* -5 -5 2373d PDF
Sunshares
Study of Mixed Paper Waste Use Options
Final Report
to the
North Carolina Office of Waste Reduction
for its
Solid Waste Solution Grant
by Elizabeth Graves SunShares Durham, North Carolina
August 1992
Sunshares 1215 S. Briggs Ave., Suite 100, Durham, NC 27703 (919) 596-1870 printed on non dehked, 10% post consumer, low6 rscycledpqoer '\
SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study ti
F. Promotion of Recycled Markets 21
1. Environmental Protection Agency Recycled Content Guidelines. 21 2. Adopting State Policies for Recycling. 21 3. North Carolina Policy to Support Recycling. 21 4. North Carolina Tax Incentives for the Recycling Industry. 22
11. COMPOSTING MIXED PAPER WASTE WITH WASTEWATER SLUDGE
A. Overview of the Composting Trial 23
B. Analysis of the Compost
1. Volume comparisons. 24 2. Laboratory Testing and Application. 25 3. Results. 26 4. Markets.
C. Recommendations for Expansion
111. COMBUSTION OF MIXED PAPER WASTE A. Overview of the Combustion Testing 29
31
33
35
36 6WRP 1293
SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study I
Table of Contents
Page Introduction 1
Summary of Results 2
1. MIXED PAPER WASTE FIBER MARKETS
A. Paper Characteristics 4
1. Cellulose Fibers: Building Blocks for Paper 4 2. What is Mixed Paper Waste? 4
B. Barriers to Paper Recycling 5
1. Paper Variability. 5 2. Foreign Material. 5 3. Categories of Contaminants. 6
C. Mixed Paper Waste Markets in North Carolina 7
1. Paper Mills. 7 2. Paper Brokers. 7 3. Mills Outside of North Carolina Using Mixed Paper Waste. 8 4. Export Markets. 8
D. Recycling Mixed Paper Waste Grades 10
1. Creative Marketing and Deal Making. 10 a. Burlington County, NJ 10 b. Celotex Corporation, Goldsboro, NC 11 2. North Carolina MPW Collection Programs. 11 a. Eastern Region of NC - Pamlico County 12 b. Piedmont Region of NC - Orange Regional Recycling 13 c. Western Region of NC - Henderson County 14 3. New Technology Utilizing MPW. 14
E. Upgrading: Markets for Source Separated Paper Grades 15 1. Magazines. 15 2. Phone Books. 17 3. Old Newspaper. 19 4. Office Paper. 20
pnnlsd on unbleaohed, non demked, 1W% pl mnsmer mTM paper SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study 111
V. APPENDIX
Exhibit 1.a. Fiber h irkets Accepting nixed Paper Grades
Exhibit 1.b. Fiber Markets Accepting Phone Books
Exhibit 2. Listing of Southeast US Mills who have Publicly Announced Expansion Plans for Increased Use of Recovered Paper
Exhibit 3. Paper Directories and Handbooks
Exhibit 4. Summary of Toxicity Charactenstic Leachate Procedure (TCLP) Analysis
Exhibit 5.a. Summary of Nutrient Analysis
Exhibit 5.b. Summary of Total Metals Analysis
Exhibit 6. Temperature Profile: Mixed Paper Waste/Sludge Compost Trial
Exhibit 7. Summary of Gross Calonfic Values (GCV) of Mixed Paper Waste
Exhibit 8. Comparison of Gross Calonfic Values (GCV) for Different Fuel Types
printed on unbleachbd, non deinhbd, 100s; post Qlllsumer recycled paper
SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study v
Introduction
The United States Environmental Protection Agency estimates that the amount of solid waste generated in this country every year exceeds more than 140 million tons (1990). On the average about 41% of the total waste stream is paper waste. Post consumer mixed paper waste (MPW) amounts to 20% of this total. Post consumer mixed paper waste, the focus of this research paper, refers tQ paper that is generated in a household and that has been used for its intended application. MPW can consist of magazines, junk mail, phone books, cereal boxes, toilet paper rolls, and catalogs, but may also include recyclable paper gkdes such as newspaper (ONP), office paper, and cardboard (OCC). Because regional recycling markets in North Carolina for MPW are weak, avenues for diverting this significant component of the waste stream must be identified in addition to traditional reuse in paper mills. In order for recycling efforts to achieve reduction rates in North Carolina of 25% by 1993 and 40% by 2001 as mandated by NC Senate Bill 111 and NC House Bill 1109, MPW recycling and marketing. must be focused upon and ways found to divert this material from landfills.
Specific paper manufacturers and export markets can use large quantities of post consumer MPW. However, there is an economic disincentive to collect and recycle MPW due to the low market value of MPW fibers, the transportation costs to distant markets, and the current glut of higher valued paper fibers on the marketplace. Post consumer, residential MPW fibers include diverse paper grades and hence varying fiber lengths and quality. This makes reuse in a paper manufacturing process difficult. Deinking and processing efforts necessary to reuse paper waste require a large capital investment for the equipment necessary to deal with the heterogeneous nature ,of waste paper as well as contaminants such as glue and plastic windows. Paper manufacturing industries and MPW export markets are principally concentrated in the Northeast and West Coast regions of the United States and Canada. SunShares’ Mixed Paper Waste Study 2
Several innovative manufacturing processes have been developed which can utilize MPW in the creation of consumer products. These products include tissue paper, boxboard, molded pulp products such as egg cartons, gypsum wallboard, organic roofing felt, hydroseed bulking agents, plastic/cellulose lumber, and even one example of bedding for worms in the fishing industry. Tissue producers, gypsum wallboard manufacturers, and plastic/cellulose lumber producers are not located in North Carolina, making shipping costs to these markets prohibitive. One manufacturer in Goldsboro, North Carolina, the CelOteX COrpOratiOn, does produce organic roofing felt from MPW. However, this market is dependent upon the housing industry and is easily saturated. One component of MPW, glossy paper, is being utilized by a company in Belmont, North Carolina as a bulking agent in hydro-mulch mixtures. This bulking agent has been approved by the Departments of Transportation in Georgia and Virginia and “th Carolina’s Department of Transportation is researching its use now. Finally, paper bedding is a useful and creative idea, however, it does not utilize large * amounts of MPW and like plastic/cellulose lumber, is produced only on a small scale. More than one solution is necessary to satisfactorily address long term marketing of MPW.
SunShares has chosen to look at three options for utilizing MPW on a local scale. Our research has focused on examining local MPW fiber markets, use of MPW as a bulking agent in wastewater sludge composting, and combustion of MPW.
Summary of Results
A review of MPW fiber markets does not show any significant changes over the current findings of many recyclers. MPW markets are limited, do not use large amounts of mixed residential paper, and can be sporadic. Plants are being developed with new technology that will have the capability to accept some portions of the MPW paper stream. These plants are located within !he Southeast region of the country and are three to five years away from being operational. A list of these companies who have announced expansion plans can be found in the appendix. Recycling of MPW through paper mills does not hold any immediate solutions.
In order to utilize large quantities of MPW, markets which use MPW for its organic content and its heat content are feasible on a large scale throughout the State. Cornposting and combustion are options that can be implemented locally for utilizing MPW in a timely manner and can be tailored to the needs of individual communities.
In composting, the results of the pilot trial showed that MPW can be used successfully as the sole bulking agent with wastewater sludge. Wood chips or other bulking agent need not be added. Conditions remained aerobic within the pile and achieved EPA required temperature levels for pathogen kill. MPW
prlnard on unbleached, Ron ddnhed, post mmumer recyckd WW SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study 3 decomposes thoroughly and quickly when combined with wastewater sludge and composted properly.
Utilizing MPW for its heat content could also potentially divert a significant portion of the MPW stream. The individual Components of MPW can be assigned a relativeiy accurate 6TU (British Thermal Unit) value. Once a community's paper waste stream is assessed and individual components are identified by percent and weight, an average expected heat value for this paper stream can be established. This heat value would be used to manage energy production. Paper could be burned in a dedicated boiler or as an auxiliary fuel in a boiler system. Use of paper pellets or paper fluff for energy production in any specific system requires more applied research.
SunShares’ Mixed Paper Waste Study 4 A. Paper Characteristics . 1. C8llulose Fibers: Building Blocks for Paper Fibers are the buiiding blocks used to make paper. Most paper is made from wood or cellulose fibers that are obtained by mechanical or chemical separation from wood. Once wood fibers are separated from each other and made into paper, they can be reclaimed from the paper later for reuse. A general explanation of separation methods follows.
1. Mechamcatprlpagramdwood: Woodfben,areseparatedfrom each other by mechanii grinding the wood. Lignin, the cementing compamnd. . is nat removed and the paper wiU tllm color easily in the sun or with age. Fibers am ahoct and lonn a buky. resdient paper which can res@ shadu and stress ol . a hQh speed press. Groundwood is used 10 make newsprintikw grade ampuler paper. chipboard and constwlon papet’s.
2 Chemcal pulps: Fbars am separa~edf” each otner by chemically dissdving the linbands. The sulfite process produces fine! paper used far printing. computer paper, staliowry. printed SI”on kod Packaging. e(0. The sulfale process pmdwes strong kratt papers. which are used for brown bags,conugatedboxesandscm,liphtweightpadcagirg.(‘RecydingMied Was@ Paper inlo Innovative Pmduas. A Research proied Done for the United States Depam”e oi Energy,” Andatson. Lipdutz. Cooey. and Savag?. 1982. P. 4)
The quality and use of any type of paper is determined by the composition of the fibers, with the type and length of the fibers dictating how paper can be used. Softwood fibers impart strength and tear resistant qualities. Hardwood fibers provide density and printability qualities. Each time a paper is recycled, the length of the paper fiber shortens. After a paper fiber becomes short enough, it will fall through screens at the paper mill and it is generally no longer viable to use these fibers in the manufacture of paper.
2. What IS MlXed Paper Wa8? Mixed paper waste (MPW) is a term meaning different things to Uifferent people. Generally, the term mixed paper waste means a variety of hard to market paper grades combined into a single category. Grades of paper most often found in mixed paper include chipboard (cereal boxes), glossy paper, newsprint, groundwood paper, kraft paper, wet strength paper (beer and soda carriers), and others.
In locating markets for mixed paper, it is important to be specific about the quantities and the grades of paper in the mix to be marketed. Clearly communicating this information to the processor or end market of MPW is vital.
