep- the EU is politically unable to pursue these reforms quickly, the enlarge- ler University in Linz and took up the research directorship of the Vi- ment process itself will be delayed. Support for European integration enna Institute for International Economic Studies (WIIW). I am in the seems to be declining in the West, but in Eastern Europe there is still U.S. because of the Schumpeter Fellowship, which is awarded every strong popular sentiment for achieving membership in the EU. How- year to an Austrian, from any discipline, to go to Harvard University. ever, if the negotiation process shows the ugly face of bargaining and self-interest in particular areas and if the process is much delayed, that ASN: How would you describe yourself as an economist? popular support can wither. It is difficult to bargain from the much weaker ML: I consider myself mostly an international, industrial economist. I position, and that creates resentment. As a political issue more than an also have some interest in certain theoretical fields involved in trying to economic one, joining the EU really means joining a Western alliance, formally model the dynamics of economies—cycles, growth, technical like NATO. It is an irreversible step toward becoming part of Western change. Then we come to the more applied fields, which are easier to Europe. Eastern European countries have also already experienced the understand. WIIW looks at East-West European integration and eco- economic advantages of European integration to a high degree. Trade nomic developments in transitional economies. Within that framework, relationships have been liberalized in most areas except agriculture, and I study issues such as the development of international trading systems, in a few years there will be almost completely free trade between the foreign direct investment, and the implications of international integra- two parts of Europe. The same is true of foreign investment, which has tion on European labor markets. been flowing strongly to Eastern Europe recently. What’s left to be gained by full membership is basically in the agriculture policy area, which ASN: What issues do you see with East-West integration? might or might not be a good thing for the structure and conditions of ML: Europe is confronting two historical issues at the same time. The agricultural production in Eastern Europe. Western Europe subsidizes big experiment of monetary unification—which has potential not only its own agricultural sector highly, and while it is nice to receive subsi- economically, but also for European society—and the second experi- dies, whether such subsidies foster a strong agricultural sector is a dif- ment of East-West integration. ferent issue. In Western Europe there are established economies within a settled economic system that have a long tradition of integration with each other. ASN: What about the mobility of labor? Each step of further integration is a difficult one. What the potential ML: Probably long transition arrangements will be negotiated, so the dangers are with that next step has been hotly debated in the last year. free mobility of labor will not be a part of early integration. Eastern 4 FALL 1998

European states will receive provisional status, which means that full ASN: What kind of predictions might you make for the possibilities of EU membership rules won’t apply immediately but might be staggered integration? over ten or fifteen years. In many ways current migration within the EU ML: I see substantial benefits for the European economy as a whole. from the south to the north is more a perceived fear than an actuality. First, growth rates of Eastern European countries can be substantially Migration is very much demand-determined. Thriving labor markets in higher than what we experience in Western Europe. The more success- certain countries attract migrant labor. But Western Europe has a de- ful Eastern European countries already have rates in the region of 4-6 % pressed labor market, resulting in a low relative mobility of labor across a year. Western Europe is scraping through at about 2%. So there is the member countries in recent years. I am rather optimistic about the potential for a more dynamic region of the economy to join the overall prospects of the neighboring Eastern European countries—the Czech European setting. That has substantial potential for trade and for devel- Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, and Poland—over the medium term. There- oping markets. Western European countries will adjust to exploit the fore, I believe that the labor market situation in these countries will, new division of labor across the European continent as a whole, possibly over the long term, not be that bad, and the migration pressure from locating parts of the production processes in countries with much lower them will not be that high. labor costs, reorganizing their production as American companies have over the last ten or fifteen with respect to Asian facilities. These devel- ASN: How do you see Austria’s role in these changes? opments, at least from a corporate sector point of view, will be a benefit ML: The mere participation in monetary integration will not be much of of European integration, which will take place with or without the actual a change because Austria gave up its own independent policy years ago legalistic element of EU enlargement. Of course, the time horizon for with its close link to the deutsche mark. I find a positive element in enlargement signals to financial markets that there is long-term security Austria’s membership in the EU, namely, its becoming less inward ori- in the legal framework within Eastern Europe. So I think that economic ented. Participation in the political institutions, international bargain- integration will go on at a rather high rate, at least with those countries ing, and exchange and education programs is healthy for the Austrian that are candidates for the first entry. I am much more worried about the political and cultural landscape. “left-outs,” countries which might be detrimentally affected by having When Eastern European integration into the EU was first raised, Aus- their expectations of EU membership pushed into the distant future. The tria strongly advocated that step. It was seen as building on Austria’s actual negotiations will probably be drawn out and will reveal the weak- geographic position and giving it the opportunity to be the expert coun- nesses of the negotiating structure, in both the East and the West. I have try in negotiating the EU enlargement issue. But as the process takes no better forecast to make than the official one of 2003 or 2004 for the more concrete shape, I detect a much more cautious positioning. Al- entry of the first wave of Eastern European countries. ❖ though Austria still has a much better employment situation than many other Western European countries, the fear of its worsening is always there. Austria is facing, as part of its EU membership, dramatic struc- tural adjustment processes and is also greatly exposed to adjustment pres- the last aci prize sures from the current integration with Eastern Europe. These pressures might be healthy in the long run in forcing the country to upgrade its (of the century) production structure—producing more sophisticated commodities, adopt- ing more advanced technologies, and further developing and exploiting Yes, the 20th century is coming to a close quickly. Before the Y2K the possibilities of a highly skilled work force—to maintain its position bug renders all computers useless, you’d better finish that dissertation relative to the poorer Eastern European countries. But it also means ad- or book and convince a colleague, student, or yourself to nominate it justment and change, which is a sensitive issue socially. for the appropriate 1999 Austrian Cultural Institute (ACI) prize com- petition—for the best recent monograph or the best recent Ph.D. dis- ASN: In your talk you said Eastern European states are changing from sertation in Austrian studies. The competition is administered by CAS; a transition economy to a catching-up economy. Would you elaborate? the ACI in New York funds the prizes in order to encourage North ML: People who discuss developments in Eastern Europe have moved American scholars in the full range of academic disciplines to do re- from the immediate problems of transition from one type of system to search on contemporary Austria or on the history of Austria and the another to the long-term integration of these countries into the interna- pre-1919 Habsburg lands of Central and Eastern Europe. The 1999 tional division of labor. They study their long-term growth prospects in competition will judge works in the category “Cultural Studies,” in- terms of catching up. However, many Eastern European countries are, cluding works that deal with literature, music, art, philosophy, or sci- instead, stagnating or falling back in terms of the level of and speed of ence. economic development. You see a clear correlation in Eastern Europe All works must have been completed (date of publication for books; between geographical nearness to Western European countries and swift date of successful defense for dissertations) between 1 January 1997 emergence from “transformation recession”; most countries moved into and 31 December 1998 and must be the work of a single author. Nomi- a dramatic recession for two or three years after the initial liberalization. nations for monographs and dissertations may be submitted by the Poland and Hungary have had early growth, while countries further east author, publisher, or any other individual. Authors must be residents still have not recovered. There is an interdependence between having of North America and must hold U.S., Canadian, or Austrian citizen- embarked in the catching-up process and political stability. It is a mutu- ship. Dissertations must have been completed at North American uni- ally reinforcing mechanism. Countries that do relatively well economi- versities. cally also develop more stable and more consistent political structures. Send nominations with copies of each nominated work (five for Even during a change of government, the economic policy remains much books, three for dissertations) to: Chair, Austrian Prize Committee, the same. Poland and Hungary provide good examples. The opposite is Center for Austrian Studies, 314 Social Sciences, 267 19th Ave. S., happening in countries like Bulgaria, Ukraine, and Romania, where eco- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455. Deadline: 28 Feb- nomic stagnation feeds into political instability and vice versa. ruary 1999.

5 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER THE “LESSER TRAUMATIZED” Exile Narratives of Austrian Jews by Adi Wimmer have improved, they are far from satisfactory. For instance: according to a poll taken in October 1991, 86% of Austrians grossly overestimate the Editor’s note: This is part one of a two-part essay. The conclusion number of Austrian Jews, 19% think that there should be Jewish quotas will be published in the Winter 1999 ASN. for certain professions such as doctors or lawyers, 7% said they feel physically uncomfortable in the presence of Jews, and a full 50% think Throughout 1988—Austria’s that Jews share some of the re- “Year of Recollection,” or sponsibility for the Holocaust.1 Gedenkjahr as it was called— Evidently Austria’s political cul- many historians, politicians, or- ture still leaves much to be de- ganizations, and media took a sired. In my view we can identify hard look at Austria’s merger as one factor causing this depress- with Hitler’s Germany in March ing state of affairs a simple igno- of 1938. So did university profes- rance of what really happened to sors, and with good reason. Prior Austrian Jews in 1938 on a pri- to 1938, Austrian universities had vate, physical, individual plane. been hotbeds of German nation- Once people have made the effort alism. There were numerous vi- of finding out how the forces of cious attacks against Jewish stu- history trickle down and shape— dents, but the professors looked or destroy—individual lives, they the other way. By their silence, will resist the lure of simple ab- they encouraged the attacks. As stractions and defamatory preju- 1988 approached, there was a dices. consensus amongst Austrian pro- fessors, particularly by those How long does exile last? working in the humanities, that We know almost everything we must never again fail to speak there is to know about the events out against the dangers of intol- that led to the annexation of Aus- erance or racism. My contribution tria by Hitler’s Germany in March would be to secure the survival 1938. We know the cost of these of oral reports by Austrian vic- events to the Austrian economy, tims of Nazi persecution. Because and we even know the cost of the so few of them returned to Aus- subsequent devastations of World tria after 1945, I had to find them War II. A lot less is known about in their countries of exile. that history as seen through the It is not too late to attempt to Viennese Jews standing in line to get passports for emigration, 1938. eyes of the victims, and almost no make exile narratives part of our research has been done about the collective awareness. Over 130,000 Jews were forced to leave Austria psychological cost of suddenly becoming a second-class citizen, of the after it submitted itself to Hitler in 1938. To my own and my country’s subsequent banishment and the years of involuntary exile. The situation shame, they were not invited back home after 1945. Until recently, as is exacerbated by the fact that much valuable research by Austrian histo- far as Austria’s public awareness was concerned, they had no history. rians (also literary historians) has simply been ignored by the public. For decades after the war there was no public discussion of the meaning There has been no appreciable improvement in the mass media debate and significance of this particular chapter in our history for us Austri- about the year 1938 and its victims. Occasionally a high-minded indi- ans. As we denied to outsiders and repressed within ourselves any Aus- vidual will make the gallant effort to repopularize such concepts as “mas- trian involvement in the horrors of Nazism, we were left no option but to tering the past” or “the labor of mourning,” but the typical Austrian re- repress the existence of our fellow Austrians in exile. Accepting the mere sponse to demands like these is a beery “So what?” Worse still, certain fact of their existence (let alone welcoming them home) would have political factions are busily engaged in metamorphosing the erstwhile meant assigning them a role in a public discourse that we did our best criminals into victims and Nazi crimes into “fate,” which happens to be not to have. Thus, to gather for our own collective memory and to “un- one of Hitler’s favorite words. In October 1990, Jörg Haider (then gov- erase” the experience of a steadily thinning group of people—before it ernor of Carinthia) declared at the notorious Ulrichsberg meeting that is, for biological reasons, too late—is a task of urgency as well as moral “nobody who ever wore a German uniform has any reason to be ashamed necessity. of his service”—and there was no public outcry. These are frightening That there is a grossly deficient “culture of memory” in Austria was points of contact between the past and the present where one kind of made painfully clear by the Waldheim scandal of 1986. It is also clear exile ends and another one begins. Which one was harder to bear, one by now that the scandal was the best thing that could have happened to wonders: the first, offering a glimmer of hope once the Nazis had been us: It ruptured the veil of our collective amnesia. But even though things defeated, or the subsequent one, which brought the depressing realiza- 6 FALL 1998 tion that there would be no apologies, no remorse, no compensation— autobiography,2 were once again converted. Alfred Polgar, himself an and thus an everlasting alienation? Alfred Polgar came to this bitter con- exile, observed in The Emigrant and His Homeland: clusion in 1949: Die Fremde is nicht Heimat geworden. Aber die Hei- mat fremde. (The foreign country did not become a home. But home There is a Faust fragment by Lessing, in which the ghost, asked “what became foreign.) While Theodor Kramer, the talented young poet whose is the fastest thing on earth?” replies “the transition from good to evil.” career was brutally destroyed by the Nazis and who limped back to Vi- Proof for the correctness of this reply was offered a few years ago by enna in 1956 merely to die six months later, wrote this coda for one of the incomprehensible rapidity with which crosses turned into hooked his final poems: “It is only at home that I am eternally foreign.” crosses, and men into beasts. Now and at the same speed we witnessed Until the early 1990s, no academic researchers, no public institutions, the retransition.3 and no politicians expressed the slightest interest in them. Austria did not so much “marginalize” its exiles as erase them from its collective Dr. Lexer, a prominent surgeon in my home town of Klagenfurt, had awareness. We only need to look to our political neighbor in the north to a firsthand experience of this kind. In 1938, he was 15 and an ardent see that in postwar Europe this was not the norm. In Germany, most supporter of Austria’s prime minister, Dr. Kurt Schuschnigg. When cities have made it their task to invite, little by little, all of their former Schuschnigg ordered a plebiscite for March 13 on the question of whether Jewish citizens back home for at least a few days (all expenses paid, of to amalgamate Austria with Germany (which Hitler claimed was the fer- course), and there is ample public and private support for such gestures vent wish of all Austrians) or to stay independent, he and a close friend of atonement. But in Austria? In 1990 I suggested to the city of Baden were busy distributing anti-Hitler leaflets. A few days after Austria’s (a prosperous resort near Vienna) that it should invite two ex-Badeners, demise, Lexer was thunderstruck when he saw his pal once again dis- one living in Jerusalem, the other in Reading, England, to spend some tributing leaflets—Nazi leaflets this time. “How can you,” he confronted days in their former birthplace as a gesture of atonement. I received a him, “campaign for the Nazis when only last week we two campaigned letter form the mayor of Baden, who was audibly irritated by my attempt against them?” The friend fixed him with cold eyes. “If you repeat that to “interfere” in the “internal affairs” of Baden. The city would invite its lie ever again, you Saujud, I’ll kick your teeth in.”4 The speed with own guests, he wrote, but right now there was no money for that sort of which the former friend had changed his colors and revised his personal extravaganza—and anyway, the city had just restored the old synagogue, history was perhaps remarkable, but there were tens of thousands who which clearly demonstrated the liberal attitudes of the city fathers. Re- “discovered” that they had always been supporters of Nazism. And after grettably, there are hardly any Jews left in Baden, but the building has 1945, the same mechanism worked once again. In a diary entry of Octo- been turned into a tourist showpiece. This was a fairly typical Austrian ber 1950, Günther Anders reveals not only the horrible reality of an un- response, I fear: there is money to restore the damages to Jewish build- repentant Vienna, but offers a psychological explanation for memory ings, but no money to restore the terrible damage to Jewish minds and loss of this kind: souls. In the face of such unspeakable stinginess, the lavish receptions given Even after the murder of six million Jews they dare. . . to make Jews to all the famous Jewish exiles becomes another source of irritation. From their scapegoat again, this time the accidental remaining Jew, the ac- Ernst Gombrich this elicited a somewhat pained comment: “Later on, cidental survivor. It is not the batterer who is guilty—presumably he Austria awarded all sorts and manners of orders and distinctions to me.” really does not recall his murders—but the battered: because he alone VIPs such as Teddy Kollek (the retired mayor of Jerusalem), Billy Wilder, cannot forget the beating, the batterer and the battered.5 Frederic Morton, or Lord Weidenfeld have all been feted and wooed by the Austrian authorities. After the Waldheim debacle, our politicians Something that all Jews remember about their first visit to Vienna badly needed the photo-ops to polish up their “liberal” image. So it is no after 1945 is how they ran into a miasma of self-pity coupled with an surprise really that Mario Simmerl, the best-selling author, is on record aggressive denial of guilt. “How smart it was of you, Herr Rosenbaum, saying that he never experienced any anti-Semitism in Austria: he is a to emigrate,” the Viennese would say; “as usual, you Jews were more VIP! The stark contrast between the popularity of a few and the indif- clever than we. Oh, you have no idea how terribly we suffered.” When ference toward the mass of exiles is an aspect of that anti-Semitic ground- Hilde Spiel returned to Vienna in early 1946 and the head waiter of her swell we can trace back to someone like Karl Lueger, the 19th-century café made exactly this type of remark, her reaction was one of uncom- mayor of Vienna. When reproached by some friends that in contrast to prehending disgust: his anti-Semitic speeches he still dined with rich Jews, Lueger coined the memorable phrase “Wer ein Jud ist, bestimm ich” (Only I decide Expropriation, humiliation, arrest and mortal danger, illegal border who is a Jew). crossings, the years of exiles as an “enemy alien,” surviving in a coun- try badly disrupted by war—all of it would count for nothing, would The return of Austrian Jews that did not happen vanish into thin air, dissolved by a snapping of two fingers.6 When in 1945 the Nazi nightmare seemed to be over, many of the Jews expelled by the denizens of the Ostmark (the Nazi name for Aus- And a mere three years after the end of the war journals and newspa- tria) were faced with the question of whether to return. Due to the devas- pers were full of Wehrmacht “heroism stories,” while stories of real hero- tations, an immediate return was often not possible. But as the months ism, such as hiding Jews from the marauding Nazis, were not considered and years passed, two things became apparent. On the federal, state, and worth printing. Alfred Polgar, conceding that the months of Allied bomb- local levels alike, the “denazified” administrations had little interest in ing must have been hard, wrote: “But to accuse the dawn of the day for inviting Jews back and were not going to allocate any means for such a its greyish light ill befits those who found their bearings so comfortably morally inspired venture. The solitary exception was a Communist city well in the pitch blackness that preceded it.”7 councilor of Vienna, Viktor Matejka, who was ousted after a few months Quite “ordinary” survivors will also eloquently express anger with in office. Secondly, Austrians showed a chameleon-like ability to change and alienation from their mother country. As one of my interviewees their colors. Those who in 1938 had learned overnight to shout “Heil wryly remarked: “Oh, those Austrians will never forgive me for the fact Hitler” instead of “Heil Schuschnigg,” as Stefan Zweig remarked in his continued on page 8 7 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER

