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Home , Klaus Mehnert, Pravda, Seymour Topping, Washington Summit (1973)

Notes

CHAPTER 1 THE MEANING OF DETENTE

I. Arthur M. Schlesinger,Jr., 'Detente: an American Perspective', in Detente in Historical Perspective, edited by G. Schwab and H. Friedlander (NY: Ciro Press, 1975) p. 125. From Hamlet, Act III, Scene 2. 2. Gustav Pollak Lecture at Harvard, 14 April 1976; reprinted in James Schlesinger, 'The Evolution of American Policy Towards the ', International Security; Summer 1976, vol. I, no. I, pp. 46-7 . 3. Theodore Draper, 'Appeasement and Detente', Commentary, Feb . 1976, vol. 61, no. 8, p. 32. 4. Coral Bell, in her book, TheDiplomacy ofDitente (London: Martin Robertson, 1977), has written an extensive analysis of the triangular relationship but points out that, as of yet, no third side to the triangle - the detente between and the USSR - exists, p. 5. 5. Seyom Brown, 'A Cooling-Off Period for U.S.-Soviet Relations', Foreign Policy , Fall 1977, no. 28, p. 12. See also 1. Aleksandrov, 'Peking: a Course Aimed at Disrupting International Detente Under Cover of Anti­ Sovietism', Pravda , 14 May 1977- translated in Current DigestofSovietPress . Hereafter, only the Soviet publication will be named. 6. Vladimir Petrov , U.S.-Soviet Detente: Past and Future (Wash ington D.C .: American Enterprise Institute for Publi c Policy Research, 1975) p. 2. 7. N. Kapcheko, 'Socialist Foreign Policy and the Reconstruction of Inter­ national Relations', International Affairs (), no. 4, Apr . 1975, p. 8. 8. L. Brezhnev, Report ofthe Tioenty-Fiftn Congress ofthe Communist Parry ofthe Soviet Union, 24 Feb. 1976. 9. Marshall Shulman, 'Toward a Western Philosophy of Coexistence',Foreign Affairs, vol. 52, Oct. 1973, p. 36; and , 'Detente: Western and Soviet Interpretations', Suroey; vol. 19, Summer 1973, p. 74. 10. See Marshal Sergei Biryuzov (Soviet Chiefof Stafl) , Izoestia, II Dec. 1963. Quoted from Raymond Garthoff, 'Mutual Deterrence, Parity and Strategic Arms Limitation in Soviet Policy', in Derek Leebaert,Soviet MilitaryThinking (London: Allen & Unwin, 1981) pp. 92-4. II. Pravda, 16 Oct. 1974. 12. Fritz Emarth, 'Contrasts in American and Soviet Strategic Thought', in Leebaert, Soviet Military Thinking, p. 58. 13. This American inclination is described in George Kennan, American /900-/950 (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1952) pp. 95-6. 14. Daniel Yergin, Shattered Pea ce (London: Andre Deutsch, 1978) p. 9. IS. , White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1979) p.915. 210 Notes topp. 4-19 211

