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Chapter 1 the Meaning of Detente Notes CHAPTER 1 THE MEANING OF DETENTE I. Arthur M. Schlesinger,Jr., 'Detente: an American Perspective', in Detente in Historical Perspective, edited by G. Schwab and H. Friedlander (NY: Ciro Press, 1975) p. 125. From Hamlet, Act III, Scene 2. 2. Gustav Pollak Lecture at Harvard, 14 April 1976; reprinted in James Schlesinger, 'The Evolution of American Policy Towards the Soviet Union', International Security; Summer 1976, vol. I, no. I, pp. 46-7 . 3. Theodore Draper, 'Appeasement and Detente', Commentary, Feb . 1976, vol. 61, no. 8, p. 32. 4. Coral Bell, in her book, TheDiplomacy ofDitente (London: Martin Robertson, 1977), has written an extensive analysis of the triangular relationship but points out that, as of yet, no third side to the triangle - the detente between China and the USSR - exists, p. 5. 5. Seyom Brown, 'A Cooling-Off Period for U.S.-Soviet Relations', Foreign Policy , Fall 1977, no. 28, p. 12. See also 1. Aleksandrov, 'Peking: a Course Aimed at Disrupting International Detente Under Cover of Anti­ Sovietism', Pravda , 14 May 1977- translated in Current DigestofSovietPress . Hereafter, only the Soviet publication will be named. 6. Vladimir Petrov , U.S.-Soviet Detente: Past and Future (Wash ington D.C .: American Enterprise Institute for Publi c Policy Research, 1975) p. 2. 7. N. Kapcheko, 'Socialist Foreign Policy and the Reconstruction of Inter­ national Relations', International Affairs (Moscow), no. 4, Apr . 1975, p. 8. 8. L. Brezhnev, Report ofthe Tioenty-Fiftn Congress ofthe Communist Parry ofthe Soviet Union, 24 Feb. 1976. 9. Marshall Shulman, 'Toward a Western Philosophy of Coexistence',Foreign Affairs, vol. 52, Oct. 1973, p. 36; and Walter Laqueur, 'Detente: Western and Soviet Interpretations', Suroey; vol. 19, Summer 1973, p. 74. 10. See Marshal Sergei Biryuzov (Soviet Chiefof Stafl) , Izoestia, II Dec. 1963. Quoted from Raymond Garthoff, 'Mutual Deterrence, Parity and Strategic Arms Limitation in Soviet Policy', in Derek Leebaert,Soviet MilitaryThinking (London: Allen & Unwin, 1981) pp. 92-4. II. Pravda, 16 Oct. 1974. 12. Fritz Emarth, 'Contrasts in American and Soviet Strategic Thought', in Leebaert, Soviet Military Thinking, p. 58. 13. This American inclination is described in George Kennan, American Diplomacy /900-/950 (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1952) pp. 95-6. 14. Daniel Yergin, Shattered Pea ce (London: Andre Deutsch, 1978) p. 9. IS. Henry Kissinger, White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1979) p.915. 210 Notes topp. 4-19 211 16. Yergin, Shattered Peace , pp. 10-12 . 17. Douglas Scrivner, 'The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe: Implications for Soviet-American Detente', DenverJournal ofInternational Law andPolicy, Spring 1976, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 140-50. 18. Robert McGeehan, 'American Policies and the U.S .-Soviet Relationship', World Today, Sept. 1978, vol. 34, no. 9, p. 349. 19. James Schlesinger in Defending America (N.Y.: Basic Books Inc. Publishers, 1977)p. xii. 20. Paul Seabury, 'Beyond Detente', in Defending America, p. 233. 21. Draper, 'Appeasement and Detente', Commentary, p. 34. 22. John Herz, 'Detente and Appeasement from a Political Scientist's Vantage Point', in Detente in Historical Perspective , p. 26. 23. Edward Kennedy, 'Beyond Detente', Foreign Policy, Fall 1974, no. 16, p. 3. 