Novos Métodos De Interferometria De Speckle Com Lasers De Impulso

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Novos Métodos De Interferometria De Speckle Com Lasers De Impulso FERNANDO MANUEL FERREIRA DOS SANTOS NOVOS MÉTODOS DE INTERFEROMETRIA DE SPECKLE COM LASERS DE IMPULSO: APLICAÇÃO AO ESTUDO DO COMPORTAMENTO DINÂMICO DE ESTRUTURAS FACULDADE DE ENGENHARIA DA UNIVERSIDADE DO PORTO Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica e Gestão Industrial Porto 2003 ii FACULDADE DE ENGENHARIA DA UNIVERSIDADE DO PORTO Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica e gestão Industrial NOVOS MÉTODOS DE INTERFEROMETRIA DE SPECKLE COM LASERS DE IMPULSO: APLICAÇÃO AO ESTUDO DO COMPORTAMENTO DINÂMICO DE ESTRUTURAS Fernando Manuel Ferreira dos Santos Licenciado em Física pela Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica pela Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto Dissertação submetida para satisfação parcial dos requisitos do grau de Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica Dissertação realizada sob a supervisão do Professor Doutor Mário Augusto Pires Vaz Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto Porto, Junho 2003 iii Resumo Esta dissertação descreve o desenvolvimento de novos métodos de Interferometria de Speckle com lasers de impulso e a sua aplicação ao estudo do comportamento dinâmico de estruturas. Foram desenvolvidas técnicas com aplicação directa em Engenharia Mecânica, principalmente para o estudo de fenómenos transitórios rápidos, como é, por exemplo, o caso da propagação de ondas de tensão devidas a cargas de impacto. A utilização de técnicas pulsadas para estudar fenómenos dinâmicos exige uma grande precisão em termos de sincronismo pelo que foi também objectivo deste trabalho a definição das características da electrónica auxiliar necessária. Pretendeu-se que após a realização do programa de trabalhos fosse possível efectuar registos de dupla-exposição em vídeo com lasers de duplo impulso, quer se utilize um laser de Nd:YAG, quer um laser de Rubi. Paralelamente a este trabalho desenvolveram-se rotinas de aquisição e processamento de imagem compatíveis com o registo através de iluminação com lasers de impulsos. Diferentes técnicas de cálculo de fase com registos de dupla exposição foram aplicadas na medição quantitativa de deslocamentos com técnicas de Interferometria de Speckle. Entre as técnicas desenvolvidas encontram-se métodos de medição de campo de deslocamentos (Holografia- TV) e métodos de medição de campos de gradientes de deslocamento (Shearography). O primeiro método foi aplicado ao estudo da propagação de ondas de tensão criadas através do impacto de um êmbolo numa placa metálica. A análise vibratória de componentes áudio e de um componente de motor de avião foram também realizadas. Foram determinadas as formas modais e amplitudes de vibração de um altifalante Audax e de uma pá de turbina de avião. Este estudo serviu também para validar o código de elementos finito ALGOR utilizado na modelização das formas modais da pá de turbina. Por fim são apresentados os resultados da aplicação destas configurações interferométricas a um problema da indústria automóvel: a análise vibratória do cárter do motor e da panela de escape. A aplicação do método de Shearography a problemas de Controlo Não-Destrutivo foi também um dos objectivos deste trabalho. Vários desenvolvimentos são apresentados no que diz respeito às montagens ópticas (baseadas em interferómetros de Michelson ou de Mach-Zehnder). Por fim demonstra-se a aplicação desta técnica em situações reais do sector aeronáutico: Mirage2000, ATR, Concorde, ... iv Abstract This dissertation describes the development of new speckle interferometric methods to be used with pulsed lasers and its application to the study of structural dynamic behaviour. The developed techniques have straight forward applications in Experimental Mechanics. This is the case of transient phenomena studies, e.g. stress wave propagation due to impact loads. The use of pulsed techniques for the study of dynamic phenomena highlighted several constraints in the way synchronising was done. Thus, another goal of the work was the definition of the auxiliary electronics for a correct time synchronisation. At the end of the work one should be able to record double-exposure video images with pulsed lasers, Nd:YAG or Ruby ones. At the same time image grabbing and image processing algorithms were developed. Several phase calculation techniques were applied to the double-exposure recordings for the quantitative measurement of the displacement field by Speckle Interferometry. Among the developed techniques one find displacement field (TV-Holography) and gradient of displacement field (shearography) measurements. The first one was used on the stress wave propagation study caused by the impact of a piston on a metallic plate. The modal analysis of an