16. Yergin, Shattered Peace , pp. 10-12 . 17. Douglas Scrivner, 'The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe: Implications for Soviet-American Detente', DenverJournal ofInternational Law andPolicy, Spring 1976, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 140-50. 18. Robert McGeehan, 'American Policies and the U.S .-Soviet Relationship', World Today, Sept. 1978, vol. 34, no. 9, p. 349. 19. James Schlesinger in Defending America (N.Y.: Basic Books Inc. Publishers, 1977)p. xii. 20. Paul Seabury, 'Beyond Detente', in Defending America, p. 233. 21. Draper, 'Appeasement and Detente', Commentary, p. 34. 22. John Herz, 'Detente and Appeasement from a Political Scientist's Vantage Point', in Detente in Historical Perspective , p. 26. 23. Edward Kennedy, 'Beyond Detente', Foreign Policy, Fall 1974, no. 16, p. 3. 24. Schlesinger, 'The Evolution ofAmerican Policy Towards the Soviet Union', International Security, pp. 46-7. 25. Harold Nicolson , Diplomacy (London: Thornton Butterworth, 1939) p. 242. 26. Keith Eubank, 'Detente 1919-1939: a Study in Failure', in Detente in Historical Perspective, p. 6. 27. Bell, The Diplomacy ofDitente ; p. 5. 28. JosefKorbel, 'Detente and World Order', DenverJournal ofInternational Law andPolicy, Spring 1976, vol. 6, no. I, p. 13. 29. Schlesinger, 'Detente: an American Perspective', Detente in Historical Perspec­ tive, p. 125. 30. Walter C. Clemens Jr., 'T he Impact of Detente on Chinese and Soviet ',JournalofInternationalAffairs, 1974, vol. 28, no. 2, p. 134. 31. Kennedy, 'Beyond Detente', Foreign Policy , p. 6. 32. Detente Hearings, pp. 301-2. 33. Hans Morgenthau, 'Detente: Reality and Illusion', TheWallStreetJournal, 18 July 1974. 34. Detente Hearings, p. 239. 35. Ibid., p. 301. 36. American-Soviet Detente, Peace and National Security, edited by Fred Warner Neal (Santa Barbara, California: Fund for the Republic, Inc., 1976) p. 26. 37. Anatoly A. Gromyko, 'The Future ofSoviet-American Diplomacy', Anllals, July 1974, vol. 414, pp . 27-40. 38. Hedley Bull, 'The Scope for Super-Power Agreements', Arms Control and National Security , vol. I, 1969, p. 2.

CHAPTER 2 THE SETTING FOR DETENTE

I. Alexis de Tocqueville in Democracy in America , 1835, tr. Henry Reeve (N.Y.: Colonial Press, 1899) vol. I, pp. 441-2. 2. E. H. Carr, TheBolshevik Revolution /9/7-/923, vol. III (London: Macmillan, 1953) pp. 109-13 . 3. Max Beloff, The Foreign Policy of Soviet /929-/94/ vol. 1 (London: , 1947) p. 117. 4. Beloff, The Foreign Policy ofSoviet Russia /929-194/ vol. I, p. 117. 212 Notes topp. 19-32

5. S. Brookhart, New York Times , 17 Nov. 1933. 6. joseph Whelan, 'The and Diplomatic Recognition : The Contrasting Cases of Russia and Communist China', The China Quarterly, jan.-Mar. 1961, no. 5, pp. 63-4. 7. Diane Shaver Clemens, Yalta (London: Oxford University Press, 1970) pp.262-3. 8. For the Tripartite Agreement see Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers: the Conferences at Malta and Yalta (Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1955) pp. 968-84. 9. A. W. DePorte, Europe Between theSuperpowers (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979) p. 92. 10. DePorte, Europe Between the Superpowers, pp. 108-12. II. DePorte, Europe Between the Superpowers, p. 123. 12. Sir john Wheeler-Bennett and Anthony Nicholls, The Semblance of Peace (N.Y.: St Martin's Press, 1972) p. 556. 13. Cominform statement regarding expulsion of Yugoslavia, 28 june 1948; Stephen Clissold, ed., Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union (London: Oxford University Press, 1975) pp. 202-7 . 14. DePorte, Europe Between theSuperpowers , p. 121 . 15. Yergin, Shattered Peace, p. 400. 16. Herbert Butterfield, International Conflict in the Twentieth Century (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1960) p. 77.

CHAPTER 3 THE 'SPIRIT OF GENEVA'

I. j . Robert Oppenheimer, 'Atomic Weapons and American Policy', Foreign Affairs,july 1953, vol. 31, no. 4, p. 529. 2. Quoted in Albert Weeks, The Troubled Detente (N.Y.: New York University Press, 1976) p. 86. 3. Pravda, 25 Apr. 1953. 4. Pravda, IOjuly 1953. 5. For details see Walter Lafeber, America, Russia and the , 2nd edn . (N.Y.: john Wiley, 1972) pp. 174-5. 6. Lafeber , America, Russia and the Cold War, p. 5. 7. Norman Graebner, TheNewIsolationism (N.Y.: The Ronald Press Co., 1956) p.229. 8. Pravda, II Aug. 1953. 9. Pravda, 4 Dec. 1953. 10. Fontaine, History ofthe Cold War, pp. 64-5. II. Fontaine, History of the Cold War, pp. 66-7. 12. Philippe Devillers and jean Lacouture, End of a War (London: Pall Mall Press, 1969) pp. 104-5. 13. Ibid ., pp. 104-5. 14. For full details see Bernhard Bechhofer, Postwar NegotiationsforArms Control (Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1961); see also Philip Noel-Baker , The (London: Atlantic Books, 1958). 15. Anthony Nutting, Disarmament (London: Oxford University Press, 1959) p.IO. Notes to pp. 33-49 213

16. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change, p. 505. 17. Lafeber, America, Russia and the Cold War, pp. 14~50 . 18. Graebner, The New Isolationism, p. 236. 19. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change, p. 508. 20. Richard Rovere, The Eisenhower Years (N.Y.: Farra, Straus & Cudahy, 1956) p.27. 21. Rovere, The Eisenhower Years, pp. 26~ 70. 22. Quoted in Chris/ian Science Monitor, 16July 1955. 23. Alastair Buchan , 'The President's Optimism', Observer, 17July 1955. 24. Ellie Abel, 'Eisenhower Credits Soviets with Earnest Peace Aims', New York Times, 21 July 1955. 25. Quoted in Manchester Guardia", 25July 1955. 26. Walter Lippmann, 'Today and Tomorrow', New York Herald Tribune (Eur. Ed.), 2 Aug. 1955. 27. Sunday Times, 24July 1955. 28. Eisenhower, Public Papers, 1955, p. 725. 29. Rovere, The Eisenhower Years, Letter from Geneva, 27 July 1955, p. 283. 30. Pravda, 20 August 1955. 31. Pravda, 5 August 1955. 32. Quoted in New York Times, 26July 1955. 33. Eisenhower , Public Papers, 1955, no. 76, pp. 731-2 . 34. John C. Campbell, 'Negotiations with the Soviets', Foreign Affairs, January 1956, vol. 34, no. 2, p. 305. 35. Roscoe Drummond, 'Behind Soviet Smiles', New York Herald Tribune (Eur. Ed.), 3 Aug. 1955. 36. Walter Lippmann, New York Herald Tribune, 30 August 1955. 37. Lafeber, America, Russia and the Cold War, p. 186. 38. M. Mikhailov, Izuestia, 17 Nov. 1955. 39. Quoted in 'What Should U.S. Do About Russia?', Foreign PolicyBulletin, 15 July 1956, vol. 35, no. 21, p. 166. 40. Graebner, The New Isolationism, pp. 230-1. 41. Quoted in Lafeber, America, Russia and the Cold War, p. 186. 42. Graebner, The New Isolationism, pp. 230-1. 43. Eisenhower, Public Papers (1956), no. 23, p. 211. 44. Lafeber, America , Russia and the Cold War, pp. 186-7. 45. Bechhoefer, Postwar Negotiations for Arms Control, p. 272. 46. Pravda, 15 Feb. 1956. 47. Khrushchev, 0" , p. 10;from Lenin's Works, vol. 23, p. 58. 48. Joseph Korbel, Ditente in Europe (Princeton, NewJersey: Princeton Univer­ sity Press, 1972) pp. 15-6. 49. Lafeber, America, Russia andtheCold War, p. 195;from August Campbell, The American Voter (N.Y., 1960) pp. 198-200,526-8. 50. A full discussion of the growth ofsuperpower competition in the Middle East can be found in Chapter 4. 51. Pravda, 6 Nov. 1956. 52. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Waging Peace, 195~1961 (London : Heinemann, (966) p. 90. 53. Khrushchev Speaks , ed. by Thomas Whitney, p. 204. 54. Pravda, 31 Oct. 1956. 214 Notes to pp. 49-70