~arUnb*lckdmnrrn,fuxPam-~P+= SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study 5
Due to the heterogeneity of MPW and the types and quantities of contaminants found in it, specialized processing is required in order to successfully incorporate MPW into new paper products. Tissue paper, low grade construction paper, chipboard, and building industry paper are the most common items that can be made from MPW. The majority of fine writing papers and computer paper are not made from MPW due to difficulties of consistency, cleanliness, and quality with this paper grade and the abundance of more desirable, higher valued paper grades on the market that can be utilized to make high quality papers.
B. Barriers to Paper Recycling
1. Paper Variability. Paper mills generally cannot handle paper loads that vary significantly from shipment to shipment as often happens when paper is collected from the public or post consumer sources. For example, as a recycling coordinator, one may see vanability based on seasons such as lots of magazines in the spring when people clean house or lots of chipboard (shoe boxes, cardboard backings) in the fall when school starts. Some companies have dealt with this problem by requiring certain percentages of the paper loads to include cardboard or glossy paper or they may require sorting of paper grades. In this way, inputs can be better controlled and channeled to end products.
2. Foreign Materials. Paper mills want only paper fibers in the loads delivered to them. However, when recycling programs are set up to collect post consumer materials, contamination is often a problem. Stickies, staples and paper clips, non-soluble glue bound paper books (telephone books, multiple listing bboks, etc.), carbon treated paper (forms and checkbook receipts), cardboard boxes full of Styrofoam peanuts, and cereal boxes with waxy linings may all find their way into a recycling bin, and are all regarded as contaminants.
For a paper mill, the single largest end user of paper fibers, the more contaminants in a load, the less usable paper fiber they buy. Also, some contaminants such as non-water soluble glues can cause paper fibers to clump and then cause new paper sheets to have imperfections, discoloration, and leSS strength. Paper mills are interested in producing new paper sheets and paper products in a timely, cost efficient way yielding a consistent end product. Therefore, if they receive too many contaminants, production is slowed. Investment in machinery to sort out contaminants is costly and lengthy. Also, even with little contamination, paper must have inks removed in order to produce a new clean sheet of paper or other paper product which also requires further equipment upgrades. As with all commodities, contamination is counteractive to successful recycling. SunSha" Mixed Paper Waste Study 6
3. Categories Qf Contaminants. product padcaging often incorporates both paper and non-paper materiak. A chipboard cereal box with a wax lining and an aseptic drink box with aluminum and plastic component$ are two examples. Some separation of materials can be done by the consumer, others cannot. Also. recycling programs almost always experience some contamination of materials due to lack of proper education or consumer error. Generally, contaminants can be defined into six major categories for paper. An explanation of each of these categories follows.
i. Coatings: Clay coating and other pigments are aPPlbied to imprwe the qualii of printing. Magarures and other coated papers may be as much as30% day by weight, which causes armste-disposalPrOMem at the plpins rmll. waxedooating!3 cause spotsonthe new paper. Polyetw= coatings melt at mill temperatures. intdering with the equlpmern and -sins spats and weak areas in the new paper. sinrilar to @ems caused by glw. ii. Stickii: Non water-sdubk, glues are difficu&to remove fmm the paper pulp. They settle on machinery and cause weak areas and holes in the new paper. They are found m glue bindings. peehoff bbels and pressure seslsidive tapes such as are used lo seal cormgated boxes. The presence of theclo glues downgrades hmgade aihgpapers and cardbaerd. There IS ongoingresearchinto~gluesandpulpcleaningpocassas.An' asphalt-dispenim cleaning method can remove 50% of this contaminant. but the ~thetemilestrefqth6fthe new paper. (TenSdeStrengh is ~~tol~hw~Stres!3.measured(ikrceparunitof--sectional ami) by the greatest bad pulling in the directim of length.. that a given substance can bear wtlhoul tearing apart. 71-1
. iii. Combined paper types: Many products -be the Special pmpenies of gmundwood or chemical fiber. (Reler to 'Paper Types" sectm for axnplete definition)
iv. Miscellaneous: Cahnpaper leaves spots on the new paper. Inserts such as waxed paper liners are inconpatlMe wtlh some uses. Wet strength treatment of B-padc containers. butcher paper, eb. makes them water resistant. 50 that the fibers clump together in the pulpmiill. The9 my cause irregularities in the paper or be screened out and bst.
v. New produds: New plobds which interfere with recycling indude heat-sensitivecompner and addinp machine papen in which the ink emeqes on the paper when exposed to heat, and laser printing pmcesses which destroy fibers for reuse and make de-inkii impossible.
vi. Tramp materials: MaZerials that are not integral to the use of the paper. Exampres would be string, sty" padcaging, metal or pWc fasteners, and typewrher ribbons. Most of this is remared by swrca separation. and mills are equpped to deal with small amount of these. (Anderson. Lipshutz. Cooey, and Savage, 1982. p. 4.57) This list is not definitive but can serve as a guide to possible contaminants. In order to limit the amount of contaminants, recycling coordinators can educate
mwa,-,m?M. l~PLut-~~ SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study 7 businesses and residents to consider purchasing only white paper, not using stickies, buying products with water soluble glues, etc. Use of water soluble glue labels and "recyclable friendly" products would make it possible to recycle a larger percentage of the paper stream. Establishing what will be accepted and what will not be accepted before the product is purchased will serve to reduce possible contaminants without compromising collection programs.
C. Mixed Paper Waste Markets in North Carolina
Where to look? When searching for a market for MPW, collectors can market material through paper brokers, processors, specialized end user, and/or mills, Proximity tb a mill site or other end use site can be beneficial especially when dealing with a low grade, low value material such as MPW. Costs of collection and transportation will need to be weighed against costs of diversion from landfills or incineration.
1. Paper Mills. There are eleven paper mills and manufacturers in North Carolina and only three of these mills currently accept mixed paper waste. Mills and manufacturers located within our state and the grades of waste paper they accept are listed in Table 1. Often paper waste is predominantly supplied by its host county, paper brokers, or from a parent company who buys paper elsewhere.
2. Paper Brokers. Paper brokers offer an expanded network for communities to market materials. Often transportation costs and storage costs are prohibitive for a community to attempt marketing of recyclable materials, especially paper, on their own. Brokers can serve to market materials over a larger geographic area by cgnsolidating paper from various collectors. Some mills buy paper only in large quantities,,by rail car load for instance, and may require the paper to be baled. Brokers can add value to paper by baling which allows for greater weight per shipment. Paper brokers can make it possible for communities to market smaller quantities of paper and oiten without having to purchase baling equipment (see example from 1.D.2. North Carolina MPW Collection Programs).
Paper brokers have established networks with mills, can more easily adapt to market fluctuations, and therefore react more quickly to mill upgrades and expansions. Brokers can provide links between communities and end users that can influence collection and marketing of paper. If a contract is required between a collector and the broker, it is important for the collector to be aware of how contract requirements affect them. For example, a broker can guarantee to accept paper from a community at a fixed price. Then, if the market falls, the broker must continue to accept the paper. However, if the market value of paper
pnnled on unbleeched, non dsmked, 103%past amsum"d WSr . %Shares' Mixed Paper Waste Study 8 increases, the community may not benefit from increased revenues. Examination of the terms of any contract should take into consideration:
- cost of transport and who will pay, - cost of baling if required by mill and who will bale, - revenue return on paper and how this may fluctuate with market variations, - acceptable levels of contamination and who is responsible for removal, - how weights or volumes of material will be recorded and who is responsible, - maximum or minimum weight or volume of paper that will be accepted by the market.
Additionally, it is important for the collector to stay in communication with the broker in order to stay abreast of changes and new opportunities for marketing paper grades.
3. Mills Outside of North Carolina using MPW. Approximately 200 out of 600 paper mills in the US depend almost entirely on waste paper as opposed to virgin timber for their raw material. Another 300 mills use between 10% and 35% waste paper in their production processes. It is not vitally important that a community be located near a plant utilizing paper waste as a feedstock or a plant that has upgraded its equipment to increase the amount of paper waste used as feedstock as brokers can often supply links between communities and mills. Communities can also establish regional cooperatives including marketing agreements with other collectors or other municipalities to reduce the individual costs of processing and transportation of paper to mills. Processors and end users who are currently accepting MPW for recycling in the North Carolina Region are listed in Table 2. Mills in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia which have announced expansion plans to increase the use of recovered paper waste as a feedstock are listed in Exhibit 2 in the appendix. Mills which accept waste paper for use as a raw material can be found in PaoerMatcher from the American Paper Institute, also listed in the appendix under "Exhibit 3. Paper Directories and Handbooks".
4. Export Markets. Export markets serve as a safety valve for the US paper market. By exporting waste paper, more paper can be recycled and marketed than Us mills Currently have the capacity to utilize. Processing oversees also incurs lower labor costs. However, circumstances such as the Gulf War in 1991, influence the availability of shipping containers and therefore market price and movement of paper and other goods abroad. In the instance of the Gulf War, 37,000 sea containers were diverted to ship goods to the Middle East. Twenty thousand containers measuring 40 feet long remained in Saudi Arabia for the summer limiting export capacity. SunShares’ Mixed Paper Waste Study 9
Table 1. Paper Mills in North Carolina
4am” z;itu 1. Champion Intl. Canton Pulp substiutes. Corporation -
2. Champion Intl. Roanoke Rapids Pulp substiutes. Corporation 3. Carolina Paper Board Charlotte Mixed papers, Corporation newspaper, corrugated, pulp substitutes.
4. Cascades Industries Rockingham Pulp substiutes. Inc.
5. Celotex Corp. Goldsbom Mixed papers, corrugated.
6. Halifax Papemard Roanoke Rapids Mixed papers, co., Inc. newspaper, corrugated. pulp substitutes.
7. Jackson Paper Mfg., Sylva Corrugated. co.
8. Laurel Hill Paper Co. Cordova High grade de-inking.
9. P.H. Glatfelter Co. Pisgah Forest Pulp substiutes.
10. Sealed Air Corp. High Point Pulp substiutes.
11. Weyerhauser Go. Plymuth Corrugated.
Source: m,American Paper Instltute, Inc., 1990. ’
b By the year 2000, the US export market of waste paper is expected to grow from its current figure of 6.5 million tons per year to 10-11 million tons per year. The largest recipients of this paper will be Korea and Taiwan with markets in Indonesia and Thailand also expected to grow. Four to five new linerboard mills are coming on-line in the near future in Thailand which will increase demand for ‘ occ.
