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Serbische Vergangenheitsaufarbeitung Daniela Mehler Serbische Vergangenheitsaufarbeitung 2015-08-14 09-32-58 --- Projekt: transcript.titeleien / Dokument: FAX ID 0335405936593978|(S. 1- 4) TIT2850.p 405936593980 Daniela Mehler arbeitet als Referentin in der Präsidialabteilung der Goethe-Uni- versität Frankfurt am Main. 2015-08-14 09-32-58 --- Projekt: transcript.titeleien / Dokument: FAX ID 0335405936593978|(S. 1- 4) TIT2850.p 405936593980 Daniela Mehler Serbische Vergangenheitsaufarbeitung Normwandel und Deutungskämpfe im Umgang mit Kriegsverbrechen, 1991-2012 2015-08-14 09-32-58 --- Projekt: transcript.titeleien / Dokument: FAX ID 0335405936593978|(S. 1- 4) TIT2850.p 405936593980 Zugl.: Jena, Univ., Diss., 2013 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deut- schen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. © 2015 transcript Verlag, Bielefeld Die Verwertung der Texte und Bilder ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages ur- heberrechtswidrig und strafbar. Das gilt auch für Vervielfältigungen, Überset- zungen, Mikroverfilmungen und für die Verarbeitung mit elektronischen Sys- temen. Umschlagkonzept: Kordula Röckenhaus, Bielefeld Umschlagabbildung: Ausgesondertes Polizeifahrzeug in Belgrad, 2007 (Daniela Mehler) Lektorat & Satz: Jan Wenke, Leipzig Printed in Germany Print-ISBN 978-3-8376-2850-0 PDF-ISBN 978-3-8394-2850-4 Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier mit chlorfrei gebleichtem Zellstoff. Besuchen Sie uns im Internet: http://www.transcript-verlag.de Bitte fordern Sie unser Gesamtverzeichnis und andere Broschüren an unter: [email protected] 2015-08-14 09-32-58 --- Projekt: transcript.titeleien / Dokument: FAX ID 0335405936593978|(S. 1- 4) TIT2850.p 405936593980 Inhalt Abkürzungsverzeichnis | 7 Danksagung | 9 1. Einleitung | 11 1.1 Forschungsstand, Leerstellen, Innovationen | 13 1.2 Theoretische Einbettung | 21 1.3 Vergangenheitsaufarbeitung | 32 1.4 Analyseschritte und Operationalisierung | 41 1.5 Material | 44 2. Erfahrungsbasierte Vorstellungen des Umgangs mit Kriegsverbrechen | 49 2.1 Der internationale Umgang mit Kriegsverbrechen | 49 2.2 Der Umgang mit Kriegsverbrechen in Jugoslawien | 61 2.3 Aufarbeitung ≠ Aufarbeitung | 79 3. Vergangenheitsaufarbeitung in Jugoslawien und Serbien 1991-2012 | 83 3.1 Die Aufarbeitung von Kriegsverbrechen im Milošević-Regime | 85 3.2 Die Aufarbeitung von Kriegsverbrechen im demokratischen Serbien | 153 3.3 Normativer Wandel: Normübernahme? | 242 4. Srebrenica erinnern: Narrative und Normen | 251 4.1 Internationale Deklarationen und Deutungsfestschreibungen 1995-2009 | 253 4.2 Deklarationen serbischer Akteure 2005-2010 | 272 4.3 Lexikometrische Analyse des Normwandels in Serbien | 289 4.4 Eine Wahrheit? | 297 5. Fazit | 303 Literatur / Quellen | 313 Verwendetes Diktionär | 357 Serbische Auslieferungen an das ICTY | 359 Abkürzungsverzeichnis AVNOJ Antifašističko veće narodnog oslobođenja Jugoslavije, Antifaschisti- scher Rat der Volksbefreiung Jugoslawiens BdK Bund der Kommunisten BIA Bezbednosno-informativna agencija, Sicherheitsinformationsdienst, Geheimdienst der Republik Serbien seit 2002 CG Crna Gora, Länderkennung für Montenegro DHSS Demohrišćanska Stranka Srbije, Christdemokratische Partei Serbiens DKZ Državna komisija za utvrđivanje zločina okupatora i njegovih poma- gača, Staatliche Kommission zur Feststellung von Verbrechen der Ok- kupanten und ihrer Helfer DOS Demokratska Opozicija Srbija, Demokratische Opposition Serbiens, Oppositionsbündnis aus 18 Parteien, bestehend 2000-2003 DS Demokratska Stranka, Demokratische Partei DSS Demokratska Stranka Srbije, Demokratische Partei Serbiens EU European Union, Europäische Union EULEX European Union Rule of Law Mission Kosovo, Rechtsstaatlichkeits- mission der Europäischen Union im Kosovo GSS Građanski savez Srbije, Bürgerbund Serbiens HR Hrvatska, Länderkennung für Kroatien ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Re- sponsible for Serious Violations of International Humantiarian Law Committed on the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, Internationaler Strafgerichtshof für das ehemalige Jugoslawien JNA Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija, Jugoslawische Volksarmee JS Jedinstvena Srbija, Einiges Serbien KNOJ Korpus Narodne Odbrane Jugoslavije, Korpus der Volksverteidigung Jugoslawiens LDP Liberalno-demokratska Partija, Liberaldemokratische Partei 8 | SERBISCHE VERGANGENHEITSAUFARBEITUNG LSV Liga Socijaldemokrata Vojvodine, Liga der Sozialdemokraten der Vojvodina NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation des Nordatlantik- vertrags bzw. Atlantisches Bündnis NDH Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, Unabhängiger Staat Kroatien NGO non-governmental organization, Nichtregierungsorganisation NIOD Nederlands Instituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie, Niederländisches In- stitut für Kriegsdokumentation NS Nova Srbija, Neues Serbien OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Organi- sation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung OSZE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Organisation für Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit OZNA Organ Zaštite Naroda, Organ des Volksschutzes PUPS Partija ujedinjenih penzionera Srbije, Partei der vereinigten Pensio- näre Serbiens SDA Stranka Demokratske Akcije, Partei der Demokratischen Aktion SDP Socijaldemokratska Partija, Sozialdemokratische Partei SDU Socijaldemokratska unija, Sozialdemokratische Union SFRJ Socijalistička federativna republika Jugoslavija, Sozialistisch-föde- rative Republik Jugoslawien SLO Slovenija, Länderkennung für Slowenien SNS Srpska Napredna Stranka, Serbische Fortschrittspartei SPO Srpski Pokret Obnove, Serbische Erneuerungsbewegung SPS Socijalistička Partija Srbije, Sozialistische Partei Serbiens SRB Srbija, Länderkennung für Serbien SRJ Savezne Republike Jugoslavije, Bundesrepublik Jugoslawien SRS Srpska Radikalna Stranka, Serbische Radikale Partei SVM Savez vojvođanskih Mađara, Bund der Ungarn der Vojvodina UÇK Ushtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës, Befreiungsarmee des Kosovo UN United Nations, Vereinte Nationen URS Ujedinjeni Regioni Srbije, Vereinigte Regionen Serbiens Danksagung Der Prozess zu diesem Buch war von vielen Menschen und Begegnungen ge- prägt. Für die fachliche und persönliche Begleitung auf dem Weg zum Gegen- stand danke ich Aleksandar Jakir, Antonija Petričušić, Bosiljka Schedlich sowie Josefina Bajer und Aleksandra Vedernjak, die mich zur Auseinandersetzung mit den Kriegsvergangenheiten ermutigten. Die Reflexion vieler Eindrücke unter- stützten Jörn Leonard und Joachim von Puttkamer in einem wissenschaftlichen Kolleg der Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes sowie daraus enstehend die langjährige Zusammenarbeit mit Gregor Feindt, Félix Krawatzek, Friedemann Pestel und Rieke Trimçev. Grundlegend für meine Feldforschungen in Serbien war es, meine Sprach- kompetenz mit Hilfe der hervorragenden Vorbereitung von Milica Sabo, Željana Tunić und Biljana Milošević zu erhöhen. Mein Forschungsvorhaben und die Drucklegung wurden durch das DFG-geförderte Graduiertenkolleg »Kulturelle Orientierungen und gesellschaftliche Ordnungsstrukturen in Südosteuropa« unterstützt, das mir eine ideale Infrastruktur, ein regionalspezifisches Diskus- sionsforum sowie die nötigen Freiräume bereitstellte. Meine beiden Betreuer Olaf Leiße und Thorsten Bonacker unterstützten mich herzlich und pragmatisch. Während meiner Feldforschungsphasen in Belgrad und Novi Sad begleiteten mich Milica Despotov, Marijana Simu, Iva Kolundžija, Bojan Čimbaljević, Snežana Ilić, Dragan Šljivić, Ksenija Petrović, Elizabeth Salmore, Amrei Wal- kenhorst, Johannes Rüger, Nora Hasani und Florijana Trpeva liebevoll. Ein be- sonderer Dank gilt Velimir Čurgus Kazimir, der den Zugang zur digitalen Datenbank von Ebart Consulting ermöglichte. Nicht vergessen seien die Korrekturleser Jan-Niklas und Anja Mehler, Frank Würzbach, Gösta Neumann, André John, Christian Reumschüssel, Johannes Rü- ger, Stefanie Wittich und die aufmerksamen Augen von Jan Wenke. Für Halt und Zuspruch bei jeglichen Berg- und Talfahrten danke ich Hanns Schneider und insbesondere meinem Mann Stefan Würzbach. 1. Einleitung Sramota mi je, dakle postojim. [Ich schäme mich, also bin ich.]1 Bei einem Spaziergang durch die serbische Hauptstadt Belgrad stolperte ich im September 2011 über dieses Graffito, das sich augenscheinlich an das Postulat ego cogito, ergo sum von René Descartes anlehnt. Diese Analogie verblüffte mich: Während Descartes nach den radikalen Zweifeln an der Erkenntnisfähig- keit aus dem Denken seine Existenzberechtigung ableitete, begründete das Graf- fito die Existenz mit Scham. Kann Scham der Grund für Existenz sein? Wird schämen hier mit erkennen gleichgesetzt? Was sagt das über die Person, die sich so beschreibt? Oder ist das keine Selbstbeschreibung und damit Identitätsres- source, sondern eine Rechtfertigung für die eigene Existenz gegenüber anderen? Der Bezug auf den Umgang der serbischen Politik und Gesellschaft mit den während der Jugoslawienkriege »im Namen der Serben« begangenen Kriegsver- brechen schien mir offensichtlich. Die Verbindung zwischen Scham und Legitimität ist ein zentrales Motiv ser- bischer Außenpolitik. Im April 2013 formulierte der serbische Präsident Tomis- lav Nikolić in einem Interview mit einem bosnischen TV-Sender: »Ich knie und suche um Vergebung für Serbien für das Verbrechen, das in Srebrenica began- gen wurde.«2 Sowohl diese Äußerung als auch das Graffito illustrieren die zu- grundeliegende Prämisse dieses Buchs: In der gegenwärtigen
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