55. For a more detailed account of events see Frene VaH, Rift and Revolt in Hungary (London: Oxford University Press. 1961). pp. 364-9; and Tibor Meray, Thirteen Days That Shook the Kremlin (London: Thames & Hudson. 1958) pp. 186-96. 56. Eisenhower. Waging Peace, p. 87. 57. Ibid .• p. 67. 58. Eisenhower. Wagin.s: Peace, p. 89. 59. Pravda . 14 Dec. 1956. 60. New York Times, 4 Nov. 1956. 61. Pravda . 15 Dec. 1956. 62. Detente: Cold WarStrategies in Transition . ed. by Eleanor Lansing Dulles and Robert Crane (N.Y.: Frederick A. Praeger, 1965) P: 105. 63. Butterfield. International Conflict in the Twentieth Century, p. 63. 64. Rovere, The Eisenhoioer Years . p. 275. 65. See Current Digest ofSoviet Press, 1953-56. 66. Rovere, The Eisenhower Years (Letter from Washington D.C., 7 July 1955) p.270. 67. Khrushchev. On Peaceful Coexistence , p. 8. 68. Quoted in Graebner, The New Isolationism. p. 211. 69. Ibid., p. 238. 70. Ibid., p. 210. 71 . Eisenhower. Public Papers (1956). no. 210, p. 785. 72. Quoted in James P. Warburg. Turning Point Towards Peace (N.Y.: Current Affairs Press. 1955), p. II. 73. Detente: ColdWarStrategies in Transition, ed. by Dulles and Crane. p. 103. 74. Eisenhower. Public Papers (1955). no. 95. p. 488. 75. Eisenhower. Mandate for Change, p. 530. 76. Radio Address. 18 Nov. 1955.

CHAPTER 4 THE 'SPIRIT OF CAMP DAVID'

I. Iruestia, 17 Sept. 1959. 2. Department of State Bulletin, II Feb. 1957, vol. 36, no. 920. p. 211. 3. Yair Evron, The Middle East (London: Paul Elek, 1973) pp. 130-9. 4. Section Two of Resolution reprinted in Seyom Brown, The Faces ofPower (N.Y.: Press. 1968) p. 128. 5. Tito's speech to the LCY activists at Pula, II Nov. 1956. in Clissold, Yugoslavia andtheSoviet Union. p. 267. 6. Quoted in Dallin, Soviet Foreign Policy After Stalin, p. 451. 7. For an account of the power struggle see Adam Ularn, Expansion and Coexistence (London: Seeker & Warburg. 1968) pp. 604-5. 8. Reprinted in Pravda and Iruestia . 9. Pravda. 4 Oct. 1957. 10. Pravda and hvestia, 19 Nov. 1957. II. Pravda and Iruestia, 19 Nov. 1957. 12. Pravda, 22 Nov. 1957.quoted in Dallin,SovietForeign Policy AfterStalin, p. 457. 13. Ulam. Expansion and Coexistence. p. 599. 14. William Zimmerman. ' Russia and the International Order', SurvO'. no. 58. Notes topp . 70-83 215

January 1966, pp. 209-13, quoted in Lafeber, America, Russia and the Cold War, p. 202. 15. Eric Goldman, The Crucial Decade - and After: America /915-/960 (N.Y.: Random House - Vintage Edition , 1960) pp. 309-10. 16. Lafeber, America, Russia andthe ColdWar, pp. 201-2 . 17. Alastair Cooke, 'Survival?- The Great U.S. Debate', Manchester Guardian, I Jan. 1958. 18. Lafeber, America, Russiaand the Cold War, pp. 201-2 . 19. Daily Telegraph, 3Jan. 1958. 20. Ibid . 21. Department ofState Bulletin, 3 Feb. 1958, vol. 38, no. 971, p. 163. 22. Ibid ., 3 Feb. 1958, vol. 38, no. 971, p. 162. 23. Ibid ., 27 Jan. 1958, vol. 38, no. 970, p. 116. 24. Philip Deane, 'Russia Changing Summit Tactics', Observer Foreign News Service, 17June 1958. 25. Quoted in Seyom Brown, The Faces of Power (N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 1968) p. 138. 26. Ibid ., p. 128. 27. Message from Khrushchev to Eisenhower, Proudallzoestia, 20July 1958. 28. Donald Zagoria, The Sino-Soviet Conflict /956-/96/ (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1962) p. 39. 29. Klaus Mehnert, Pekingand Moscow (N.Y.: Mento Books, 1964) p. 349. 30. Quoted in Brown, The Faces ofPower , P: 148. 31. Zagoria, TheSino-Soviet Coriflict /956-/96/, pp. 20 I, 206. 32. Kalicki, The Pattern ofSino-American Crises, p. 183. 33. Ibid ., p. 160. 34. Peking Review, 6 Sept . 1963, quoted in ibid., p. 185. 35. Quoted in Brown, The Faces qfPower, p. 148. 36. Ibid ., p. 148. 37. Kissinger, White House Years, p. 67. 38. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, pp. 453-4. 39. Quoted in Ulam , Expansion and Coexistence , p. 620. 40. Philip Windsor, and the Management of Detente (London: Chatto & Windus, 1971) p. 12. 41. Ulam , Expansion and Coexistence, p. 619. 42. Press release 12 Dec. 1958; United States Department of State Bulletin, 29 Dec. 1958, vol. 39, no. 1018, p. 1041. 43. United States Department ofStateBulletin , 19Jan. 1959,vol. 40, no. 1021,p. 80. 44. Department of StateBulletin, 26 Jan. 1959, vol. 40, no. 1025, p. II. 45. Harold Macmillan, Riding theStorm /956-/959 (London: Macmillan, 1971) p.610. 46. Ibid ., p. 631. 47. Quoted in Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence, p. 621. 48. Harrison Salisbury, 'Khrushchev and Summit', New York Times, 2 Apr. 1959. 49. , II Apr. 1959. 50. , The Memoirs ofRichard Nixon (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1978) pp. 208-9 . 51. Pravda, 10 Apr. 1959. 216 Notes to pp . 83-98