(v
prkrrsd on unblaaohed, non deinked, lm ptmnsum recycled paper SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study 10
D. Recycling Mixed Paper Waste Grades
Communities may need to look beyond simply locating and shipping to established markers. Instead, the development of creative marketing plans whe're both the community and business prosper are desirable. In addition, as recycling collection programs for paper increase, geographic supply areas for mills and other end users may decrease. Several examples follow. However, communities must first decide the goal of recycling paper whether this be landfill diversion, revenue generation, or other goals. Disposal costs at the landfill vary from community to community. Therefore, the economics and value of diversion per ton of paper from the landfill will be cost effective at different levels. The . goals of recycling will effect the focus of finding outlets to market paper.
Before beginning collection programs. communities should also identify goals for MPW recycling. Collection containers and frequency of collection should be identified. Plans need to be made for removal of contaminants and other necessary processing before shipment to market. Target a market for the collected recyclables before beginning collections. Good intentions will not remove tons of material from a collection yard nor will it promote good faith with the public. All aspects of the collection program should contain educational efforts in order to heighten participation and ensure clean materials.
1. Creative Marketing and Deal Making. It requires persistence to develop a strategy that is workable both to materials' outlets and to each community. Creative solutions may alleviate some paper marketing problems. One solution devised by Burlington County, New Jersey involved marketing their mixed paper with old newspaper (ONP) to Homasote Co. in West Trenton, NJ. In this way the value of ONP is lowered but allows for the additional marketing of MPW. It may also be that a community can work with a local manufacturer to change current feedstock to include recycled matenal. One example is to manufacture construction products using post consumer waste paper as a raw material as opposed to virgin raw materi?ls. The following are examples of localities who devised creative marketing strategies for their own communities.
a. Burlington County, NJ. Burlington County, New Jersey is able to recycle 2,000 tons per month of paper, 85% ONP and 15% other paper, with Homasote Company in West Trenton. Due to the high percentage of old newspaper (ONP) along with MPW, the Homasote Company is able to accept the mixed paper to produce construction fiberboard, sidewall sheathing, roof and floor decks, insulating and decorative panels, expansion joints for concrete, and industrial packaging. The county loses money on the price paid per ton for the paper, but is able to market some lower paper grades by combining them with ONP. The county could "fetch a price of $25/ton" on straight news whereas the "mix Sells for up to $5/ton regionally". The difficulty with identifying end users such as
PrinredOn untdmhed, nwdelnked, lD0K posimnsumer+peper SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study 11
* Table 2. Markets for MPW In the North Carolina Region
Armstrong World Industries Macon, GA Austell Boxboard Corp. Austell, GA Carolina Paper Board Co. Charlotte, NC Carotell Paper Board Corp. Taylors, SC Celotex Corporation Goldsboro, NC Chattanooga Paperboard Corporation Chattanooga, TN Eastern Carolina Vocational Center Greenville, NC Fort Howard Corp. Rincon, GA GDS Recycling Conover. NC Jefferson Smurfit Cedartown, GA Manchester Board & Paper Richmond, VA Rock-Tenn Co. Chattanooga, TN Rock-Tenn Co. Lynchburg, VA Sonoco Products Co. Atlanta, GA Sonoco Products Co. Hartsville, SC Sonoco Products Co. Newport, TN Sonoco Products Co. Richmond, VA Spittle Company Belmont, NC Tamko Asphalt Products, Inc. Knoxville, TN West Street Industries Cary, NC
Addresses and phone numbers of the above companies can be found in the appendix. Celotex manufactures roofing felt for the construction industry, it is easily influenced by the economy. As construction slows, so does the need for roofing felt and hence MPW, therefore requiring close communication between Celotex, KAB, who acts as the broker for MPW, and collectors of MPW in Wayne County and neighboring counties.
2. North Carolina MPW Collection Programs. The following are some programs that are operating in North Carolina to collect MPW. Education, collection, frequency, and location of collection sites will all affect the success of MPW recycling programs. There are several collection methods used by these programs: curbside, permanent drop-off sites, paper drives, or some combination of these. Some programs are year round and others are aimed at periodic collections. These programs give an example of how MPW can be collected and marketed. Markets which will accept MPW from the North Carolina region are listed in Table 2. Most programs do not track costs associated with collection, processing, and transportation by specific material therefore figures for cost of MPW recycling programs are diffiwlt to obtain. a. Eastern Region of NC. Pamlico County, located at the coast, has an active year round MPW collection program. Pamlico County uses a multi-prong collection approach in order to serve a rural population of 11,372. First, there is curbside collection for three municipalities in the county in Alliance, population 583; in Bayboro, population 733; and in Minnesott Beach, pppulation 266. Two collect mixed paper in curbside bins; the other collects from bins or bags as supplied by the resident. Paper drives are held in the county monthly at three locations on different days. The paper drives are held in Hobucken, Oriental. and Grantsboro with paper collected in a thirty cubic yard roll off. The Town of Vandemere also collects MPW from residents in an unused back room at the town hall. The room is left open 24 hours for residents to bring MPW. The paper is picked up from the town hall by the county once a month.
The county has only one thirty cubic yard roll-off to collect paper and service all collection sites of its multi-prong approach. By rotating this roll-off to different sites, a larger geographic area is sewed for this rural county. When the roll-off is full, it is taken to Goldsboro for recycling and end use at Celotex. Before shipping, the paper is sorted for contaminants at the landfill recycling site. Operators walk through the roll-off pulling out plastic bags and strings that tie paper bundles. Paper is then shipped loose in the roll-off to the Celotex plant In Goldsboro, NC. Currently, the county ships paper about twice a month. In winter months, Celotex sometimes stops accepting MPW for recycling as the market for construction materials slows. Pamlico County is working to develop a back up plan to recycle paper so that collections can continue uninterrupted during the winter months and without any storage difficulties. SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study 13
The biggest contaminants Pamlico finds are plastic bags and string that tie up the paper. By asking people to bring their paper fot' recycling in paper bags, there has been a decline in plastic bag contamination. Education efforts are focused on low cost publicity. Articles in the newspaper, posters in post offices and stores, town and civic meetings, community events, and announcements in the paper about monthly drives all serve to inform people about mixed paper recycling opportunities.
New recycling initiatives involve a courthouse recycling program. The courthouse building and four other related buildings participate. Each employee in these buildings has two trash cans in their office. One is dedicated for mixed paper only. The maintenance staff brings the paper to the landfill for recycling in pick up trucks. Since beginning the program, these agencies have seen a 32% reduction in solid waste disposal by county employees. The Department of Social Services currently provides confidential shredding when needed. Future initiatives will be focused in schools.
Overall the county produced 6,795 tons of solid waste per year in 1990-1 991 and 7,223 tons per year in 1991-1992. The amount of mixed paper collected has increased 51% in just one year from 79.75 tons in 1990-1991 to 120.34 tons in 1991-1992. b. Piedmont Region of NC. Orange Regional Recycling, headquartered in ChCipel Hill, NC, operates recycling programs for Orange County which has a population of 98,650 according to the State Planning Office. In fiscal year 1991- 1992, Orange Regional Recycling diverted 165 tons of mixed paper through quarterly paper drives. Mixed paper was collected at one site in six thirty and forty cubic yard roll-offs. Each drive was staffed by volunteers in order to decrease contamination, At two of the drives, old magazines (OMG) and old corrugated cardboard (OCC) were collected separately from the mixed paper. Glossy paper is marketed to Orange Recycling Services and OCC is marketed to Paper Stock Dealers, both in Durham, North Carolina.
gional Recycling marketed the mixed paper loose to American Reclaim for baling and shipment to Fort Howard Paper Mill in Georgia. In the coming year, Orange Regional Recycling plans to change the format of their mixed paper drives and begin hosting "Un - Mixed Paper" drives. Five source separated paper grades will be accepted: ONP, OCC, OMG, chipboard (such as cereal boxes), and office paper. These drives will be held once every two months beginning in September 1992. This program will be using upgrading of paper grades in order to market a larger amount of paper and decrease the amount of MPW left in the solid waste stream. c. Western Region of NC. Henderson County collects paper at permanent drop-off sites for their population of 70,000 and disposes of approximately 265 tons per day of solid waste. They are collecting mixed paper at two staffed drop- off sites; one at the landfill, and one at a city location. The city location is open between 7:OOam and 4:OOpm to accept recyclables but is only staffed for one hour between these times. This site is located beside the pubtic works department who watch over the binsto make sure they do not overflow. The County has leased 30 to 40 cubic yard rolt-offs from a private recycling company that have been specially modified. Each roll-off has slots on each side to put materials in and is covered with a top.
The County first began collecting MPW in April 1992. The year prior to that, the county collected magazines every three months at a county park. Roll-offswere rented from a waste hauling company and left at the park on Saturday and Sunday. Residents could then drop magazines at their convenience for recycling. Because of these collections, residents were used to collecting paper for recycling and the county was able to accept a wider range of matenals once they switched to MPW collections.
Education efforts consist primarily of word of mouth at Home Owner meetings, League of Women Voters meetings, through these organizations' newsletters, and other local community groups. Henderson's solid waste planner had a bi- weekly column in the newspaper for one and one half years before recently being discontinued which was used to publicize recycling efforts. This was also a mechanism for education and promotion. Radio and cable Ware used for special projects. Educators forthe Environment, EFE, has been formed to spread information about recycling into the school systems. There has also been an eCology curriculum introduced to the school and approved by the Board of Education which heightens environmental awareness and hence recycling awareness.
Roll-offs containing MPW are emptied when full, about every 4 to 14 days. The amount collected between April and mid-July was 78.78 tons of MPW. The county pays for leasing containers and for each time the container is pulled. The paper is picked up by GDS Recycling and taken to their facility for sorting. They combine !he MPW with other paper from their operations and market the material to Carotell in Greenville, SC which manufactures folding boxes.
3. New Technology Utilizing MPW. Development of new products using MPW will increase marketing opportunities. The following are a few examples of recent developments utilizing MPW as a raw material.
The Gateway Company of Berrien Springs, Michigan has developed a product using waste paper fibers for the prevention of malaria. Gateway currently
pMkd on Uflb&CIh?d, nM dwnked, part Consumer recycled PapW Sunshares Mixed Paper Waste Sludy 15
COlleCtS office paper fiber and QCC from surrounding area businesses which they market through a Chicago broker to White Pigeon Mill and other Midwest paper mills. Because of the fall in economic conditions relating to marketing paper, research for new end uses was undertaken resulting In a new product. The new product IS made from secondary fibers soaked in natural insect repellent designed for burning on open hres to repel mosquitoes. International funding is a key component to the success of this project. However, Gateway could be producing the product for distnbution within the year.
