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Introduction Environmental Security study guide SMC 2018: Preservation and use of natural resources ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY COUNCIL Learning Outcomes Students should be able to understand the importance of preserving Singapore’s natural resources and its impact on our national heritage and the people’s sense of belonging to the nation. [Topic 1: Should our islets be developed?] Introduction Singapore currently has 60 islets comprising 50 natural islets and 10 artificial ones. This is in addition to its mainland and our largest islet, Pulau Ujong, that measures 710 km2. Many of our natural islets are small in terms of landmass, and are also mostly uninhabited. The few larger natural islets closer to the mainland are being used for military training as well as industrial, oil and refinery work. Such examples include main offshore military ground Pulau Tekong, and Keppel Island. Given the covert nature and sensitivity of the nature of work on these islands, these islets are highly secured and are unopened to the public. With the exception of Jurong Island and other islets currently in use, the larger natural offshore islets of Singapore such as Coney Island are open to the public for tourism and recreation. Though generative in terms of tourism revenue, there are still limitations as most of these islets do not allow overnight stays, with the exception of Pulau Ubin and St John’s Island. Singapore’s artificial islets were created and connected via land reclamation works. Some examples include Sentosa Island and these islets are all currently in use. For 1 Environmental Security study guide SMC 2018: Preservation and use of natural resources example, Sentosa Island currently hosts recreational and tourist activities, and permanent accommodation on Sentosa Cove. Jurong Island is another prominent artificial islet, responsible for most of Singapore’s industrial processes, such as chemical industries, and oil refineries. However, many of Singapore’s islets still remain undeveloped as there have been no existing plans to do so and also inaccessible, like Pulau Hantu and Pulau Ketam. Yet, they continue to hold great potential in terms of tourism and industrial expansion. The government and various stakeholders such as state supported enterprises (eg. Sembcorp) have considered development projects on the islands, but no action has yet to be taken, as these islets host a wide biodiversity and are also home to our local flora and fauna. Historical Background Prior to Singapore’s independence, the number of islets (excluding the mainland) stood at 63. In the late 20th century, Pulau Saigon was added to the southern bank of the Singapore River. In 1957, Christmas Island1, lying south of Java, Indonesia, had its sovereignty transferred to Australia. Terembu Retan Laut is now part of the mainland, and is located at Pasir Panjang Container Terminal. With such changes over the years, Singapore today has 60 islets to her name. In the past, these islets were developed mainly for industrialisation purposes (e.g.Jurong Island and Pulau Bukom). Today, these islets are still used to host manufacturing plants and refineries. Working together with the government, oil 1 "Kerr, A. (2009). A federation in these seas: An account of the acquisition by Australia of its external territories, with selected documents". Barton, A.C.T.: Attorney General's Dept, p. 329. (Call no.: R 325.394 KER) 2 Environmental Security study guide SMC 2018: Preservation and use of natural resources companies such as Esso2 and MobilOil created Jurong Island by combining 7 small islets via land reclamation as land had become scarce on the mainland. This land reclamation project started in 1995, and was completed in 2009, growing by over 3 times the size of the original islands. It is now home to many chemical, and oil refinery plants. In addition, Singapore has used its islets for military and defense purposes such as the building of military bases, the largest islet being Pulau Tekong, where most of its military and National Servicemen reside. Moreover, Tekong’s surrounding islets (within shooting range) are also military bases. Leisure is also a big highlight of Singapore’s islets, especially the Southern ones. Sentosa, Pulau Ubin and St John’s Island are examples of Singapore islets that are known to host thousands of tourists each year. Sentosa is known for its tourist friendly facilities, amusement park and its beautiful beaches, while more remote islets such as Pulau Ubin or St John’s Island are known for the rich aquamarine life around its waters, especially the rich coral population around the southern islets. The large number of tourists who visit these areas also generate large amounts of revenue for Singapore, which encourages the concept of ecotourism on these islets. Timeline Date/Year Event 1819 Island named ‘Singapore’ by Sir Stamford Raffles 2 Jurong Town Corporation. (2000). The making of Jurong Island: The right chemistry. Singapore: Jurong Town Corporation 3 Environmental Security study guide SMC 2018: Preservation