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World War in the Wasatch Mountains

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World War in the Wasatch Mountains The Journal of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, & Letters Volume 96 • 2019 Includes selected and refereed articles from the 2019 Annual Conference held at Weber State University March 23, 2019 Editor Kristin L. Kraus Copyright 2020, Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, & Letters. Copyright reverts to authors after publication. Printed in the United States of America by Brigham Young University Academic Publishing, Provo, Utah. Neither the editors nor the sponsoring organization assumes responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by the contributors. ISBN-13: 978-0-9988268-3-7 All Rights Reserved Board of Editors Arts: Angie Banchero-Kelleher, Utah Valley University Biological Science: Daniel Clark, Weber State University Business: Taowen Le, Weber State University Education: Nichole Gearing, Utah Valley University Engineering: Ali Siapush, Southern Utah University Kinesiology and Health Sciences: L Nathan Thomas, Salt Lake Community College Letters—Humanities, Philosophy, Foreign Language: Craig Bergeson, Weber State University Letters—Language and Literature: Keith Lawrence, Brigham Young University Physical Sciences: Chris Monson, Southern Utah University Social Sciences: Emily Putnam, Salt Lake Community College Posters: Jacque Westover, Utah Valley University 2019-2020 Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, & Letters Officers President: Rachel Keller, Snow College President-Elect: Daniel Poole, Salt Lake Community College Past President: H. Laine Berghout, Weber State University Secretary: Colleen Boam, Weber State University Treasurer: Ryan Boam, Weber State University Scholary Communications: Peter Kraus, University of Utah Members at Large: Erin O’Brien, Dixie State University; Jonathan Westover, Utah Valley University Technology Officer: Vern Hart, Utah Valley University Cover Photo: Michael Burt, Joshua Baum, James Loveless, Phil Matheson, Raymond Perkins, “Gearing up for a Launch of a VASIMR Rocket at Utah Valley University,” p. 239. Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters History: Founded 3 April 1908, the Utah Academy of Sciences was organized "to promote investigations and diffuse knowledge in all areas of science." Beginning in 1923, the Academy started publishing the papers presented in its annual meetings in Proceedings. In June 1933 at the annual meeting, the Academy was enlarged to include arts and letters, and the name was changed to the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. Articles of incorporation and non-profit organization status were accepted by the Academy membership at the spring meeting in April 1959. In 1977, the name of the journal of the Academy was changed from Proceedings to Encyclia. It became a refereed journal at this time. In the mid 1980s, the scope of the Academy was expanded further to include (1) business, (2) education, (3) engineering, (4) library information and instruction, and (5) health, physical education, and recreation. Beginning with the 1998 issue, the journal became The Journal of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. Annual Meeting: The Academy's annual meetings are normally held in the spring on one of the Utah campuses of higher education. The plenary session is called the Tanner Lecture, endowed by Mr. O.C. Tanner in 1986. Best Paper Awards: The best paper presented in every division is given a cash award, which is presented at the Academy's "Awards Evening" held the following fall. Distinguished Service Awards: The Academy recognizes outstanding contributions to teaching and scholarship by means of annual Distinguished Service Awards, alternating every other year between disciplines. Membership: When the Academy was founded in 1908, membership was by nomination, ratified by the Council, and elected by a "three- fourths votes of members present." Today, the Academy's membership is available by application. Institutional Members: All Utah institutions of higher education are members of the Utah Academy. The Academy appreciates their patronage. Publication Policy The Journal of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters publishes works in all of the fields of study encompassed in the Academy’s mission. Papers published in The Journal of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters are drawn from papers presented by members in good standing at the annual confer- ence of the Utah Academy. To qualify for publication, the papers must be rec- ommended through a refereeing system. Presenters are encouraged to publish their paper in The Journal of the Utah Academy. The Journal’s criteria are that a submission is (1) fresh, meaningful scholarly insight on its subject; (2) readable and well written; and (3) of general interest for an academic