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Insights IAS | InsightsonIndia SERIES – 9 : EXPLAINATIONS (Days 33-36) 1. Which of the following statement is/are NOT correct ? 1. Karachi session is memorable for its resolution on Fundamental Rights and National PRELIMINARY REVISION CIVIL EXAM SERVICES INSIGHTS IAS TESTS FOR UPSC Economic Programme. 2. The Communal Award 1932, provided for a separate electorate only for the depressed classes. Select the correct answer using the codes below. a) Only 1 b) Only 2 c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 Solution: b Justification: Karachi session 1931 It was held to endorse the Gandhi-Irwin or Delhi Pact Reiterated the goal of Poorna Swaraj Resolution on Fundamental Rights and the National Economic Programme (Hence statement 1 is correct) Background Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru had been executed six days earlier. Even though – Gandhiji had made every attempt to save their lives, there was anger among the people, 2018 especially the youth, as to why he had not refused to sign the Pact on this question. All along Gandhiji’s route to Karachi he was greeted with black flag demonstrations. The Congress passed a resolution drafted by Gandhiji by which it, ‘while dissociating itself from and disapproving of political violence in any shape or form,’ admired ‘the bravery and sacrifice’ of the three martyrs. Communal Award, 1932 expression of ‘Divide and Rule’ policy of British Award allotted to each minority a number of seats in the legislatures to be elected on the basis of a separate electorate that is Muslims would be elected only by Muslims and Sikhs only by Sikhs, and so on. Muslims, Sikhs and Christians had already been treated as www.insightsias.com 1 www.insightsonindia.com Insights IAS | InsightsonIndia minorities. The Award declared the Depressed Classes (Scheduled Castes of today) also to be a minority community entitled to separate electorate and thus separated them from the rest of the Hindus. (Hence statement 2 is incorrect) PRELIMINARY REVISION CIVIL EXAM SERVICES INSIGHTS IAS TESTS FOR UPSC Source: Bipan Chandra 2. Which of the following was/were factor/s responsible for the rise of Socialism in India ? 1. Russian Revolution of 1917 2. Disappointment with the Non-cooperation Movement 3. Economic Depression of 1929. Select the correct answer using the codes below. a) Only 1 b) Only 2 c) Only 1 and 3 d) 1, 2 and 3 Solution: d Justification: The impact of the Russian Revolution It overthrew the despotic Czarist regime and declared the formation of the first socialist state. The new Soviet regime unilaterally renounced its imperialist rights in China and other parts of Asia. – It showed if the common people — the workers and peasants and the intelligentsia — could 2018 unite and overthrow the mighty Czarist empire and establish a social order where there was no exploitation of one human being by another, then the Indian people battling against British imperialism could also do so. Socialist doctrines, especially Marxism, the guiding theory of the Bolshevik Party, acquired a sudden attraction, especially for the people of Asia. Socialist ideas became even more popular during the 1930s as the world was engulfed by the great economic depression. Unemployment soared all over the capitalist world. The world depression brought the capitalist system into disrepute and drew attention towards Marxism and socialism. www.insightsias.com 2 www.insightsonindia.com Insights IAS | InsightsonIndia Impact on India Socialist ideas now began to spread rapidly especially because many young persons who had participated actively in the Non- Cooperation Movement were unhappy with its outcome and were dissatisfied with Gandhian policies and ideas as well as the alternative Swarajist Several socialist and communist groups came into existence all over the country. In PRELIMINARY REVISION CIVIL EXAM SERVICES INSIGHTS IAS TESTS FOR UPSC Bombay, S.A. Dange published a pamphlet Gandhi and Lenin and started the first socialist weekly, The Socialist; Bengal, Muzaffar Ahmed brought out Navayug and later founded the Langal in cooperation with the poet NazruI Islam Punjab, Ghulam Hussain and others published Inquilab; Madras, M. Singaravelu founded the Labour-Kisan Gazette. Student and youth associations were organized all over the country from 1927 onwards. Hundreds of youth conferences were organized all over the country during 1928 and 1929 with speakers advocating radical solutions for the political, economic and social ills from which the country was suffering. Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Bose toured the country attacking imperialism, capitalism, and landlordism and preaching the ideology of socialism. The Revolutionary Terrorists led by Chandrasekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh also turned to socialism. Trade union and peasant movements grew rapidly throughout the 1920s. Within the Congress the left-wing tendency found reflection in the election of Jawaharlal Nehru as president for 1936 and 1937 and of Subhas Bose for 1938 and 1939 and in the formation of the Congress Socialist Party. (Hence option d is correct) Source: Bipan Chandra 3. Which of the following statements is NOT correct with respect to Government of India Act 1935? a) It proposed for the establishment of an All India Federation b) Representatives of the states to the federal legislature were to be directly elected by – the people. 