52. Report to Twenty-First Party Congress, Pravda, 22Jan. 1959. 53. Khrushchev's Foreign Policy Report to the Supreme Soviet, 31 Oct . 1959, Pravda , 1 Nov. 1959. 54. Department ofStateBulletin , 28 Sept. 1959, vol. 41, no. 1057, pp. 436-8. 55. Ibid., pp. 436-8 . 56. Ieuestia, 17Sept. 1959. 57. Pravda, 18Sept. 1959. 58. Pravda, 18Sept. 1959. 59. A. Adzhubei, lzuestia, 22 Sept. 1959. 60. Pravda, 30 Sept. 1959. 61. Khrushchev Speaks, ed. by Thomas Whitney (Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 1963) p. 372. 62. New York Times, 29 Sept. 1959. 63. Press Conference, 28 Sept. 1959, reported in the New York Herald Tribune, 29 Sept. 1959. 64. New York Times, 17 Nov. 1959. 65. , MemoirsofHope (London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971) p.202. 66. David Calleo, Europe's Future: the Grand Alternatives (N.Y.: Horizon Press, 1965) p. 120. 67. de Gaulle, Memoirs ofHope, p. 229. 68. Brian Crozier, De Gaulle: the Statesman (London: Eyre Methuen, 1973) p.547. 69. DePorte, Europe Between the Superpowers, p. 234. 70. Mehnert, Pekingand Moscow, pp. 422-3 . 71. Quoted in Ulam, Expansionand Coexistence, pp. 610-1. 72. Alastair Buchan, The End of the Postwar Era (London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1974) pp. 22-3 . 73. Quoted in New York Times, 18 Dec. 1959. 74. United States Department ofStateBulletin , I Feb. 1960,vol. 43, no. 1075,p. 146. 75. UnitedStatesDepartment ojStateBulletin, 29 Feb. 1960,vol. 42, '10. 1079,p. 320. 76. New York Herald Tribune, 10 Mar. 1960. 77. Quoted in Lafeber, America , Russia and the Cold War, pp. 213-4 . 78. Praodallzuestia, 26 Apr. 1960. 79. Lafeber, America,Russiaand the Cold War, p. 214. 80. New York Times, 28 Apr. 1960. 81. Pravda, 6 May 1960. 82. New York Times, 12 May 1960. 83. Speech to Workers Conference , Pravda , 29 May 1960. 84. Iruestia, 22 May 1960. 85. See Khrushchev's speech, 20 May 1960 in Berlin. Paul Woh1, 'Coexistence Line Braced by Khrushchev', Christian Science Monitor, 23 May 1960. 86. Eisenhower, Waging Peace, p. 560. 87. Warren Rogers, 'Age of DO-IT-YOURSELF Diplomacy', New York Herald Tribune, 15 Nov. 1959. 88. See Elmer Plischke, 'Eisenhower's Correspondence Diplomacy with the Kremlin - Case Study in Summit Diplomatics', TheJournal ofPolitics, Feb. 1968, vol. 30, no. I, pp. 137-59. Notes topp. 99-110 217

89. Robert Stephens, 'Why Khrushchev Did It', Observer Foreign News Service, 29 May 1960. 90. James Reston , 'Conflict at the Summit', New York Times, 17 May 1960. 91. Eisenhower, Waging Peace , pp. 553-4. 92. David Floyd, ' International Politics Cause Khrushchev Switch ', Daily Telegraph, 17 May 1960. 93. Khrushchev Speaks, ed. by Thomas Whitney, p. 37.