LESSER TRAUMATIZED from page 7 CHGS from page 3 that they sent me to Dachau.” Varon speak to classes (both on and off the University campus) and at New myths about stupendous Jewish privileges sprang up at beer- events on a variety of subjects, including art and the Holocaust (Feinstein tables all across Austria. Dare I admit that I found such a prejudice in is an internationally known author on this subject), women and the Ho- my own family, as late as in 1993? In a close relative, a devout Catholic locaust, survivor narratives, interpretations of Nazism and anti-Semi- and what is commonly called a “decent gal”? While watching the televi- tism, and genocide in comparative perspective. sion news one night—there was a report on repressive Israeli policies CHGS also maintains a rich trove of scholarly and community re- toward Palestinians—she suddenly exclaimed: “Those Saujuden can get sources that may be used onsite or borrowed. These include transcripts away with anything!” Shocked I pointed at the wider historical picture, of area Holocaust survivors compiled by the Minnesota Holocaust Sur- and how inappropriate it was particularly of us Austrians to express such vivors Oral History Project as well as books, videos, and other archival views. And out came the slurs, one by one: they had rewritten history, material. The Center also maintains an extensive bibliography of teach- they wielded far too much power, we had paid them enough, we were ing materials on the Holocaust for all age groups. They now have a web- still paying them horrendous sums of money, a fact that was hushed up, site that is an excellent guide to their resources and activities. a conspiracy. Didn’t I know that the sole reason why Herr Meinl (the In the future, CHGS plans to establish interactive, television-based owner of a chain of quality food stores found all over Austria) was not courses in Jewish and Holocaust Studies; compile, in conjunction with passing his business on to his son? Such a move would eliminate the the Yad Vashem Art Museum in Jerusalem, a national database of artists company’s privilege, granted to all Jewish businessmen who had returned whose work deals with the Holocaust and genocide; develop links with after 1945, of not paying any income tax for the duration of their lives! survivors networks in other cities and establish a local group of children But why should I be astounded by such bizarre stories, when the found- of Holocaust survivors; cosponsor tours to sites in Eastern Europe where ing fathers of the Second Republic, as we now know,8 behaved in no less the Holocaust occurred; and develop curriculum and offer courses on callous a manner? genocide in comparative perspective. CHGS has cosponsored some high-profile speakers for fall 1998. On NOTES November 3, Elie Wiesel will deliver a free lecture cosponsored by 1. Their number is approximately 10,000, or 0.13% of the population; CHGS, the Humphrey Institute, and the Distinguished Carlson Lecture 86% of those polled put the percentage at 2% or more, with some esti- Series. Wiesel, Holocaust survivor and winner of the 1986 Nobel Peace mates as high as 10%. Prize, is the author of Night and other memoirs and essays about the 2. Stefan Zweig, Die Welt von Gestern. Erinnernungen eines Europäers Holocaust. (The World of Yesterday: Memories of a European) (Frankfurt: Fischer On November 15th, historian and Holocaust survivor Yaffa Eliach will 1981), 458. speak at the Jewish Community Center. Professor Eliach was the founder 3. Alfred Polgar, “Der Emigrant und die Heimat,” in Kleine Schriften, ed. of the first Center for Holocaust Studies in the United States. She is the Marcel Reich-Ranicky (Hamburge: Rowohlt, 1982), 238. My transla- author of We Were Children Just Like You and Hasidic Tales of the Ho- tion. The reference to “crosses” is to the Catholic underpinnings of locaust, a classic work that has been translated into numerous languages Schuschnigg’s brand of fascism, whereas “hooked crosses” are swasti- and adapted several times for the stage. Eliach may, however, be most kas. I am grateful to Klaus Amann for providing this reference. famous for her exhibit “Tower of Life” or “Tower of Faces,” which is 4. Personal communication. permanently installed at the U.S. Holocaust museum. It is a collection of 5. Günther Anders, Die Schrift an der Wand. Tagebücher 1941-1966 (The 1,500 photos (among 6,000 collected over 12 years) of the former in- Writing on the Wall: Diaries, 1941-1966) (Munich: 1967), 163. My habitants of her shtetl in Lithuania, most of whom perished in the Holo- translation. caust. She considers it to be life affirming, to be a permanent record of a 6. Hilde Spiel, Rückkkehr nach Wien. Ein Tagebuch (Return to Vienna: A lost way of life, and “a portrayal of the strength of the human soul.” Diary) (Munich: Ullstein, 1989), 69. My translation. However, some controversy surrounds Eliach; according to her, her 7. Alfred Gong, ed., Interview mit Amerika. 50 deutschsprachige Autoren brother and mother were killed not by Nazis but by Poles when her fam- in der neuen Welt (Interview with America: 50 German-speaking au- ily came back to reclaim its home; the Polish government originally pro- thors in the New World) (Munich, 1962). My translation. tested her version of events, claiming the NKVD was responsible. Her 8. The British historian Robert Knight was the first person allowed to forthcoming book, Once Was a World: A Nine Century Chronicle of the view the minutes of Austria’s postwar cabinet meetings. His special Shtetl of Eishyshok, refutes this charge in the final pages of its compre- interest was how the federal government treated Jewish claims, how hensive history. these were deliberately and methodically stymied. In the process, he In 1999, CHGS will cosponsor an exhibit of artistic responses to the also documented how anti-Semitic slurs were bandied about by Con- Holocaust and genocide at the Katherine Nash Gallery on the University servatives and Social Democrats alike. For example, Prime Minister of Minnesota’s West Bank Campus. One of the possible artists may be Figl (Conservative) remarked that “the Jews want to get rich fast . . . Viennese-born Diane Kurz, who has exhibited at the Austrian embassy but it is a fact that nowhere does one find so little anti-Semitism as in and in Florida. The planned spring date would coincide with (and comple- Austria, and in no other country are the people as tolerant as in ours” ment) the CAS spring 1999 conference, “Creating the Other: The Causes (14 Jan 1947), while Deputy Prime Minister Adolf Schärf (Socialist) and Dynamics of Nationalism, Ethnic Enmity, and Racism in Central opined that “whole regions [of Austria] have been economically devas- and Eastern Europe.” In addition, Feinstein and CAS director Richard tated by the Jews.” No anti-Semitism, indeed. Rudolph are talking about ways in which CHGS can collaborate in the coming years. The Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies is located at 113 TO BE CONTINUED IN THE NEXT ISSUE OF ASN: Folwell Hall (the same building as the Department of German, Scandi- WINTER 1999 navian, and Dutch). You can e-mail Dr. Stephen Feinstein with ques- tions at [email protected] or phone him at 612-626-2235. The CHGS website address is http//www.chgs.umn.edu. ❖ 8 FALL 1998 CCAuCES from page 1 Austrian community; and members of the University of Alberta com- munity. The national association of Austrians in Canada, the Austrian Canadian Council (ACC), which had been instrumental in initiating the negotiations leading to the creation of the Center, also held its annual meeting in Edmonton to coincide with the opening. A large ACC del- egation representing Austrian clubs and societies from across Canada also attended, as did a delegation of visitors from Austria. (However, most of a large group of Austrian students and professors from the Cen- ter for Canadian Studies at the University of Innsbruck was stranded in Ottowa due to the Air Canada strike.) The visiting dignitaries toured the facilities of the new Center and viewed an exhibition of some of the Austrian rarities held by the Univer- sity of Alberta library and the University of Alberta map collection. Minister Einem and President Fraser then formally opened an exhibit of the Austrian fantastic realist painter Arik Brauer, including his famous “Graphic Cycle Commemorating the Declaration of Human Rights,” Left: Professor Franz Szabo, director of CCAuCES; right, Dr. Caspar which simultaneously marked the Center’s opening and the 50th anni- Einem, Austrian minister of science and transport. versary of the signing of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This exhibit will remain open until mid-October. meet and study with prominent Austrian scholars in many disciplines Between speakers, students and faculty from the University of Alberta’s who come to the University of Alberta as part of the program. Department of Music provided brief, lighthearted musical divertissements The University of Alberta has the finest resources for Austrian studies selected from the last five centuries of Austrian music. The opening cer- in Canada. The famous Priesterseminar collection of the Archbishopric emonies concluded with Dr. Einem’s inaugural lecture, “The New Pro- of Salzburg and the entire library of the Viennese Juridisch-Politischer duction of Knowledge and Public Policy,” and with his presentation to Leseverein are just two of major collections pertaining to imperial Aus- President Fraser of a symbolic gift on behalf of the Republic of Austria. tria and Central Europe that the University of Alberta has acquired. The The formal ceremonies were followed by a luncheon hosted by Fraser. University of Alberta has the second largest university library in Canada, Austrian, Canadian, and EU officials also took advantage of their joint and its Austrian and Central European collection ranks among the top presence in Edmonton to exchange views and begin a long-range strate- five in North America. The governments of Austria and other central gic dialogue between Canada and the European Union. Dr. Einem’s in- European countries will provide support to enhance this collection with augural lecture served as the takeoff point for these discussions. They major annual book purchases. ❖ were the first of this type ever held at this level between the European Union and Canada and sought to identify points of access for improved cooperation in the future. This meeting was chaired by the Canadian NOVEMBER SEMINAR: Secretary of State for Research and Development, the Honorable Dr. “DOING BUSINESS IN THE EU” Ron Duhamel, and included representatives of all of Canada’s major On Tuesday, November 10, 1998, at the Minnesota Club in St. Paul, funding agencies. the Austrian Trade Commission and the Minnesota Trade Office will For the upcoming academic year the new Center has already booked present a one-day seminar for Minnesota businesses interested in several Austrian guest speakers and a major Austrian film festival. The establishing trade with countries in the European Union. renowned Austrian-Canadian pianist Anton Kuerti will be giving a spe- The program will feature speakers from Minnesota and Europe cial recital under the auspices of the Center in January 1999, and a music on topics of interest for companies doing business with the EU. Dr. conference and festival devoted to the works of the Viennese composer Helmut Tuerk, Austrian ambassador to the United States, will deliver Carl Czerny is planned for spring 2000. The Center has also organized the opening remarks. Lee Kennedy, International Business Planning and cosponsored a major international symposium entitled “The Euro- Director for 3M, a Minnesota company with a strong European pres- pean Union and Central and Eastern Europe: The Implications for the ence, will talk about the advantages of doing business in Europe, Canadian Economy,” in Calgary, Alberta, on 20 November 1998. Speak- and Mike McCormick, a lawyer with Faegre & Benson, will talk about ers at this event will include Dr. Hanna Suchocka, former prime minis- the legal issues involved in setting up a European business pres- ter and current minister of justice of Poland; Dr. Daniel Daianu, minister ence. A representative from the Austrian Central Bank will speak on of finance of Romania; the Hon. Sergio Marchi, minister of international the European Monetary Union; one from Underwriters Laboratories trade of Canada; and Dr. Erhard Busek, former vice-chancellor and min- will speak on technical standards and European marketing; and one ister of the sciences of Austria. This will be the first “Annual Central from Austria or Brussels will speak on EU customs and import regu- Europe Review,” a planned series of meetings between prominent Cen- lations. tral European and Canadian figures. The seminar will open at 7:30 with a continental breakfast. The The University of Alberta, already home to the world-renowned Ca- morning will be occupied with the speakers, and after lunch and a nadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, will become the most important keynote speech by a prominent Minnesota business figure, the semi- university in Canada in which Austrian, Habsburg, and Central Euro- nar will break up into one-on-one meetings with representatives of pean history and culture can be studied in depth through explicitly des- EU member countries. Cost for registration will be no more than $70 ignated undergraduate courses and broadly flexible graduate programs. per person, meals included. For information and registration, con- Thanks to its unique arrangement with the Austrian Conference of Uni- tact the Austrian Trade Commission, Midwest Office, 500 North versity of Presidents, the University of Alberta will be in a position to Michigan Avenue, Suite 1950, Chicago IL 60611-3794. Tel: 312-644- offer opportunities for exchanges and credit studies at every postsec- 5556; fax: 312-644-6526; email: [email protected] ondary institution in Austria. Students will also have an opportunity to 9 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER A Silver Token of Remembrance