Mixed paper can also be used in the production of gypsum wallboard. Companies making gypsum wallboard line the board with paper on either side. The cellulose fiber can be made from recycled paper waste. Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, based in Portland, Oregon, makes a product called FiberBond wallboard which uses this recycled cellulose fiber.
E. Upgrading: Markets for Source Separated Paper Grades
It is often simpler for recyclers to collect MPW commingled for recycling. However, it may be easier to find end markets if paper is sorted by grade. By collecting paper by grade, a community may divert a larger part of their waste stream where MPW markets do not exist and may also give a community greater flexibility in marketing these separated paper grades. Separation Of paper by grade is called upgrading.
Although upgrading is a viable option for some portions of the Waste Stream. it may not be cost effective to separate all paper grades into distinct categories. The more sorting required, thg greater the costs of collection, processing, and possibly storage. Also, more education is required relative to the amount of sorting expected to keep contaminant levels at a minimum. Because mixed paper recycling opportunities are limited, source separation and recycling of at least a few distinct'paper grades which are easily targeted and largely homogeneous, such as magazines and phone books, is an Option for recycling programs. Separating paper into specific categories makes it possible to utilize various components of hnPW for a broader range of end products.
1. Magazines. North Carolina House Bill 1224 encourages "the use of recycled newsprint made from post consumer waste paper". This bill sets the recycled content PerCefltage for publishing businesses or printing publications printed on newsprint that are consumed by a producer to equal or exceed 12% during 1991 and 1992 and to increase to 40% after 1997. This bill follows other similar bills passes in the states of California, Connecticut, Florida, and Maryland. The most commonly used technology to recover newsprint for recycling is flotation deinking SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study 16 technology. This technology incorporates glossy paper as an essential Component of removing ink from the newspnnt. ,
Many slick magazines are made from paper sheets that are covered with a clay coating to make the paper shiny. Because of this clay coating, glossy paper (magazines, catalogs, newspaper inserts, and some slick junk mail) recycling will increase as more is demanded by industry. Flotation deinking technology uses between 30% and 35% glossy paper. Ink is separated in water from old newsprint (ONP) by flotation and then binds with the clay coating of glossy. paper. The resulting material is skimmed from the slurry and clean paper fibers remain.
As mills across the country have begun to look at expansion of their existing facilities in order to incorporate processing of waste paper, some have predicted shortages of old magazines (OMG) in the marketplace. Table 3 lists those mills in the Southeast which have announced expansion plans. A study by Andover International Associates (Danver, Mass.) entitled "Supply and Demand of ONP and OMG in the U.S. and Canada" predicts an undersupply of OMG by 1995 when flotation deinking expansions open at newsprint mills. Deinking capacity is expected to increase by 150% in the US and Canada between 1990 and 1995. ' Many of these expanded plants will use flotation deinking technology. As this technology spreads to the southeast, paper brokers in North Carolina are experiencing a rise in the demand for old magazines (OMG) or glossy paper, allowing more communities to more easily market this component of the paper stream.
New technology of the future The new deinking facilities under design and construction at many US plants will utilize up to 35% OMG. However, even higher percentages of OMG have been used in the production of new glossy paper as opposed to being used mainly for deinking of newspnnt. For example, Black Clawson (New York City) is a manufacturer of deinking equipment and would like to import technology, developed in Japan, which uses a higher percentage of OMG to produce new coated paper with a higher recycled content. Japanese mills have used American made machinery which use from 60% to 80% OMG in the process. Sludge from deinked OMG may reach as high as 35% however, which will concurrently increase disposal costs. It is currently uncertain whether this technology may be imported successfully to the US. SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study 17
I. Table 3. Planned Use of OMG by Southeast US Mills
Mill Location OMG consumption in tw oer vw Alabama River Newsprint Clairborne, AL 46,000 Augusta Newsprint Augusta, GA 38,000 Bear Island Paper Ashland, VA 20,000 Calhoun Newsprint Calhoun, TN 46,000
Source: -, June 1991, pg. 87.
2. Phone Books. Over 605,000 tons (1,210,000 pounds) of phone books are distributed in the United States every year. Once issued a new book, residents Often find themselves stuck with their old directory with only landfilling or burning as an option for disposal. More and more communities are looking into recycling outlets for this homogeneous paper grade.
As phone books are usually distributed annually, drives for collection of phone books are usually focused upon new book distribution schedules. As a result. communities do not have a steady flow of material to market year round. The amount collected at phone book drives will vary dependent upon the number of collection sites, the availability of sites, and the amount of education prior to the dtive. End markets for phone books will also vary dependent upon whether the glue in the binding is water soluble or not. Recyclers can contact North Carolina brokers listed in Table 4 who may accept phone books for marketing depending upon the glue in the binding, quantity, time of year, and location. Because phone books are generally distributed throughout North Carolina at the same time, it is recommended that arrangements with markets be made well before Collections are scheduled to begin. Arrangements can include IettWS of agreement between parties.
Cost to collect, process, and ship phone books can vary as with any collections. The following are two examples of phone book collections. Both are targeted to collect old books at the time' new books are being distributed. SunShares, a non-profit company in Durham, NC, collected 25 tons of phone books in 1992. Phone books contained non-water soluble glues. Collections were held 2 weekends, each weekend at a different shopping center. Books were collected in gaylord boxes as the end market required delivery in gaylord boxes on pallets. One gaylord holds approximately 500 pounds and costs approximately $2.00/box and $1 .OO/pallet to set the box on. One tractor trailer will hold 22 boxes with a cost of approximately $l.OO/mile to ship per tractor trailer load in North Carolina. This equals $55.00/ton to ship phone books. Estimated costs to collect and process are $35.00/ton. Total costs to collect, process, and ship equal $97.00/ton minus any revenue or landfill diversion credit. Table 4. Markets for Phone Books in the North Carolina AeqiOn CltvlState Asheville Waste Paper Co., Inc. Asheville, NC -Bryant Salvage Co. Inc. Madisonville, VA Cellin Manufacturing Inc. Eldwood, VA Dixie Waste Paper Co. Greenwile, SC James Flett Organization Inc. Atlanta, GA Manville Building Materials Co. Edinburg, VA Packaging Corp. of America Macon, GA Paper Recycling International Norcross, GA Rock-Tenn Cleveland, TN Sealed Air Corporation High Point, NC Southern Cellulose Atlanta, GA Southern Comfort Chattanooga, TN Tidewater Fibre Chesapeake, VA Zuckerman Company Winchester, VA SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study 19 produces cellulose insulation and hydro-mulch from phone books and other paper waste.
Another innovative use for phone books and newsprint has been developed by Sealed Air Corporation which has offices in High Point, North Carolina. As phone books contain paper that is similar to newsprint, they use both as padding in their "Jiffy Padded padded mailing envelopes.
3. Old newspaper. Although there have been recent announcements by mills who are expanding to add the capacity to process post consumer newsprint, there has also been a rapid increase in the amount of paper collected for recycling. From 1971 until 1989, the amount of paper collected for recycling rose from 12.5 million tons to 27.6 million tons, an increase of 121%. The US Paper Industry has set a goal of reaching 40% diversion of all paper generated in the US by 1995 for a total of 40 million tons. This will represent an increase of 45% over 1989 collection figures.
The newspaper industry is a large user of post consumer paper fiber. There has been legislation enacted in North Carolina requiring publishers to use paper with recycled content. This legislation is targeted toward increasing markets for post consumer newsprint. However, even with this legislation, there have been periods where newsprint manufacturers had to stop accepting paper due to a lack of capacity to accept as much ONP as is collected which results in a subsequent fall in price. This hurt many community recycling efforts and brought some small programs to a halt as revenue generation from ONP is not at levels as high as it has been in the past. The national average pnce paid by processors fell from $9.00/ton in December of 1990 to minus $7.00 in December of 1991. The national average price paid by end users fell only marginally from approximately $21 .OO/ton to $20.00/ton in the same period.
Of 80 mill expansions announced in North America, 20 relate to the use of deinking equipment to recycle ONP into new newsprint. It usually takes up to 5 years after an announcement before plans are operational. Many new ONP deinking facilities have already begun production. This will aid in recycling the large amount of ONP now being collected in municipal programs. Augusta Newsprint Company in Augusta, GA has begun producing newsprint with 25 percent recycled fibers with their new deinking equipment installed last fall. The company uses about 25,000 tons of OMG and about 50,000 tons of newspapers annually. Other new recycled newsprint facilities are Inland Bowater, Inc., Calhoun, Tennessee and Kimberly-Clark, Coosa Pines, Alabama.
Innovative Uses New ONP production capacity cannot incorporate all ONP available for reuse. As a result, entrepreneurs are offering alternatives for recycling ONP. Animal bedding is one avenue that has potential for utilizing large quantities of ONP. . SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study 20
Ihe News -in Wake County has implemented a program that is now using 25 tons of shredded ONP a week and is still growing. The shredded ONP is marketed as both animal bedding and as garden mulch.
Sonoco Co. based in Hartsville, SC buys various paper grades from Paper Stock Dealers, paper brokers with offices in North Carolina. They use recycled ONP to make paper cones for holding yarn for the textile industry. In addition, the company takes ONP and mixes it with other waste paper to make gray paper for the inside of cereal boxes, composite cans for products like Pringle's Potato Chips and tubes for the textile industry.
New Technology for the future Forest products specialist, Elmer L. Schmidt, a researcher at the University of Minnesota, tested bales of shredded newsprint to grow gourmet oyster mushrooms, Pleurotus. First, bales of newsprint were inoculated with oyster mushroom spawn, with wood chips added for aeration. The bales were kept in cool conditions indoors. Then, when placed outdoors in Summertime and watered, the bales produced mushrooms. Newsprint printed with soy-based ink was used. After mushrooms depleted the nutrients from the newspaper, the bales could be composted.
In another example, United Foam Packaging of Georgetown, Mass., a plastic packaging maker, has begun making molded fiber packaging from ONP at its Westbrook, Maine plant. Current consumption levels are at one ton per day with plans to expand to three tons per day soon. The US Army is looking into using the product for shipment of its desserts to the field. The fiber would Serve to protect the item as well as act as an oven during baking. The company uses a non deinked ONP fiber slurry to dip its molds into. Water is then sucked out by - vacuum forcing the fibers to cling to the mold.
