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OJOS FRESCOS Y BIEN ABIERTOS Apuntes Sobre Periodismo De Investigación Coordinador Andrés Cañizález OJOS FRESCOS Y BIEN ABIERTOS Apuntes sobre periodismo de investigación John Dinges Ewald Scharfenberg Roger Atwood Gustavo Hernández Ricardo Uceda ININCO PRESENTACIÓN EL EJERCICIO VITAL DEL PERIODISMO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Gustavo Hernández Díaz 1(1) PERIÓDISMO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Cuáles son las bases teóricas, deontológicas y metodoló- © 2004, Ipys Venezuela ¿gicas del periodismo de investigación? ¿Podemos, inclu- Hecho el Depósito de Ley so, pensar en unas bases morales para esta modalidad de pe- Depósito Legal pp lf 25220050704554 riodismo? No pretendo, en ningún caso, realizar un análisis ISBN: 980-12-1656-5 pormenorizado sobre este género periodístico. No obstante, Corrección de estilo: Elsa Cecilia Piña Diagramación y Diagramación: Bimedia 21 Diseño Editorial C.A. estás son algunas de las claves temáticas que, desde mi punto Impresión: Publicaciones Monfort C.A. de vista, se articulan con el periodismo de investigación: Impreso en Venezuela Printed in Venezuela a) Deontología o código moral del periodista www.ipys.org [email protected] El periodismo de investigación tendría que considerar de Esta publicación fue preparada con fondos suministrados manera profunda y extensa el aspecto deontológico de la por Development Alternatives, Inc. (DAI), con financiamiento de la Agencia para el Desarrollo Internacional profesión, el cual comprende el conjunto de normas auto- de los Estados Unidos, bajo el número de rreguladoras que rigen la actividad cotidiana del periodis- contrato #HDA-C-00-02-00179 Proyecto: Venezuela Iniciativa para la Construcción de Confianza (VICC) mo. Sin embargo, sabemos que el ejercicio genuino y de- mocrático del periodismo de investigación, muchas veces El contenido de esta obra puede ser citado y difundido por cualquier medio, siempre que sea sin fines comerciales. Agradecemos citar la fuente. Las opiniones vertidas en los artículos son estrictamente personales y no compromete (1) Gustavo Hernández Díaz: Director del Instituto de Investigaciones de la Comunicación de en nada a las instituciones involucradas en esta publicación. la Universidad Central de Venezuela,Dr. en Ciencias Sociales y profesor Asociado de la Universidad Central de Venezuela. 8 Ojos frescos y bien abiertos Presentación.- El ejercicio vital del periodismo de investigación 9 se siente amenazado por la presión que ejerce la mediación Dejo este tema abierto para la reflexión,sin embargo,agre- institucional representada por el Estado y las industrias de go otro elemento que me parece importante: los campos contenidos impresos y audiovisuales. de veracidad en las ciencias sociales tienen que ser refuta- Podríamos señalar innumerables casos en la región don- bles. Discutir, criticar, evaluar nuestro quehacer investiga- de el periodista se encuentra amordazado y hasta amena- tivo en consonancia con la realidad es un camino saludable zado para expresar libremente sus ideas, sus puntos de vis- para constatar si nuestras posturas o nuestros principios son ta sobre la realidad política, económica y comunicacional. coherentes con la realidad empírica. De otra forma nos es- El poder del Estado y de los medios masivos obstaculizan, taríamos anclando en la trampa del sensacionalismo infor- a menudo, la libertad profesional, imponiéndose los inte- mativo-comunicacional,en el mercado de los prejuicios,lu- reses patronales y corporativos sobre el concepto de ver- crativo para las empresas mediáticas y para los gobiernos dad. Esta definición es harto compleja por sus implicacio- de turno,pero perjudiciales para el ejercicio libre y responsable nes filosóficas. Podríamos convenir que la verdad es la del periodismo así como para el estamento democrático de correspondencia entre nuestras genuinas convicciones mo- los países. rales y la realidad que nos atraviesa a través de las media- ciones sociales (familia, comunidades, sistema escolar, me- b) Estatus científico del periodismo investigativo dios masivos y tecnologías de punta). Al periodismo de investigación le atañe la responsabili- Podríamos inferir que existen posiciones en torno a la rea- dad moral de transformar la información en conocimien- lidad que le ofrecen, afortunadamente, tonalidades a nuestra to y esta, a su vez, en sapiencia, la cual radica, en este caso, cotidianidad. La verdad con mayúscula, la verdad absoluta es en aprender a pensar sobre lo que se piensa a efectos de es- contraproducente para la ciencia. Llegamos al punto nodal tar atentos de las imperfecciones y de las dificultades que del asunto, donde prefiero referirme a campos de veracidad, giran en torno al conocimiento. De allí que sea sumamen- más que suscribir la verdad en términos abstractos. La vera- te necesario que el periodista de investigación se dedique a cidad informativa y comunicacional nos permite movernos analizar los problemas más importantes del conocimiento libremente con nuestras ideas, sin encerrarnos en la camisa y de la sociedad, aquellos que encuentran su origen en el de fuerza de la verdad unidimensional o del pensamiento úni- intelecto, en la razón, en los paradigmas de las ciencias so- co.El periodismo de investigación,en este caso,se acerca más ciales y en el propio devenir histórico. a la veracidad que a la verdad inmaculada, muchas veces pe- Uno de los errores más frecuentes del intelecto humano trificada desde los sectores de poder hegemónico. es mentirse a sí mismo. Se incurre en el autoengaño cuan- 10 Ojos frescos y bien abiertos Presentación.