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The Chalcolithic Period in the Golan Heights

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The Chalcolithic Period in the Golan Heights 2011 THE CHALCOLITHIC PERIOD IN THE OLAN EIGHTS G H : EDITIONS A REGIONAL OR LOCAL CULTURE CNRS Z. KAFAFI • 2011 Abstract: The archaeological fi eld work conducted in the Golan Heights proves that the region was densely occupied during the Chalcolithic period (Late 5th and Early 4th millennia BC). Some of the archaeological materials from excavations and surveys show similarities with others excavated in the surrounding areas. This presentation will discuss Chalcolithic architecture, fl int industries, pottery vessels, and basalt stands and vessels. In addition, economic and ritual aspects will be discussed. Résumé : Les travaux de terrain sur le plateau du Golan montrent que cette région était densément occupée au Chalcolithique EDITIONS (IVe millénaire av. J.-C.) et une partie du matériel étudié présente des similarités avec celui trouvé dans les régions avoisinantes. Cet article concerne tout à la fois l’architecture, l’industrie lithique et la céramique, ainsi que sur les supports et les vases en basalte. La discussion concerne aussi les aspects économiques et rituels. CNRS Keywords: Chalcolithic; Golan; Levant; Syria; Jordan; Palestine; Settlement Patterns; Architecture; Pottery; Stone Tools. • Mots-clés : Chalcolithique ; Golan ; Levant ; Syrie ; Jordanie ; Palestine ; Conditions d’installation ; Architecture ; Céramique ; Indus- trie lithique. 2011 The Chalcolithic of the Golan Heights has only recently Sea in the lower Jordan Valley, which yielded architectural become well understood, in contrast to the other Southern remains and other objects ascribed to an agropastoral com- Levantine regions. For example, many publications studying munity4 (fi g. 1). the results of excavations at Chalcolithic sites excavated either More information about this period was obtained in the in Palestine1 or in Jordan2 provided rich information about the 1950s with the discovery of a number of sites clustered in the EDITIONS Late 5th and Early 4th millennia BC. As regards to the Golan Northern Negev Region.5 Scholars considered that the archae- Heights, as noted below it is only recently that a comprehen- ological materials from both the Jordan Valley and the Negev sive publication prepared by late C. Epstein3 was published. are contemporary but not identical. However, the two regions Her intensive archaeological work and publication made it pos- were looked at as representative the Chalcolithic period as a CNRS sible to envisage the Chalcolithic of the Golan Heights, which whole and it was named the “Ghassul-Beer Sheva Culture.”6 • is in the most southwestern part of modern Syria. Actually, Moreover, archaeological fi eldwork conducted on the Palestin- it was only during the 1930s that period “Chalcolithic” was ian Coastal Plain revealed a number of sites with Chalcolithic recognized as a phase of cultural development in the Southern material, especially the so-called ossuaries. It seems that the 2011 Levant. This is resulted from the excavations conducted at the inhabitants of this region of the Levant practiced a different 7 site of Teleilat el-Ghassul, 5 km to the northeast of the Dead burial custom than those of other regions. 1. PERROT, 1955; 1957 and 1968; PERROT et LADIRAY, 1980; PERROT et al., 1967. 4. MALLON et al., 1934; KOEPPEL, 1940. 2. DOLLFUS and KAFAFI, 2001; BOURKE, 2001; KERNER, 2001; LOVELL, 5. PERROT, 1955 and 1957. 2001. 6. Ibid. , 1968: 416. EDITIONS 3. EPSTEIN, 1998. 7. PERROT et LADIRAY, 1980. CNRS Paléorient, vol. 36.1, p. 141-157 © CNRS ÉDITIONS 2010 Manuscrit reçu le 8 mars 2010, accepté le 29 juin 2010 141-158-Kafafi.indd 141 3/01/11 14:06:28 142 Z. KAFAFI 2011 N Mediterranean Sea Syria Golan Heights Sheikh Ali EDITIONS Neve Ur N.Shouneh Tell Mutsallem Tell el-Arbaein Beisan Sheikh Meter Jebel Sabarta Fara N Abu Hamid Khudeireh Rabah Amman Yazour CNRS Jericho Ben Shemeh Teleilat Ghassul Murabba 'at Sahab • Zeita Umm Qatafa Dead Ghazzeh Ein Geddi Seasea Gerar Patish Mishmar Zoumeili Birsaba 2011 Abu Matarmatar Jordan Fig. 2 – Surveyed Golan Chalcolithic sites (after EPSTEIN, 1998: fi g . 1 ) . 1, ed-Dûra; 2, south-east of Fâkhûra; 3, Tell Fanus; 4, near Egypt Upper Zavitan Waterfall; 5, Siyar el-Kherfân; 6, el-Majâmi; 7, Tell EDITIONS Saudi Arabia Slûqiyye; 8, near Ja‘adan Stream; 9, Musha‘an; 10, near Nûkheile Waterfall; 11, Shabbe; 12, Rasm Harbush;. 13, el-Havi. (Yonathan); 0 50 km 14, north-west of Qaliq; 15, Dab‘es (Dvash) Reservoir; 16, near Dal- iyyot Waterfall—north bank; 17, Stone-heap n° 4; 18, “Silo Site,” CNRS near ‘Ein el-Faras; 19, el-Arba‘in; 20, ‘Ein el-Hariri;. 21, near Dali- • Fig. 1 – A map showing major Chalcolithic sites in the South yyot Waterfall—south bank; 22, Rasm el-Kabash; 23, Water Tower of the Levant (drawing by M. BATAINEH). Site; 24, near Bazelet Waterfall; 25, Khirbet el-Hûtiyye.. 