Abraham Remshard’s Savannah, almost directly opposite Shraubtaler and the the Purrysburg township in South Carolina. With an indefatigable Salzburger settlement spirit the Salzburgers made their at Ebenezer, Georgia town prosper. Mulberry trees were planted for silk culture and a grist mill was built in 1740. Still, every- by Helene M. Kastinger Riley thing from dished tools and hard- ware had to be imported at great On a sunny South Carolina af- expense from England. Slavery be- ternoon in July, 1997, James Skin- ing illegal at the time and also per- ner and his brother Tom opened a sonally opposed by their pastor Jo- small, beautifully embossed silver hann Martin Bolzius, the Salzburg- box and unfolded the treasure it ers performed the arduous labor in contained. Deftly but carefully Tom the fields and rice paddies them- placed the 17 miniature medallions selves. Women and children who on the table for easy viewing. Bril- did much of this work fell ill with liantly colored tiny etchings con- mosquito-borne diseases and mor- nected in the form of a cross within tality remained high. In 1737 the a circle opened to reveal a pictorial Salzburgers built the first orphanage history of the expulsion and emigration in America, modeled on the famous of Salzburger Protestants in 1732. Their Orphan House in Halle, Germany. Then, silent historical testimony begins with a in 1741, they completed Jerusalem reminder of the Hebrew exodus from Egypt, Silver remembrance box by Abraham Remshard. Church, the first church of any denomina- continues with the deliverance of St. Peter Used by permission of the Skinner family, tion in Georgia. The wooden structure was Charlotte, North Carolina. from prison, the revelation of Luther’s teach- replaced in 1770 by a building of handmade ings, the expulsion of Salzburger Protestants, bricks in which the Salzburgers’ finger imprints and ends with the tearful departure of families to can still be seen. foreign lands. “Remember our Bonds” admonishes one of the minia- Despite Bolzius’ attempt to keep Ebenezer a separate, cohesive com- tures depicting two Salzburgers in stocks. “Show us Thy Way” is the munity of Salzburgers, new arrivals often brought unwanted neighbors. prayer of a long column of Salzburgers leaving their homes. Bolzius was particularly alarmed by a party of Herrnhuters who had ar- The treasured artifact is a Schraubtaler made by the Augsburg silver- rived with their leader August Gottlieb Spangenberg in 1736 on the same smith Abraham Remshard from commemorative silver coins struck on ship as John Wesley, the founder of Methodism. The “Moravians” settled the occasion of the Salzburger emigration in 1732. Remshard’s work- between Savannah and Ebenezer, living and working among the Indians shop was among the foremost producers of such keepsakes, proudly to educate and spiritually guide them. With the assistance of Tomochi- signed by the craftsman. They were made by scooping out the insides of chi, Mico of the Yamacraw Creek Indians, they built a schoolhouse near two commemorative coins, fitting them with a thread, and adding etch- his Indian village. In the emerging social structure this was perceived as ings of the emigration story. The inside of each lid was adorned with a a threat, as was Jesuit activity, and the attempt by the humanist Christian map of the Archbishopric Salzburg (the emigrants’ origin) and of their Gottlieb Priber to found an Indian commonwealth designed to protect supposed destination, Prussian Lithuania. Actually, the more than 20,000 the natives from European exploitation. Priber had a law degree from Protestants that left Salzburg eventually settled in several areas of Eu- the University of Erfurt and was in Charleston by 1735. He received a rope, and in 1734 a handful of them made their way across the Atlantic land grant in Purrysburg, but instead of settling there he went to live to found the town of Ebenezer on the Savannah River. One Daniel Rems- with the Cherokees, learned their language, and taught them the use of hard went there with his family. weights and measures to enhance their trading skills with the Europe- By the time Remshard arrived in 1751, nine prior transports of Salz- ans. This represented a threat to commercial practices. In 1739 the South burgers, Palatines, and Swabians had made their way to Ebenezer; but if Carolina House of Commons responded by appropriating £402 for cap- any of them had hoped to find peace and freedom in the wilderness soli- ture. Priber was taken prisoner in 1743 and brought to Oglethorpe’s Fort tude they were sadly mistaken. After their arrival the founder of Savan- Frederica on coastal Georgia’s St. Simon’s Island, where he died some- nah, James Edward Oglethorpe, helped the Salzburgers to choose a lo- time after 1744. cation for their settlement which was strategically located for military The need for military fortifications against the Spaniards combined purposes but soon turned out to have poor farmland. It also lacked ac- with the shortage of labor also caused a great deal of strife. Within six cess to the Savannah River, so provisions had to be carried 25 miles years after establishing their work with the Indians the pacifist Herrn- overland through swaps and forests from the port of Savannah. When huters left Georgia to avoid defense-related service. Young Baron von the crops failed, wolves and bears killed the livestock, and dysentery, Reck, who had successfully conducted the first and third transports of typhoid, and other fevers claimed numerous lives, the Salzburgers aban- Salzburgers to Georgia, made the unfortunate mistake of promising Gen- doned this site, the huts, the cleared areas, and their work. eral Oglethorpe 20 Salzburgers to assist in the establishment of Fort Fre- The move to New Ebenezer established them on the “red bluff” on the derica. When Bolzius refused to let them go, difficulties erupted be- 10 FALL 1998 tween the two. Von Reck left the settlement soon thereafter, taking with Ebenezer and Daniel with a new wife and additional daughter received a him his sketchbook of beautiful drawings and watercolors that are now land grant in 1759. A year after Daniel’s death in 1767, son John (Jo- our only pictorial record of the early settlement, Indian garb, and the hannes), now married, was granted land in his own right and soon be- then existing flora and fauna of the area. Internal strife thus began early came a leader of the community, Elder, and member of the Ebenezer in the settlement, eventually leading to bitter quarreling among potential church council. successors to Bolzius after his death in 1765 and culminating in the de- Shortly before the American Revolution the Salzburger settlement struction of Ebenezer during the American Revolution. reached the height of its importance with about 500 people inhabiting When Daniel Remshard requested permission in 1751 to settle at Eben- the town proper. However, after Bolzius’ death a political and personal ezer, he was hardly aware of conditions there, for reports on the new rift developed between the ministers Christian Rabenhorst and C.F. Trieb- settlement were made public chiefly to promote fundraising and described ner which split the community. On the eve of the Revolution, Ebenezer’s little of the political, economic, and personal conflicts in the colony. As John Adam Treutlen, who became Georgia’s first governor, supported spokesman for 157 emigrants from the district of Ulm, Remshard paid 6 Rabenhorst’s followers which included Remshard, while John Caspar guilders emigration tax and left 200 years of his family’s prominence Wertsch and his loyalist group favored Triebner. Ebenezer became a and leadership at Langenau to seek economic betterment in America. battleground between the British and American armies which in turn Langenau church records note that Daniel and his wife Katharina of 15 passed through, plundered and torched the houses, robbed and killed the years had 13 children and left with daughters Catharina (born 1748) and inhabitants. The church, now a mere shell of walls, first served as an Ursula (b. 1751). Ebenezer records also list son Johannes (b. 1738) and army hospital, then as a horse stable. daughter Christina (b. 1743). This tenth European transport to Ebenezer 1782 proved to be a very bad year for Ebenezer. For a brief time dur- was led by the engineer Wilhelm Gerhard von Brahm, a military man ing the occupation of Savannah by the British the Georgia Assembly and future surveyor-general of the southern provinces. They arrived on met at the American headquarters in Ebenezer before Savannah was re- October 23, 1751. captured and became once more the seat of government. During that Remshard, too, came from a family of prominent municipal surveyors time John Remshard and his wife died in a smallpox epidemic that claimed and justices whose lineage is on record since the mid-15th century. His some 50 persons within two months. John Adam Treutlen, who had fled great-great-grandfather, municipal surveyor Jakob Remshard, had re- to his farm in South Carolina, was brutally murdered by Tories in the ceived a coat of arms still visible on his grave marker embedded in the same year. wall of St. Martin’s church in Langenau. The office of municipal sur- “The glory is gone from Eben Ezer,” wrote a survivor in 1783. “The veyor, conferred by the magistrates in Ulm, remained within the family’s people have become poor from plunder, robbery, and stealing.” Today, successive generations and the published funeral sermon for Daniel Rems- a visit to Georgia’s most eminent ghost town confirms that sentiment; hard, grand uncle of the emigrant, mentions additional municipal offices but as Tom Skinner closes the lid of the Remshard Schraubtaler, the held by this veteran of the Thirty Years’ War who could write Latin. In memory of Ebenzer’s great experiment survives in a silver token of re- addition, all male members of the family learned a trade or were mer- membrance. chants. Daniel’s grandfather and father both were innkeepers, beer brew- Helene M. Kastinger Riley is Professor of German at Clemson Uni- ers, and butchers, his father also a justice at Langenau. Daniel himself versity. ❖ was a tanner. As the 13th of 19 children and himself head of a large family he could never become heir to family fortunes in impover- ished Württemberg, but the Georgia fur trade with En- gland held promise for him. Daniel’s first surprise came no doubt when he was told that those who had paid for their own passage would not receive farm tools, pro- visions, or cattle as was promised them in Europe. In effect they were worse off than those who came as indentured servants, be- cause they had no means of livelihood. Still, some of the Remshards survived. Of his children, Johannes and Christina were confirmed at

Left: An early von Reck sketch of “Eben Ezer.” Courtesy Helene M. Riley. 11 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER PUBLICATIONS: NEWS AND REVIEWS THINKING WITH HISTORY EXPLORATIONS ON THE PASSAGE TO MODERNITY