CHAPTER 5 THE POST-MISSILE CRISIS DETENTE

1. New York Times, II Aug. 1963. 2. Izuestia, 30July 1963. 3. New York Times, 21 Jan. 1961. 4. William Stringer, 'State of'the Nations', Christian Science Monitor, 6Jan. 1961. 5. John Hightower, 'Cold War Tactics High on Kennedy Agenda', New York Herald Tribune, 10Jan. 1961. 6. During the 1960 Presidential elections which were dominated by questions or national security, a significant shirt had taken place in the American intellectual climate regarding questions or disarmament and arms control. There was a growing belief that the accelerating procurement or sophisti­ cated weaponry was contributing more to American insecurity than security. In the Fall 1960 special issue or Daedalus, several or America's leading strategic thinkers agreed that civilisation was raced with an unprecedented crisis and that serious proposals for arms control with attainable goals - essential unto itself - needed to be pursued. This is significant because such influential thinkers were to playa significant role in the Kennedy Administration and lay the foundation for progress in this area. 7. Ammca and Russia: From Cold War to Confrontation to Coexistence, ed. by Gary Hess (N.Y.: Thomas Crowell Co., 1973) p. 103. 8. Quoted in New York Tribune , 5 Feb. 1961. 9. Seymour Topping, 'Soviets Wary About Kennedy', New York Tribune , 15 Mar. 1961. 10. Harry Schwartz, 'Russia and Summitry', New York Tribune, 16Jan. 1961. II. Iruestia, quoted inJames McSherry, Khrushchev andKennedy in Retrospect (Palo Alto, CA: The Open Door Press, 1971) p. 65. 12. Izoestia, quoted in ibid ., p. 65. 13. Pravda, quoted in ibid., p. 66. 14. Theodore Sorensen, Kennedy (New York: Harper & Row, 1965) p. 550. 15. Sorensen, Kennedy , p. 586. 16. U.S. News and World Report, 24,, pp . 31-5. 17. Anatoly Gromyko, Through' Russian Jo:yes (Washington D.C.: International Library Inc ., 1973) p. 11. 18. Sorensen, Kennedy, p. 619. 19. George Gallup, The Gallup Polls,vol. 3 (N.Y.: Random House, 1972) p. 1726. 20. John McCloy, Kennedy's disarmament adviser, quoted in McSherry, Khrushchev andKennedy in Retrospect, p. 74. 218 Notes topp. 111-22

