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Companion Essay: Pp.5-15)) Three Stories about Transformations Three Stories about Transformations Ernest Lee Trinity College, Oxford Video Link: https://youtu.be/9w_5hRwk89I (Video: p.1) (Appendix: pp.2-4) (Companion Essay: pp.5-15)) 1 Three Stories about Transformations Appendix: Three Stories about Transformations I have endeavoured to reference every piece of media used in my video essay here. If you believe I have failed to attribute anything here, please get in touch with me via [email protected]. (00:39) Nature's Colony: Empire, Nation and Environment in the Singapore Botanic Gardens THE SINGAPORE CRICKET CLUB AT THE PADANG [Timothy Barnard, NAS] (00:55) On the trail of Mr Lee’s Trees Lee Kuan Yew planting sapling, 1981 [NAS, Asia One] (01:44) Speech by Mr Lee Kuan Yew [Something About Singapore] (02:32) Jalan Kayu Village Chai Chee Food, Market Stalls Chai Chee Kampung [Remember Singapore, Straits Times] (03:19) Fort Canning Excavation [Lostnfiledsg] (03:23) Fort Canning 1880, Fort Canning 1842, Fort Canning 1900 [NAS] (03:58) British Surrender [Asashi Shimbun, via History.Net] (04:17) Battlebox [Conde Nast] (05:43) Pearl’s Bank Apartments [Heartlander Tourist] (05:50) Pearl’s Bank [Choo Yut Shing, Flickr] (05:54) Pearl’s Bank Interior [Hubab Hood, Honeycombers] (06:03) One Pearl Bank Promo [One Pearl Bank] (07:03) Convict Labour [Liu, G. (1999). Singapore: A Pictorial History 1819–2000, National Heritage Board] (07:58, 08:18, 08:38) Pulau Saigon [Mothership Singapore, National Archives of Singapore) (08:10) Pulau Saigon Map [One Historical Map, Singapore Land Authority, NUS Center For Arts] (08:34) Pulau Saigon View [Wikimedia Commons, User:Sengkang] (09:30) European Town Singapore [Lillian Newton photograph collection on Singapore (Y30311B),” University of Cambridge Digital Library] (10:13) What's the environmental impact of Cambodia's sand mining? [Al-Jazeera English, YouTube] (10:25) Construction of Polder of At Area A and C of Pulau Tekong [DDL Official, YouTube] (10:34) Singapore Time-Lapse 1984 to 2012 [R3LOAD Network, YouTube] (10:44) Lion Air JT154 CGK-SIN Approaching Changi Airport Singapore [MySX30, YouTube] (11:13, 16:27) Lost World, Kalyanee Mam [Emergence Magazine] 2 Three Stories about Transformations (11:26, 11:50) Singapore Oil&Gas industry [Rajesh Raj TV, YouTube] (11:31) OCEAN GREATWHITE in Singapore [Brian Hayward, YouTube] (11:39) A look at Neste's $1.5 billion refinery in Singapore [CNBC International, YouTube] (11:44) Pulau Bukom Fire [Joel Caunan, YouTube] (12:05) Why Oil Prices Are Headed Lower [Bloomberg Market and Finance] (12:14) Shell People Stories Huck Poh high above the gigantic Singapore Refinery [Paolo Black, YouTube] (12:20) COVID-19: Inside a migrant worker dormitory in Singapore [CNA Singapore] (12:33) Minister for Trade and Industry, Mr. Chan Chun Sing, on Singapore International Energy Week 2018 [Singapore International Energy Week, YouTube] (12:38) Oil prices could remain volatile: Singapore's Trade and Industry Ministry [CNA Singapore] (12:45) Singapore's oil trading, bunkering sectors face slump in demand: Experts [CNA Singapore] (12:49) Oil Spill Threatens Pristine Island Paradise of Mauritius [Inside Edition] (12:51) Deepwater Horizon Trailer [Lionsgate Movies, YouTube] (12:57) SG Climate Rally [SG Climate Rally] (13:07) Serangan Orang Minyak (The Oily Man Strikes Again, 1958) [dir. L. Krishnan, h p YouTube] (13:41) Oil Tankers Collide [AP, YouTube] (14:08) PM Lee on the water issues between Singapore and Malaysia [TODAYonline, YouTube] (14:17) Exclusive: Mahathir Mohamad says price of water Malaysia sells to Singapore 'ridiculous' [CNA Singapore] (14:34) The Singapore Water Story [govsg, YouTube] (14:51) Dear Water Sally [Public Utilities Board, YouTube] (15:01) Exercise Panzer Strike 2017: The Roar of the Leopard [Ministry of Defence Singapore] (15:05) Republic of Singapore Navy: Aster Missile Firing [MINDEF Singapore] (15:09) Why We Serve - Our NS Stories: Episode 2 [MINDEF Singapore] (15:34) NEWater: A Singapore Success Story [PUB Singapore, YouTube] (15:54) Singapore's Hidden Wildlife [CNA Singapore] (16:03) Oil Rig Entering Shipyard [Vacancy in Offshore, YouTube] (16:11) Marina Barrage: A Singapore Success Story [PUB Singapore] (16:21) 1960s news report: Singapore lays pipes to draw water from Johor [CNA Singapore] (16:42) More Pollution in Yishun [Reg2903, YouTube] 3 Three Stories about Transformations (16:52) Shifting Sands [Sim Chi Yin, Exactly Foundation] (17:09) SEA State 6 [Charles Lim] (18:04) Attap House, Jurong [NAS] (18:08) Jurong River [NAS] (18:17) Jurong Aerials, [1], [2], [3], [4] [NAS] (18:23) Singapore. Village or Kampung in March 1968 - Film 90062 [HuntleyFilmArchives, YouTube] (18:28) Kembali Saorang (One Came Back, 1957); a Malay kampung melodrama