Carl E. Schorske. Princeton NJ: Princeton to transfer his psychological analysis to the University Press, 1998. 256 pp., halftones. understanding of cultures. Cloth, $24.95. Although these essays do at times betray their diverse origins, they are shaped into a reason- Carl Schorske, professor emeritus at Prince- ably coherent whole. What is most important ton University, does not require an introduc- in judging a collection of writings first pub- tion to students and devotees of Austrian and lished up to three and a half decades ago, how- Habsburg history. With his acclaimed essays ever, is the specific value of its restructured on fin-de-siècle Vienna, he has established him- context. This collection cannot derive its fore- self as one of the premier authorities on the most significance from the primary research it subject and as a masterful writer. In Thinking presents. Thus, readers might not want to fo- with History, Schorske reorganizes central es- cus primarily on what they learn about Jacob says on this and related topics to illuminate the Burckhardt’s Basel or late Habsburg Vienna, rise and fall of history in nineteenth- and early because in that capacity, this scholarship has twentieth-century Western culture. been presented before. Instead, they should take If one excludes the introduction and the the author at his word and look at what he afterword, Schorske’s new book is divided into teaches us about “thinking with history.” two sections of five essays each. The first part, Schorske emphasizes that he did not intend to “Clio Ascendant,” explores the strongly histori- write a philosophy or theory of history but cist culture of the 1800s in Europe. At the be- wanted to show history as a cultural practice. ginning of that century, history replaced phi- Indeed, what might be most interesting to the losophy as the dominant intellectual mode, reader is contained in the introduction and the which expressed itself not only in the increased afterword, particularly if these sections are read importance ascribed to the discipline itself but informed by the more palpably historical es- also in its influence on other intellectual and Carl E. Schorske. (Courtesy Princeton U. Press.) says they surround. artistic endeavors. From the historical novel to In the biographical essay “The Author: En- the history of literature, from art history to historicist architecture, his- countering History,” we gain insight into the relationship between per- torical approaches and images permeated contemporary culture. Schorske sonal life experiences and scholarly production as well as in the cross- looks at historical interpretations of urban civilization in general and at pollenization of academic teaching and research. Considering Schorske’s the specific intellectual climate of Burckhardt’s and Bachofen’s Basel. eminent role in the development of contemporary cultural history, his He examines the impact of the medieval revival in England on Coleridge, contemplations on history as a discipline, which are found predominately Pugin, and Disraeli as well as the mutual ties between art, history, myth, in his concluding essay, “History and the Study of Culture,” deserve and politics in the artistic development of the German composer Rich- special attention. Schorske sees history as a bridge between the social ard Wagner and the English writer/artist William Morris. Finally, he sciences and the humanities, not beholden to either of them, but freely explores the merger of historicism and modern city planning in the con- borrowing concepts and instruments from both. This function as a bridge struction of the Vienna Ringstraße, thereby creating a transition to the has become more difficult as the humanities and social sciences have essays of the second half of the book, which focus exclusively on this drifted further apart, pulling different traditions of history along with Central European capital. them. In spite of the ensuing complications, he argues, history cannot By titling the second set of essays “Clio Eclipsed,” Schorske makes it prefer one of these traditions over the other but has to accomodate both. clear that he sees the rise of modernism as a rebellion against the histori- Although Schorske thus promotes a comprehensive approach to his- cism that preceded it and as a step toward a largely dehistoricized new tory and its methodologies, his own work clearly falls within the more worldview. In its Viennese environment, Schorske places this rebellion intuitive cultural tradition. Schorske defines history as associative and into a wider context of generational conflict, which triggered an anti- untheoretical, and his essays remain closer to literary, aesthetic, and psy- rational reaction against the liberal political and cultural orthodoxy of chological analysis than to mainstream political history even when they mid to late nineteenth-century Austria. At the same time, this confronta- examine outwardly political subjects. Both intentionally and uninten- tion echoes as well as transcends a long established Austrian contest tionally, Schorske’s own historical writings illustrate the theoretical is- between a liberal, rational Enlightenment tradition and its sensuous, sues he raises, and his essays do function as the “practice of history” he aestheticist Baroque counterpart. Following two essays that delineate set out to illuminate. Thus, Thinking with History becomes valuable read- the wider intellectual foundations of these conflicts, Schorske zooms in ing in spite of its lack of new primary scholarship—its value further on three specific examples. He explores the new architectural concepts enhanced by the captivating style that has made its author one of the of Otto Wagner, Camillo Sitte, and especially Adolf Loos. He analyzes foremost historical essayists of his era. the sociological, psychological, and aesthetic challenge to the classical Peter Thaler musical tradition posed by the oeuvre of Gustav Mahler. And in the con- Department of History cluding essay of this segment, he focuses on Sigmund Freud’s attempts University of Minnesota 12 FALL 1998 Exclusive Revolutionaries Liberal Politics, Social Experience, and National Identity in the Austrian Empire, 1848-1918

Pieter M. Judson. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michi- Membership in these associations went far beyond gan Press, 1996. 304 pp. Cloth, $54.50/£39.50 the small homogenous group of liberals active at the party level to include a broad range of the Ger- The role of liberals in Central European history man middle class, including school teachers, shop- is fraught with controversy. Until recently histori- keepers, and small-scale merchants. Both the mem- ans have tended to view them as revolutionaries bership in and the issues addressed by the associa- who failed compared to their Western contempo- tions brought to the fore the diversity among raries. As evidence historians have cited Central Austrian liberals and the growing disparity be- European liberals’ failure to establish themselves tween national politics and local reality. in parliamentary democracies and to convert the During the 1870s, the plight of national liberals aristocracy to a more modern system of commerce. worsened. Their inability to alleviate the wide- In contrast, Pieter Judson joins other revisionist spread suffering caused by the economic crash of historians to argue that German liberals in the 1873 undermined the belief that Constitutional rule Habsburg monarchy played a much more promi- alone would create a better society. The appoint- nent role in 19th-century Austrian politics than has ment of Count Eduard Taaffe as interior minister been previously recognized. Paying close attention ended the era of cooperation between the Emperor to local, regional, and ethnic variations, Judson’s and the liberals. Taaffe’s “Iron Ring” marked the study reassesses the impact of German liberal val- decisive conclusion of liberal political supremacy ues on the Austrian political landscape. Pieter M. Judson (U. Michigan Press) in the Reichsrat. Though the liberals attempted to During the Vormärz period (1815-1848), tradi- sustain a united front in Parliament by establish- tional Bürger and the growing new bourgeoisie joined forces in opposi- ing the United Left Party, they found themselves under attack as Taaffe tion to the strict censorship and lack of political representation charac- chipped away at the liberal reforms. teristic of the Habsburg monarchy. A wide variety of independent vol- However, this defeat was largely a Viennese, parliamentary experi- untary associations organized around professional, philanthropic, and ence. Judson argues that outside Vienna liberals ceased to see in “Ger- social interests evolved and offered a space where alternative social vi- manness” a common cultural legacy that outweighed all class, occupa- sions could be explored. Judson marks these associations as the site where tional, and religious differences. Instead they began to see nationalism a set of liberal values was created that came to dominate both the liberal as a vision of social harmony. During the 1880s and 1890s, local “self agenda and the broader political culture in Austria. Within these volun- help” organizations shifted their activities and rhetoric to address na- tary associations, men and women calling themselves liberals drew up a tionalist concerns about the alleged decline of the German population. set of middle-class values and attempted to disseminate them in the wider This strategy led to a rejuvenation of liberal parties especially in areas society. During the 1848 revolution liberals sharpened their call for po- threatened by an ethnic “other.” Judson argues that even after radicals litical representation and tried to reform the corrupt political order under and anti-Semitic groups had begun to define nationalism in terms of the crown. However, 1848 also clearly identified the liberals as “exclu- race at then end of the century, liberals continued to set the political sive revolutionaries” advocating a greater political role for themselves discourse. Although the national liberal coalition and liberal unity no but limiting political participation to those educated to act “reasonably.” longer presided, the liberal associations remained the premier site where After 1848, Austrian liberals remained united at the national and as- German identity was constructed and where Germanness was defined. sociational levels as they pressed Emperor Francis Joseph to create a Radical and anti-Semitic groups that challenged the liberals were them- constitution and to lessen church control over education. With the 1867 selves influenced by liberal discourse and focused their promises on their establishment of the first parliamentary cabinet, the Bürger ministry, the greater ability to carry out liberal aims. liberals enacted laws that reflected their values. They quickly ended cen- Thus, Judson concludes that despite their variable political represen- sorship, created a system of trial by jury, drafted the first bill of citizens’ tation at the national level, liberals consistently shaped Austrian national rights, and even declared freedom of religion and severely restricted the identity and political discourse between 1848 and 1914. Moreover, his Catholic Church’s influence over education and marriage. This legisla- study forcefully illustrates the importance of shifting the focus of study tion and the social order it supported—characterized by a class- and gen- from the parliamentary to the local level. It was within regional volun- der-based distinction between active and passive citizens—represents tary associations that Austrian liberal influence found a high degree of the high point of liberal hegemony and political control. continuity. Although their parliamentary control declined, Judson con- After the Constitution had been ratified, liberal hegemony deterio- vincingly demonstrates that within their associations, liberals “remained rated. In contrast to other studies, which have focused solely on the dis- the architects of national ideology [and] the builders and reproducers of solution of liberal control in the Bürger ministry, Judson argues force- a German cultural community” (255). fully for examination of the fate of liberals outside of Vienna. His study Michelle Mouton reveals that at the local and regional level, voluntary political associa- Department of History tions continued to flourish even after national liberal control had dimin- University of Northern Iowa ished. Members of local associations established libraries, wrote pam- phlets, gave speeches, and created investigatory committees to outline NOTE: Exclusive Revolutionaries was the winner of the American His- their views on issues as diverse as the Catholic Church and federalism. torical Association’s 1998 Herbert Baxter Adams Prize. 13 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER An Experiment in Enlightened Absolutism Hungary and the Habsburgs, 1765-1800

Éva H. Balázs. Translated by Tom Wilkinson. Readers of English will be pleased to have this translation of Bécs és Pest-Buda a régi Budapest: Central European University Press, századvégen, first published in 1987 by Magvetò Kiadó in Budapest. Author Éva H. Balázs, 1997. 225 pp., halftones. Cloth, $31.50. professor emeritus, coordinates eighteenth-century studies at Eötvös Loránd University, Buda- pest. Balázs, who began her career as a medievalist, is a respected authority among Hungarian historians. This is the first English translation of a major work by Balázs. According to Balázs, this book is “a distillation, more personal than comprehensive, of forty years of researching, reading and reflecting.” Her focus is “relations between government and country”; she does not seek to provide an overview of Hungarian society, as does Henrik Marczali’s classic Hungary in the Eighteenth Century (1910), Béla Király’s Hungary in the Late Eighteenth Century (1969), or more recently, Domokos Kosary’s Culture and Society in Eighteenth-Century Hungary (1987). The text has two major sections, dealing first with the period from the 1760s to 1780 (roughly the latter half of Maria Theresa’s reign) and then with the final two decades of the eighteenth century. Balázs first reviews Habsburg domestic and foreign policies under Maria Theresa beginning in 1765, the years of the “coregency” with Joseph II. Moving quickly beyond vexing questions concerning the precise nature of enlightened absolutism, “that last-ditch experiment in govern- ment by the anciens régimes of the ‘Old World’” (p. 11), she focuses on the reform ideas it popularized and the policies it pursued. As Balázs makes clear, the Habsburg government’s efforts were sufficiently diffuse to initiate changes in many areas of life. “Enlightened” ideas stirred minds in both the empire as a whole and in Hungary proper. Theoretical influences came from German natural law, French enlightenment writings, Italian jurisprudence and prac- tice, and the Habsburg version of Freemasonry. Balázs deftly portrays important personalities of the period, the principal and supporting actors in “the drama of good intentions, shrewd tactics, stubborn obstructionism and ill-judged haste that comprised the Habsburg version of enlightened absolutism” (p. 6). She then examines the social currents felt in the Hungarian kingdom per se, among the aristocracy, the far more numerous middle nobility or gentry, and Hungary’s market towns. The second part of the book traces Joseph II’s abortive attempts to “mobilize” society in the Portrait of Maria Theresa as Queen of Hungary. 1780s, the demise of his system, and the aftershocks that followed his failure. Balázs portrays continued on page 19 OPINION

Dear Editor: Cozine’s use of quotation marks implies that I do. On the very first Alicia Cozine’s review of my book The Prague Spring and Its After- page of the preface I announce that I hope to provide a “reasonably math (Winter 1998 ASN) makes several claims that I cannot leave un- concise introduction” to this period. It is impossible to have the final challenged. She imputes to me views for which there is no foundation word on a historical episode, and I identify moments that are still not in my text and which grossly mislead your readers. clear to us, such as the precise course of Soviet decision making on the She claims that I “suggest that armed resistance in defense of reform eve of the invasion and the full story of the origins of the 1970 purge. should have been carried out.” I cannot square this allegation with my Since I do not make these claims, Cozine is forced to contradict her- unequivocal statement on page 127 that “Armed resistance was imme- self in arguing that my book’s greatest flaw is its “modest ambition,” diately ruled out as foolhardy and impractical, as indeed it would have and that it should strive toward a broader interpretation of the cold war been.” In no other place do I say that the citizens of Czechoslovakia and the meaning of Czechoslovak history. She recommends substantial had any option other than nonviolent protest, nor do I argue that it was additions to the text, things that could be included only if much equally possible to continue political reform in the face of Soviet opposition valuable information were omitted, since a longer book would not be (see page 59). financially viable to an academic publisher today. Whereas previous Cozine alleges that I do not explain why Dubïek and other Czecho- works on 1968 ran to 500 or 800 pages while hardly covering post- slovak leaders did not fear Soviet intervention to prevent reform. I do invasion events, mine makes do with 250 while giving readers a sense so on pages 10-11, where I present four reasons. Cozine alleges that I of what followed August. do not explain the meaning of the term Presidium; I do so on page 14. Finally, in view of my attempt on pages 11-13 to place the events of Cozine alleges that I “set out to write this decade’s standard treatment 1968 in the context of modern Czechoslovak political development, I of the Prague Spring” and “to have the last word on a ‘closed’ chapter strongly object to Cozine’s accusation that I display a lack of “histori- of history.” Nowhere in my book do I express these hubristic preten- cal consciousness.” sions; I certainly never refer to 1968 as a closed chapter, although Dr. Kieran Williams

14 FALL 1998 HOT OFF THE PRESSES

Raymond Erickson, ed. Schubert's Vienna. New Haven: Yale, 1997. Helga Embacher and Margit Reiter. Gratwanderungen. Die Beziehungen 313 pp., illus. Cloth, $35.00. zwischen Österreich und Israel im Schatten der Vergangenheit. Vienna: Picus, 1998. 387 pp., illus. Cloth, öS 350; DM 48. John Rosselli. The Life of Mozart. New York: Cambridge, 1998. 192 pp., halftones. Cloth, $39.95; paper, $14.95. Werner Gatty, Gerhard Schmid, Maria Steiner, and Doris Wiesinger, eds. Die Ära Kreisky. Österreich im Wandel, 1970-1983. Vienna: Stu- Gerhard Oberkofler. Erika Cremer. Ein Leben für Chemie. Innsbruck: dien, 1998. 184 pp. Cloth, öS 298; DM 40,80. Studien, 1998. 120 pp., illus. Paper, öS 218; DM 29,80. Lisa Fischer. Kaiserin Elisabeth und die Frauen ihrer Zeit. Vienna: Nadine Lange-Akhund. The Macedonian Question. Boulder: East Eu- Böhlau, 1998. 200 pp., illus. Cloth, öS 298, DM 39,80. ropean Monographs, 1997. 320 pp. Cloth, $45. Dist. Columbia U. Press. Andreas Bozóki, ed. Intellectuals and Politics in Central Europe. Buda- Ronald Anderson and Chantal Kegels. Transition Banking: A Com- pest: CEU Press. 248 pp. Cloth, $49.95; paper, $19.95. parison of Financial Reforms in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland. New York: Oxford, 1998. 272 pp. Cloth, $57.00. Richard I. Cohen. Jewish Icons: Art and Society in Modern Europe. Berkeley: Univ. of California, 1998. 382 pp., illus. Cloth, $50. Kathryn Bailey. The Life of Webern. New York: Cambridge, 1998. 227 pp., halftones, figures. Cloth, $39.95; paper, $14.95. Museum moderner Kunst, Stiftung Ludwig Wien, ed. Split: Reality Valie Export. Vienna: Springer, 1998. 230 pp., illus. Paper, öS 598; DM 85. The Diary of David Sierakowiak: Five Notebooks from the ·ód¶ Ghetto. Translated by Kamil Turowski. Edited by Alan Adelson. New York: Ana-María Rizzuto, M.D. Why Did Freud Reject God? A Psychodynamic Oxford, 1998. 256 pp., illus. Paper, $12.95. Interpretation. New Haven: Yale, 1998. 256 pp., illus. Cloth, $35.

