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Devotion and the Political: Sermon and Devotional Literature in the Reigns of Henri IV and Louis XIII, 1598–1643

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Devotion and the Political: Sermon and Devotional Literature in the Reigns of Henri IV and Louis XIII, 1598–1643 Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) 2007 Devotion and the Political: Sermon and Devotional Literature in the Reigns of Henri IV and Louis XIII, 1598–1643 Jason Sager Wilfrid Laurier University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Sager, Jason, "Devotion and the Political: Sermon and Devotional Literature in the Reigns of Henri IV and Louis XIII, 1598–1643" (2007). Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). 1052. https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/1052 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-38007-9 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-38007-9 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada Devotion and the Political: Sermon and Devotional Literature in the Reigns of Henri IV and Louis XIII, 1598-1643 by Jason Sager B. A., University of Guelph, 1999 M.A., Brigham Young University, 2001 THESIS Submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Doctor of Philosophy Wilfrid Laurier University 2007 © Jason Sager 2007 ABSTRACT This thesis examines the part played by French sermon and devotional literature during the reigns of Henri IV and Louis XIII in providing a model of political and social order. Shortly after the end of the Wars of Religion the French clergy in the seventeenth century rejected the violent rhetoric of the panic preachers of the sixteenth century. These seventeenth-century preachers emphasized social and political obedience as part of the duty of the Christian. Through collaboration with the crown, the ecclesiastical estate was able to assist in the pacification of French society. This was achieved in the following ways. Throughout the first decades of the seventeenth century works of devotional practices, such as Francois de Sales' Introduction a la Vie Devote, were very popular. Not only did these works represent the nature of Bourbon spirituality, these devotional programmes explained that interior reform of the soul would lead to the reform of external behaviour which would be manifested in acceptable social behaviour. Within the sermon literature a discourse of royal authority developed. This discourse hearkened back to a traditional image of the French monarchs as the most Christian kings, along with new elements which prefigured the absolutist rhetoric of the clergy under Louis XIV. This rhetoric of strong monarchal authority is evident in the religious controversy between the Protestant ministers at Charenton and well placed Catholic figures at the court of Louis XIII. Taking place during the 1610s', both sides of the confessional divide appealed to the king as the arbiter of religious disputes. This process helped augment the practice of royal authority. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis represents the end of a long journey, one which has incurred many debts along the way. While an acknowledgements page cannot ever hope to adequately express the gratitude to those who helped in bringing this work to fruition, it must nonetheless serve as a small testament to the efforts of others on my behalf. I first must thank Dr. Erika Rummel and Dr. Peter Goddard whose direction and advice was fundamental to the successful conclusion of this project. I am indebted to Dr. Joyce Lorimer and Dr. Chris Nighman, whose moral support particularly at the early stages of my doctoral work provided a light during the many long dark nights of this grad student's soul. It would be unforgivable if I did not acknowledge the support and love of my family during the writing of the thesis. In particular, I wish to express my thanks and gratitude to my parents, James and Jennifer, who stood by me at every stage of the PhD. in Table of Contents Chapter I Introduction 1 Chapter II Rhetorical Strategies of Seventeenth - Century Sermon Literature 43 Chapter III The Social Perfection of the Christian: Sermon and Devotional Literature as Means of Social Discipline 84 Chapter IV Controversy and Compromise 133 Chapter V "God Reigning Through You, Reigns With You" The Charenton Controversy 184 Chapter VI Political Rhetoric in Seventeenth - Century Sermon Literature 233 Conclusion 268 Bibliography 274 iv Chapter I Introduction Kings and Princes, Lords and Judges contemplating Jesus Christ seated on the God's throne, given authority by [Christ] to distribute justice, would not wish to commit injustice against their subjects. Subjects in turn will not disobey their Kings and Lords, who are expressly commanded by God to obey and serve. Les Rois et les Princes, les Seigneurs et les Juges contemplans Jesus Christ assis sur le juste trone de Dieu, ne lui voudront faire injustice en la personne de leurs sujets, ayant le superiorite de lui pour leur distribuer justice. Les sujects aussi ne lui seront desobeissans en leurs Rois et Seigneurs, auxquels ils ont commandement de Dieu si expres d'obeir et servir.1 This statement taken from the Sermon sur la Paix, pronounced by the Archbishop of Rheims, Philippe du Bee, in 1600 captures the dual responsibilities of the Christian in early Bourbon France. The first obligation was obedience to God. The second was obedience to the political estate. The interdependence of these two themes became increasingly significant in the efforts of the crown and Church to shape the social and political behaviour of seventeenth-century French people. An initial reading of this sermon reveals the accepted formulation of the nature of Church and State relations. The monarch, as God's representative, was to rule his people with justice. The people, in turn, render loyalty to the King as part of their Christian duty. However upon closer examination, this formulation is not so straight forward. After all, underpinning the Christian world view was its sense of otherworldliness. "My kingdom is not of this world," were Jesus Christ's words when asked if he intended to liberate the Jews from the Romans. The early Church fathers, recognizing the necessity 1 Philippe du Bee, Sermon sur la Paix. (Paris, 1600), 23-4. 1 of secular authority, strenuously maintained the superiority of the Church over all worldly institutions. Within the context of Christian Europe, the question of dual loyalties to the political and ecclesiastical estates was in theory easily resolved. One obeyed worldly authority insofar it sought to preserve social and political order. Notwithstanding conflicts between the papacy and crown (notably Philippe IV and Boniface VIII), the clerical and political estates enjoyed a relatively close relationship. The Concordat of Bologna (1516) had given Francois I the right to appoint Bishops throughout the kingdom.2 In turn, the Church's sanction of the monarch gave the crown the legitimizing approval of God. As the Reformation took hold throughout France, and the Valois dynasty proved either unable or unwilling to arrest the spread of Calvinism, the relationship between the clergy and the government became increasingly strained. By the middle of the sixteenth century, the Protestant question had reached its breaking point. The failed Conspiracy of Amboise (1560) had confirmed Catholic suspicions that the Protestants had designs to impose their confession throughout the realm. The January Edict of 1562, preceded by the Colloquy of Poissy (1561) caused even greater alarm among the Catholics as it now seemed that the Most Christian King willingly encouraged the presence of heretics in France.3 In the aftermath of the failure of Catherine de' Medici's policy of toleration, religious wars broke the ties between the clergy and the crown. The policies of Charles IX and Henri III towards the Protestants, which alternated between toleration and persecution, horrified the clerical estate. In response, they turned 2 Richard S. Dunn, The Age of Religious Wars, 1559-1715. (New York: Norton, 1979), 30. 3 Carter Lindberg, The European Reformations. (Oxford: Blackwell Press, 1996), 285-9. 2 their anger against the king. Many of the most vocal proponents of regicide came from the clergy.
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