24. Schlesinger, 'The Evolution ofAmerican Policy Towards the Soviet Union', International Security, pp. 46-7. 25. Harold Nicolson , Diplomacy (London: Thornton Butterworth, 1939) p. 242. 26. Keith Eubank, 'Detente 1919-1939: a Study in Failure', in Detente in Historical Perspective, p. 6. 27. Bell, The Diplomacy ofDitente ; p. 5. 28. JosefKorbel, 'Detente and World Order', DenverJournal ofInternational Law andPolicy, Spring 1976, vol. 6, no. I, p. 13. 29. Schlesinger, 'Detente: an American Perspective', Detente in Historical Perspec­ tive, p. 125. 30. Walter C. Clemens Jr., 'T he Impact of Detente on Chinese and Soviet Communism',JournalofInternationalAffairs, 1974, vol. 28, no. 2, p. 134. 31. Kennedy, 'Beyond Detente', Foreign Policy , p. 6. 32. Detente Hearings, pp. 301-2. 33. Hans Morgenthau, 'Detente: Reality and Illusion', TheWallStreetJournal, 18 July 1974. 34. Detente Hearings, p. 239. 35. Ibid., p. 301. 36. American-Soviet Detente, Peace and National Security, edited by Fred Warner Neal (Santa Barbara, California: Fund for the Republic, Inc., 1976) p. 26. 37. Anatoly A. Gromyko, 'The Future ofSoviet-American Diplomacy', Anllals, July 1974, vol. 414, pp . 27-40. 38. Hedley Bull, 'The Scope for Super-Power Agreements', Arms Control and National Security , vol. I, 1969, p. 2. CHAPTER 2 THE SETTING FOR DETENTE I. Alexis de Tocqueville in Democracy in America , 1835, tr. Henry Reeve (N.Y.: Colonial Press, 1899) vol. I, pp. 441-2. 2. E. H. Carr, TheBolshevik Revolution /9/7-/923, vol. III (London: Macmillan, 1953) pp. 109-13 . 3. Max Beloff, The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia /929-/94/ vol. 1 (London: Oxford University Press, 1947) p. 117. 4. Beloff, The Foreign Policy ofSoviet Russia /929-194/ vol. I, p. 117. 212 Notes topp. 19-32 5. S. Brookhart, New York Times , 17 Nov. 1933. 6. joseph Whelan, 'The United States and Diplomatic Recognition : The Contrasting Cases of Russia and Communist China', The China Quarterly, jan.-Mar. 1961, no. 5, pp. 63-4. 7. Diane Shaver Clemens, Yalta (London: Oxford University Press, 1970) pp.262-3. 8. For the Tripartite Agreement see Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers: the Conferences at Malta and Yalta (Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1955) pp. 968-84. 9. A. W. DePorte, Europe Between theSuperpowers (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979) p. 92. 10. DePorte, Europe Between the Superpowers, pp. 108-12. II. DePorte, Europe Between the Superpowers, p. 123. 12. Sir john Wheeler-Bennett and Anthony Nicholls, The Semblance of Peace (N.Y.: St Martin's Press, 1972) p. 556. 13. Cominform statement regarding expulsion of Yugoslavia, 28 june 1948; Stephen Clissold, ed., Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union (London: Oxford University Press, 1975) pp. 202-7 . 14. DePorte, Europe Between theSuperpowers , p. 121 . 15. Yergin, Shattered Peace, p. 400. 16. Herbert Butterfield, International Conflict in the Twentieth Century (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1960) p. 77. CHAPTER 3 THE 'SPIRIT OF GENEVA' I. j . Robert Oppenheimer, 'Atomic Weapons and American Policy', Foreign Affairs,july 1953, vol. 31, no. 4, p. 529. 2. Quoted in Albert Weeks, The Troubled Detente (N.Y.: New York University Press, 1976) p. 86. 3. Pravda, 25 Apr. 1953. 4. Pravda, IOjuly 1953. 5. For details see Walter Lafeber, America, Russia and the Cold War, 2nd edn . (N.Y.: john Wiley, 1972) pp. 174-5. 