Heinz Fassman, ed. Die Rückkehr der Regionen. Beiträge zur regionalen Norbert Stefenelli. Körper ohne Leben. Begegnungen und Umgang mit Transformation Ostmitteleuropas. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sci- Toten. Vienna: Böhlau, 1998. 784 pp., illus. öS 1.180; DM 169. ences, 1997. 254 pp. Paper, öS 451; DM 62. Géza Komoróczy,ed. Jewish Budapest: Memories, Rites, History. Buda- Mikulás Teich, ed. Bohemia in History. New York: Cambridge, 1998. pest: CEU Press, 1998. 520 pp., color, b/w illus. Cloth, $69.95; paper, 350 pp., halftones. Cloth, $64.95. $24.95.

David Stark and László Bruszt, eds. Postsocialist Pathways: Trans- Adam Michnik. Letters from Freedom: Post-Cold War Realities and forming Politics and Property in East Central Europe. New York: Cam- Perspectives. Edited by Irena Grudzinska Gross. Translated by Jane bridge, 1998. 296 pp., diagrams. Cloth, $59.95; paper, $21.95. Cave and others. Berkeley: Univ. of California, 1998. 376 pp., illus. Cloth, $48; paper, $18.95. Ilya Prizel. National Identity and Foreign Policy: Nationalism and Lead- ership in Poland, Russia, and Ukraine. New York: Cambridge, 1998. Martin A. Miller. Freud and the Bolsheviks: Psychoanalysis in Impe- 330 pp. Cloth, $59.95; paper, $18.95. rial Russia and the Soviet Union. New Haven: Yale, 1998. 256 pp. Cloth, $30. Annemarie Schweighofer. Axamer Dorfleut’. Geschlechter- Generationen-Schichten: eine regionale Gesellschaftsgeschichte im 20. Roland Girtler. Wilderer. Rebellen in den Bergen. Vienna: Böhlau, 1998. Jahrhundert. Innsbruck: Studien, 1998. 232 pp. öS 298; DM 40,80. 311 pp., illus. Cloth, öS 298; DM 39,80.

Jack Rostowski. Macroeconomic Instability in Postcommunist Coun- The WHO Scientific Working Group on Reproductive Health Research, tries. New York: Oxford, 1998. 336 pp., figures. Cloth, $75.00. eds. Towards Better Reproductive Health in Eastern Europe: Concern, Commitment, and Change. Budapest: CEU Press, 1998. 170 pp. Paper, D. Z. Phillips, ed. Wittgenstein and the Possibility of Discourse. New $14.95. York: Cambridge, 1998. 330 pp. Cloth, $59.95. Christoph Badelt and August Österle. Sozialpolitik in Österreich. Vi- Allen Forte. The Atonal Music of Anton Webern. New Haven: Yale, enna: Manz, 1998. 260 pp. Paper, öS 450; DM 61,60. 1998. 288 pp., musical examples. Cloth, $50. Lawrence Kramer. Franz Schubert: Sexuality, Subjectivity, Song. New Elfriede Grabner. Krankheit und Heilen. Eine Kulturgeschichte der York: Cambridge, 1998. 250 pp., halftone, music examples. Cloth, Volksmedizin in den Ostalpen. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences, $54.95. 1997. 324 pp., illus. Paper, öS 390, DM 53. Pierre Hassner. War and Peace: From the Atomic Bomb to Ethnic Eve Blau. The Architecture of Red Vienna, 1919-1934. Cambridge MA: Cleansing. Budapest: CEU Press, 1997. 288 pp. Cloth, $49.95; paper, MIT Press, 1998. 500 pp., color, b/w illus. Cloth, $50. $24.95.

15 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER NEWS FROM THE FIELD Innsbruck conference marks anniversary of 1848/49 revolution As a part of the 150th anniversary of the European revolutions of 1848/ rent scholars do no necessarily view the revolution as a failure. Many 49, a conference took place 23-24 January 1998 at the University of realize that the revolution of 1848 was in many ways the root of later Innsbruck, “The European Revolution of 1848/49 and its Consequences, liberal and democratic movements. Especially in Poland.” The conference was organized by the Innsbrucker The Polish papers were “The Effects of the Völkerfrühling on Thought Forschungsstelle’s “Democratic Movements” publication series in co- and Political Practice in the Areas of the Former Polish Adelsrepulik, operation with the Universities of Lublin and Kraków and the European 1846-1863” (Jan Lewandowski), “Poland’s Role in the Hungarian Revo- Academy of Arts and Sciences. lution 1848/49" (Mieczys¢aw Wie¢iczko), “Galicia in 1846 and the Later The opening paper by Helmut Reinalter, who organized the confer- Revolution on 1848” (Micha¢ S¢iwa), “The Agricultural Question in ence, dealt with the positioning of the European revolution in recent Galicia and the Liberation of the Serfs” (Antoni Podraza), and “Liberals research. Using three selected examples-unity vs. diversity of the revo- and Conservatives in Galicia and the Revolution of 1848” (W¢odzimierz lution in Europe, causes of the revolution, and reasons for and conse- Bernacki and Bogdan Sz¢achta). According to these scholars, the recon- quences of its so-called failure—Reinalter analyzed the character of the struction of an independent Polish state was the main problem for the revolution and clarified in detail the subsequent clamp-down on the revo- Polish pre-revolutionary movement. The political situation was deter- lutionary process throughout Europe. Certainly, existing overviews of mined by several main factors, especially by the division of Poland, do- the revolutions consider the various national revolutionary processes as mestic conspiracies and the activities of Polish emigrés after the No- relatively isolated from one another; it is without question, however, vember uprising. Among the social problems, the peasant question played that, despite different conditions and goals across regions, the revolu- the most significant role. Galicia in particular experienced the most fun- tion represents both a unity and a diversity. Even today, the theories of damental upheavals, where the 1846 struggle to liberate the serfs was so revolution among social and political scientists have not yet found a violent it was labeled the “Galician Massacre.” The nobility, on the convincing explanation for the origin of the European revolutions of other hand, were concerned with questions of nationalism. Among the 1848/49. More than a few scholars speak of the loss of trust in the bour- Slavic peoples, the Polish were the most prepared to support, both mili- geoisie and the decline in leadership competence of continental govern- tarily and diplomatically, the Hungarian rebellion of 1848/49. Concrete ments. Historians also see nationalist movements, which called the or- demands, were, however, associated with this positive support on the der of the state into question, as an important factor in the origin of the part of the Poles: the weapons provided by the Poles were not to be revolutions. New Social History, as well as research into the history of aimed at their Slavic brothers, and diplomacy was to be exploited to mentalités, has also emphasized the social psychology and cultural com- help in the common struggle against the reactionary powers in Europe. ponents of the crisis of the Vormärz. But perhaps most importantly, cur- continued on page 17 sahh news

The SAHH, which now has affilitated status with both the AAASS sociations. Joseph Miller, president of the AHA, made clear at the and the AHA, continues to be actively represented in the professional January meeting that “strengthening the relationship between the As- meetings of these organizations. In September, we are presenting a ses- sociation and its affiliates was one of [his] top priorities.” He rein- sion, “Austria and the South Slavs, 1848-Present,” at the annual meet- forced this theme in two editorials published in the March and April ing of the AAASS at Boca Raton, Florida. In January, we will have a 1998 numbers of the AHA Perspectives. So far, there have emerged roundtable discussion, “The Fate of the Public Intellectual in Contem- two initiatives in this direction. The first is to institute regular meetings porary East-Central Europe,” at the annual meeting of the AHA in Wash- between AHA officers and the officers of affiliated societies at the yearly ington, D.C. I hope that many of you will be able to attend these ses- sessions of the AHA. The second is to improve the integration of the sions. panels of affilates in the general sessions of the AHA. Our continuing participation in the programs of the AAASS and of If you have further ideas about how the role of the SAHH could be the AHA is an important priority. In recent months, both organizations strengthened within the AHA and if you have suggestions about future have been in the process of rethinking their relationship with their as- sessions or panels, please send them to me or to the other members of sociated societies and some of their initiatives are of direct interest to the Executive Committee. our members. As of June 1998, the Board of the AAASS has adopted a Mary Gluck, Professor measure abolishing unscreened panels and requiring each affiliated so- Department of History, Brown University ciety wishing to present at the AAASS to go through a review process. Providence RI 02912 The AHA, while continuing the policy of unscreened panels for its af- Tel: 401-863-2352; Fax: 401-863-1040 filiated members, has also begun to rethink its connections with its as- E-mail: [email protected]

16 FALL 1998 HABSBURG happenings List move enhances research access and interactivity On 29 May 1998, the HABSBURG list began running off of listserv ing a call for papers, conference announcement, query, review, etc., at Michigan State University. We had previously operated off the Pur- while a thread sort places messages together that have a completely due listserver since Charlie Ingrao founded HABSBURG in 1991. Ser- identical subject line. People interested in a particular kind of message vices from Purdue have been good, but our editorial board made the can find it very rapidly this way, while those who were out of town decision to move in order that we may provide more complete and con- when a discussion began may read it later and then send their reply to venient access to our logs. The list of subscribers was moved intact to the list. 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As our subscribers come to appreciate the browse function on delete” function, which automatically unsubscribes people whose mail the web they may well use it not only to respond to individual contribu- has bounced for a certain period of time, uses slightly different param- tors but also back to the list itself. In the web logs, each contributor’s e- eters than what we were accustomed to at Purdue. As always, if you are mail address, as well as that of the list, appears as a mail-to link that not receiving list mail and wonder why, send the command “query readers on the web can use to send a response! habsburg” [no quotation marks] to the listserv address, now listserv@h- The HABSBURG log archives on the web also include a search en- net.msu.edu . Listserv will tell you if you are currently subscribed, and gine. 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Because for technical reasons it proved Finally, it should be noted that the placement of the HABSBURG impossible to create this result while the list remained at Purdue, al- logs on the H-Net web site makes them available to the global H-Net though we tried to do it for a number of years. The benefit to our sub- search engine. With this search engine one can search for keywords in scribers of the new location is that all the messages posted to the list logs across many lists. In this way, researchers looking for discussions since April 1994 are now archived on the public website and freely on nationalism in Eastern Europe or the fall of communism can find available to anyone with a Web browser, following the word “Archives” our online discussions and announcements. Searchers may discover our from our home page at http://www.hnet.msu.edu/~habsweb/ or directly list or our many specialists by the use of the global search engine, then at http://www.h-net.msu.edu/logs/logs.cgi?list=HABSBURG The use the mail-to links in the search results to contact us. The search HABSBURG logs are still available via gopher and fileserver, but plac- “transylvania” and “nationalism” produces roughly thirty hits if one ing them on the web makes it even less necessary for you to save old searches across all the logs simultaneously and about a third of them messages in your e-mail account. are in the HABSBURG logs. At the latter address, you can browse the messages by month or search Bringing the HABSBURG logs onto the web enables us to further for keywords in the logs. Within an individual month, you can sort the integrate our traditional mailing list and the broader possibilities of the messages by date, author, subject, or thread to gain a clearer overview Web. The implications for the evolution of our online community are of the messages within that month by category. While messages nor- exciting. mally display in reverse chronological order you may care to see them James P. Niessen grouped in other ways. Sorting by subject or thread, you see related Coeditor and review editor for HABSBURG messages together although their actual dates may be disparate. The [email protected] subject sort groups messages according to their subject prefix indicat-

