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World Bank Document Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Research Observer EDITOR Shantayanan Devarajan, World Rank CO-EDITOR Gershon Feder. World Hank EDITORIAL BOARD Susan Collins, Georgetown University Angus Deaton. Princeton University Harry Eichengreen, llniversity of California-Berkeley Emmanuel jimenez. World Bank Henno Ndulu. World Rank Howard Pack. lfniversity of Pennsylvania 1,uis Serven. World Bank Sudhir Shetty. World Rank Michael Walton, World Rank TIMJIlior-ld Brrrrk Ke~sc~nrrlrOl~sc~rvrr- is intended for anyone who has a professional interest in development. Ohsrl-vrr articles are written to be accessible to nonspecialist readers: con- tributors examine ley issues in development economics. survey the literature and the lat- est World Bank research, and debate issues of development policy. Articles are rcvicwed by an editorial board drawn from across the Hank and the international community of econo- mists. Inconsistency with Bank policy is not grounds for rejection. The journal welcomes editorial comments and responses, which will be considered for pub- lication to the extent that space permits. On occasion the Obsc~rvc~rconsiders unsolicited contributions. Any reader interested in preparing such an article is invited to submit a proposal of not more than two pages to the Editor. Please direct all editorial correspon- dence tothe Editor, Tl~cjWorld Rrrilk Rrscrrrrlr Ohsc~rvrr,18 18 H Street. NW, Washington, DC 2043 3. LISA. The views and interpretations expressed in this journal are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views and policies of the World Rank or of its Executive Directors - or thc countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequences of their use. When maps are used, the boundaries, denominations, and other information do not imply on the part of the World Rank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. For more information, please visit the Web sites of the Research Observer at www.wbro.oxfordjournals.org, the World Bank at www.worldbank.org, and Oxford University Press at www.oxfordjournals.org. Research Observer Volume 22 Number 1 Spring 2007 What Works in Fighting Diarrheal Diseases in Developing Countries? A Critical Review Alix Peterson Zwane and Michael Kremer Addressing Gender-Based Violence: A Critical Review of Interventions Andrew Morrison, Mary Ellsberg, and Sarah Bott From Government to Regulatory Governance: Privatization and the Residual Role of the State Bernardo Bortolotti and Enrico Perotti Financial Development: Maturing and Emerging Policy Issues Augusto de la Torre, Juan Carlos Gozzi, and Sergio L. Schmukler The Growing Relationship Between China and Sub-Saharan Africa: Macroeconomic, Trade, Investment, and Aid Links Ali Zafar Subscriptions A subscription to The World Brmk Restvurch Obsrrver (ISSN 0257-3032) comprises 2 issues. Prices include postage; for subscribers outside the Americas. issues are sent air freight. 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Subscriptions are accepted and entered on a complete volume basis. Claims cannot be considered more than four months after publication or date of order, whichever is later. All subscriptions in Canada are subject to GST. Subscriptions in the EU may be subject to European VAT [[registered. please supply details to avoid unnecessary charges. For subscriptions that include online versions, a proportion ol the subscription price may be subject to UK VAT. Personal rates are applicable only when a subscription is for individual use and are not available if delivery is made to a corporate address. Back issues: The current year and two previous years' issues are available from Oxford IJniversity Press. Previous volumes can be obtained from the Periodicals Service Company. 11 Main Street. Germantown, NY 12526, USA. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: (518) 5 37-4700. Fax: (518) 537-5899. Contact information: Journals Customer Service Department. Oxford University Press. Great Clarendon Sh-eet. 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Communications regarding original articles and editorial management should be addressed to The Editor. The World Bank Research Obsrrver. The World Bank. 181 8 H Street. NW, Washington, D.C. 20433. USA. Permissions: For information on how to request permissions to reproduce articles or information from this journal. please visit www.oxfordjournals.org/jnls/permissions. Advertising: Inquiries about advertising should be sent to Helen Pearson, Oxford Journals Advertising. PO Box 347. Abingdon OX14 lGJ, UK. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: f44 (0)1235 201904. Fax: +44 (0)8704 296864. Disclaimer: Statements of Fdct and opinion in the articles in The World Brtnk Research Observer are those of the respective authors and contributors and not ol the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/~lie WORLD BANK or Oxford University Press. Neither Oxford IJniversity Press nor the International Bank for Reconstruction and L)evelopment/r~t.wt1~1.1) HANK make any representation, express or implied, in respect of the accu- racy of the material in this journal and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. The reader should make her or his own evaluation as to the appropriateness or otherwise of any experimental technique described. Paper used: The World Bank Rcsrarch Observer is printed on acid-free paper that meets the minimum requirements of ANSI Standard Z39.48-1984 (Permanence of Paper). Indexing and abstracting: Thr World Bank Research Observer is indexed and/or abstracted by ABI/INFORM.(.AH Abstracts. Current Cor~ter~tslSocialand Hehavioral Scierlcrs. Journal of Economic Literrct~rrc,lEconLit,PAlS International, HePEc (Resec~r~.!~in Ecorlornlc Papers), Social Services Citntion Index, and Wilson Business Ahstrncts. Copyright (; The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/~lik?IVORUI RANK All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system. or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior written permis- sion of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying issued in the IJK by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd. 90 Tottenham Court Road. London W1P 9HE. or in the USA by the Copyright Clearance Center. 222 Rosewood Drive. Danvers, MA 0192 3. What Works in Fighting Diarrheal Diseases in Developing Countries? A Critical Review Alix Peterson Zwane Michael Krerner The Millennium Developlnent Goals call for reducing by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water: This goal was adoptrd in large part because clean water was seen as critical to fighting diarrheal diseasr, which kills 2 million children annually. There is compelling rvidence that provision of piped water and sanitation can substantially reducr child mortality. However, in dispersed rural srttle- ments, providing complete piped water and sanitation infrastructure to households is rxpensive. Many poor countries have thereforr focused instead on providing community- level water infrastructure, such as wells. Various traditional child health interventions have been shown to be effective in fighting diarrhea. Among environmental interven- tions. handwashing and point-of-use water treatlnent both reduce diarrhea, although more needs to be learned about ways to encouragr households to take up these hrllavior changes. In contrast, there is little evidence that
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