audio speaker and an aircraft engine blade were also performed. Here modal shapes and vibration amplitudes were determined and compared with the ones coming from a FEM analysis with the ALGOR code. Finally, some results are presented of TV- Holography configuration applied in the automotive industry for the modal analysis of the gearbox housing and exhaust system of an automobile. The shearography method was applied to non-destructive testing of aeronautics components. Several developments are presented (based on Michelson and Mach-Zehnder interferometers). The results shown were obtained on real inspection environment situations on: Mirage2000, ATR, Concorde, ... v Résumé Cette dissertation décrit le développement de nouveaux méthodes de Interférométrie de Speckle avec des lasers pulsées et leur application à l’étude do comportement dynamique des structures. Des techniques avec des applications directe en Mécanique Expérimentale ont été développés, comme c’est le cas de l’étude de la propagation d’ondes de tension due à excitation par choque. L’utilisation de techniques pulsées pour étudier des phénomènes dynamiques soulève des problèmes de synchronisation qui ont aussi été objet d’étude. A la fin du projet on doit être capable d’enregistrer sous format vidéo des double-impulsions générer par des lasers Nd:YAG ou de Rubis. Parallèlement à ce travail des algorithmes de acquisition et traitement d’images, compatibles avec les registres par impulsions laser, ont été développés. Différentes techniques de calcul de phase avec des registres en double-exposition ont été utilisées pour la mesure quantitative des champs de déplacements par Interférométrie de Speckle. Entre les techniques développés il y-a des méthodes de mesure de champs de déplacement (Holographie-TV) et techniques de mesure du gradient des champs de déplacement (Shearography). La première a été utilisée dans l’étude de la propagation d’une onde de tension crée par le choque d’un piston contre une plaque métallique. L’analyse vibratoire d’un haute-parleur et d’une pale de turbine d’avion ont aussi été realisées. L’étude a permis de déterminer les formes modales et les amplitude de vibration des éléments en essai et aussi valider le code d’Eléments Finis, ALGOR, utilisés dans la modélisation des formes modales de la pale de turbine. Des résultats de l’application de cette technique à l’analyse vibratoire des composants de moteur de voiture (carter et pot d’échappement) sont aussi présentées. L’application de la Shearography à des problèmes de Contrôle Non-Destructifs a, aussi, été un des objectifs de ce travail. Différents développements sont présentés, basés sur les interféromètres de Michelson et Mach- Zehnder. L’utilisation de cette technique en situation d’inspection réelle dans le secteur aéronautique Mirage2000, ATR, Concorde, ...conclue ce travail. vi Agradecimentos Muitas pessoas contribuíram para esta tese e este é o momento de lhes agradecer. Esta tese, transversal em termos de ciências que abarcou (óptica, materiais, electrónica, elementos finitos, CND, ...), necessitou de uma estreita colaboração entre o autor, os colegas do Laboratório de Óptica e Mecânica Experimental e os colegas das diferentes entidades que tiveram uma acção importante no bom desenrolar deste trabalho (Air France, Airbus, Holo3, INESC-N e NDT Expert). Correndo o risco de deixar alguém de lado gostaria de individualizar o apoio recebido. Assim, começo por agradecer ao INEGI e ao Prof. Silva Gomes, a possibilidade que me deram de realizar esta tese enquanto membro do Laboratório de Óptica e Mecânica Experimental. Ao Prof. Mário Vaz, meu orientador, quero agradecer a confiança que me depositou, a disponibilidade demonstrada durante estes anos de trabalho, as frutuosas trocas de opiniões, o encorajamento, os bons conselhos,... Ao meu amigo e colega Jaime Monteiro agradeço-lhe os bons momentos passados no LOME e os bons conselhos na realização das montagens ópticas. A sua total disponibilidade nunca será demais assinalada. Ao Hernâni e ao Jorge quero agradecer a realização dos seus trabalhos de fim de curso, dedicados ao sincronismo electrónico do sistema de aquisição de imagem. Ao Joaquim Carneiro agradeço a disponibilidade demonstrada na modelização por elementos finitos de um componente de motor de avião. Foi um grande privilégio trabalhar no LOME com esta equipa. Aos meus amigos Vítor Costa (coisa fina), Pedro Almeida (Atila), Maxanda Nunes (Inquilina) e Xana Silva (Bjork) quero agradecer-lhes o constante encorajamento durante estes últimos anos, bem como as castenhas, o Mercedes... Graças a eles as viagens ao Porto são frequentes e frutuosas. Mosh! Finalmente, gostaria de aproveitar esta oportunidade para agradecer à minha família o apoio que senti durante estes anos de trabalho. Um apoio que é extensível às decisões pessoais tomadas, que ditaram
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