- El ejercicio vital del periodismo de investigación 11 do no nos atrevemos a reconocer nuestra falta de vocación tos, en sus relaciones mutuas, en sus influencias recíprocas para ejercer dicha disciplina.El periodista,en esta situación, y en sus conjuntos. Precisamente, a través de la razón esta- acepta, sin estar convencido, los fundamentos éticos, de- mos en capacidad de ubicar todas las informaciones en su ontológicos, teóricos y metodológicos que prescribe en un contexto y en su conjunto. La razón no se cierra ante la crí- momento determinado su comunidad profesional.Una ma- tica y la autocrítica, permanece abierta a la discusión, y por nera expedita de alimentar el autoengaño es asumiendo una lo tanto evita la aceptación ciega de los presupuestos de una conducta egocéntrica. doctrina.Sucumbir ante esta aceptación,sea de manera cons- El investigador egocéntrico no ve más que a sí mismo; es ciente o inconsciente, implica caer en la racionalización o como un mecanismo de defensa que impide toda crítica a en la falsa racionalidad. su ser y al contexto que le rodea. En la medida en que juz- En síntesis, la razón abre sus puertas al diálogo, a la sub- ga a todos por su utilidad,escucha lo que realmente alimenta jetividad, a la afectividad de la vida. La razón reconoce su ego y desecha lo que lo perturba moral y psicológica- abiertamente los límites del conocimiento,sabe que la men- mente. Esto ocurre cuando el periodista se convierte en un te humana no es omnisciente, guarda distancia con respec- protagonista y no en un sujeto mediador y orientador. to a los modelos teóricos deterministas y mecanicistas; y es Uno de los obstáculos más frecuentes del ser humano es consciente de que la realidad comporta misterio e incerti- no saber distinguir entre razón y racionalización. La razón dumbre. Por ejemplo, la razón se manifiesta en el perio- constructiva verifica el carácter lógico y coherente de los dismo investigativo cuando se tienen en mente ciertas cues- modelos teóricos y la compatibilidad que existe entre los tiones y problemas propios, cuando el conocimiento nos argumentos teóricos y el contexto social. Todo conoci- brinda la posibilidad de hacer consciente las ilusiones,a tra- miento es compatible con la realidad cuando es capaz de vés de un necesario análisis que siempre nos lleva a la desi- abordar y comprender los problemas globales, parciales y lusión. Razonar de alguna manera es desilusionarse, es cre- locales, que son, a su vez, multidimensionales y complejos. cer a partir de los obstáculos que nos depara la vida. Y ese crecimiento nos permite ver, pulsar y experimentar la rea- De lo anterior se desprende la necesidad de estar atentos lidad "desnuda", tal cual es, sin maquillajes. al conocimiento fragmentado que alberga en el interior de cada disciplina; y que impide en muchas ocasiones la in- Razonar es esforzarse crítica y activamente por acercar- terdisciplinariedad o el vínculo entre las distintas ciencias. se más a la verdad, y por lo tanto, no significa poseer la ver- Por lo tanto, la teoría del conocimiento debe enseñar mé- dad.Mientras que la racionalización es una cualidad del pen- todos que permitan aprehender los objetos en sus contex- samiento que nos lleva a creer en la falsa premisa de que 12 Ojos frescos y bien abiertos Presentación.- El ejercicio vital del periodismo de investigación 13 tener información y acumularla implica conocer la natura- 2) Depende de la interpretación subjetiva del sujeto co- leza del conocimiento. nociente. El punto de vista del científico social y del perio- La racionalización ignora el lado del afecto, del amor y de dista de investigación no se halla desligado de la mediación la rectificación crítica de nuestros pensamientos y acciones. académica, cultural y psicosocial. La producción del cono- Existe una relación estrecha entre la inteligencia y el pen- cimiento, a menudo, se halla escoltada de miedos y deseos samiento emotivo. Dicho de otro modo, la razón y la emo- que pueden convertirse en obstáculos epistemológicos a pe- ción deben mantener un justo equilibrio en la producción sar de nuestros controles racionales. De allí que una de las de conocimiento,porque toda facultad de racionamiento ex- fuentes de error en el campo científico sea precisamente cesivo disminuye y hasta apaga la llama de la emoción; mien- nuestra incapacidad de detectar las perturbaciones emo- tras que toda emoción exacerbada impide lograr el necesa- cionales que obliteran, de alguna manera, nuestro modo de rio sosiego para pensar sobre lo que estamos pensando. pensar y nuestro quehacer investigativo. Maximizar la emoción puede llegar a ser la causa de com- 3) Es refutable con miras a que la ciencia avance en su de- portamientos irracionales.Asimismo, la racionalización dis- sarrollo teórico.
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