2011 In addition, during the 1960s several Chalcolithic discov- the Chalcolithic period in the Golan Heights. Archaeological eries were excavated at sites located on the eastern side of the materials belonging to the Chalcolithic from both excavations Dead Sea such as the sanctuary at ‘Ein Gedi8 and the hoard and surveys have been described as having unique aspects not of cultic copper objects at Wadi Mehris or “Nahal Mishmar.”9 previously identifi ed.13 This region has been characterized by ‘Ein Gedi Sanctuary The above information indicates that several cultural units EDITIONS and the hoard of copper cultic objects found at Wadi Mehris. were recognized in various parts of the Levant, and each During recent decades, intensive work aimed at studying region has its own characteristics. Nevertheless, the following the Chalcolithic period, has been undertaken at several regions study of parallels may help to clarify the cultural relationships in the Southern Levant such as the Negev Southern Palestine10 amongst several of the regions in the Levant during the Chal- CNRS and the Wadi Faynan in Southern Jordan.11 Moreover, several colithic period. • excavations were also conducted at sites in the middle Jordan Valley at Abu Hamid and the Northern Jordan Valley at Pella and Tell esh-Shuneh.12 2011 SETTLEMENT PATTERNS After the Israeli occupation of the Golan Heights in 1967, starting in the year 1973, Israeli archaeologists begun to explore It has been published that 25 Chalcolithic sites spread over 8. USSISHKIN, 1980. the area extending from the Jordan River in the West to Wadi 9. BAR-ADON, 1980. 10. LEVY, 2003. 11. LEVY and NAJJAR, 2007. 13. EPSTEIN, 1977; 1978a-b; 1993 and 1998; KOCHAVI, 1991; CARMI et al., EDITIONS 12. LOVELL, 2001. 1995. Paléorient, vol. 36.1, p. 141-157 © CNRS ÉDITIONS 2010 CNRS 141-158-Kafafi.indd 142 3/01/11 14:06:28 The Chalcolithic Period in the Golan Heights: A Regional or Local Culture 143 2011 el-‘Al in the East, were visited, explored or excavated in the Golan Heights Region. These were characterized as scattered farms, small groups of houses probably the dwellings of the extended families, hamlets contain up to fi fteen houses and large villages (fi g. 2). EDITIONS All of theses settlements were unfortifi ed and open, con- sisting of a group of houses often erected on both sides of a perennial or seasonal stream.14 The best example of a large Chalcolithic village is the site of Rasm Harbush. CNRS • ARCHITECTURE 2011 The main plan of Chalcolithic houses excavated at the Golan is the so-called chain-buildings, and all structures are of the broadhouse type. To explain, this means that a row of houses were jointed with each other by building up a party- wall (fi gs. 3-4). This phenomenon of construction allows the EDITIONS members of the extended family to live next to one another and to add as much roofed space to the building as they need. However, the number of houses belonging to a chain-building never exceeded six structures in a row. CNRS Actually, the idea of having a building that consisted of a Fig. 3 – Rasm H. arbush: General view of excavated houses • number of rooms (houses?) accommodating an extended fami- (after EPSTEIN, 1998). lies also was attested at other sites in the regions such as the Jordan Valley. For example at Teleilat el-Ghassul15 and Tel Te’o 2011 Stratum VII,16 the excavators published that they have exca- vated buildings which consist of several rooms built around a courtyard, and not similar in plan to the chain-houses of the 12 Golan. We may argue, however, that this serves the same pur- pose as building a chain-building in the Golan Heights. It has been proposed that this type of house refl ects the social and EDITIONS economic relationships amongst the members of the same fam- 13 ily. It has been suggested that the dwellers of the houses were mixed farmers and pastoralists, some members of the family exploiting the land while others herded the fl ocks.17 However, CNRS it is likely that such a type of houses belonged not only to agro- • pastoralists communities, but they were also erected by tran- shumant pastoral groups (fi g. 5).18 Other than the chain-house found at several sites in the 2011 Fig. 4 – Reconstruction of Houses 12 and 13, House-Chain 2 Golan Heights, another Chalcolithic house plan has been rec- at Rasm H. arbush. ognized at the site ‘Ein El-Hariri. Here, a building with stone 14. EPSTEIN, 1998: 6-8. 15. KOEPPEL, 1940. walls, still standing 1 m in height, and was divided into two 16. EISENBERG, 1989; EISENBERG et al., 2001: 29. 17. EPSTEIN, 1998: 7. sectors by a length of 7 m wall. In addition a well paved fl oor EDITIONS 18. BRAEMER, 1991. has been uncovered in the main entrance hall. The unusual Paléorient, vol. 36.1, p.
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