1848/49 conference from page 16 cal goals, ideological beliefs, and groups supporting those beliefs in Po- The revolution in Poland was also a turning point in agricultural and land and Russia, although in his view the revolution of 1848 never took societal terms, as well as in political thought, for alongside the growing place in Russia because the masses were not successfully mobilized there. conservative movement, liberal ideas also grew stronger. In the first phase Pelinka stressed one aspect in his thesis about the relationship between of events, the conservatives and the liberals still worked together. This nationalism and liberalism: national interests won out against liberal in- began to change later, but conservatives and liberals, as was made clear terests. The beginning of liberalism in Austria was subordinated to con- in the papers, dominated political life in Galicia after 1859. The sources flicting national interests, and Austrian liberalism very quickly devel- of the ideological differences go back to the revolution, however. oped into a German nationalism. The last two papers were “Poland and Russia 1848/49: A Compari- The papers held during this conference will appear in “Democratic son” by Hans Hecker and “The Revolution of 1848/49: Myth instead of Movements,” the publication series of the Innsbrucker Forschungsstelle Reality” by Anton Pelinka. Hecker dealt with questions of nation, politi- published by Peter Lang. 17 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER Gerda Neyer: Women, Power, and Policy by Daniel Pinkerton state taxes. This not the case in Austria and a lot of other European Gerda Neyer, a demographer and countries. It is, of course, difficult Professor of Political Science at the to construct a scale for judging dif- University of Innsbruck, was a vis- ferent countries. In the comparative iting professor at Stanford Univer- perspective, one needs certain sity last spring. On 27 April 1998, things to compare, and that always she gave a seminar presentation depends on what forms the basis of entitled “Gender and the Asutrian your thought. I looked at the con- Welfare State: A Case Study.” Af- sequences of welfare policy, but I terwards, she spoke with ASN. also tried to include the institutions that shape the policy. When it ASN: You took an unusual path to comes to that, Germany is worse off political science. than Austria. They have, for ex- GN: I suppose I did. I studied math- ample, a low number of women in ematics at the University of Inns- Parliament, although that’s chang- bruck, took a teaching degree there, ing. In Germany, the tax system and taught math for three years. I supports a gendered society, espe- also studied a year at Pomona Col- cially a specific division of work, lege in California. After that, I Gerda Neyer (staff photo) whereas is Austria you are taxed wanted to do something more po- individually, not on family income. litical and more historical, so I went to the Institute for Advanced Stud- Germany, however, has set up better child care facilities than Austria ies in Vienna for two years of postgraduate study in political science has. But it is particularly difficult to compare the Austrian system to the and history of philosophy. Of course, as a child I read a lot of historical Nordic countries because there women are included in the cooperative books, and I became interested in politics in the aftermath of 1968. A process of policymaking, while in Austria they are excluded. I think it is few mathematics colleagues and I always attended classes in other dis- important to see whether women can shape the welfare state from within ciplines, and political science was one that we liked. Professor Pelinka the political institutions or whether they remain on the outside. was, at that time, new at the University of Innsbruck, and we found his especially interesting. ASN: What options do women have in terms of influencing public policy in Austria? ASN: At what point did you begin the study of gender and the welfare GN: There are three central institutions: bureaucracy, corporatist struc- state? ture, and parliament. Major policy is traditionally corporatist. Now that GN: I was always interested in social policy and moved into it more and there are five parties in Austria, there has been a little shift in power more. One of the first projects that I did was with Helga Leitner—who between the three institutions. Nevertheless, Parliament is still the last in is on Minnesota’s faculty—on immigration, on foreign workers in Aus- general to deal with social and employment policy. Usually it only makes tria. I began with research on women and maternity leave policy prima- a few changes to laws drafted outside of Parliament. So even if the num- rily because of my political background. I also had some background in ber of women in Parliament rises, it is difficult for them to initiate major programming, and there were huge social security databases that had policy in the social arena because women are poorly represented in the never been used by anybody in Austria. I was asked if I would be inter- corporatist structure and the bureaucracy. There have been a few changes ested in analyzing those. Gradually my perspective enlarged, and now I during the past years, primarily through the Green Party and the Liberals like to study everything on a comparative basis. Also, I became ac- entering Parliament. Both have been headed by women, and that had an quainted with feminism in the U.S. in 1974. If, as a woman, you under- influence on the parties. The Greens tried to make a women-oriented stand what feminism means, you are caught by it, and it just becomes a policy, whereas the Liberals had very strong tradition of not considering part of both your academic orientation and your life orientation. Being a gender differences. How do you get to equality if you have inequality as woman and subject to Austria’s highly gendered society, I wanted to your starting point? For a long time we had a feminist women’s minis- push it towards more equality, more of a feminist social structure. ter. Johanna Donhal tried to enforce feminist policy—she aimed to change the structure of society, the labor market, and the family. But her efforts ASN: How do welfare and gendering differ across the various Euro- usually ended up with people criticizing her, because it’s hard to put pean societies? those things into practice. And although she was a minister, she was GN: The nordic countries are less gendered. They were always a model what we call a minister without portfolio—she had no budget, civil ser- for feminist theorists and were models for Kreisky’s social policy. He vants, or mandate to design laws and shape policy. Whatever she did had tried to change the social policy from a family one to an individualistic to be approved by the chancellor or one of his bureaucratic representa- one. Feminist studies, but also many others, usually assume that Euro- tives. She did not even have a “section,” which would have meant her pean workers should move in the direction of the universal welfare state own budget. A lot of Austrians didn’t know this, so they said she pro- as it is in the Nordic countries—with the inclusion of women and men claimed so much but reached so few. In spite of all this, there has been into the labor market and with a vast support of caring facilities through real social change in Austria, especially among women. 18 FALL 1998

ASN: You’ve described Austrian welfare policy as ethnocentric, hetero- individual right as a citizen or as an employed person. Within the fam- sexist, androcentric, and familialistic. Could you give an example of ily, however, are two different levels. One is marriage, relations between each? two adults where, in general, both can support themselves through work, GN: First, our welfare policy is ethnocentric: foreign workers are ex- and the other is parenthood. It is important to look at both levels differ- cluded from the extended unemployment benefits. Benefits are paid up ently. The Austrian welfare state values marriage, like labor, higher than to a certain time; after that, there is unemployment assistance, which is parenthood. With a marriage, you’re included in the social security sys- lower and not automatic. Foreign workers are excluded from unemploy- tem; through parenthood, you’re not. ment assistance. Second, it is heterosexist: heterosexual, unmarried couples are entitled to be insured with and to receive social security ASN: What are the most vital policy changes that Austrian feminists are through their partners, while lesbian and gay couples have no entitle- working for now? ments. So the society privileges heterosexual partnerships over homo- GN: There is a lot of work to do. With regard to the welfare state, the sexual ones. Third, it is androcentric, privileging male over female: for most important is childcare. Second is the individualization of the social many benefits, the underlying norm is the male industrial worker of the security system. Equal access and support in the labor market, positive 19th century—employed full time, with no interruptions in his career, discrimination, affirmative action would be third. Feminists in Austria and aiming to make as much money as possible. There is little coverage still believe that there have to be major changes in the labor market in for those with low incomes, usually women. Women often have inter- order to have changes in the private arena because policies are easier to rupted careers, thus they’re only partially counted for old age pensions enforce in the former. Selective public policy can help bring about soci- and unemployment benefits. And many women don’t work full time, etal change. Feminists are aiming for a universal welfare state, each given the other demands on their time, their generally lower pay, and the individual’s right to a certain level of social security. But with Austria rising rates of unemployment. So the social security system is equally entering the EU, a lot has changed, because the EU does not have a applied to both but perpetuates and preserves inequality in a certain way. social policy. However, it is Europe’s tradition to have a welfare state. Last, it is familialistic, a description often applied by researchers, fol- In fact, it would be detrimental to democratic countries if the welfare lowing Isbin Anderson. He focused on the ways individual welfare states state were dismantled, because welfare development and democratiza- allowed people to leave the labor market without losing their welfare tion were intertwined from the beginning. The welfare state supported a standard, to become decommodified. In Austria, it was family measures; democratic development within Europe, and a universal welfare state in there are a lot of grants tied to the family allowances for schooling and Austria and Europe could only bring us to a higher level of equality and so on. Other welfare states are less family tied; instead, they center around democratization. ❖ HUNGARY AND THE HABSBURGS from page 14 Joseph II as a sincere, untiring, intelligent ruler whose exertions pro- Although ten years have passed since publication of the original Hun- pelled forward a vast program of administrative and judicial reform. In garian edition and according to the author, her work shows “accretions contrast to his mother, Joseph applied his measures as forcefully to Hun- of annual rings,” the English translation is a faithful rendering of that gary as to the “hereditary” lands. Balázs singles out the toleration patent original text. Balázs has done extensive spadework in archives in Buda- as Joseph’s most influential (short- and long-term) reform in Hungary. pest, Göttingen, The Hague, Levoïa (Slovakia), Paris, and Vienna over Unlike some of her colleagues, Balázs views the Theresan and Jose- the years. New text appears here and there, particularly in the last chap- phine years as a fertile, productive period, important for Hungary’s na- ter (“Joseph II and Josephism: A Historical Balance Sheet”), where Balázs tional development. She expresses sympathy for the protagonists in both has fleshed out her analysis of the political and intellectual climate of Hungary and Vienna, especially for Joseph II, a solitary figure during the 1790s and has extended the story forward to the 1800s. This “accre- his last five years. She concedes that his actions stirred up long-festering tion” is especially welcome in what was originally rather thin treatment ills in rural Hungarian society, without offering protections to those who of the period. tried to avail themselves of the remedies he promised. His determined The strength of Balázs’s work lies not in any bold new statements efforts to control all aspects of society alienated Freemasons and other about the subject but rather in its masterly, nuanced approach. The book progressive elements that might have remained conciliatory or even sup- will bring profit and pleasure to the general reader. It will be especially portive. Removal of the Hungarian crown from the kingdom and impo- impressive, however, to those already familiar with the period in ques- sition of the German language were ill-judged, if well-meant, measures tion, for those readers will recognize how sensitively, yet systematically, revealing Joseph II’s lack of “due discretion” in carrying out his pro- Balázs works her way through the historical terrain. The Hungarian edi- gram. But Balázs contends that many reforms of the 1780s would have tion included 44 black and white photos that do not appear in the En- failed even under the sponsorship of a more attractive personality, in glish translation. But the Hungarian edition lacked notes, a formal bibli- part because communications between Vienna and Hungary were so ography (there was a brief description of “sources and specialized litera- primitive. Even Maria Theresa herself would have had to “climb down” ture”), and an index, and these have been supplied. A few infelicities of from some of her reforms, according to Balázs, had she lived until 1790. language briefly distract the reader (“but then nor” appears more than In Balázs’ words, “European societies and economies had reached a chap- once), but they do not impair the meaning. Typographical errors are few ter in their history when a dynastically centred yet simultaneously en- (“wothout,” “supertition,” and the like). The Hungarian is skillfully re- lightened government was no longer viable.” And despite the failure of phrased, and the style remains inviting and persuasive. The text gains Joseph’s program as a whole, the legacy of Josephism, a “new kind of from additional, or in some cases simply more logical, use of subhead- work ethic, an interest in and commitment to society that had not been ings and paragraph demarcations. The translator (Tim Wilkinson) and seen before in Hungary” (p. 291), persisted after Joseph’s defeat and publisher have done a creditable job with the text. English readers are death. Even the chill environment of the mid-1790s, after the Jacobin getting a quality product. Trials, did not destroy this essential continuity; members of the “reform generation” of the 1820s were in fact “heirs of a Josephist system of Rebecca Gates-Coon beliefs, which they refashioned into their own home-grown, Hungarian Humanities and Social Sciences Division variant” (p. 325). Library of Congress 19 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER HEAVEN & EARTH AT SALZBURG