readership beyond the author’s field. If you wish your paper to be considered for publication in The Journal, please submit a Microsoft Word document to the section editor of the appropriate section by the indicated deadline. Contact information for the section editors is available on the Utah Academy’s website (www.utahacademy.org). The Journal of the Utah Academy is a refereed journal. Editorial responses will be forthcoming after the resumption of school the following fall when referees have returned their comments to the division chairs. Papers should be between 10 and 20 double-spaced pages. Detailed instructions to authors are available at http://www.utahacademy.org/ Instructions_for_Authors.pdf. Among the bibliographic services listing at Bowker Serials Bibliographies and The Standard Periodical Direction. Indexing and abstracting services that cite articles in the journal include Arts and Humanities Citation Index, Biosciences Information Services, Current Geographical Publicatoin, Chemical Abstracts, Mathematical Reviews, MLA Biography, Sociological Abstracts, Excerpta Botanica, Social Planning, Policy and Development Abstracts, Language and Language Behavior Abstracts, Index to Scientific Technical Proceedings, and Index to Social Sciences, and Humanities Proceedings. The Journal of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, & Letters—2019 AWARDS Distinguished Service Award 11 Academy Fellow 2020 12 O.C. Tanner Lecture 13 John and Olga Gardner Prize 14 Honorary Member 2020 15 2019 Best Paper Awards 16 ARTICLES SPECIAL PAPER The Lion of the Road: Brigham Young and the Transcontinental Railroad 19 Gene Sessions, Weber State University ARTS Japanese Ideals in Michio Ito’s Choreography and Technique 33 Meladi Hodges, Utah Valley University Rethinking the Ecology of Islamic Geometric Ornament 41 Barry Wood, Dixie State University BIOLOGY Analysis of Attitudes Toward the Use of Essential Oils Among Utah Valley University Students 55 Hunter Brittain, McKay Echols, Nathan Fletcher, Zach Medved, Francisco Robles, Olga Kopp, Utah Valley University Analysis of Four Plant Organellar tRNA Genes: Further Evidence of Gene Transfer 69 William D. Speer, Salt Lake Community College BUSINESS Comparative Job Satisfaction and its Determinants in the U.S., Western Europe, and Nordic Countries 99 Jonathan H. Westover, Jace Johnson, Colton B. Harris, Jake Epley, Blaine Dudgeon, Utah Valley University EDUCATION Perceptions of the Excellent Special Education Teacher’s Expertise: Informing Teacher Preparation and Development 123 David R. Byrd, Weber State University ENGINEERING A Simple Approach to Evaluate Thermal Conductivity of Solids 141 Lloyd Stephens, Reece Alvarado, Austin Becker, Ali S. Siahpush Southern Utah University Heat Transfer Analysis Of Water During Liquid–Solid Phase Change 157 Cameron Aston, Colton Robinson, Ali Siahpush, Southern Utah University Accurately Measuring the Thermal Conductivity of Air: Part 2 173 Jake Sip, Andrea Lauren Reeder, Dallin Giles, Dan Ulrich, Ali Siahpush, Southern Utah University Applications of Aluminum Foam 189 Christopher J. Bettencourt, John R. Webster, Jr., Victoria A. Krull, Ali Siahpush, Southern Utah University KINESIOLOGY AND HEALTH SCIENCES The Effects of a University Stress Relief Center on Perceived and Physiological Measures of Stress 203 Ryan Davis,1 Shirley Dawson,1 Michael Olpin,1 Alex Jensen,2 1Weber State University; 2Idaho State University The Impact of Exposure to Alcoholism on Children and Adolescents: A Review of the Literature 217 Yan Huang, Weber State University PHYSICAL SCIENCES Demonstration as Instructional Tool, Effect on Learning 229 Jessie Byers, Said Bahi, Kholoud Al-Qubbaj, Hussein Samha, Southern Utah University Gearing Up for a Launch of a VASIMR Rocket at Utah Valley University 239 Michael Burt, Joshua Baum, James Loveless, Phil Matheson, Raymond Perkins, Utah Valley University Magnetic Field Modulation for Magnetron R&D Toward Particle Accelerator RF Source Replacement 249 Clayton Williams, Utah Valley University SOCIAL SCIENCES To Protect a Scumbag: Larry Flynt as Metaphor for First Amendment Media Cravenness 265 Thomas C. Terry, Utah State University Reviewing the Beck Depression Inventory on Its Psychometric Properties 285 Bryan J. Dalley, Jordon K. Ciriako, Kylie Zimmerman, Kayla Stubbs, Russell T. Warne, Utah Valley University Survey of First Experience of Sexual Intercourse: Revisited 309 Mackenzie Hughes,1 CoCo James,2 Spencer Blake1 1Salt Lake Community College, 2University of Utah ABSTRACTS 333 11 DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARD The Distinguished Service Award is given to an academic professional for exceptional service to the higher education community in Utah. Alan and Jeanne Hall Alan and Jeanne Hall, both individually and jointly, serve their community by generously supporting access to education. After their marriage and graduation from
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