21. Sorensen, Kennedy ; p. 726. 22. Harry Schwartz, New York Times, 25 Feb. 1962. 23. Richard Scott, Guardian, 21 Feb. 1962. 24. Quoted in McSherry, Khrushchev and KCllnedy ill Retrospect, p. 115. 25. Anatol Rapoport, The Big Two (N.Y.: Pegasus, 1971) pp. 182-3. 26. Charles Bohlen, Witlless to History (N.Y.: W. W. Norton, 1973) p. 495. 27. William Griffith , Cold Warand Coexistence: Russia, China and the UnitedStates (Englewood Cliffs, N.]. : Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1971) p. 78. 28. McSherry, Khrushchev and Kennedy in Retrospect, p. 103;Parliamentary Debates, Commons, vol. 664, col. 1054. 29. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, p. 494. 30. Roger Hilsman, To Move a Nation (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., Inc. , 1967) p. 228. 31. Max Frankel, 'Washington Sees Balance Shifting', New York Tribune, I Nov. 1962. 32. The Times, 5 Nov. 1962. 33. Ibid . 34. Gordon Brook-Shepherd, 'Big Drive to Get Russian Accord', Sunday Telegraph, 18 Nov. 1962. 35. John Hightower, 'Historic Decisions Believed in Making in World Capi­ tals', New York Herald Tribune (Eur. Ed.), 23 Nov. 1962. 36. Joseph Alsop, 'Yoo Hoos from Russia', New York Herald Tribune, 28 Nov. 1962. 37. Quoted in The Sunday Times , 25 Nov. 1962. 38. Quoted in New York Times (Int. Ed.), II Dec. 1962. 39. Khrushchev's New Year's Message to Kennedy, reprinted in The Times, .1 Jan. 1963. 40. Kennedy's New Year's Message to Khrushchev, 3Jan. 1963, reprinted in United States Information Service bulletin. 41. New York Times, II Feb. 1963. 42. New York Times, 16 Feb. 1963. 43. New York Times, 25 Feb. 1963. 44. Seymour Topping, New York Times, 13 Mar. 1963. 45. Reprinted in Peter G. Filene (ed.), American Views ofSoviet Russia /9/7-/965 (Homewood, Illinois: Dorsey Press, 1968) pp. 386-7 . 46. Ibid . 47. New York Times, II Aug. 1963. 48. Daily Telegraph, 12 Aug. 1963. 49. Ieuestia, 30July 1963. 50. George Ball, Diplomacy for a Crowded World (London: The Bodley Head, 1976) p. Ill. 51. McSherry, Khrushchev and Kennedy ill Retrospect, p. 182. 52. ]FK: Papers ofthe Presidents (Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1964) pp. 795-6. 53. Sunday Times, 20 Oct. 1963. 54. Max Frankel, 'Problems of the Thaw', New York Times, 25 Oct. 1963. 55. Sorensen, Kennedy, p. 745. 56. Cold War Strategies ill Transition, ed. by Eleanor Dulles and Robert Crane (N.Y.: Frederick A. Praeger, 1965) p. 114. Notes topp. /22-50 219

57. New York Times , 2Jan. 1964. 58. Walter Lippman, "The Thaw', New York Herald Tribune (Eur. Ed.), 3 Jan. 1964. 59. James Reston , 'The New Soft Mood Music in theCold.War' ,NewYork Times, 22 Apr. 1964. 60. Radoslav Selucky, Ceahosiouakia: the Plan That Failed (London: Thomas Nelson, 1970) pp. 127-34. 61. Edward Cranshaw, 'East and West Enter a New Phase', New York Times,30 Aug. 1964. 62. Roy Medvedev, Khrush chev : The Years in Power (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977) pp. 143-75. 63. Archie Brown and Michael Kaser (eds), The Soviet Union Since the Fall of Khrushchev (London: Macmillan, 1975) p. 218. 64. Weeks, The Troubled Ditente, p. 186. 65. See Weeks, The Other Side of Coexistence, pp . 184-8,197-209,212-21. 66. Victor Zorza , 'LBJ Visit: a Soviet Warning', Guardian, 13 Feb. 1965. 67. New York Herald Tribune (Eur. Ed.), 18 Feb. 1965. 68. Quoted in , 'How the Cold War Was Played', Foreign Affairs, Oct. 1972, vol. 51, no. I, p. 196. 69. It is interesting to note that throughout 1965 and 1966, this calm occurred against the backdrop of United States military intervention in Dominica, Indo-Pakistan fighting in Kashmir, the French withdrawal from the integrated structure of NATO, and other events that might have caused a great dcal of tension . 70. Michael Howard and Robert Hunter, 'Israel and the Arab World: the Crisis of 1967', AdelphiPapers no. 41, Oct. 1967, pp. 15-16 . 71. Mohammed Heikal, Nasser (London: New English Library, 1971) p. 217. 72. Howard and Hunter, AdelphiPapers, p. 31. 73. Lyndon Johnson, The Vantage Point (N.Y .: Holt , Rinehard and Winston , 1971) p. 481.

