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Mahayana Buddhism Identity in the Dimension of Chinese Shrines: Case Studies of Muang Phuket District, Phuket Province

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Mahayana Buddhism Identity in the Dimension of Chinese Shrines: Case Studies of Muang Phuket District, Phuket Province Cultural Preservation of Mahayana Buddhism Identity in the Dimension of Chinese Shrines: Case Studies of Muang Phuket District, Phuket Province Kittinan Krueaphat A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Chinese Studies Prince of Songkla University 2018 Copyright of Prince of Songkla University i Cultural Preservation of Mahayana Buddhism Identity in the Dimension of Chinese Shrines: Case Studies of Muang Phuket District, Phuket Province Kittinan Krueaphat A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Chinese Studies Prince of Songkla University 2018 Copyright of Prince of Songkla University ii Thesis Title Cultural Preservation of Mahayana Buddhism Identity in the Dimension of Chinese Shrines: Case Studies of Muang Phuket District, Phuket Province Author Mister Kittinan Krueaphat Major Program Chinese Studies (International Program) _________________________________________________________________ Major Advisor Examining Committee : ......................................................................... ...................................................Chairperson (Asst. Prof. Dr. Pim de Jong) (Dr. Teerathorn Lamnaokrut) ....................................................Committee Co-advisor (If any) (Asst. Prof. Dr. Kowit Pimpuang) ......................................................................... ....................................................Committee (Assoc. Prof. Dr. ..........................................) (Asst. Prof. Dr. Pim de Jong) ....................................................Committee (Assoc. Prof. Dr. ..........................................) ....................................................Committee (Assoc. Prof. Dr. ..........................................) The Graduate School, Prince of Songkla University, has approved this thesis as Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in Chinese Studies. ......................................................................... (Prof. Dr. Damrongsak Faroongsarng) Dean of Graduate School iii This is to certify that the work here submitted is the result of the candidate’s own investigations. Due acknowledgement has been made of any assistance received. ........................................................Signature (Asst. Prof. Dr. Pim de Jong) Major Advisor ........................................................Signature (Mister Kittinan Krueaphat) Candidate iv I hereby certify that this work has not been accepted in substance for any degree, and is not being currently submitted in candidature for any degree. ...............................................................Signature (Mister Kittinan Krueaphat) Candidate v Thesis Title Cultural Preservation of Mahayana Buddhism Identity in the Dimension of Chinese Shrines, Case Studies of Muang Phuket District, Phuket Province Author Mister Kittinan Krueaphat Major Program Chinese Studies (International Program) Academic year 2017 ABSTRACT There were two objectives of the study. Firstly, the study