filmed on west coast of Singapore (h.p, YouTube) (19:02) Jurong Factory, Jurong Steel Mill, Jurong Port, Jurong Cement [NAS] (19:26) Jurong Archipelago (1) (2) Jurong Island [NAS] (19:33) Rock Cavern, (2) [CNA Singapore, Sato Kogyo] (19:38) Spyros Disaster, (2), (3), (4) [Navalants, NAS] (19:58) Jurong Workers [NAS] (20:09) Street Hawkers [NAS] (20:13) Hawker Centre [RememberSingapore] 4 Three Stories about Transformations ‘Kino-eye’ for the environment? A companion essay to ‘Three Stories About Transformations’ Ernest Lee Trinity College, Oxford Guilt mixed with awe: this strange combination of emotions and realisation hit me as I ambled through Sri Lanka’s Horton Plains National Park. Words do not do justice to the beauty of its misty forests, sheer cliffs, and waterfalls. This seemed to be nature at its most sublime, but standing amidst this paradisical evergreen I wondered why it had taken a school trip to evoke this sense of wonder. The notion that appreciating nature rested on the exorbitant privilege of well-funded academic programmes, pollutive air travel, and the fraught relationship with local communities endemic to perfunctory, round-country school trips didn’t sit right. Surely it was not that nature was absent even in my tiny, ultra-dense, and highly-urbanised home country of Singapore? In any case, the park’s claim to beauty was also a claim to a particular form of conservation, rooted in hermetically sealing its environment from the contaminating trail of humans. A video essay, which this reflection accompanies, is my attempt to explore nature in Singapore—its curious absence or half-life at various moments, the narratives that accompany them, and the deep connections humans have always had with nature. Man and nature do not stand in simple opposition, as an increasingly ‘anthropocenic’ literature asserts: to do so often privileges the agency of man, obscuring how a concern for nature is inseparable from a concern for human beings. And if this is an epoch of global change, it is striking that its defining geological change is agentic and actively conscious of the role it plays.1 In other words, nature must be understood as a domain comprising “intentionality and meaning”, while sharpening our attention to the human decisions and narratives surrounding its relationship with nature. Essays, videos, or even art and literature are only a sliver of what influences these perceptions and discourses around nature. Yet, for all the cultural impact of ‘petrofiction’—Amitav Ghosh’s term for the literature surrounding the history, nature of, and imagination surrounding oil—it might be the act of simply walking through a gleaming, futuristic city centre that more strongly affirms a modernising, un- ecological teleology of progress and growth.2 While I seek to align my video essay with a field of more critical literature, the strength of words alone seems to be increasingly exhausted. What inspires this essay’s form are various thought-provoking works employing distinctly visual mediums to comment on environment: art exhibitions on the materiality of Singapore’s landscape, Werner Herzog’s films or the unexpected dramaturgy within David 1 Palsson, Gisli, et al, ‘Reconceptualizing the “Anthropos’. 2 Ghosh, ‘Petrofiction and Petroculture’. The proliferation of the term ‘petrofiction’ largely occurred outside Ghosh’s own awareness, as the blog post suggests. For a more recent overview see Riddle, Petrofiction and Political Economy. 5 Three Stories about Transformations Attenborough’s documentaries.3 I also draw on my own experience walking through, around, or in Singapore itself, attempting to bridge present limits on international mobility (how I’d love for you to join me on a walk, something video footage palely replicates) with my own movement within the city. Returning to Singapore, we can observe that the label of city-state is more than a political descriptor or shorthand for population size: its city-ness and urbanity is interwoven within Singaporeans’ own popular images and understandings of the country. Blocky, brightly- painted public housing blocks nest the everyday Singaporean family, while flashy, glass- panelled skyscrapers are concrete nodes for abstract flows of finance, knowledge, and human capital which power a kind of prosperity (rendered today as ‘global competitiveness’). Iconic pieces of architecture serve as synecdoche for entire swathes of Singapore, as if a Singaporean spirit could be swaddled in concrete and eco-friendly paint, mathematically perfected, raised through the stewardship of urban planner, a consortium of real estate developers, and constructed through poorly-remunerated transient labour. The heart of representations of Singapore: a view of the Central Business District. Towering
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