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Small Bus Manufacturing Industry U M TA-M A-06-0 120-84-6 PB85-177509 DOT-TSC-U MT A-84-34 Small Bus Manufacturing US Department Industry of Transportation Urban Mass Transportation Administration Prepared by January 1985 Transportation Systems Center REPRODUCED BY NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE SPRINGFIELD. VA. 22161 NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange, The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof, NOTICE The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers, Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered ' essential to the object of this report, T echnicol l(epo~ Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Govert1met1t Acceniotl No. 3. Racipiot1t"1 Catalog No. UMTA-MA-06-0120-84-6 4. Title and Subtitle S. Report Data January 1985 Small Bus Manufacturing Industry. 6. Perfo""i"g Orgot~•tot•otl Code DTS-43 8. Performitlg Orgoni zotion Report No. ~7~.-A-u-t~ho-r~'s~l----------------------------------------------------; DOT-TSC-UMTA-84-34 Bruce J. Weiers 9. Performing Orgoni zotion Nome ond Addren 10. Work Ut~it No. (TRAIS) U.S. Department of Transportation MA-06-0120(UM462!~4n2g) Research and Special Programs Administration 11. Contract or Grant No. Transportation Systems Center MA-06-0120 Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142 13. Type of Report Otld Period Covered ~~--------~--~~------------------------~12. Sponsoring Agency Nome ond Addreu U.S. Department of Transportation Final Report Urban Mass Transportation Administration March 1983-0ctober 1984 400 Seventh Street, S~W. 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington, D. C. 20590 URT-20 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abatroct This report is an examination of the small bus manufacturing industry with the objectives of: 1) providing a systematic understanding of the diversity of vehicle types and manufacturers and 2) identifying important economic trends in the industry that have implications on public transit. This study identified five broad categories of small vehicles which have been adapted to transit appli~· cations. These categories are: school buses; step vans; motor homes; vans and van cutaways; and purpose-built buses. The report discusses the development of the standard bus and small transit bus and gives a history and discussion of the five categories of small vehicles. Some of the findings of the study are that in recent years, there are signs that the industry is maturing with a trend toward fewer, larger, more committed manufacturers of purpose-built vehicles. Appendix A in the report is: Small Transit Vehicle Manufacturing Profile and Appendix B is: Federal Agencies and Industry Associations. 17. Key Words 18. Oiatriltution Statement Buses; Chassis; Motor Homes; Pur­ Available to the Public through the pose-Built Buses; School Buses; National Technical Information Service, Small Bus Manufacturers; Small Springfield, Virginia 22161. Buses; Standard-Size Transit Buses; Vans; Economic Trends - 19. Security Clauif. (of thia report) 20. Security Clauif. (of thia page) 121. No. of Pages I 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified I j_ Form DOT F 1700.7 <8-72> Reproduction of completed. pogo authorized • I PREFACE This report is an examination of the small bus manufacturing industry. The study identifies four vehicle categories which have been adapted to transit vehicle application and the modernization process which introduced a new set of companies in the transit market. The work was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Office of Technical Assistance, Washington, DC. The study was performed by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, MA. Preceding page blank iii METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS 9 23 Approximate Conversions to Metric Measures Approximate Conversions from Metric Measures - 22 --- ~ Symbol When You Know Multiply by To find Symbol 2 Symbol When You Know Multiply by To Find Symbol 1 8 LENGTH ~ 20 LENGTH - ~ 19 mm millimeters 0.04 inches in =-- em c:entimeters 0.4 inc:hn in ft in inchel -2..6 centimeters em _ = 18 m meters 3.3 feet ft feet 30 centimeteR em 1 =-- m meters 1.1 yards yd meters m - := km kilometers 0.6 miles mi yd y~rdl 0..8 17 mi miMI 1.6 kilometers km -- ~ 16 AREA AREA ~ inches in2 6 - - 16 cm2 aquare c:entimeterl 0.16 aquare yerds ycfl inl lq&Mre inchel 6.6 square centimeters ~ m2 aquare meters 1.2 square km2 square kilometers 0.4 squere miles mi2 ft2 ~q&Mre feet 0,08 square metera rrfJ. _ _ 14 Ktes vdZ IQUIII'e verda o.a square metera rrfJ. he hecW'ea (10,000 rrf/.1 2.6 filii ~QUare miMI 2.6 ~quare kilometera km2 IleAl 0.4 hectares ha _ - 13 6 :--- MASS (weight) _ - 12 ~· MASS (weight) --- - g grams 0.036 ouncea oz oz ouncea 28 grama g 11 lb poundl 0.46 kilograma kg ;:;, kg k1lograms 2.2 pounds lb tonna t _ t tonnea (1000 kg} 1.1 lhort tons ahort tons 0.8 4 (2000 lbl 10 VOLUME - E"- 9 VOLUME 0.03 fluid ounc:es fl oz Up teespOOns 5 milliliter• ml -- 8 ml milliliters 16 milliliters ml 3 -:: I liters 2.1 pints pt Tblp UOI8Ipoona qt ft oz fluid ouncea 30 milliliters ml _ I liters 1.06 quens 7 gal c cups 0.24 liters 1 I liters 0.26 ganons ----- _ ml cubic meters 36 cubic feet ftl pt pints 0.47 liter~ 1 _ 6 ml cubic meters 1.3 cubic yards ydl qt querta 0.96 liter~ 1 gal gellona 3.B liters I 5 TEMPERATURE (exact) ttl cub~teet 0.03 cubH:meten ml 2 : - yctJ cubiC verda 0.76 cubic metera ml 4 TEMPERATURE (exact) --...:= - °C Celsius 9/51then fahrenheit Of - _ temperature add 321 temperature 3 °F Fahrenheit 6/9 (after Celsius oc -= templl'ature aubuac:ting temperature 1 - _ Of 32} - 2 Of 32 Q8.6 212 -40 0 80 ~ 120 160 2001 - 140 I I I I I I I I 1 ln. • 2.&4 em (eKec:d") Fot other eKec:t converllona end more detail tebl• - -- 1 1 I (I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I • • 60 80 100 NBS Mlel:. Publ. 286. Units of Weltht 8f\d w-ree. Prlce$2..26 SD C.telog --= -40 -20 20 40 OC No. C13 10 285. inche& _ _ em oc 0 37 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview of the Industry 1 1.2 Classification of Small Buses 2 1.3 Estimating Vehicle Demand 7 2. HISTORY 10 2.1 Development of the Standard Transit Bus 10 2.2 Development of the Small Transit Bus 13 2.2.1 School Buses 16 2.2.2 Step Vans 19 2.2.3 Motor Homes 21 2.2.4 Vans and Van Cutaways 23 2.2.5 Purpose-Built Buses 25 3. MARKET DEMAND 28 3.1 Background 28 3.2 The Market for Standard-Size Transit Buses 32 3.3 Special Features and Small Buses 33 3.4 Durability and Small Buses 38 4. TRENDS IN THE SMALL BUS INDUSTRY 42 5. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 51 APPENDIX A SMALL TRANSIT VEHICLE MANUFACTURING PROFILE A-1 APPENDIX B - FEDERAL AGENCIES AND INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS B-1 GLOSSARY G-1 BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibl.-1 v/vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Small transit buses are essential to many public transportation services and form an essential element in the nation's system of public transportation. For decades, small transit buses have served as the workhorses of many small city and rural transit systems and are used in many large urbanized areas for paratransit services. The operational capabilities of small vehicles fill a definite void between fixed-route transit coaches and the private auto or taxi service. To a much greater extent than standard-size transit buses, small transit buses are used by public service agencies and by private businesses, including church groups and airport shuttle services. This study examined the small bus manufacturing industry with the dual objectives of providing a systematic understanding of the diversity of vehicle types and manufacturers and of identifying important economic trends in the industry that have implications on public transit. Despite the many disparate and highly visible uses of small transit buses, the industry which manufactures them has remained obscure. No industry association exists; no reliable statistics concerning small bus production or use are produced. Even the identification of current manufacturers and vehicle design can be a difficult problem. The reasons for the diverse nature of this industry appear to be both historical and related to the market for small buses. The relatively short history of transit bus development shows that modern small buses have evolved, in a large measure, from other vehicle types, such as vans and recreational vehicles. The necessity for a small transit bus was not recognized until well after standard transit buses had evolved to their present dimensions. To meet Preceding page blank vii the wide variety of needs, small vehicles, originally developed for other purposes, had to be modified and developed as transit vehicles. The study identified five broad categories of vehicles which have been adapted to transit applications. Four derivative vehicles are school buses, forward cGntrol chassis delivery trucks or step vans, motor homes, and vans (including van cutaways). In the process of modernization, a new set of companies were introduced into the transit bus market. Declines in motor home, recreational vehicle (van) and school bus sales during the 1970s motivated the entrance of those industrial manufacturers into the transit market. This resulted in a large number of manufacturers offering a variety of vehicle concepts.
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