4. Office Paper. White ledger, computer print out, and office blend are among the grades of office paper more easily marketed. Office paper can be repulped and used to manufacture new paper and to manufacture tissue paper. Tissue paper and tissue products have absorbed much of the office paper supply. Unlike ONP which has seen a large amount of activity in mill expansions and upgrades, mills producing office paper from waste paper have not grown as quickly. Demands by the end user for high quality office paper have affected the amount of recycled fiber incorporated into new paper. Ease of use in photocopiers, in computer printers, and as letterhead stationary are concerns voiced by consumers. Mills have gained experience in producing recycled paper that resembles virgin paper in look, feel, and performance. As "Buy Recycled" campaigns take hold and policies which favor the procurement of recycled products are implemented, the amount of office paper made from recycled paper and the amount recycled will increase. . SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study 21
F. Promotion of Recycled Paper Products
1. Environmental Protection Agency Recycled Content Guidellnes. In order to help promote markets for paper waste, the US EPA has recommended certain minimum recycled content standards for various paper grades. These guidelines serve to motivate producers to incorporate paper waste into the manufacturing process. The EPA recommendations for different paper products is as follows:
'toilet tissue 20% post-consumer recovered materials. 'paper towels 40% post-consumer recovered materials. 'paper napkins 30% post-consumer recovered materials. 'facial tissues 5% post-consumer recovered materials. 'corrugated boxes 35% post-consumer recovered materials. 'newsprint 40% post-consumer recovered materials. 'note pads 50% wastepaper. 'book papers 50% wastepaper. 'envelopes 50% wastepaper.
2. Adopting State Policies for Recycling. In addition to minimum content standards as established by the EPA, federal and local governments can also encourage recycling through procurement guidelines. Procurement programs in both the public and private sector targeting recycled produas will influencethe demand for recyclables as a raw material. Purchasing specifications should include an incentive for the purchase of goods with recycled content. Some state governments have passed legislation allowing 5% to 10% cost difference for the purchase of recycled goods over goods made from virgin materials. These goods can include copier paper, toilet paper, paper towels, post it notes, address labels, mailing envelopes, and others. In addition, governments can encourage limiting colored paper use, use of plain FAX paper, eliminating carbonless paper, restricting envelope purchases to the open window type as opposed to plastic window ones, use of bindings and labels that are water soluble, and development of purchasing policies for copier machines that produce two-sided copies. By adopting policies or procedures such as the above, source reduction is also encouraged.
3. North Carolina Policy to Support Recycling. State policies are important for encouraging and supporting recycling markets. With NC Senate Bill 111 and NC House Bill 1 109, there are restrictions on items that can be put into landfills. Yard waste, white goods, used oil, and lead acid batteries all have restrictions on disposal. In addition, state agencies must have established recycling programs for at least high-grade office paper and corrugated paper as of January 1,1992. Also, on July 24,1992, Governor
~~Wonun~,mdeinksd, 1ooXparcerurscnner~paper SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study 22
Martin signed an executive order to increase recycled product procurement and to expand solid waste reduction activity in state agencies. This order applies to state government departments, the General Assembly, the General Court of Justice, and the Universlty of North Carollna system. One of the goals of this order is to increase the amount purchased of goods and supplies made from recycled materials 20% by June 30,1994; 25% by June 30,1995; 30% by June 30,1996; and 40% by June 30,1998.
Local municipalities should strongly consider adopting policies and ordinances that will strengthen the recycling infrastructure. Part of the difficulty with finding markets for paper collected from municipal programs is due to a lack of markets producing end products with recycled content. An increase in supply side demand will alleviate some of the pressure on the glut of waste paper in the market. Separation and collection of recyclable material alone Will not close the recycling loop. Increased purchase of goods with recycled Content is needed.
4. North Carolina Tax Incentives for the Recycling Industry. North Carolina has tax incentives for firms with recycling or other resource recovery activities as their primary purpose. These include:
State Law exempts from real and personal property taxation property used eXClUSiVely for recycling or resource recovering 01 01 from solid waste.
The cost of purchasing and installing equipment or facilities us& primarily lor recycling or resource recovery is deductible from state franchise and privilege taxes.
Deductions from state income taxes are allowed in lieu of any depreciation allowance. at the option of the corporation, for amortization, based on a period of 60 months, of the cost of purchasing and installing equipment or constructing facilities used primanly lor the purpose of recycling or resource recovering of or from solid waste.
Amortization in excess of allowed depreciation on the cost of facilities or equipment used for purposes of recycling or resource (recoveringj of or from solid waste is deductible from lederal taxable income in determine state net income.
Source: Triangle J Council of Governments, "North Carolina's Research Triangle Region Offers a Remarkable Opportunity for Manufacturers Using Mixed Recycled Plastics", April 1991.
SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study 23
A. Overview of the Composting Trial
SunShares contracted with Wastek, Inc. as compost consultant for the pilot project. A formal application was made to the NC Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Management in order to compost MPW and wastewater sludge. A one year permit was granted to SunShares for a pilot project of three batches beginning in July 1991.
SunShares utilized approximately 7 tons of source separated, residential, post consumer MPW from Orange Regional Recycling in this project. Mixed paper was collected from the public and then taken to Paper Stock Dealers in Durham for baling. Following baling, it was taken to SunShares' warehouse for storage until shredding. ThewRecycling Department, under the direction of Danny Collins, donated the use of their Schleicher 550 shredding machines. SunShares' staff, over three days, shredded approximately 9 tons of MPW. Shred size was approximately 1/4" wide strips., The shredded MPW was then delivered in 50 pound bales bound with twine in gaylord boxes to the Northside Wastewater Treatment Plant in Durham. Upon delivery of the paper. staff watered the paper pile to prevent blowing. Although the pile was only wet on the surface, this amount of moisture was sufficient to prevent blowing of paper at the site.
Northside Plant operators delivered anaerobically digested, belt press sludge at 18% solids to the compost site. Several days later, materials were mixed into a windrow. The initial piles were shaped using a 2 112 cubic yard bucket, front end loader. After shaping the paper into the various predetermlned ratios, the sludge was added to each specific area of the pile.
The goal was to determine the maximum amount possible of MPW that can be used as a bulking agent with wastewater sludge. These results could then be used to determine the extent composting could offer solutions for MPW reuse and diversion from the landfill. Ratios for each batch within the pile are listed in Table 5.
I I I SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study 24
The pile was mixed by using a Brown Bear machine, owned by the City of Durham. It has an auger blade mounted on the front which moves the campost material to one side or the other. An inoculant was sprayed onto the pile during the first mix. At the end of the first day, there were still peaks and valleys on the crest of the windrow due to incomplete mixing. It took several passes before thorough mixing occurred. Each batch in the pile was separated by an overlap area. Temperature readings were taken exclusive of the overlap areas. Eighteen readings were taken daily, six per batkh at regular intervals, in order to create a temperature profile for each batch. The temperature profile was necessary to meet EPA standards for process to further reduce pathogens (PFRP). Requirements for PFRP using the windrow method are to maintain temperatures 55% or greater for at least 15 days with a minimum of 5 turnings of the windrow.
Due to a wet August, hydration was not needed. Moisture levels were estimated at 40 to 60% throughout the compost trial which are considered ideal for , composting. Temperatures indicated that composting was proceeding as desired. Turnings were made about 2 112 times a week to maintain aerobic conditions and to prevent excessive heat build up. Excessive heat will inhibit and possibly kill the bactena which are decomposing the organic material within the windrow.
After active composting for 15 days, there was a heavy rainfall. Due to the small size of the pile, temperatures dropped. PFRP levels were reached again and maintained for the appropriate of time in all three batches within the pile. Active composting in thermophilic ranges, from about 120oF to 14OoF, ceased after mid September and the compost began its maturation and curing Stage. A temperature profile is included in the appendix.
B. Analysis of the Compost
1. Valume comparisons. Nine tons of shredded MPW equalled about 60 cubic yards. Shredding caused a large expansion in volume of the MPW, so that 1 ton MPW = 6.6 cubic yards.
Sludge had a volume of approximately 0.75 cubic yards to 1 ton of 18% solids sludge.
Approximate pile dimensions initially: 110 ft. long x 5 ft. high x 5 ft. wide = 102.3 cubic yards
Approximate pile dimensions after composting: 82 ft. long x 3 ft. high x 3 ft. wide = 27.3 cubic yards
~Wdmun~,nondeinked, 1oOKpt~uIlWreoycledW SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study 25
This represents a 73.3% volume reduction. Also of note is that the volume of the pile is greater than the volume of inputs. This is due to an expansion after mixing because air space is added between materials.
Approximate finished volume of compost per batch. Batch A - 21" high x 165" length x 118 width = 8.68 cubic yards. Batch B - 21" high x 156 length x 108" width = 7.53 cubic yards. h C - 77". hiah x 176" @ x 108"a width - 8.95 25.16 cubic yards.
2. Laboratory Testing and Application. Grab samples from each batch of the pile were taken for laboratory analysis. In accordance with our permit from the N.C. Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, Division of Enviromental Management, a TCLP (Toxicity characteristic Leaching Procedure), nutrient analysis, and a total metals analysis were run on each sample. Complete results follow in the appendix. Levels of the eight metals listed under the federal RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) bill are listed in Table 6. Metals such as cadmium that are known to be present in inks were not present in significant amounts in the final compost product. In the compost samples, one constituent of the TCLP, hexachlorobenzene, showed levels above the EPA regulations, Samples from all corrfpost mixtures were collected again in Japary and retested for hexachlorobenzene using the TCLP test. All samples retested below detectable levels of hexachlorobenzene. An exact explanation for the dispanty in the test results is unknown. More testing needs to be conducted in order to pinpoint the source of this constituent, the possibility of volatilization, or perhaps an error in laboratory results.
Selenium 1.o 0.00025 0.00018 0.00016 Silver 5.0 0.00230 0.001 58 0.00333 " SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study 26
Constituent Compost Compost compost A 0 C (WKQ) (mgm (mgm
I I I 1
SunShares has also been working with Or. Robert Rubin at the NC State University Cooperative Extension Agency to develop plans for land application testing of the finished compost product. This work is in progress.