by Barbara Lawatsch-Boomgaarden

Man’s pilgrimage be- her voice. Similarly, Jerry tween sensuous, earthly Hadley as Jim, though in Babylon and heavenly, fact an opera singer as ethereal Jerusalem was the well, has such stage pres- theme of this year’s Salz- ence and youthful vigor burg Festival. It was real- that he makes up for some ized in a more literal way of the weaknesses of the by the Weill/Brecht opera production. Mahagonny and Hal Hart- If Mahagonny is clear- ley’s play Soon and in a ly an earthly Babylon, Hal more oblique fashion by Hartley’s Soon deals with the cycle “Schumann as a men and women expecting poet” and Janaïek’s won- heavenly Jerusalem in the derful, rarely performed immediate future. It’s a opera Katja Kabanova. very intelligent presenta- A new production of tion of the processes lead- Brecht and Weill’s Auf- ing to the emergence and steig und Fall der Stadt eventual catastrophe of Mahagonny opened the millennial cults such as the Festival. In the opera, Ma- Branch Davidians of Wa- hagonny, an extreme rep- co, Texas. Hartley, an in- resentation of Babylon, is dependent film maker founded for the sole pur- (Henry Fool), wrote and pose of providing pleasure directed the play. He pre- to working men with sents a group of seven money and profit to the Thomas Jay Ryan and David Neumann in Soon. (Photo courtesy Salzburg Festival.) people, four women and founders of the city and three men, who have owners of the local places of entertainment. Life is relatively idyllic, but turned their backs on the world to prepare for the final judgement, which after a while discontent arises. Jim Mahoney, who has arrived from a they believe to be imminent, and to make sure that they will be among hard but lucrative lumber-jacking job in Alaska, introduces a new law: the 144,000 they expect to be saved. The actors play multiple parts, so “Anything is permitted” for those who can pay. When Jim himself runs Hartley is able to show various dynamics within the group, the gradual out of money, he is sentenced to death and executed. The inhabitants of development form enthusiasm and religious fervor to questionable or Mahagonny demonstrate to show their disgust with the city but continue even sinister practices, and the intrusions of the outside world and their to live as before. effects on those inside. The final confrontation between insiders and The city, not the fate of the protagonist, is at the center of director outsiders is inevitable and results in a self-fulfilling prophecy of the pre- Peter Zadek’s Brechtian realization of the “opera.” Surprisingly, Zadek, dicted Armageddon for the cult members. once known for his provocative productions, plays down the ugly sides Hartley traces these developments with a certain amount of sympathy of a city where everything can be bought. This is due to the operatic for the cult members and without passing harsh judgment on them. At singers cast in roles that could and perhaps should be sung by actors, to the same time, there is plenty of humor—an unexpected ingredient con- Richard Peduzzi’s sets, with their postmodern combinations of elements, sidering the content of the play—showing the absurdity of some assump- to downplaying the grotesqueness or sordidness of some of the activities tions and of certain literal interpretations of Scripture. For instance, when of the Mahagonny residents. The effect of Brecht/Weill operas relies cult members ask the leader why they have to observe abstinence while primarily on the subversion of traditional musical forms; too much has he is entitled to having sex, he replies that he takes it upon himself so been done to pass this piece off as a traditional opera. that they may be saved. And Hartley creates some irony by showing When forced to take it on those terms, the score seems too thin, par- how the clichés of the outside world are very much alive inside the cult ticularly for a three-hour production. A few cuts would not have hurt. To as well. The suggestion that they are living like Communists ensues an be sure, the plot has its interesting turns, especially when it is allowed to angry response form one cult member, who lets it be known that he has mock operatic conventions. Instead of a love duet, for example, Jim and fought in Vietnam, “under the flag of this great country.” And while the Jenny have a discussion on whether he prefers her to wear lingerie or leader is busy producing a new pure and righteous generation with the not. And when Jenny would be expected to sacrifice herself for Jim, she female cult members, the other men, having to stand by outside, make explains why she has no intention of doing that, singing: “. . . und wenn small talk by commenting on the quality of the floors and windows. einer tritt, dann bin ich es, und wird einer getreten, dann bist du’s.” Yet the outside world is harshly criticized for its utter lack of under- One may criticize the casting of opera singer Catherine Malfitano as standing and for dealing with the situation in a completely inappropriate Jenny, but then again, she is beautiful and sexy, and her rendition of manner. Members who have insisted on following the leader and re- “The Alabama Song” remains one of the memorable numbers of the maining within the cult are considered hostages. When pressure is mount- evening, even if some of Brecht’s irony gets lost through the beauty of ing, they become even more dedicated to remaining with their leader, 20 FALL 1998 explaining not without reason that they refuse to “live in a world like The desire to escape boundaries is also brilliantly reflected in Janaïek’s that,” i.e. in a society that uses tanks and automatic weapons to move in powerful opera Katja Kabanova. In this case, narrow boundaries are on a group made up primarily of women and children. forced on the title character by the repressive social order and stifling The seven actors (Gretchen Lee Krich, Elina Loewensohn, D.J. Men- atmosphere of a small provincial town. Katja, a beautiful young woman del, Chuck Montgomery, David Neumann, Miho Nikaido, Thomas Jay trapped in an uninspiring marriage, is tortured by a jealous, domineering Ryan) formed a high quality ensemble without a particular star. They mother-in-law and the narrowness and oppressiveness of Kalinov, a small had all worked with Hartley before and performed with precision and provincial town on the Volga. When her husband Tichon sets out for a presence. One of the surprising effects was the soft-spoken, mild-man- business trip, Katja beseeches him either to stay or take her with him, nered demeanor of the last cult leader, who was not the intimidating but Tichon’s mother wants him to go, and he submits to his mother’s figure with a thunderous voice one might expect. All cast members ar- wishes. While he is gone, an opportunity arises for a secret meeting be- ticulated well, but one of the production’s problems was that the play is tween Katja and her admirer Boris. Katja experiences the exultation of written in English and the audience was primarily made up of native falling in love but is also haunted and eventually destroyed by profound German speakers. German supertitles could not make up for this in a feelings of guilt. Janaïek himself prepared the libretto based on Alexan- play that relies heavily on language and subtle wordplay. Another prob- der Ostrovski’s Storm; his choice of subject matter was inspired by his lem was announcing Soon as a “musical play.” Music, composed by own love for a married woman thirty-eight years younger than himself. Hartley himself in cooperation with Jim Coleman, was used only as a Angela Denoke was perfectly as in the title role. Tall and delicate, she background, much like it is in films. It was skillfully used, but to anyone contrasted physically with her husband and mother-in-law, while her expecting an opera or a musical, it must have come as a disappointment. beautiful soprano mastered Janaïek’s music effortlessly. In her first great Steve Rozenzweig’s set, consisting primarily of a diagonally placed scene, Denoke set the scene by conveying Katja’s religious fervor, spiri- wall of movable glass panels was interesting as an allusion to Gothic tual and emotional depth, need for freedom, and high-minded, romantic cathedrals as well as to the famous Bible passage warning those living in aspirations; we understand clearly that Katja can never be fulfilled in the a glass house against casting stones. It was adroitly used during the play, stifling atmosphere of Kalinov. In her final scene Denoke movingly rep- allowing simultaneous action to be hinted at but not openly shown. To resents Katja’s intense feelings of guilt and love, which eventually drive complement this production, “Das Kino” showed a retrospective of six her to insanity and suicide as she is destroyed by her own inner conflict Hal Hartley films, certainly a welcome way to discover his work. rather than the censure of neighbors and relatives. The desire to escape earthly boundaries is certainly one of the charac- The rest of the cast is similarly strong, particularly mezzo-soprano teristics of Romanticism, and this connected several recitals of lieder by Dagmar Peckova as Varvara, a flirtatious, vivacious young woman liv- Schumann and Schubert with the general theme of the Festival. One of ing in the Kabanova household who does eventually leave Kalinov for a them featured baritone Matthias Goerne and soprano Barbara Bonney, more promising future with her lover Vanya Kudrjas. Rainer Trost as with Vladimir Ashkenazy at the piano and, for one piece, Dimitri Kudrjas shows amazing professionalism and agility in performing entire Ashkenazy on the clarinet. dance scenes in Gene Kelly style while also singing his part very well. Goerne began at the evening by singing a selection of Schumann’s The Czech Philharmonic and the Slovak Philharmonic Choir of Brat- lesser known lieder. Compared with most lied specialists, Goerne is islava performed beautifully under the baton of Sylvian Cambreling. young, but he is already an accomplished and widely Christoph Marthaler directed; the sets by Anna acclaimed interpreter of this genre. Once the right Vienbrock were inspired by East bloc architecture balance had been found (Goerne probably had to of the 1970s—certainly an acceptable way of up- make sure his voice did not overpower the relatively dating the plot. small concert hall at the Mozarteum), one could en- A love story not unlike that of Katja Kabanova joy not only his excellent articulation but also his forms the basis for Schoenberg’s symphonic poem outstanding ability to vary tone qualities and colors, Pelleas et Melisande, op.5, namely Maeterlinck’s even within a single piece, to express different moods famous drama. Images of last year’s beautiful Rob- and temperaments. Thus, he set off the more agi- ert Wilson staging of Debussy’s opera by the same tated sections from the triumphant “Fahr wohl nun, title inevitably came to mind as Vladimir Ashkenazy du Elfenkönigin” in “Dichters Genesung” and set a conducted the Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Ber- different tone for “Mein schöner Stern,” which he lin, which he has led since 1989. The understanding sung with great emotional intensity. formed in nine years of cooperation was obvious Barbara Bonney apologized for being somewhat from the beginning; Schoenberg’s highly sensuous impaired by a cold, but this was not even margin- score was well served, although one might have ally noticeable during her outstanding performance. wished occasionally for greater contrast between the Bonney first led the audience through Schumann’s lyrical passages and the stark, dissonant sections. musical conception of “Frauenliebe und -leben,” The other work on the program that evening was based on Adelbert von Chamisso’s poetry. Her ex- Mozart’s Piano Concerto KV 4 66 in d-minor. It quisite soprano expressed the enthusiasm of “er, der matched the Schoenberg piece well, for it is also a Herrlichste von allen” and the impatience of “Helft highly romantic piece. Here, too, Ashkenazy’s as- mir, ihr Schwestern” as intensely as the despair of tounding musicianship was evident as he conducted the final poem. Bonney masterfully brought out the and played the piano solo. Starting the allegro very great variety of timbre and musical expression of softly (if perhaps a tad too slowly) allowed for im- Schubert’s famous “Der Hirt auf dem Felsen”; she pressive climaxes. He was especially strong in the was sensitively complemented by Dimitri stormy sections, as he exuded energy and vitality. If Ashkenazy on the clarinet and Vladimir Ashkenazy Jerry Hadley, Catherine Malfitano in his interpretation was not quite a revelation, it was a at the piano. Mahagonny. Photo: Salzburg Festival. very well-executed performance. ❖ 21 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER ANNOUNCEMENTS

INTERNATIONAL OSI Vienna. Contact: Dr. Eisabeth Vyslonzil, OSI Austria. 35th Linz Conference, 14-18 September Vienna. Tel: 43-1-512-18-95/47. 1999, Jägermayrhof Conference Center, Linz, Aus- CONFERENCES & SYMPOSIA tria. “What Is the Significance of a ‘Labor Move- Austria. Workshop: “Jahrhundertwende um 1900: ment’ at the End of the 20th Century?” Contact: In- Czech Republic. “The Political Geography of Ger- Belgien und Österreich im Vergleich,” 14 Novem- ternational Conference of Labor Historians, mans in Austria: A Comparison between the Frank- ber, Theatersaal der ÖAW, Vienna. Workshop des Wipplinger Straße 8, A-1010 Vienna. Tel: 43-1-534 furt and Kromeriz Deputies,” 14-16 September, Komitees “Österreich und Belgien” der HK. Con- 36 01 776; e-mail: [email protected] Kromeriz, Czech Republic. Contact Pan Mag. Petr tact: Mag. Barbara Haider. Tel.: 43-1-512 91 84/92; Palka, Odbor skolstvi, kultury a ïestovniho ruchu, e-mail: [email protected] United States. Call for Papers. The European His- Mesttsky urad Kromeriz. Tel: 420-634-430 200-1; tory Section of the Southern Historical Association fax: 420-634-430202. United States. Social Science History Association, invites proposals for complete panels and single pa- 19-22 November, Palmer House Hilton, Chicago. pers for presentation at the annual meeting in Fort Austria. “Kanon und Text in interkulturellen The SSHA is the leading interdisciplinary associa- Worth, Texas, 3-6 November, 1999. Panels should Perspektiven: ‘Andere Texte anders lesen,’” 23-27 tion in the social sciences. Its annual conference at- consist of two or three papers, a commentator and a September 1998, Kaprun Gesellschaft für inter- tracts historians, anthropologists, sociologists, po- chair; presenters may include graduate students. Send kulturelle Germanistik. Contact: Ulrich Mueller, litical scientists, economists, and demographers from a one-page description of each paper and a short c.v. Kurt Zelewitz, University of Salzburg. Tel.: 43-662- around the world. Contact Thomas J. Sugrue, Dept. for each panelist to Katharine Kennedy, Chair, Eu- 8044-4360 or 43-662-82 43 22; fax: 43-662-83 21 of History, University of Pennsylvania. Tel: 215-898- ropean History Section Program Committee, Dept. 84; e-mail: [email protected] 0293, fax: 215-573-2089, e-mail: ssha@history. of History, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA 30030. upenn.edu; or Richard M. Valelly, Swarthmore Col- Fax: 404-638-6177; e-mail: kkennedy@agnesscott. United States. American Association for the Ad- lege, Dept. of Political Science. Tel: 610-328-8099, edu. Deadline: October 1, 1998. vancement of Slavic Studies, 24-27 September, Boca fax: 610-328-8442, same e-mail as Dr. Sugrue. Raton Resort and Club, Florida. Theme: “Fifty Years Austria. Call for Papers. Fourth Biannual Austrian of Slavic Studies in the U.S.” The resort is set on England. “The Decline of Empires: The Habsburg Conference on Contemporary History, 27 - 29 May 300 acres of land; the special room rate of $120/night Empire, Russia/Soviet Union, Ottoman Empire, and 1999, KFU Graz. Submissions in panel form pre- includes choice of hotel rooms, golf villas (with British Empire,” 27-28 November, London. Spon- ferred. All details can be found in English and in kitchens), or the Beach Club, with pools and a pri- sored by OSI Vienna and ACI London. Contact: Dr. German at the interactive conference website (itself vate beach. Full details posted on the web at http:// Eisabeth Vyslonzil. Tel: 43-1-512-18-95/47. a forum for contemporary Austrian history): http:// fas.harvard.edu/~aaass, or contact AAASS, 8 Story www. zeitgeschichte.at or by contacting Zeit- St., Cambridge MA 02138. Tel: 617-495-0677; fax: United States. American Historical Association, 7- geschichte ‘99, Abteilung Zeitgeschichte, KFU Graz, 617-495-0680; e-mail: [email protected] 10 January 1999, Washington DC. For program in- Elisabethstraße 27, A-8010 Graz, Austria. Tel: 43- formation, contact: John Voll, Chair, 1999 AHA 316-380 2617; fax: 43-316- 380 9738; e-mail: Austria. International Christine Lavant Symposium Program Committee, Department of History, zeitgeschichte@gewi. kfunigraz.ac.at Deadline: 1 24-25 September, Wolfsberg Kulturamt der Stadt Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, NW, October 1998. Wolfsberg, Robert Musil Institut der Univ. Klagen- Washington DC 20057. furt Contact: Arno Russegger. Tel.: (++43-463) Bulgaria. Call for papers. “Islam and Human Rights 2700-6415 FAX: (++463) 2700-6420. United States. Interdisciplinary Conference, “When in Postcommunist Europe,” March 15-17, 1999 in Languages Collide: Sociocultural and Geopolitical Sofia, Bulgaria. The organizers seek papers within Austria. “Multiethnizität und Multikulturalität in Implications of Language Conflict and Language the following general topics: political, social, and Mittel-, Ost- und Südosteuropa. Übereinstimmung Coexistence,” 13-15 November 1998, Ohio State legal perspectives; Christianity, Islam, ethnicity and und Konflikte,” 28-30 September, Redoutensäle, University, Columbus, Ohio. Contact: Office of In- rights in contemporary Western and Eastern Europe Hofburg, Vienna. Contact: Dr. Eisabeth Vyslonzil, ternational Studies, Attn: Language Conference, 300 and Central Asia; diversity within Islam; religion, OSI Vienna. Tel: 43-1-512-18-95/47. Oxley Hall, 1712 Neil Avenue, Columbus OH rights and new conflicts in postcommunist Eastern 43210-1219. Tel: 614-292-8770; e-mail: wolf.5@ Europe, with special attention to Chechnya, Bosnia, Poland. “Polen und Österreich im 18. Jahrhundert,” osu.edu and Kosovo; religious freedom and tolerance: theo- 30 September-4 October, Warsaw. Tagung des logical perspectives from Judaism, Christianity, and Komitees “Österreich und Polen” der HK. Contact: Austria. Konferenz zu Problemen von Quellen- Islam. Case studies may focus on Russia, Turkey, Dr. Ernö Deák. Tel.: 43-1-512 91 84/94. editionen zur österreichischen Geschichte der the former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Neuzeit (16.-20. Jahrhundert), Vienna, March 1999. the Caucasus and Central Asia, Spain, France, or Austria. “1848. Erfolg und Scheitern einer Revolu- Organized by Historische Kommission der other Western European countries. We are looking tion,” 7-8 October, Hungarian Embassy and Col- Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, for contributions from scholars and activists in the legium Hungaricum, Vienna. Contact: Dr. Eisabeth Kommission für Neuere Geschichte Österreichs, region involved in conflict resolution and preven- Vyslonzil, OSI Vienna. Tel: 43-1-512-18-95/47. Generaldirektion des Österreichischen Staatsarchivs. tion, and human rights monitoring. The language of Contact: Hans Peter Hye. Tel.: 43-1-512 91 84/91, the conference and the papers will be English. Sub- Austria. “Stefan Zweig lebt.” 14-18 October, Uni- 93; fax: 43-1-513 38 51; e-mail: hans.peter.hye@ mit abstracts of about 500 words to: Dr. Elizabeth versity of Salzburg, Institut für Germanistik. Con- oeaw.ac.at Cole, Coordinator Center for the Study of Human tact: Klaus Zelewitz. Tel.: 43-662-8044-4360 or 43- Rights, Columbia University 1108 IAB, 420 W. 662-82 43 22; fax: 43-662-83 21 84; e-mail: Austria. Workshop zur Frauen- und Geschlechter- 118th Street, New York NY 10027. Fax: 212-854- [email protected] geschichte im 18. Jahrhundert, 10-11 June 1999, 6785; e-mail: [email protected] or Ms. Desislava Theatersaal der ÖAW, Vienna. Veranstaltung der Simeonova, European Coordinator Bulgarian United States. 4th Annual Graduate Student Con- Gesellschaft zur Erforschung des 18. Jahrhunderts Helsinki Committee, 86 Vitosha Blvd., Sofia 1463, ference, 24-25 October 1998, Center for German and gemeinsam mit der Historischen Kommission [HK]. Bulgaria. Tel./Fax: 359-2-951-6289; e-mail: European Studies, Georgetown University, Wash- Contact: Mag. Barbara Haider. Tel.: 43-1-512 91 84/ [email protected] Deadline: 1 November 1998. ington DC. Theme: “Defining Europe: Borders and 92; e-mail: [email protected] Directions for the 21st Century.” Contact Jamie Finland. Call for Proposals. Sixth International Smouse at [email protected] England. “Karl Kraus und die Nachwelt,” 8-10 Sep- Council for Central and East European Studies Con- tember 1999, London. Sponsored by Trinity College, gress, 29 July-3 August 2000, Tampere, Finland. The Austria. Roundtable discussion about Bosnia after Dublin, Dept. of Germanic Studies and Univ. of International Program Committee invites proposals the elections, featuring Prof. Charles Ingrao, Mag. Sussex Centre for German-Jewish Studies. Contact: for panels and roundtables. The proposals should Gerald Knaus, Dr. Valeria Heuberger. 27 October, Edward Timms. Fax: 44-273-678466. present the results of new research on Central and 22 FALL 1998

Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. For of markets on cultural production). Or suggest your more information, contact: VI ICCEES World Con- own topic. Contact (2 copies): Eric Gordy, Dept. of SPOTLIGHT gress Secretariat, Finnish Institute for Russian and Sociology, Clark Univ., 950 Main Street, Worcester East European Studies, Annankatu 44, FIN-00100, MA 01610, e-mail: [email protected]; or Anna Concert. The Twin Cities 1999 Schubertiade Helsinki, Finland. Tel: 358-9-2285-4434; fax: 358- Szemere, Dept. of Sociology, Univ. of California- 9-2285-4431; e-mail: [email protected]; website: http:/ San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Dept. 0533, La Jolla, will be held Saturday evening, 30 January /www. rusin.fi/iccees Deadline: 1 January 1999. CA 92093, e-mail: [email protected] Deadline: at 7:30 P.M. and Sunday afternoon, 31 Janu- 30 September 1998. ary at 4:00 P.M. in the salon of the Germanic- United States. Call for Papers. 24th Annual Con- American Institute (GAI), 301 Summit Av- ference of the Hungarian Educators’ Association, 8- 11 April 1999, John Carroll University, University enue, St. Paul, Minnesota. This concert will Heights (Cleveland). Theme: “Memory, Culture, and NEW ON THE NET mark the 202nd anniversary of the great Identity: The Hungarian Global Village at the End Viennese composer’s birth. The event is of the Millennium.” Papers from any discipline are open to the public; tickets are $10. Advance welcome: economics, cultural studies, folklore, film, The Center for Russian, East European and Eur- reservations are recommended as seating fine arts, history, language and/or literature, and oth- asian Studies at the University of Texas at Austin ers. Comparative and interdisciplinary studies are announces the redesign of our website http:// is limited. Please call GAI at 651-222-7027 encouraged. (See the conference website at http:// reenic.utexas.edu/reenic.html and the Russian and for reservations. www.magyar.org/home.html for more info.) Please East European Network Information Center submit a 250-word abstract to Katherine Gyékényesi (REENIC). Created in 1994, REENIC is a collec- Gatto, tel: 216-397-4672; e-mail: [email protected] or tion of links to websites containing information about month residencies, the latter for 1 month residen- Mártha Pereszlényi-Pintér, tel: 216-397-4723; e-mail East and Central Europe, Russia, and the newly in- cies. They are available to American citizens (or per- [email protected]. Or mail to them at Dept. of dependent countries of the former Soviet Union. manent residents) in early stages of their academic Classical & Modern Languages & Cultures, John Among the first regional indexed sites, REENIC or- careers (generally before tenure but after the Ph.D) Carroll University, University Heights OH 44118. ganizes the enormous quantity of area-related re- or American scholars whose careers have been in- sources available on the World Wide Web daily for terrupted or delayed. Research scholarships will be scholars and researchers. To discover the latest ad- awarded for 2-4 months of research in Washington, ditions to REENIC, visit the new additions page at: D.C. Office space at the Wilson Center and a re- PUBLICaTION NEWS http://reenic.utexas.edu/reenic/New/new.html, a few search assistant will be provided whenever possible; of the web sites that were gleaned among the 65,000 short-term grants include neither. For both, access added to the Internet hourly! Also check our new to the Library of Congress, the National Archives, Historical Maps. The Hermon Dunlap Smith Cen- links to all Title VI National Resource Centers for and other resources of the Washington area will be ter for the History of Cartography at the Newberry Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studies. facilitated. Grantees can start their appointments as Library has just published a new slide set titled “The early as the next May. The applicant is requested to Ottoman Presence in Southeastern Europe, 16th-19th COPAC is a new internationally accessible cata- submit a concise description of his/her research Centuries: A View in Maps” [ISBN# 0-911028-67- logue. Based at the University of Manchester, project, a curriculum vitae, a statement on preferred 6]. The slides are taken from maps in the Newberry’s COPAC provides unified access to the consolidated and alternate dates of residence in Washington, D.C., collection and the set was produced as part of their online catalogues of some of the largest university and two letters specially in support of the research Cartography and History Summer Institute. There research libraries in the UK and Ireland. It is nor- to be conducted at the Center. Applications are re- are six maps in the set: “The Danubian Basin, 1566”, mally available 24 hours a day 365 days a year, and viewed by members of the East European Academic “Fortress at Szigetvar, 1566”, “The Fortress of Klis its database currently contains approximately 5 mil- Council at regular intervals throughout the year. and the City of Split, 1605”, “Contemporary Ilyria, lion records. These represent the merged online li- Closing dates are December 1, March 1, June 1, and 1705”, “Hungary, 1717”, and “Ethnographic Map brary catalogues of Cambridge University; September 1. Applicants are notified approximately of the Ottoman Balkans, 1848.” The accompanying Edinburgh University; Glasgow University; Impe- four weeks after the closing date. An individual may text is by James P. Krokar. These slides are a valu- rial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine; apply for only one category of support. For applica- able research and teaching resource for both Otto- Leeds University; University of Manchester; Uni- tion materials (no application form is required for man and Habsburg scholars. versity of Nottingham; Oxford University; Trinity short-term grants), contact: East European Studies, College, Dublin; University College, London; and Woodrow Wilson Plaza, 1300 Pennsylvania Ave., United States. Call for Papers. International Re- University of London Library. The records from a NW, Washington DC 20523. Tel: 202-691-4190. view of Social History Supplement 1999. “Cultural further twelve university library catalogues will be Email: [email protected] Policies, Practices and Debates in East Central Eu- added soon. These large research libraries have many rope.” We are seeking submissions for a collection older documents, specialist collections and particu- 1999-2000 Fulbright Grants for U.S. Faculty. The of research articles and essays on contemporary cul- lar strengths, such as foreign language materials, Council for International Exchange of Scholars tural issues in East Central Europe. We welcome sub- which make COPAC a valuable resource. You can (CIES) continues to accept applications for Fulbright missions from any disciplinary perspective or from access COPAC via the web at: http://copac.ac.uk/ Scholar Program grants for U.S. college and univer- cultural actors outside of academia. The purpose is copac/ or, if you prefer, via a text interface at: Telnet: sity faculty and professionals, even though the Au- to provide a forum for analysts of cultural issues in copac.ac.uk (username: copac password: copac). On- gust 1 deadline has passed. Grants are available in a the countries in Europe that had Communist regimes line search assistance is provided, and printed User number of countries and academic disciplines. Be- after World War II and were not part of the former Guides are available for both interfaces. Postscript fore submitting an application, prospective applicants Soviet Union and to offer materials for scholars and and pdf versions of the User Guides are available must consult with a CIES country program officer students who wish to expand the scope of cultural for downloading at: http://copac.ac.uk/copac/ to confirm eligibility, as well as award availability. studies beyond Western Europe and North America. userguide. For further assistance or information con- Remaining opportunities will close as additional The volume will be organized around issues rather tact the COPAC Helpdesk. Tel: 0161 275 6037; fax: applications are received. Eligibility requirements than around countries or regions. Some suggested 0161 275 6040; e-mail: [email protected] include: U.S. citizenship at the time of application; topics: cultural policies (e.g., cultural funding, po- Ph.D. or equivalent professional/terminal degree; and litical interventions in culture); culture and power college or university teaching experience, as speci- (e.g., censorship and obstacles to cultural produc- grants & scholarships fied in some award descriptions. Lecturing assign- tion); “high” and “low” culture (e.g., the evolution ments are generally in English. Look for the list of of “elite” and “popular” institutions, “high” and still-available grants on the CIES Web site: “low” as political categories); inclusions and exclu- East European Academic Council. East European www.cies.org. If you would like to request that a sions (e.g., nationalities, minorities, women); cul- Studies has been awarded funds by Title VIII (the hard copy of the list be mailed to you, contact CIES, ture and globalization (e.g., the local and the global Soviet-East European Research and Training Act) 3007 Tilden Street, NW, Suite 5L, Washington DC in art and culture, translocal and intercultural forms); for research scholarships and short-term grants for 20008-3009. Tel.: 202-686-7877; e-mail: apprequest the “democratization” of culture (e.g., the influence research in Washington DC. The former are for 2-4 @cies.iie.org 23 Working Papers in Austrian Studies

The Center for Austrian Studies serves scholars who study the politics, society, economy, and culture of modern Austria and of Habsburg Central Europe. It encourages comparative studies involving Austria or the Habsburg lands and other European states, stimulates discussion in the field and provides a vehicle for circulating work in progress. It is open to all papers prior to final publication, but gives priority to papers by affiliates of the Center and scholars who have given seminars or attended conferences at the Center. If you would like to have a paper considered for inclusion in the series, please contact Richard L. Rudolph at the Center for Austrian Studies.

94-1. Diana Mishkova, Modernization and Political Elites in the Balkans, 1870–1914 94-2. Margarete Grandner, Conservative Social Politics in Austria, 1880–1890 94-3. Manfred Blümel, Socialist Culture and Architecture in Twentieth-Century Vienna 94-4. Jill Mayer, The Evolution of German-National Discourse in the Press of Fin-de-Siècle Austria 95-1. Edward Larkey, Das Österreichische im Angebot der heimischen Kulturindustrie 95-2. Franz X. Eder, Sexualized Subjects: Medical Discourses on Sexuality in German-Speaking Countries in the Late Eighteenth and the Nineteenth Centuries 95-3. Christian Fleck, The Restoration of Austrian Universities after World War II 95-4. Alois Kernbauer, The Scientific Community of Chemists and Physicists in the Nineteenth-Century Habsburg Monarchy 95-5. Stella Hryniuk, To Pray Again as a Catholic: The Renewal of Catholicism in Western Ukraine 95-6. Josef Berghold, Awakening Affinities between Past Enemies: Reciprocal Perceptions of Italians and Austrians 96-1. Katherine Arens, Central Europe and the Nationalist Paradigm 96-2. Thomas N. Burg, Forensic Medicine in the Nineteenth-Century Habsburg Monarchy 96-3. Charles Ingrao, Ten Untaught Lessons about Central Europe: An Historical Perspective 97-1. Siegfried Beer, Target Central Europe: American Intelligence Efforts Regarding Nazi and Early Postwar Austria, 1941-1947. 98-1. Dina Iordanova, Balkan Wedding Revisited: The Multiple Messages of Filmed Nuptuals (available late Oct.)

The price per paper is $3.00 ($4.00 for foreign addresses). To order, send your name, address, and paper numbers requested along with payment to: Center for Austrian Studies, Attention: Working Papers, 314 Social Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455. Checks must be drawn on a U.S. bank in U.S. dollars and should be made out to “Center for Austrian Studies, University of Minnesota.” We also accept MasterCard, VISA, and Discover cards. To pay by credit card, indicate the card used and include your card number, expiration date, and signature on the order. Working Papers 92-1 through 93-7 are still available. See previous issues of the ASN, the CAS website, or contact the Center for authors and titles.

CENTER FOR AUSTRIAN STUDIES Non-Profit Organization UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA U.S. Postage Paid 314 SOCIAL SCIENCE TOWER Minneapolis, Minnesota 267 19TH AVENUE SOUTH Permit No. 155 MINNEAPOLIS MN 55455