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FAO: Its Origin, Formation and Evolution 1945-1981

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FAO: Its Origin, Formation and Evolution 1945-1981 its origins, formation and evolution 1945-1981 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS --,''''' ":1,, , FAO: its origins, formation and evolution 1945-1981 by RALPH W. PHILLIPS FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome 1981 First published 1981 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. © FAO 1981 foreword In July 1935 my wife and I set out from Amherst, Massachusetts, on our first trek to Europe. We sailed out of Montreal on the S.S. Duchess of York, and late in the afternoon of the first day we passed the city of Quebec, which offered us a striking view of the Chateau Frontenac perched on a bluff high above the St. Lawrence River. We had no premonition that, within just over ten years, World War II would have been fought, or that in the aftermath of that war the representatives of many nations would have gathered in the Chateau Frontenac on 16 October 1945 to found the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) Neither did we have any way of knowing that this new Organization would have a pervasive influence on much of the remainder of our lives. During most of 1943 and early 1944 I served for my Government as a consultant on animal breeding in China and India. As I was nearing the end of my assignment a colleague in the United States Embassy in Chungking showed me the one copy the Embassy had received of the Report of the Hot Springs Conference, by which I learned of the impending formation of FAO , and it sparked my interest. Back in Washington, during the summer of 1944, the United Nations Interim Commission on Food and Agriculture was already busy preparing materials for consideration by the Quebec Conference. I was drafted into assisting the Technical Committee on Agriculture, and met with it on many occasions over the next eight or nine months. My experience in China and India had also sparked my interest in the problems of breeding livestock under unfavourable environments, and during 1944-45 I was preparing a manuscript on this subject. The Interim Commission officer who later became FAO's first Director of Information learned of it, and asked if FAO might publish it. Thus it eventually appeared as FAO's Agricultural Study No. 1. Soon thereafter, FAO Director-General Sir John Boyd Orr decided to convene in Copenhagen, in the late summer of 1946, just prior to the Second Session of the FAO Conference, the first session of a Standing Advisory Committee on Agriculture preparatory to the setting up of FAO's Agriculture Division. It was during that Committee session that I was invited to join the FAO staff. So, from those earlier involvements that I have just recounted, did I become inexorably involved in FAO's web. Now, as perhaps the only one remaining in FAO whose experience has covered almost the whole span of the Organization's creation and development, it has seemed appropriate indeed, an obligation to record the key events of those years, for the information of those who have and will come on the FAO scene at later stages. This volume is the result. During all those years that led up to and involved participation in FAO,I was ably and loyally supported by my wife, Mary,, up tothe time of her death on 26 February 1981, so it is to her that this volume is dedicated. RALPH W. PHILLIPS contents Page Foreword Introduction 1 Origins of the Idea 3 Immediate Origins of the FAO Idea 3 A Longer-Term Perspective 6 The Constitutional Expression of the FAO Idea 9 Preamble 9 Functions of the Organization 9 The Founding of FAO 11 The Hot Springs Conference 11 The Interim Commission 13 The Quebec Conference 13 The Member Countries 15 Present Membership 15 Changes in Membership 15 The Governing Bodies 19 The Conference 19 Functions, Sites and Frequency 19 Changes in the Conference 20 The Council 22 Formation and Evolution 23 Independent Chairman 24 The Key Committees Programme Committee 28 Finance Committee 29 Committee on Constitutional and Legal Matters 30 Committee on Commodity Problems 30 Committee on Fisheries 31 Committee on Forestry 31 Page Committee on Agriculture 32 Committee on World Food Security 33 Committee on Food Aid Policies and Programmes 33 Other Statutory Bodies 34 The Leadership 35 The Director-General 35 Sir John Boyd Orr 35 Norris E. Dodd 36 Philip V. Cardon 36 B. R. Sen 38 A. H. Boerma 38 Edouard Saouma 39 The Deputy Director-General 40 Wm. Noble Clark 40 Sir Herbert Broadley 41 F. T. Wahlen 42 Sir Norman C. Wright 43 Oris V. Wells 43 Roy I. Jackson 44 Dr. Ralph W. Phillips 44 The Headquarters and Other Offices 47 The Headquarters 47 Regional and Liaison Offices 50 Europe 51 Near East 52 Asia and the Pacific 53 Latin