3. Results. The compost pilot project conducted in the summer of 1991 in accordance with the Office of Waste Reduction grant produced good results. Comgosting is the result of microbial activity which requires food, air, and water. Wastewater sludge was a nitrogen source for this trial and MPW was a carbon source. The combinatlon of inputs along with management to insure proper air and water are important in composting. It was determined that composting with the windrow method using solely MPW and sludge will reach process to further reduce pathogens requirements established by the EPA and will maintain aerobic composting conditions. Test results have shown no problems with heavy metals in the final compost material. In initial tests, compost samples did exceed EPA regulated levels for hexachlorobenzene. a carcinogen. However, resampling and testing of the product did not corroborate these results. Good decomposition of materials occurred within about 28 days. The finished compost SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study 27
is aesthetically pleasing, has a small particle size, and resembles a good quality topsoil. These qualities will make this type of compost desirable to consumers for use as a soil amendment.
City of Durham officials have expressed interest in continued testing of this process. Also, there has been national and international interest expressed in this process. B.j&&, a leading industry magazine, has published updates on this project. Solid waste professionals have also expressed interest in receiving the results of this trial and have visited the compost site. The potential exists to incorporate this type of wastewater sludge processing which utilizes MPW into . future plans.
4. Markets. Markets for sludge compost are being developed in North Carolina. The towns of Lexington, Valdez. and Morganton are all composting sludge with a carbon source, typically wood chips with some yard waste utilized as well. The town of Hickory also has plans to compost its sludge. MPW is readily available in the waste stream. By utilizing MPW in our locale, we are able to address a solid waste issue as well as a wastewater treatment by-product. New EPA 503 regulations which govern the use of sludge are forthcoming. It is not known what impact these regulations will have on the use of sludge in compost for land application.
C. Recommendations for Expansion
SunShares ran trials on compost batches containing approximately 30% 50%, and 70% MPW. Our goal was to find the maximum amount of MPW that could . be added to each batch, successfully reach PFRP requirements, and also show volume reduction and decomposition in a timely manner. All batches met these criteria so the maximum amount of MPW that can be used as a bulking agent has not been determined. The paper shred size for the pilot was 114 to 318 inch wide. Surface to volume ratio was kept high by choosing a small shred size. However, in an upscaling of this project, costs of shredding equipment and throughput will be factors. It is not known how a larger shred size will affect cornposting time and particle size. Markets will influence what ratio of paper to sludge is best.
Wood chips are the traditional bulking agent used in sludge composting to provide aeration. Most literature and specialists in the field recommend its addition. However, a goal of the project was to discover if a rigid structural material such as wood chips is necessary. The pilot showed that it is not necessary to add wood chips given the method chosen to compost, the way in which the pile was turned, and using MPW as a bulking agent. Further testing
pnnted on unbIeadmd, nondelnhej, IWK post mnsumer IWGMpaper SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study 28
and experimentation is,neededto corroborate these results and to better calculate upscaling effects.
Depending upon the ratio of paper to sludge and the availability of a "clean" sluage, different tonnages and percentages.of a total waste stream could expect to be diverted. If 100% of the City of Durham's daily,.sludge production (20 dry tons of. sludge per day) wep mixed at a SO/!% ratio with MPW, then 20 tonslday of MPW could be utilized. Paper is shredded prior to composting and adequate space must exist to accommodate.windrows. At this rate, 7300 tonslyear of MPW could be composted. ~A-rding to a 1990 study of. Durham's waste . . ,stream by SCS. Engineers, projected. annual tonnages of residential mixed paper and other residential paper make up 20.630/. of the residential perWaste stream. Composting 7300 tons of residential mixed paper represents an annual diversion of 41 5% of the total residential paper stream, or 8.6% of the total residential waste stream.
Assuming a 65% volume reduction, approximately '18,780 cubic yards.of finished compost will be produced. At an applion rate of 40 cubic yarddacre. this . . amount of finished compost could be applied to approximately 470 acreeear. Some .potential markets include landscapers. golf courses, nurseries, park'areas.
and use for grading work. The stmngest selling points for a MPW/sludge " compost 'product is its addion as a soil amendment for its.organic Content, its moisture retention characteristics, and the presence of trace metals, nutrients, and microorganisms. . ..
.. .,
..
..
..
.~
.,
pWldmu~.nmdekkd.ranqJO61anumrrMpgcr
SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study 29
A. Overview of the Combustion Testing
SunShares contracted with the Duke University Department of Engineering as a subcontractor for this portion of theproject.. Calorific values of MPW were determined and a literature search concerning air emissions from the combustion of source separated MPW was performed.
Work was conducted using a bomb calorimeter. A calorimetric analysis of waste paper gives the calorific or energy value of waste paper when all of its chemical constituents are completely oxidized at constant volumes. The calorific value, measured in BTU (British Thermal Unit) is the chief characteristic that determines the quantity of energy and heat value that is recoverable from MPW. A broader definition is assumed for MPW in this section, including paper fiber grades that have markets for recycling. In order to garner complete information about the calorific value of paper fuel units, all papers grades were studied.
Mixed paper waste is a mixture of various papers that can be classified by the type of packing or fiber content (Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries - ISRI). Residential paper was collected and sorted into distinguishable and separate categories. These categories are as follows: old newspaper (ONP), old corrugated cardboard (OCC), kraft paper, window envelopes, tissue paper, coated beverage cartons, treated paper, glossy paper, white office paper, and colored paper. By assessing each paper component separately and determining the weight and calorific value gf components, communities can estimate
Typesof Paper Mean Gross Calorific Value (GCV) (BTU/lb.) SunShares' M&ed Paper WaJte Study 30
. the energy value of the total paper waste stream. The &an gross calorific values (GCV) for each paper grade,'as determined through calorimetric analysis, are listed in Table 8 in descending order. .. MPW can. be burned in a.combustion system iq,either a pklletized or a fluff state.
. . ' Factors that affect the efficiency of burning are the three "T's" of combustion: 1) turbulence, the amount of excess air in the combustion chamber, 2) .residence time, and 3) proper combustion temperature. If these factors are improperly or ineffiaently combined. then the result is incomplete combustion products. For combustion, the optimum ranges for the three T's are between 0.2% - 21 % oxygen (turbulence), between 0.5 - 2 spnds residence time, and between 600 - 1OOOOC (temperature)..
' ' 'Thermal energy produrmifrom the burning of MPW will likely be in the form of -steam or super-heated water which can in turn be used for heating, cooling, or
' electrictty generation. Producing steam by burning fossil fuels is 85% efficient. ' Production of steam .by burning paper is 60% efficient. The folloH;ring'chart gives a sample of some of the calorific values of various fuel types.
Source: Ucuncu. 1991, p. 56.
Undensified paper can bum hot and quickly. Densifying paper produces the advantages of a longer lasting fuel and good storage properties. Pellets in the range of 60 to 80 pounds per cubic foot produce satisfactory heat release and burning durability. Pelletizing paper does add a cost to the preparation of the input fuel, but will produce a mbre consistent, even heat generation level.
~On~.llLm~,foo%~~~~ SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study 31
B. Possible Pollutants
1. Air Emissions Most research to date has focused upon gathering emissions data from the combustion of refuse derived fuel (RDF) from municipal solid waste. Concrete figures regarding emissions from the burning of MPW alone are difficult to obtain and would not easily transfer to different systems. Data is also difficult to obtain because burning is dependent upon variance of the three T's of combustion (residence time, turbulence, and temperature) and of the conditions in individual firing units. Varying any of these factors will influence air emissions output.
Some factors can be used when comparing MPW combustion to fossil fuel burning. Fossil fuel is often used in combustion systems. Bypfoducts such as dioxin and chlorine will have to be more closely monitored in MPW combustion due to the content of these materials in paper. When properly combusted. MPW has a low sulfur content and low nitrous oxides (NO,) emlssions. The average sulfur content of MPW is around 0.2% by weight. According to the results of work by Domalski (1986) and Churney (1985), the major chlorine source in . municipal waste is from paper and plastic fractions. Paper has about one third to one half of its chlorine in water soluble form. Maximum dioxin destruction occurs at 600 C, 1.5 seconds, and 20% oxygen (Altwicker et al., 1990).
Research indicates that ash content of MPW will be higher than that in fossil fuel. Clay, a Coating on glossy paper, inhibits burning as it contains an inorganic molecular structure and does not combust. Also, its chemicals do not oxidize. Therefore, glossy paper grades give the lowest calorific value and a greater amount of ash due to the higher level of non-combustibles. The ash percent of paper is estimated to be 2.74% by weight (Niessen and Sarfim, 1970).
2. Cleaning Techniques Techniques for cleaning air before it leaves a combustion facility do exist. Tail end techniques can be used to control pollutants as can monitoring of the combustion process. These techniques trap, change, or destroy pollutants before they are released into the atmosphere. Flue gas cleaning is the only way to achieve sulfur removal with MPW however. Nitrous oxides in flue gas can be reduced up to 80% by controlling factors within the combustion chamber. As a result, there is a loss in heat production and the MPW is burned more slowly.
C. Recommendations for Expansion
Air emissions from the combustion of MPW are particular to the system being used. Residence time, turbulence in the burning chamber, and temperature will
printsdonunblegched. nondslnkd, 1mpostoMsumerIVCkdWer
SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study 33
End markets for MPW are weak and unstable, Revenues are virtually non- existent and seldom cover collection and transportation costs. Additionally many end users are at capacity for MPW utilization. Until new mills accommodating MPW are built, and new or expanded use of MPW in end products are developed and established, most North Carolina communities wishing to recover MPW will need to develop local, creative strategies for handling this large component of the waste stream.
Mixed paper waste (MPW) consists of magazines, junk mail, cereal boxes. toilet paper rolls, and many other paper grades. It is difficult to recycle due to its heterogeneous nature and the contaminants found in it. For the short term and until more marketing strategies can be developed, recycling separate components of MPW for which there are markets, such as magazines and brown kraft bags, offers a way to divert a percentage of the paper that enters the landfill daily. Long term marketing of MPW should offer solutions which utilize combined grades of MPW. New innovative manufacturing processes, in addition to paper mill manufactunng, need to be developed to utilize the total amount of paper in the waste stream. Marketing of commingled mixed paper will enable recycling programs to reach the highest possible levels of diversion of paper from the landfill.
Uitimately, legislation and consumer buying habits will influence the direction and speed of MPW recycling and reuse markets. As with any new system, the marketing structure to reuse MPW, with its problematic drawbacks, will have start up costs as well as operational costs. As with all materials, recycling and reuse of MPW needs to be cost competitive in the long run.
