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RANSYLVANIAN EVIEW Vol. XXVI T R No. 4 /REVUE DE TRANSYLVANIE Winter 2017 Contents/Sommaire ROMANIAN ACADEMY Chairman: • Paradigms Academician Ionel-Valentin Vlad L’édification d’une carrière ecclésiastique pendant la Première Guerre mondiale: CENTER FOR L’histoire d’un prélat orthodoxe de Transylvanie 3 TRANSYLVANIAN STUDIES Marius Eppel Director: Academician Ioan-Aurel Pop Romania As Reflected in the Acts of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire: From the Outbreak of World War I Until the Conclusion of the Sazonov–Diamandy Agreement 18 Ion Gumenâi Gheorghe Bãgulescu (1890–1963): From the War Diary to the Historical Novel or the Offensive of Literature on the Battlefront of History 30 Rodica Frenþiu • Transsilvanica Die Überschwemmungen des Jahres 1771 in Siebenbürgen: Die Rolle des Zentrums und der Peripherie bei der Bewältigung der Katastrophe 43 Dorin-Ioan Rus Patterns in Family Relationships in 19th Century Transylvania: Data from the Historical Population Database of Transylvania 63 Daniela Mârza The Initiatives of ASTRA Meant to Improve the Lives of the Romanian Peasants in Transylvania (1900–1914) 71 Alexandru Nicolaescu On the cover: Postcard sent on 6 November 1915 Transylvanian Echoes of a European Phenomenon: from Mukačevo (Ukraine) to Cluj, The Vatican and the National-Christian Movements by Lieutenant Béla Móricz, a patient in the mobile army hospital in the Mid–1920s 84 at Uzhgorod (Ukraine). Maria Ghitta The postcard shows Austro-Hungar- ian, German, and Russian soldiers • Tangencies engaged in hand-to-hand combat. The New Interpretations of the Concepts Regarding caption says: “Resounding victory in Galicia: Allied troops storming the Familiars and Possession in Angevin Hungary enemy positions.” during the Early 14th Century 96 Private collection of Balázs Soó-Zöld Mihai Safta (Cluj-Napoca) Gender, Race and Labor in America: Transylvanian Review continues the How One Labor Union Confronted tradition of Revue de Transylvanie, Racial and Gender Conflict during founded by Silviu Dragomir, which the Second World War 106 was published in Cluj and then in Sibiu between 1934 and 1944. Timothy Borden Transylvanian Review is published The Peasant Family in the Urals in the quarterly by the Center for Transylvanian 1920s–1960s: Reconstruction Based Studies and the Romanian Academy. on the Data of Budget Studies 119 EDITORIAL BOARD Lyudmila Mazur CESARE ALZATI, Ph.D. Oleg Gorbachev Facoltà di Scienze della Formazione, Istituto di Storia Moderna e Contemporanea, • Europe Università Cattolica, Milan, Italy The European Union Faced HORST FASSEL, Ph.D. with a New Systemic Challenge 136 Institut für donauschwäbische Geschichte und Landeskunde, Tübingen, Germany Petru Filip KONRAD GÜNDISCH, Ph.D. Bundesinstitut für Kultur und Geschichte • Book Reviews der Deutschen im östlichen Europa, ION CÂRJA, ed., Imperi e nazioni nell’Europa Oldenburg, Germany centro-orientale alla vigilia della Prima Guerra Mondiale HARALD HEPPNER, Ph.D. Institut für Geschichte, Graz, Austria (reviewed by Robert-Marius Mihalache) 149 PAUL E. MICHELSON, Ph.D. IOAN BOLOVAN, RUDOLF GRÄF, HARALD HEPPNER, Huntington University, Indiana, USA and Oana Mihaela TãMaş, eds., World War I— MoMčilo Pavlović, Ph. D. Director of the Institute of Contemporary The Other Face of the War History, Belgrade, Serbia (reviewed by Anamaria Pop) 154 ALEXANDRU ZUB, Ph.D. Academician, honorary director of A. D. ALBERTO BASCIANI, L’illusione della modernità: Xenopol Institute of History, Iaºi, Romania Il Sud-est dell’Europa tra le due guerre mondiali (reviewed by Ion Cârja) 155 EDITORIAL STAFF Ioan-Aurel Pop Daniela Mârza IOAN BOLOVAN, Primul Rãzboi Mondial şi realitãþile Ioan Bolovan Robert-M. Mihalache demografice din Transilvania: Familie, moralitate Raveca Divricean Alexandru Simon Maria Ghitta Florian D. Soporan şi raporturi de gen Rudolf Gräf George State (reviewed by Iuliu-Marius Morariu) 158 Virgil Leon • Contributors 160 Translated by Bogdan Aldea—English Liana Lãpãdatu—French Desktop Publishing Edith Fogarasi Publication indexed and abstracted in the Cosmina Varga Thomson Reuters Social Sciences Citation Index® Correspondence, manuscripts and books and in Arts & Humanities Citation Index®, should be sent to: Transylvanian Review, Centrul de Studii Transilvane and included in EBSCO’s and ELSEVIER’s products. (Center for Transylvanian Studies) 12–14 Mihail Kogãlniceanu St., ISSN 1221-1249 Cluj-Napoca 400084, Romania. All material copyright © 2017 by the Center for Transylvanian Studies and the Printed in Romania by COLOR PRINT Romanian Academy. Reproduction or use 66, 22 Decembrie 1989 St., without written permission is prohibited. Zalãu 450031, Romania [email protected] Tel. (0040)260-660598 www.centruldestudiitransilvane.ro paradigms