America 53 North America 54 Africa 55 United Nations 55 Country Offices 56 The Evolution of the Headquarters Organizational Structure 59 1945 through 1950 59 1951 through 1958 61 1959 through 1969 62 1970 through 1981 63 The Present Structure 66 The Evolution of the Programme of Work and Budget 69 Evolution of the Programme of Work 69 1945 through 1950 69 1951 through 1958 71 1959 through 1968 72 1969 through 1974 73 1975 through 1981 75 Evolution of the Budget 77 The Staff 78 Page 11. The Departments, Divisions and Other Major Units 81 Office of the Director-General 81 The Cabinet 81 Office of Programme, Budget and Evaluation 82 Office for Inter-Agency Affairs 84 Legal Office 87 Office of Internal Audit and Inspection 88 Agriculture Department 90 Land and Water Development Division 93 Plant Production and Protection Division 96 Animal Production and Health Division 102 Agricultural Services Division 107 Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Isotope and Radiation Applications of Atomic Energy for Food and Agricultural Development. 111 Research Development Centre 113 Agricultural Operations Division 114 Economic and Social Policy Department 116 Policy Analysis Division 119 Commodities and Trade Division 120 Statistics Division 122 Food Policy and Nutrition Division 125 Human Resources, Institutions and Agrarian Reform Division. 128 Fisheries Department 133 Fishery Policy and Planning Division 135 Fishery Resources and Environment Division 136 Fishery Industries Division 138 Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Service 139 Operations Service 140 Forestry Department 140 Forest Resources Division 143 Forest Industries Division 145 Policy and Planning Service 146 Operations Service 147 Development Department 148 Field Programme Development Division 151 Investment Centre 152 Freedom from Hunger Campaign/Action for Development 153 Department of General Affairs and Information 154 Conference, Council and Protocol Affairs Division 156 Information Division 158 Publications Division 159 Library and Documentation Systems Division 160 Administration and Finance Department 162 Financial Services Division 163 Management Services Division 164 Personnel Division 165 Administrative Services Division 167 Page The UN/FAO World Food Programme 169 Committee on Food Aid Policies and Programmes 173 Structure 174 Office of the Executive Director 174 Project Management Division 175 Resources Management Division 177 Division of External Relations and General Services 177 Relations with Other Organizations 181 United Nations System 181 Other Intergovernmental Organizations 184 Non-Governmental Organizations 184 The FAO Emblem 185 Conclusion 187 References 189 Abbreviations 191 Index of Countries 193 Index of Names 197 tables Resources Available to FAO for Selected Biennia 78 FAO Staff as of 30 April 1981 79 Resources of the World Food Programme 172 illustrations Frontispiece.FAO Headquarters, Rome, Italy, seen through the Arch of Constantine Commemorative plaque at the Homestead Hotel, Hot Springs, Virginia The Homestead Hotel, Hot Springs, Virginia, site of the 1943 United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture Commemorative plaque at the Chateau Frontenac, Quebec, Canada The Chateau Frontenac, Quebec, Canada, where FAO was founded in 1945 2841 McGill Terrace, N.W., Washington, D.C., seat of the Interim Commission and (for a short period after the Quebec Conference) FAO Headquarters 2000 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C., main FAO Headquarters building, 1946/47 Sir John Boyd Orr, first Director-General of FAO, 1945-1948 Norris E. Dodd, second Director-General of FAO, 1948-1954 Philip V. Cardon, third Director-General of FAO, 1954-1956 B. R. Sen, fourth Director-General of FAO, 1956-1967 A. H. Boerma, fifth Director-General of FAO, 1968-1975 Edouard Saouma, sixth Director-General of FAO, 1976- Wm. Noble Clark, first Deputy Director-General of FAO, 1948 Sir Herbert Broadley, second Deputy Director-General of FAO, 1948-1958 F. T. Wahlen, third Deputy Director-General of FAO, 1958-1959 Sir Norman C. Wright, fourth Deputy Director-General of FAO, 1959-1963 Oris V. Wells, fifth Deputy Director-General of FAO, 1963-1971 Roy I. Jackson, sixth Deputy Director-General of FAO, 1972-1977 Dr. Ralph W. Phillips, seventh Deputy Director-General of FAO, 1978-1981 The Longfellow Building, Connecticut and Rhode Island Avenues, N.W., Washington, D.C., main FAO Headquarters building, 1948-1951 FAO Headquarters, Via delle Terme di Carnalla, Rome, Italy, since 1951 1. introduction On 16 October 1945, 42 countries acted in Quebec, Canada, to create FAO the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. In doingso they took another important step forward in man's perpetual struggle against hunger and malnutrition.
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