One way to reuse commingled MPW is through composting. This study has shown that shredded MPW can be used as a sole bulking agent in wastewater sludge composting. Composting these materials using the windrow method can be implemented with little capital expenditure. Various ratios of MPW to sludge have proven successful in terms of meeting process to further reduce pathogen (PFRP) standards and in producing an aesthetically pleasing finished compost in terms of particle size, lack of odor, and texture. Upon implementation, it will be important to monitor composting operations to make sure that human health standards are met. In this study, one set of laboratory results from the compost showed high levels of hexachlorobenzene. If possible, the exact source of this constituent needs to be identified. More data is needed to confirm the significance of its presence in the laboratory results. Composting MPW with wastewater sludge transforms two waste byproducts that every community produces into a useful soil amendment with market value.
Another way to utilize MPW is as a source of heat energy. MPW can be used as a fuel in a dedicated boiler or as an auxiliary fuel. Data on the amount and type of air emissions from the combustion of MPW are not readily available, however. Variables such as residence time in the combustion chamber, temperature of
pnnled on unbleached, nwr demked, 1w% post ow~pumerrecycled paper SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study 34 combustion, and turbulence or oxygen present in the combustlon chamber will affect air emission production. Ash content will be higher from MPW burning due to non-combustibles such as clay coatings on glossy paper than if Coal or fuel oil were burned. A range of gross calorific values for components of the MPW stream have been calculated. With heat values established, energy production from a MPW input can be computed. MPW can be used in a combustion System as a feedstock for fuel pellets or burned as a fluff. Fuel pellets are produced on a very limited scale, and the feedstock for these pellets is largely wood and sawdust waste, but it is possible to use MPW to make fuel pellets as well. These can in turn be sold retail to consumers. combustion of paper on a large Scale requires a dedicated facility or adaptations to existing boilers for use of MPW as an auxiliary fuel. The availability of sites and the willingness of local officials to test combustion of MPW will influence the success of the trial.
pnnred on unbleached, non dmnked, 1w9L post QMSLMI~r'ewk?d Paper SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study 35
Acknowledgments
SunShares wishes to thank the many parties who contributed to the SUCCeSSfUl completion of this research project. Thanks to Victoria Ludwig who assisted with paper recycling research in general. Blair Pollock and Wendy McGee at Orange Regional Recycling and the residents of Chapel Hill supplied MPW for use in composting. Danny Collins, Mackie Privette, and the Recycling Department donated the use of their shredding equipment as well as their time for the compost project. The City of Durham Water Resources Department and Northside Waste Water Treatment Operations and Maintenance Departments dedicated numerous hours of their time and their support to the execution of the composting aspect of this project. They provided invaluable . help and offered assistance gladly, which was very much appreciated. Assistance from the North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service is also appreciated.
SunShares' Board Members are thanked for collecting MPW from their homes in order to establish categories for the combustion experiment. Special thanks goes to Diane Marbach-Morgan, a former board member, who dedicated many hours to the initial research that went into writing this grant proposal. Many, many thanks to SunShares' operations staff who worked extra hours beyond their normal workweek to see that the project was completed in a timely and efficient manner. The contributions and support by Karen Smith, David Kirkpatrick, and SunShares' office staff in the production of this paper are greatly appreciated. Finally, thanks to Larry Kehrer for the role he played in the initial writing of this grant and for the guidance he provided throughout the grant study. His expertise relating to the recycling field provided both insight and connection. Thank you. SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study 36
References .
"3.0 Mixed Paper, Plan WkWk&Jd T- T- m,North Carolina Department of Economic and Community Development Energy Division, June 1991,pg. 9-14.
Allen, Frank Edward, "As Recycling Surges, Market for Materials is Slow to Develop'. Friday, Jan. 17, 1992, -, Eastem Edition. Anderson, Michael W.. Lipshutz, Tania, Cooey, Joseph T, and Savage, George, "Recycling Mixed Waste Paper into Innovative Products", January, 1982. United States Department of Energy.
"Andover Predicts Shortage of Magazines for Deinking", , June 18,1991.Vol. 3, No. 12.
McEntee. Ken, "Paper Recycling Markets". ' ,January 1992, Vol., 11, No. 1. pg. 102.
Meade, Kathleen, "New Arizona Recycled Mill to Buy Midwest's ONP, ONIG". -Times, -Times, June 18,1991,pg. 3. Meade, Kathleen, "Paper Recycling Grew as Deinking Projects Rose",EemIKU Iimas,December 31,1991,Vol. 3. No. 26,pg. 3. Misner. Michael, "Black Clawson wants to bring Recycled Coated Paper to US". -, -, January 28. 1992, Vol. 4, No. 2. pg. 1. Misner, Michael, "Michigan Recycler tries New Market and Employs the Disabled", , November 5, 1991,Vol. 3, NO. 22. p. 9.
Misner. Michael, "Office Paper, OMG Lead Waste Paper Markets", Iimes,June 18,1991.pg.1. -, -, SeptemberlOctober 1991. p. 21. , North Carolina burces,Division of Solid Waste Management and Office of Waste Reduction, February, 1992. "Paper Notes", ' , August 1991. Vol. 10, NO. 8. w.160. "Paper Notes", ' , January, 1992, Vol. 11, No. 1, pg. 103. SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study 37
r: A Dirwrvof Papar Recvm,American Paper Institute, Inc., December J990,First Edition, pgs. I-viii, 186-189. "Stone'Gets Loan for Florida Recycling Plant", WasteAoe,July 1991, Vol. 22, No. 7, pg. 178.
"Texas deinking facility will need 500 TPD", ' , January, 1992, Yol. 11, No. 1, pg. 24. Thompson, Deanna L., "Recycled-Newspaper supply exceeds demand, Itiasl Business, July 1-8,1991, VOl. 6,NO. 10. Trank, Andrea, "County succeeds in recycling mixed wastepaper", Ei&y&, July 1991, Vol. 32, No. 7,pg. 56. Ucuncu, Aysen, "Energy Recovery From Mixed Paper Waste", 1991, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University.
"Xerox Carton will use Mixed Waste Paper, OCC", \NasteAoe,July 1991, Vol. 22, NO. 7,pg. 176.
wllrd on UnbMched, non demked, IOOX parf oolldumer recycled pper
...... '.
..
..
.. ..
..
.. Exhibit 1.a. Fiber Markets Accepting Eastern Carolina Vocational Center Mixed Paper Grades Station Blvd. P.O. Box 613 lnformation is subject to change. Greenville, NC 27834 Interested persons should contact (919) 758-4188 companies directly about accepting Fax: (919)830-1260 paper, price paid for paper, quantity accepted, and shipping requirements. Fort Howard Corp.' Rt. 1, Fort Howard Road Armstrong World Industries' P. 0. Box 828 P.O. Box 4288 Rincon, GA 31326 Macon, GA 31213 (912)826-5216 (912)788-4811 Fax: (912)826-2363 Fax: (912)781-9930 GDS (Garbage Disposal Service) Austell Boxboard Corp.' Recycling (Div. of Caraustar Industries) 130 Somerset Drive 3100 Washington St. P.O. Box 5146 Austell, GA 30001 Conover, NC 28613 (404)948-3100 (704)327-3119 Fax: (404)732-3404 Fax: (704)329-3031
Carolina Paper Board Cop." Jefferson Smurfit" (Div. of Caraustar Industries) 600 Wissahickon Ave. 443 Gardner Ave. Cedartown, GA 301 25 P.O. Box 668305 (706)748-3520 Charlotte, NC 28266 Fax: (706)749-0863 (704)376-7474 Manchester Board & Paper" Carotell Paper Board Corp. 111 Hull St. (Div. of Caraustar Industries) P.O. Box 381 29 Alexander Drive, P.O. Box 655 Richmond, VA 23231 Taylors, SC 29687 (804)226-4250 (803)244-6221 Rock-Tenn Co.' Celotex Corp.' Mill Div., Manufacturers Road P.O. Box 2086 P.O. Box 4068 Goldsboro, NC 27530 Chattanooga, TN 37405 (919)736-7520 (615)267-0097 Fax.: (615)267-2746 Chattanooga Paperboard Corp. (A Caraustar Industries Company) 2100 Rossville Ave. Chattanooga, TN 37408 (615)267-3801 Fax: (615)267-5346
phtedonun~,nondmnket 1wKpos:oonsu~recycledW~ SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study
Exhibit 1.a. (Continued) Tamko Asphalt Products, inc. 2506 Johnston St., NW Rock-Tenn Co.' P.O. Box 4367 Paperboard Products Div. Knoxville, TN 37921 Concord Turnpike, Lower Basin (6151637-0145 P.O. Box 980 Lynchburg, VA 24505 . West Street Industries (703)847-5521 Division of Specialty industries 1135 Kildaire Farm Road Sonoco Products Co." Cary, NC 2751 1 Paper Div., 2490 Marietta Rd. NW (91 9)469-9453 P.O. Box 39098 Fax: (919)481-9255 Atlanta, GA 30318 (404)799-6821 primary Source: American Paper Fax: (404)799-1870 Institutue, PaDerMatcher, December 1990. Sonoco Products Co.* Corporate Office N. Second St. These markets also accept phone ' Hartsville, SC 29550-1060 books for recycling. (803)383-7000 - Sonoco Products Co.' Paper Div., Rt. 7 P.O. Box 30 Newport, TN 37821 (61 5)623-4747 Fax: (615)623-1482
Sonoco Products Co. Raper Div. 1850 Commerce St. Richmond, VA 23224 (804)233-5411
Spittle Company P.O. Box 828 Belmont, NC 2801 2 (704)827-7261 (800)726-6414 Fax: (704)827-9398
printed M "d,non ddnked, lm post mMum(K rsoycled Paper Exhibit 1.a. (Continued)
In addition to these markets, there are ' several publications published by state agencies that provide information reganfing mixed paper markets and collectors. The following is a listing of these resources.
w,North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources, Office of Waste Reduction, March 1991.
-rth -rth Carolina Department of Economic and Community Development, Energy Division, April 1991.