aimed to comprehend the historical background of Mahayana Buddhism. Secondly, the study purposed to analyze the Mahayana Buddhism maintaining in the Chinese shrine in Muang Phuket District, Phuket Province. Qualitative research methodology was used with non-participant and participant observation as well as formal and informal interview for data collection. The studied people were ritual conductors, shrine committees, shrine caretakers and Overseas Chinese descents who went to the shrines for praying to the gods and participating in the tradition of the shrine. The result of the study found that Mahayana Buddhism was established in the second council of Buddhist history, and there are two groups of Buddhism established which are Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism nowadays. Although, Mahayana Buddhism was established in India, the prosperous Mahayana Buddhism was in China. There were the invitation to Indian Buddhist monks, Buddha’s images and Sutras from India by Chinese imperial courts in Wei-Jin-Southern-Northern Dynasties. The most significant development of Buddhism in Chinese history was in Tang Dynasties, because various Buddhist doctrines were studied by numerous Chinese imperial bureaucrats and people, many temples were established and numerous Sutras were translated in this period of time. In addition, Overseas Chinese migrated to Thailand because of various geographical and political reasons, they were categorized as people who could perfectly maintain their cultural identity. Thailand was a freedom vi of religious belief country, so various Overseas Chinese religious institutions still had in Thailand nowadays. Various Overseas Chinese social activities in Thailand were purposed to create social solidarity of Thailand such as establishing Chinese shrines as a place to share ideas and meet together, Chinese language school for inheritance Overseas Chinese culture and tradition, Chinese Association as well as Surname groups for assisting each other in Thailand. The above social activities supported the establishment of Chinese shrines, because the shrine was the center of Chinese people in Thailand, especially in Phuket. Chinese shrines originally contained 3 religions and faiths which are Mahayana Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism. Morality and social regulation were educated by the teaching of Confucianism, the most significant teaching of Confucianism was “Gratefulness” which was still the main teaching in the Overseas Chinese family institution in Thailand at the moment. The Taoism emphasized the rituals and ceremonies such as necromancy and using Chinese medicine to cure people. The identity of Mahayana Buddhism in the Chinese shrine represented the Chinese ethnicity such as Chinese style deities, Chinese poem decoration, Chinese auspicious words, Chinese Buddhism doctrines, Chinese arts, and teaching of Chinese deities such as Kuan Im Bodhisattvas and Jigong Arahants. There were also various social activities aiming the maintaining of Mahayana Buddhism as well as inheriting Chinese ethnicity such as praying Mahayana Buddhism Mantras (Songkeng), classes for teaching praying Mahayana Buddhism Mantras, rituals containing Mahayana Buddhism identities as well as annual traditions. Every social activity of the Chinese shrines was supported by bilateral