6. Lafeber , America, Russia and the Cold War, p. 5. 7. Norman Graebner, TheNewIsolationism (N.Y.: The Ronald Press Co., 1956) p.229. 8. Pravda, II Aug. 1953. 9. Pravda, 4 Dec. 1953. 10. Fontaine, History ofthe Cold War, pp. 64-5. II. Fontaine, History of the Cold War, pp. 66-7. 12. Philippe Devillers and jean Lacouture, End of a War (London: Pall Mall Press, 1969) pp. 104-5. 13. Ibid ., pp. 104-5. 14. For full details see Bernhard Bechhofer, Postwar NegotiationsforArms Control (Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1961); see also Philip Noel-Baker , The Arms Race (London: Atlantic Books, 1958). 15. Anthony Nutting, Disarmament (London: Oxford University Press, 1959) p.IO. Notes to pp. 33-49 213 16. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change, p. 505. 17. Lafeber, America, Russia and the Cold War, pp. 14~50 . 18. Graebner, The New Isolationism, p. 236. 19. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change, p. 508. 20. Richard Rovere, The Eisenhower Years (N.Y.: Farra, Straus & Cudahy, 1956) p.27. 21. Rovere, The Eisenhower Years, pp. 26~ 70. 22. Quoted in Chris/ian Science Monitor, 16July 1955. 23. Alastair Buchan , 'The President's Optimism', Observer, 17July 1955. 24. Ellie Abel, 'Eisenhower Credits Soviets with Earnest Peace Aims', New York Times, 21 July 1955. 25. Quoted in Manchester Guardia", 25July 1955. 26. Walter Lippmann, 'Today and Tomorrow', New York Herald Tribune (Eur. Ed.), 2 Aug. 1955. 27. Sunday Times, 24July 1955. 28. Eisenhower, Public Papers, 1955, p. 725. 29. Rovere, The Eisenhower Years, Letter from Geneva, 27 July 1955, p. 283. 30. Pravda, 20 August 1955. 31. Pravda, 5 August 1955. 32. Quoted in New York Times, 26July 1955. 33. Eisenhower , Public Papers, 1955, no. 76, pp. 731-2 . 34. John C. Campbell, 'Negotiations with the Soviets', Foreign Affairs, January 1956, vol. 34, no. 2, p. 305. 35. Roscoe Drummond, 'Behind Soviet Smiles', New York Herald Tribune (Eur. Ed.), 3 Aug. 1955. 36. Walter Lippmann, New York Herald Tribune, 30 August 1955. 37. Lafeber, America, Russia and the Cold War, p. 186. 38. M. Mikhailov, Izuestia, 17 Nov. 1955. 39. Quoted in 'What Should U.S. Do About Russia?', Foreign PolicyBulletin, 15 July 1956, vol. 35, no. 21, p. 166. 40. Graebner, The New Isolationism, pp. 230-1. 41. Quoted in Lafeber, America, Russia and the Cold War, p. 186. 42. Graebner, The New Isolationism, pp. 230-1. 43. Eisenhower, Public Papers (1956), no. 23, p. 211. 44. Lafeber, America , Russia and the Cold War, pp. 186-7. 45. Bechhoefer, Postwar Negotiations for Arms Control, p. 272. 46. Pravda, 15 Feb. 1956. 47. Khrushchev, 0" Peaceful Coexistence, p. 10;from Lenin's Works, vol. 23, p. 58. 48. Joseph Korbel, Ditente in Europe (Princeton, NewJersey: Princeton Univer­ sity Press, 1972) pp. 15-6. 49. Lafeber, America, Russia andtheCold War, p. 195;from August Campbell, The American Voter (N.Y., 1960) pp. 198-200,526-8. 50. A full discussion of the growth ofsuperpower competition in the Middle East can be found in Chapter 4. 51. Pravda, 6 Nov. 1956. 52. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Waging Peace, 195~1961 (London : Heinemann, (966) p. 90. 53. Khrushchev Speaks , ed. by Thomas Whitney, p. 204. 54. Pravda, 31 Oct. 1956. 214 Notes to pp. 49-70 55. For a more detailed account of events see Frene VaH, Rift and Revolt in Hungary (London: Oxford University Press.
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