Recv-, by William D. Willis, Prepared for Environmental Awareness Advisory Committee (EAAC), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 2nd Edition, revised April 1992. This guide focuses on recycling contacts, drop-off sites, nonprofit recyclers, organizations accepting usable items, curbside recycling programs, and private/ commercial recyclers in Chatham, Durham, Orange, and Wake Counties. However, the book, over an inch thick, also provides extensive information on recycling publications, distributors and suppliers of recycled products and services, and recyclers for business, industrial, institutional, and municipal customers. SunShares'Mixed Paper Waste Study
Exhibit 1.b. Fiber Markets Accepting. Rock-Tenn Phone Books, 1 175 Tasso Lane Cleveland, TN ,37311 t Asheville Waste Paper Co. inc.. (615)472-2183 123 Riverside Dr. FaX: (61 5)472-2184 Asheville, NC 28801 (704)253-5386 Sealed Air.Corp. P.O. Box 2083 Bryant Salvage CO. Inc. .High Point, NC 27261 P.O. Box 167 (919) 883-9184 Madisonville, VA 24572 Fa: (919)887-6066 (804)845-1703 : Fa: (804)846-5843 .. Southern Cellulose . . .
6057BoatRodr6M. . ' Cellin Manufacturing Inc. Atlanta, GA 30336
. ' 686 Hackney Drive . '- . . (404)344-3590 Eldwood, VA 22718 Fax: (404)344-6113 (703)825-8000 Fa: (703)825-8296 . . Southern Comfort insulation Inc. 225 Polymer Drive oixie waste Paper CO.' Chattanooga, TN 37421 123 Wellborn St,, P.O. box 1395 (615)894-1555 .. Greenvil1e;SC 29602 .. Fax: (615)894-1626 (803)232-3321 lidewater Fibre James Flett Organization Inc. , . 1958 Diamond Hill Rd. 2971 Flowers Rd. S . . Chesapeake, VA 23324
Atlanta, GA 30341 (804)543-5766 . ' ' (404)458-7944 Fax: (804)543-9532 . Fa: (404)458-0153 Zuckernian Company P.O. Box 3275 Manville Building Materials Corp... Mail Route 2; BOX363 Winchester, VA 22601. . Edinburg, VA 22824 (703)667-6000 (703)984-4171 Primary Source: Yellow Pages ,Packaging Corp. of America Publishen Association, EnduSerData 7670 Airport Blvd. P.O. Box 10187 sfor- 1991 Macon, GA 96080 and 1992 editions. .. (912)7&1-1474
.' Also see **" soukes under "Fiber Paper Recycling Internationat ' 5335 Triangle Parkway, Suite 400 Markets Accepting Mixed Paper Grades" Norcross.~GA 30092 in Exhibit la (404)449-8688
ph.don~,na,daw&lanrE-tomunrnqre*dF SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study
Exhibit 2. Listing of Southeast US Mills who have Publicly Announced 'Expansion Plans for Increased Use of Recovered Paper.
Estimated Annual Pmduct Recovered Name of Grade Paper %te Clhr Pape~Mill Produced Use Alabama Clairbome Alabama River newsprint i40,oao Newspnnt Co. deinking plant'
Coosa Pines Kimberly-Clark newsprint 45,000 Corp. deinking plant'
Mahtl ' Mead Cop. unbleached 70-80.000 kraft paperboard
Pine Hill MacMillan Bloedel unbleached 80-90.000 Ltd. kraft linerboard & semichemical cormgating medium
Fbrida Femandina Jefferson Smurfit unbleached 110,000 Beach Corp. kraft linerboard
Hialeah Atlas Paper tissue new machine Mills
Jacksonville Seminole Kraft recycled 425,000 (Stone linerboard Container)
Georgia Augusta Augusta newsprint 115,000 Newsprint Co. deinking plant'
Augusta Panderosa Fibers deinked 50,000 of America Inc. market pulp
Cedar Springs Georgia Pacific Corp. unbleached 15,000 kraft linerboard
Coosa Pines Kimberly-Clark newsprint considenng Corp. ONP plant
Dublin Southeast Paper newsprint new machine Manufadunng Co.
Macon Macon Kraft Inc. unbleached 115,000 (Pratt Holdings Ltd.) kraft linerboard SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study
Exhibit 2. (Continued) Savannah Union Camp Corp. unbleached N.A. kraft paperboard and paper Kentucky Maysville Temple Inland Inc. recycled 240.000 linerboard Owensboro Scott Paper Co. tissue N.A.
South Carolina Gaflney Recycling Systems recycled 100,000 paperboard
Tehnessee Calhoun Bowater, Inc. newsprint 125-130,000 deiftking plant'
Loudon Kimberly-Clark tissue 20,000 Corp.
Memphis Ponderosa fibers deinked 50,000 of America Inc. market pulp
Vlrginia Ashland Bear Island Paper Co. newsprint 50,000 deinking plant'
RiVeNllle Virginia Fiber Corp. recycled 130,000 linerboard
West Point Chesapeake Cop./ deinked pulp 60,000 DeNovo Cop.
'Plants announcing expansion lor newsprint production at a deinking tacillty will likely also consume OMG or other glossy paper. Sources: m,American Paper Instltute, Inc., 1990. w,Vol. 4, No. 11, June 2, 1992.
printed on unbleached, IKM UmM,looX plmum & PWEr SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study
Exhibit 3. Paper Directories and Handbooks
1. Developing the Markets for Recycling the Components of Residential Mixed Paper Environmental Defense Fund 257 Park Avenue South New York, NY 10010 300 page report available for $25. postage and handling included.
11. The Greenpeace Guide to Paper by Renate Kroesa Greenpeace USA 4649 Sunnyside Avenue, N Seattle, WA 98103 (416) 632-4326 January 1990 Technical guide covering pulp production, bleaching and organochlorines. pulp to paper, disposables and recycling, and the environmentally friendly paper consumer.
111. The Paper Stock Report McEntee Media Corp. 13727 Holland Road Cleveland, Ohio 441 42-3920 (216) 362-7979 Fax: (216) 362-4623 Subscription rates are $99.00/year, $90.00 pre-paid for 52 issues a year. The weekly newsletter covers paper recycling markets.
IV. PaperMatcher: A Directory of Paper Recycling Resources American Paper Institute, Inc. 1250 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 210 Washington, DC 20036 (800) 878-8878 Includes directories of paper and paperboard mills consuming waste paper. directory of US waste paper dealers, and a directory of US recycling centers.
V. TheR-Word North Carolina Recycling Association (NCRA) P.O. Box 25368 7330 Chapel Hill Road, Suite 207 Raleigh, NC 2761 1-5386 (919) 851-8444 This publication is a good source of information regarding local projects, reports, and other networking sources, The newsletter is published quarterly and is available to members. Individual member dues are $30.00/yea.r.
pnnredonunbleeohed. nondenrked, foosLposfavrrumer~PVr SunShares' MidPaper Waste stud^
Exhibit 3. (Continued) .. VI. Recycled Paper Handbook .. (second edition of handbook to be released in February) Center for Earth Resources Management Applications. Inc. (CERMA) . 5528 Hempste.d Way Springfield. VA 22151 (703) 642-1 120 Ext. 1 16 Cost $25.00. Gives account of US paper recycling efforts.
VII. Wfistewetcher Southeast Waste Exchange The University of North Carolina at Charlotte Urban institute . ..
Charlotte, NC..28223 . ' (704) 547-2307 F~x(704) 547-3178 'bstfor one year subkription .is $25.00. It isa bi-monthly catalog which lists generitors of by-products .and surplus materials and lists groups that desire various materials.
VIII., YPPA Recyclingoirectory: EAuser oata.e-: mose'compnies that awept outdated directorlei for mycling - Yellow Pages Publishers Association (YPPA) 340 E. Big Beaver Road. 5th Floor Troy, Michigan 48083 (313)SsO-8eaO~ FAX.(313)680-1251 National listing of markets and brokers who accept phone books for reCyCllng. SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study Exhibit 4. Summary of Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Prodecure (TCLP) Analysis
Grab samples of SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste (MPW)/sludgemmpost were taken on October 1, 1991 Results are I" one set 01 tests on each sample. There IS a IC% error facmr on weighted samples based on demon ltmits in water
'All compos1 samples were retested tor heXaChlorobenzene~1 januq 27.1992 and tound m be behdetectable limits. less man 0 532 mg/L.
SmIple A is 76/24% MPW to sludge Sample E is 33/66% MPW to sludge sample C ts WSO% MPW to sludge
pnnted on unbleached, non dernked. 1W% pact rmJuW recycled paper SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste Study
Exhibit 5a. Summary of Nutrient Analysis
Yo Solids 62.84% 67.72% 67.71 % 1 .o pH 8.299 units 7.81 8 units 8.096 units 0.1 units
Exhibit 5.b. Summary of Total Metals Analysis
Constituent CompostA Compost6 CompostC Least Detection Limits
Grab samples of SunShares' Mixed Paper Waste (MPW)/sludge compost were taken on October I,1991. ResuRs are from one set of tests on each sample. There is a 10% error factor on weighted samples based on detection limits in water.
Sample A is 76424% MPW to sludge. Sample B is 33/66% MPW to sludge. Sample C 50/50% MPW lo sludge.
SunShargs' Mixed Paper Study
Exhibit 7. Summary of Gross Calorific Values (GCV) of Mixed Paper Waste
Types of Paper Range Mean lJ?ulbJ 0 Newspaper (ONP) 7297 - 7803 7540 Cardboard (OCC) 6867 - 6951 6907 Krafl Paper 6767 - 7074 6897 Beverage and Milk Boxes 6479 - 71 47 6855 Boxboard 6666 - 6782 6703 Tissue Paper 61 66 - 6698 651 8 Colored Office Paper 6195 - 6517 6348 White Office Paper 61 10 - 6250 6234 Envelope Paper 6024 - 6350 6160 Treated Paper (No Carbon Required) 5622 - 6380 5983 Glossy Paper 5228 - 5479 5370 Mixed Paper Waste (MPW) 6002 - 6682 6447 Source: Energy Recovery from Mixed Paper Waste, Aysen UCUnCU, 1991, P. IV.
Exhibit 8. Comparison of Gross Calorific Values (GCV) for Different Fuel Types
Fuel Type Average GCV (Btu/lb.) .. Wood 4,000 - 9,000 Mixed Paper Waste 6.602 - 6,682 Brown Coal 5,000 - 9,000 Peat 7,000 - 10,000 Anthracite Coal 11,500 - 15,000 Bituminous Coal 12,000 - 15,500 Fuel Oil 17,000 - 21,000 Natural Gas 19,000 - 23,000 Source: Ucuncu, 1991, p. 56.