The Ideological Beliefs Towards Code Switching / Mixing Practices And
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DEMOCRATIC AND POPULAR REPUBLIC OF ALGERIA MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH University of Es-Senia, Oran Faculty of Letters, Language and Arts Department of Anglo-Saxon Languages Section of English The Ideological Beliefs towards Code Switching / Mixing Practices and their Effects on Communication Efficiency via ‘SMS Language’ in Relizane: A Critical Discourse Analysis This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Magister degree in sociolinguistics Option: Language Contact and Language Management in Algeria Submitted by: Supervised by: BERRABAH Ali Pr. BOUHADIBA Farouk Board of Examiners: Soutenue le 13 MAI 2014 Doctor MOSTEFA SBA Zoulikha Chairwoman University of Oran Professor BOUHADIBA Farouk Supervisor University of Oran Doctor BOUKRIRIS Louafia Examiner University of Oran May 2014 I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “Read: In the name of thy Lord who createth; createth man from a clot. Read: And thy Lord is the Most Bounteous; Who teacheth by the pen; Teacheth man that which be knew not…” (The Noble Qu’ran-Al-Alaq: The Embryo, 1-4) “Those who do not thank people, they do not thank Allah,” said the Prophet Mohammed (Peace Be Upon Him). Many thanks are owe to Allah Almighty who has given me a tremendous vim and vigor to come to an end to my MA thesis. First and foremost, There are a number of people whom I have a desire for extending my sincere gratitude , albeit I know that a written acknowledgement could never be sufficiently to put into words my thankfulness to them , due to their frequent support, kind assistance, constant encouragement and/or suggestions that were of great prop for completing this thesis . Special and sincere thanks and gratitude go to my supervisor Pr.BOUHADIBA.F. A.N, who has been an inspiration to me throughout my academic career and I very much appreciate his support, assistance, positive critics all along this research that he has provided and guidance and decisive comments which contributed very significantly while writing this thesis. I am extremely fortunate to have you as a supervisor. Alas! I wished to extend my tremendous sense of indebtedness to Dr. BENALI MOHAMED Rachid , whose modesty, generosity and words of encouragement stimulated me get involved within this field work. May Allah bless you Sir; this work would not have been come into being without you. We were so lucky to have a promoter like you. Besides, I should like to acknowledge all the teaching staff of the department of English, Faculty of Languages, Letters and Arts, University of Oran who VI instructed us during the theoretical year of our post-graduation notably,Dr.Ben Hettab.L, Dr. Lakhdar Barka.F,Mrs Ghamallah .N.R, Mrs Zitouni.M. Last but not least , my sincere thanks are also due to the jury who each devoted their invaluable time while reading and amending my final revised draft of my thesis as well their very kindheartedly accepting to be members of the examination board. …Once more, thank you for you all. VII DEDICATION In memory of: my grandparents and my brother; Abed, my teachers; Professor Ali BOUAMRANE and Dr. Rachid BENALI MOHAMED ...whom I will never put out of my mind. To : the eternal source of love and motherliness; Mum, and the signal of ambition and struggle; Dad, my brother; Mohamed, and sisters; Fatima and Naima, my nephew and nieces, the triple-born Ayoub,Belkisse and Assil, my sweetheart Hayat, every one of my favourite friends notably, Mohamed, Mustapha, Djamel, Abdelkader, Nourdine, Ahmed, El Aid, Aissa, Assia, all my MA promotion’s mates (post-graduation 2009-10) outstandingly: Aboubaker, Ali, Khaled, Amina, Djamila, Fatima Zohra, Faiza, Imane, Khadidja, Nadia and Sarah. all My Pupils at Ahmed Ben Bellah Secondary School in Oued Rhiou and my Students at the University Centre of Relizane (Department of French). all dearest brothers as well as sisters who have always prayed for me and besought God to help me, all thee; readers, researchers and/or students, ...I dedicate this modest work. VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments……………………………………………………………………………...I Dedication……………………………………………………………………………….……III Table of contents………………………………………………………………………...……IV List of tables…………………………………………………………………………………VII List of graph………………………………………………………………………….……..VIII List of abbreviations and coding conventions used in the dissertation…………………….…IX Key to phonemic transcription……………………………………………….……………..…X Abstract……………………………...................................……………...….……………..…XI Résumé ……………………………………………….………................................……..…XII ……………………………………………....................................….……………..…XIII General introduction…………………………………………………………………………01 CHAPTER ONE: The Context of Study 1.1 Introduction……………………………………...