2018 c) It provided for the system of Provincial Autonomy d) Governors appointed by the British Government retained special powers Solution: b www.insightsias.com 3 www.insightsonindia.com Insights IAS | InsightsonIndia Justification: Government of India Act of 1935 Act provided for the establishment of an All-India Federation to be based on the union of the British Indian provinces and Princely States. The representatives of the States to the federal PRELIMINARY REVISION CIVIL EXAM SERVICES INSIGHTS IAS TESTS FOR UPSC legislature were to be appointed directly by the Princes who were to be used to check and counter the nationalists. The franchise was limited to about one-sixth of the adults. Defence and foreign affairs would remain outside the control of the federal legislature, while the Viceroy would retain special control over other subjects. The provinces were to be governed under a new system based on provincial autonomy under which elected ministers controlled all provincial departments. Once again, the Governors, appointed by the British Government, retained special powers. They could veto legislative and administrative measures, especially those concerning minorities, the rights of civil servants, law and order and British business interests. (Hence option b is correct) Source: Bipan Chandra 4. Which of the following was NOT undertaken under the Congress Rule in 1937? a) All emergency powers acquired by the provincial governments were repealed b) Bans on illegal political organizations like Hindustan Seva Dal were removed c) The ban on communist party was not removed d) It attempted a complete overhaul of the agrarian structure Solution: d – Justification: 2018 The commitment of the Congress to the defence and extension of civil liberties was as old as the Congress itself, and it is hardly surprising, therefore, that the Congress Ministries registered major achievements in this sphere. All emergency powers acquired by the provincial governments during 1932, through Public Safety Acts and the like, were repealed bans on illegal political organizations such as the Hindustan Seva Dal and Youth Leagues and on political books and journals were lifted. Though the ban on the Communist Party remained, since it was imposed by the Central Government and could only be lifted on its www.insightsias.com 4 www.insightsonindia.com Insights IAS | InsightsonIndia orders, the Communists could in effect now function freely and openly in the Congress provinces. All restrictions on the press were removed. Securities taken from newspapers and presses were refunded and pending prosecutions were withdrawn. The blacklisting of newspapers for purposes of government advertising was given up. INSIGHTS IAS REVISION TESTS FOR UPSC CIVIL SERVICES PRELIMINARY REVISION CIVIL EXAM SERVICES INSIGHTS IAS TESTS FOR UPSC Confiscated arms were returned and forfeited arms licenses were restored. The Congress could not attempt a complete overhaul of the agrarian structure by completely eliminating the zamindari system. This, for following reasons According to the constitutional structure of the 1935 Act, the provincial Ministries did not have enough powers to do so. They also suffered from an extreme lack of financial resources, for the lion’s share of India’s revenues was appropriated by the Government of India. The Congress Ministries could also not touch the existing administrative structure, whose sanctity was guarded by the Viceroy’s and Governor’s powers. What is more important, the strategy of class adjustment also forbade it. A multi-class movement could develop only by balancing or adjusting various, mutually clashing class interests. (Hence option d is correct) Source: Bipan Chandra 5. The peasant movements in the 1930s and 1940 s were influenced by ? 1. Great Depression of 1929 2. Civil Disobedience Movement 3. Formation of Congress Socialist Party – Select the correct answer using the codes below. 2018 a) Only 1 b) Only 1 and 2 c) Only 1 and 3 d) 1, 2 and 3 Solution: d www.insightsias.com 5 www.insightsonindia.com Insights IAS | InsightsonIndia Justification: The 1930s bore witness to a new and nation-wide awakening of Indian peasants to their own strength and capacity to organize for the betterment of their living conditions. This awakening was largely a result of the combination of particular economic and political developments. PRELIMINARY REVISION CIVIL EXAM SERVICES INSIGHTS IAS TESTS FOR UPSC The great Depression that began to hit India from 1929-30 new phase of mass struggle launched by the Indian National Congress in 1930. Effect of depression It brought agricultural prices crashing down to half or less of their normal levels dealt a severe blow to the already impoverished peasants burdened with high taxes and rents.