L’édification d’une carrière ecclésiastique pendant la Première Guerre mondiale L’histoire d’un prélat orthodoxe M A R IUS E PPEL de Transylvanie Méthodologie U’IL S’AGISSE de la relation Dieu- homme, croyant-Église ou Qmême citoyen-État, le clergé a toujours représenté une catégorie socio- professionnelle qui a assumé un statut intermédiaire entre des types différents d’autorité. Ce statut représente une hy- pothèse attirante pour la recherche histo- rique. Et lorsque l’analyse est appliquée à un espace multi-confessionnel et mul- tiethnique comme celui de Transylvanie, les provocations en sont amplifiées. Recherche dans le cadre du projet de finan- cement CNCS-UEFISCDI, numéro de projet PN- VASILE MANGRA (1850–1918) iii-P4-ID-PCE-2016-0661. Des extraits de cet article se retrouvent également dans l’article « A Transylvanian Metropolitan Involved in Marius Eppel War Propaganda: Vasile Mangra in Un- Chercheur au Centre d’Études sur settled Times (1916-1918) » en cours de la Population, Université Babeº-Bolyai publication dans le volume Ana Victoria de Cluj-Napoca. Auteur du vol. Politics Sima et Teodora Mihalache (dir.), Persuading and Church in Transylvania 1875-1918 Minds : Propaganda and Mobilisation in (2012). Transylvania during WWI, Peter Lang, 2017. 4 • TRANSYLVANIAN REVIEW • VOL. XXVI, NO. 4 (WINTER 2017) Pour ce qui est du cas particulier des Roumains de la Monarchie austro-hon- groise, le prêtre a constitué l’une des plus importantes catégories de l’élite1, béné- ficiant du rôle de représentation le plus important dans le cadre de leur propres communautés. Le haut et le moyen clergé s’est érigé en posture du vecteur le plus actif de la vie culturelle, politique et économique de la nation roumaine dans l’empire. À quelques exceptions près, l’historiographie roumaine s’est contentée d’études que l’on peut ranger plutôt dans la catégorie des exercices d’admiration. Ainsi, on a évité un examen critique des personnalités ecclésiastiques analysées. Notamment, la relation de l’élite ecclésiastique avec les facteurs décisionnels de la politique a représenté un chapitre sensible, plus difficile à mettre en cause, puisqu’il nécessitait des compétences acquises dans les domaines des sciences historiques, politiques et théologiques. Une approche interdisciplinaire est vue à présent comme nécessaire et comme une solution pour dépasser les blocages créés par une interprétation restrictive. Ce type de recherche consacrée à l’époque dualiste doit constamment garder à l’esprit que la catégorie socio-culturelle du clergé est soumise aux nombreuses interactions et contraintes par le champ politique. Compte tenu de ces considé- rations, l’activité de ce segment de l’élite suppose des interrogations et des mises en contexte qui dépassent la sphère strictement théologique. Le portrait controversé d’une personnalité ecclésiastique ASILE MANGRA, métropolite de la Transylvanie de 1916 à 1918, reste jusqu’à nos jours une des personnalités ecclésiastiques les plus contro- V versées de Roumanie. Le parcours de ce hiérarque comporte une série de nuances et de ruptures de rythme qui rendent encore plus problématique le portrait de celui qui est devenu le dirigeant ecclésiastique suprême de l’Église orthodoxe pendant les dernières années de la guerre. Dans l’ensemble, le jugement de la postérité ne lui a pas été favorable, étant influencé négativement par son attitude conciliante envers le gouvernement hon- grois et surtout par la relation qu’il a établie avec l’homme politique le plus puis- sant de Budapest, István Tisza. Le fils du premier ministre libéral, Kálmán Tisza, István Tisza avait des vues politiques dans lesquelles se mêlaient des conceptions libérales et conservatrices avec des nuances autoritaires.2 Il considérait que la seule possibilité de consolider la Hongrie sur la scène européenne était de main- tenir en vigueur le compromis de 1867.3 En effet, l’empereur François-Joseph, considérait qu’István Tisza (premier ministre lui aussi de 1903 à 1905 et de 1913 à 1917) était « l’ancre de stabilité » de l’empire.4 PARADIGMS • 5 Dans la disposition établie par l’historiographie roumaine de d’entre-deux- guerres juste après la fin de la première conflagration mondiale, Vasile Mangra a occupé la place inconfortable du traître national.5 Le chœur des détracteurs a été tellement virulent à son égard6, qu’en 1919 le nom de Mangra a été écarté des Diptyques de l’Église orthodoxe, la période pendant laquelle il a été à la tête de la métropole orthodoxe de Transylvanie a été considérée « usurpée », et il a été condamné à une véritable damnatio memoriae par les autorités ecclésiastiques. Tout de même, le dossier a été rouvert après 1990 et réexaminé à partir des posi- tions historiographiques beaucoup moins tendues.7 Cet article est orienté
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