………………………………………..07 1.2 The Country Profile: General Introduction to Algeria……...……………………………08 1.2.1 The Administrative System of Government and the Geographical Location….....…….08 1.2.2 The Demographic Situation and the Ethnic Composition of Algeria………...…….......09 1.3 The Historical Backgrounds of Code switching in Algeria……………………...…….…09 1.3.1 The Linguistic Situation of Ancient and Pre-Independent Algeria………………….11 1.3.1.1 Berber………………………………………………………………………………….11 1.3.1.2 Arabic…………………………………………………………………………..……..12 1.3.1.3 Turkish ……………………………………………………………………….………13 1.3.1.4 French…………………………………………………………….……………...……14 1.3.2 The Post-independent Sociolinguistic Environment of Algeria……………….……….16 1.3.2.1 Uni-Polar Institutional Framework: Demands for Retaining Arabic across weakening French........................................................................................................................................16 1.3.2.2 The Institutional Aspects and the Socio-Cultural Perspectives of Berber ...................20 1.3.2.3 Introduction of New Languages as a Requirement of Globalisation............................22 1.4 Relizane: The Context of the Present Investigation………………………………...…….24 1.4.1 A Geographical Overview……………………………………………………...………24 1.4.2 A Historical Glance of the Wilaya…………………………………..………………….26 1.4.2.1 Etymology and History………………………………………………….…...……….26 1.5 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….…….29 CHAPTER TWO: An Overview to the Related Literature 2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………… .... ...........……30 2.2 Conceptual Framework………………………………………...…… ................…….…..31 2.2.1 Bilingualism…………….........………………...…………………….....……….... .......32 2.2.2 Code…………………………………...……….………………… ............ ……...........34 IX 2.2.3 Code-switching……………………………………...……………………….…… .......34 2.2.4 Text Messages (SMS Language) …………………………………...………….… .......36 2.3 Issues Surrounding Code switching Studies…………………….……………...……… ..37 2.3.1 Code-switching and Bilingualism………………....….………………...………….… ..37 2.3.2 Code-switching and Borrowing…………...……....….…...…….....……............…… ..38 2.3.3 Code-switching and Code-mixing…………......……....….………………............……39 2.4 The Social Analyses of Code switching: Codes Selection, Social Norms and Identity….40 2.4.1 The Emergence of the Phenomena of Code-switching...……………………….……....40 2.4.1.1 Types of Code-switching………………. ……….. … …..……………………..…....41 2.4.1.1.1 Situational Code-switching ……….……. ……...….. … …...……………….…….41 2.4.1.1.2 Metaphorical / Conversational Code-switching….. … …..…….…………………..42 2.4.2 Auer’s Pragmatic Approach….. … …………………………..…....……………..…….43 2.4.2.1 Discourse related switching…………………....………………..………………...….44 2.4.2.2 Participant Related Switching (Preference Related Switching) …….................…….44 2.4.2.3 Transfer…………...……....………………………...…………...………………...….44 2.5 The Psycholinguistic Analyses..…………………..……………...…………...………….45 2.5.1 Grosjean’s Theory..………………………………….…....……….……………..……..45 2.6 The Linguistic Analysis: Structural Aspects of Code switching……...……………...…. 47 2.6.1 The Structural Levels of Code switching in SMS….....……..…..………….……...…. 48 2.6.1.1 Intra-sentential Code-switching……….…………………....………………….....…. 48 2.6.1.2 Inter-sentential Code-switching …….…………...………....………………….....…. 49 2.7 The Major Structural Competing Models and Theories to Code switching Studies...….. 49 2.7.1 The Grammatical Constraints on Code-switching……….………....………………..... 50 2.7.2 Carol Myers Scotton’s Model…………………………………………….................….51 2.7.2.1 Matrix Language Frame Model ………...………..……………………………....…..51 2.7.3 Muysken’s Typological Approach (2000) ……………………………………………..55 2.7.3.1 Insertional Code-switching …...…………. …………………………………...……..55 2.7.3.2 Alternational Code-switching ………………………...……...………………………56 2.7.3.3 Congruent Lexicalization……………………. …………………………………...….56 2.8 Conclusion……………………. ……………………………………………………....…58 CHAPTER THREE: Research Methodology and Design 3.1 Introduction…………………….…………………………………………………....……59 3.2 Type of Research:………………..………………………...……………………………..59 3.2.1 The Twofold Channels of Communication: Speaking and Writing……………....……59 3.2.1.1 The Interrelationship between Oral Discourse and Written Message……….........…..61 3.2.2 Written versus Oral Code switching………………………………………….….....…..63 3.3 The Research Tools and Procedures:……………………………………………..………64 3.3.1 The Methods of Data Collection ………………………………………….……………64 3.3.1.1 The Objectives of the Questionnaire.............................................................................66 3.3.1.2 The Use of a Questionnaire Survey Method………………………..………......…….66 3.3.1.2.1 Open-Ended Survey Questions…………………………………….……….........…68 3.3.1.2.2 Close-Ended Survey Questions……………………………………….…….........…68 X 3.4 The importance of Probing People’s Attitudes