and use of natural resources 15 February 1942 Japanese took control of Singapore in WW2, British surrender 1958 Sovereignty of Christmas Island was transferred to Australia under the UK’s Christmas Island Act; 20 million dollars given to Singapore as compensation 1963 Singapore joined Malaya, with Sabah and Sarawak, to form the nation of Malaysia 9 August 1965 Separation from Malaysia to form its own independent state 1972 Pulau Saigon became an extension of the main island, was previously a triangular island in the middle of the Singapore River 1 September 1972 The Sentosa Development Corporation (SDC) was formed to oversee the development, management and promotion of the island resort, Sentosa Island. It also manages the Southern Islands (eg. St John’s Island, Sisters’ Islands, Pulau Hantu, Lazarus Island etc) 31 January 1974 In 1974 Laju Incident, where 4 armed terrorists attacked the Shell oil refinery complex on Pulau Bukom, hijacking the Laju and taking crew members hostage was resolved by the government providing safe passage of the terrorists to the Middle East 1975 - 1983 Terembu Retan Laut (now part of Pasir Panjang Container Terminal of the mainland) was reclaimed. 29 May 1990 NSmen spotted 3 wild Indian Elephants on Pulau Tekong that had swum across the Straits of Johor; they were captured a week later and released to a national park in Malaysia 1995 - 2009 Land reclamation works of Jurong Island began, and ended 20 years ahead of schedule, with a reclaimed area of 32 km2 (previously less than 10 km2) Jurong Island was officially opened in 2000 Pulau Buaya was joined to Jurong Island in 2010 2015 Coney Island was open to the general public Opening of the Sisters’ Island Marine Park Opening of the aforementioned public gallery on St John’s Island4 2017 First curated trails on St John’s Island opened Current Situation: 4 Environmental Security study guide SMC 2018: Preservation and use of natural resources On the mainland of Singapore, the limited land available is utilised to maximum efficiency and effectiveness. The mainland has been developed for residential, industrial and other special uses such as parks and defence facilities(Fig 1). A prominent example of this is public housing in Singapore. The Housing Development Board, HDB for short, was tasked to build flats to accommodate Singapore’s growing population. To maximise land space and ensure faster delivery, flats were built vertically and in a generic blockish style. Fig 1: 2011 concept plan, showing the allocation of land use in Singapore(http://ifonlysingaporeans.blogspot.sg/2013/02/land-use-plan.html?m=1) SIngapore’s artificial islets (Fig 2) have been also been developed for industrial purposes and commercialised for tourism. 5 Environmental Security study guide SMC 2018: Preservation and use of natural resources Islet Revenue Jurong Island 47 billion in investments3 (2015) in terms of production and exports Sentosa 2 billion (Resorts World Sentosa, 2017)4 200 million (Sentosa Development Corporation, 2017)5 Fig 2. Artificial Islets in Singapore Natural islets (Fig 3) that have been developed extensively for tourism and ecological protection purposes. Islet Description Pulau Ubin An island located northeast of Singapore, it is a location filled with a variety of unique flora and fauna, multiple birds and mangrove species. Currently, it attracts over 300,000 visitors per year6. St John’s Island Initially used as a camp to quarantine cholera patients, this island in the south of the mainland was transformed to a tourism spot, dotted with swimming lagoons and coral reefs in the 1970s7. 3 Woo, Jacqueline. "Jurong Island's chemical romance." The Straits Times. January 19, 2016. Accessed February 13, 2018. http://www.straitstimes.com/business/jurong-islands-chemical-romance. 4 Genting Singapore PLC, 2016 Annual Report, Dec. 31, 2016, from Genting Singapore website, http://infopub.sgx.com/FileOpen/GENS%20-%20AR%202016.ashx?App=Prospectus&FileID=30928, accessed February 13, 2018 5 Sentosa Development Corporation, 2015/2016 Annual Report, Mar. 31, 2016, from Sentosa Development Corporation website, http://www.sentosa.gov.sg/sentosaAR15_16/pdf/Sentosa_AR_1516_Financial_Report.pdf, accessed Febraury 12, 2018 6 Zaccheus, Melody. "Turn Pulau Ubin into ecotourism spot?" The Straits Times. January 19, 2016. Accessed February 13, 2018. http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/turn-pulau-ubin-into-ecotourism-spot 7 " Saint John's Island (St. John's Island)." Travel Guide. Accessed February 13, 2018. http://www.guidegecko.com/day-trips-2/c,80 6 Environmental Security study guide SMC 2018: Preservation and use of natural resources Sisters’ Islands A favourite location for snorkelling and diving activities8, Sisters’ Island also hosts a Marine Park and guided walks opened in 20149, educating the visitor on the protection of endangered marine species Fig 3: Natural Islets of Singapore Key Areas of Concern: Ranking 196th (out of 257 countries) in land mass globally, Singapore has always been plagued with the issue of land shortage.
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