governmental organization and private sectors representing the social solidarity to Phuket Hokkien Culture inheritance. vii ชื่อวิทยานิพนธ์ การธ ารงรักษาอัตลักษณ์ทางวัฒนธรรมของศาสนาพุทธนิกายมหายานใน มิติของศาลเจ้าจีน กรณีศึกษาอ าเภอเมืองภูเก็ต จังหวัดภูเก็ต ผู้เขียน นายกิตตินันท์ เครือแพทย์ สาขาวิชา จีนศึกษา (นานาชาติ) ปีการศึกษา 2560 บทคัดย่อ การศึกษาครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาประวัติความเป็นมาของศาสนาพุทธนิกาย มหายาน และวิเคราะห์การธ ารงศาสนาพุทธนิกายมหายานในศาลเจ้าจีน อ าเภอเมืองภูเก็ต จังหวัด ภูเก็ต โดยใช้วิธีวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพจากการสังเกตแบบมีส่วนร่วมและไม่มีส่วนร่วมและการสัมภาษณ์แบบ เป็นทางการและไม่เป็นทางการ กลุ่มคนที่ศึกษาได้แก่ ผู้ท าพิธีกรรมในศาลเจ้าที่เป็นแบบพุทธมหายาน คณะกรรมการศาลเจ้า คนเฝ้าศาลเจ้า และลูกหลานของชาวจีนโพ้นทะเลที่เข้าไปไหว้พระ สักการะ และร่วมประเพณีของทางศาลเจ้า ผลการศึกษาพบว่าศาสนาพุทธนิกายมหายานนั้นได้ก่อตั้งขึ้นครั้งแรกในการสังคยา นาครั้งที่ 2 ในประวัติศาสตร์ของศาสนาพุทธ โดยเป็นผลพวงให้เกิดนิกายทั้ง 2 นิกายหลักของศาสนา พุทธในปัจจุบัน คือ นิกายเถรวาท และมหายาน ถึงแม้ว่าศาสนาพุทธนิกายมหายานจะถือก าเนิดขึ้นใน อินเดีย แต่กลับมีความเจริญรุ่งเรืองในประเทศจีนสมัยราชวงศ์เวยจิ้นใต้และเหนือด้วยการอัญเชิญ พระสงฆ์ พระพุทธรูป และคัมภีร์จากอินเดีย ศาสนาพุทธมหายานมีความเจริญรุ่งเรืองที่สุดในประเทศ จีนสมัยราชวงศ์ถัง เนื่องจากได้รับการศึกษาพระธรรม ก่อสร้างวัด และแปลพระไตรปิฎกอย่าง แพร่หลายด้วยพระราชูปถัมภ์ของราชส านักจีน ต่อมาเมื่อเกิดการอพยพของชาวจีนโพ้นทะเล ผู้มีอัต ลักษณ์ในการธ ารงวัฒนธรรมบ้านเกิด ประกอบกับความเป็นอิสระของประเทศไทยด้านการนับถือ ศาสนา ส่งผลให้เกิดการสร้างศาลเจ้า และวัดพุทธมหายานในประเทศไทย ถึงแม้ว่าประเทศไทยจะมี ศาสนาพุทธนิกายเถรวาทเป็นศาสนาประจ าชาติ ชาวจีนโพ้นทะเลได้มีกิจกรรมทางสังคมมากมายเพื่อ ธ ารงอัตลักษณ์ของตน และสร้างความเป็นอันหนึ่งอันเดียวกันในสังคมของชนชาติตนในประเทศไทย เช่น สร้างศาลเจ้าเพื่อเป็นสถานที่พบปะ ชุมนุมกันเพื่อแลกเปลี่ยนความคิด โรงเรียนจีนเพื่อถ่ายทอด และสืบสานวัฒนธรรมจีน สมาคมจีนตามภาษาถิ่นเพื่อช่วยเหลือเกื้อกูลกันในกลุ่มย่อย และสมาคมแซ่ เพื่อสร้างความสามัคคีให้กับคนแซ่เดียวกันช่วยเหลือกัน กิจกรรมทางสังคมเหล่านี้ก่อให้เกิดการสนับสนุนการสร้างศาลเจ้า อันเป็นที่ยึด เหนี่ยวจิตใจของชาวจีนโพ้นทะเลในประเทศไทย โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งในอ าเภอเมืองภูเก็ต ที่ซึ่งมีจ านวน viii ชาวจีนโพ้นทะเลมากมายมาตั้งถิ่นฐาน ศาลเจ้าจีนนั้นแต่เดิมมีศาสนาและความเชื่อรวมกันทั้งหมด 3 ชนิด อันได้แก่ ศาสนาพุทธนิกายมหายาน ลัทธิขงจื้อ และลัทธิเต๋า ความเป็นจริยธรรมและระเบียบใน การท าให้สังคมเกิดความเรียบร้อยนั้นจะเป็นค าสอนของลัทธิขงจื้อ ค าสอนที่ส าคัญที่สุดของลัทธิขงจื้อ ที่สามารถสะท้อนถึงการสอนลูกในสถาบันครอบครัวของชาวจีนโพ้นทะเลคือ คุณธรรมกตัญญู ส่วน ลัทธิเต๋าจะเน้นบทบาทหลักไปทางด้านจริยพิธี และการเฉลิมฉลอง เช่น การเข้าทรง การรักษาด้วยยา สมุนไพรจีน ส่วนอัตลักษณ์ของศาสนาพุทธนิกายมหายานในศาลเจ้าจีนนั้นเป็นอัตลักษณ์ที่ สามารถสื่อถึงความเป็นชาติพันธุ์จีน เช่น องค์พระแบบจีน ค าโคลงคู่แบบจีน ตัวอักษรจีนในการสื่อถึง ค ามงคลและค าสอนของศาสนาพุทธ ศิลปกรรมแบบจีน และพระโอวาทจากพระโพธิสัตย์และพระ อรหันต์ของจีน เช่น เจ้าแม่กวนอิม และพระอรหันต์จี้กง ในศาลเจ้าจีนยังมีกิจกรรมอันสื่อถึงการสืบ สานค าสอนจากศาสนาพุทธ และอัตลักษณ์ของชาติพันธ์จีน เช่น การสวดมนต์แบบมหายาน ชั้นเรียน การสวดมนต์ (ซงเก้ง) พิธีกรรมอันประกอบด้วยความเป็นมหายาน และประเพณีประจ าปี ซึ่งกิจกรรม ทางสังคมเพื่อสืบสานอัตลักษณ์เหล่านี้ยังได้รับการสนับสนุนจากหน่วยงานทั้งรัฐบาลและเอกชนอัน
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