CHAPTER 6 THE MOSCOW DETENTE

I. President Richard Nixon, 'Inaugural Address', 20Jan. 1969. 2. Kissinger, White House Years, pp . 159-62. 3. Kissinger, White House Years, p. 156. 4. Barnet, The Giants, p. 37. 5. Quoted in House Hearing, Ditente; p. 91. 6. Quotcd in Ian Clark, 'Sino-Soviet Relations in Soviet Perspective', Orbis, Summer 1973, vol. 17, no. 2, p. 480. 7. Kissinger, White House Years, p. 389. 8. Ibid ., p. 422. 9. Stanley Hoffmann, Primacy or World Order (N.Y.: McGraw-Hili Book Company, 1978) p. 48. 10. Kissinger, White House Years , p. 410. II. Kissinger, White House Years, p. 416. 12. Ibid ., p. 520. 13. Willy Brandt, People and Politics (London: Collins , 1978) p. 284. 220 Notes topp. 150-85

14. Lawrence Whetten, Germany 's (London: Oxford University Press, 1971) p. 176. 15. Windsor, Germany and the Management ofDitente, p. 202. 16. Pravda, 29 Aug. 1971. 17. Theodore Draper, 'Detente', Commentary, vol. 57, no. 6,June 1974, p. 37. 18. Gerald Steibe1,Detente: Promises andPitfalls (N. Y.: Crane, Russak & Co, Inc., 1975) p. 14. 19. Kissinger, White House Years , pp. 819-20. 20. For details, see ibid., pp. 1216-22, 1229-46. 21. Pravda, 31 Mar. 1971. 22. Pravda, I Dec. 1971. 23. Kissinger, White House Years, pp, 859-916. 24. American Bar Association, Detente (Chicago: ABA Press, 1977) p. 8. 25. Vladimir Petrov, US-Soviet Detente: Past and Future (Washington D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1975) p. 18. 26. Stephen Cohen, 'Soviet Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy', in Common Sense in US-Soviet Relations (Washington D.C .: American Committee on East-West Accord, 1978) p. 6. 27. Bruno Pitterman, 'The Moral Factor in the Conduct of Foreign Affairs', in G. R. Urban, Detente (London: Temple Smith, 1976) pp. 15-6. 28. Quoted in Kissinger and Detente , ed. Sobel, p. 139. 29. Quoted in Pitterman, 'T he Moral Factor in the Conduct of Foreign Affairs', in Urban, Ditente, pp. 15-6. 30. Coral Bell, 'The October Middle East War : a Case Study in Crisis Management during Detente', International Affairs (London), Oct. 1974,vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 531-43. 31. William Quandt, 'Soviet Policy in the October Middle East War', International Affairs, Oct. 1977, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 602-3. See also William Quandt, Decade ofDecisions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977) p.192. 32. Henry Kissinger, Years of Upheaval (London: Weidenfeld, Nicolson & Joseph, 1982) p. 878. 33. Mohammed Heikal, TheRoadtoRamadan (London: Collins , 1975) pp. 272-3 . 34. For a full account see Kissinger, Years ofUpheaval, pp. 854-95. 35'. Quandt, 'Soviet Policy in the October Middle East War', International Affairs, pp. 593-4. 36. Quoted in Kissinger andDetente, ed. Sobel, p. 176. 37. New York Times, 6 Apr . 1976. 38. Kissinger, White House Years, p. 12. 39. Ibid., p. 516. 40. Ibid ., p. 840. 41. Hoffman, Primacy or World Order , p. 50. 42. Hoffman, Primacy or World Order, p. 71. 43. Draper, 'Appeasement and Detente', Commentary, p. 28. 44. Seyom Brown, 'A Cooling-offPeriod for US-Soviet Relations',Foreign Policy, Fall 1977, p. 21. Notes topp. 198-9 221

CHAPTER 7 THE NATURE OF DETENTE

I. Quoted in John Armstrong, 'The Soviet-American Confrontation: A New Stage?', The Russian Review, Apr. 1964, vol. 23, no. 2, p. 9. 2. Weeks, The Troubled Detente, p. 103. 3. Press Conference, 25 Feb. 1973, Congressional Quarlerly Weekry Report , 32, no. 9, p.556. 4. Draper,'Appeasement and Detente', Commentary ; p. 33. Bibliography

Books

Adams, Sherman , FirsthandReport: theStoryofthe EisenhowerAdministration (N. Y.: Harper Brothers, 1961). Bailey, Thomas, A Diplomatic History ofthe American People 9th edn (Englewood Cliffs, N.J .: Prentice-Hall, In c., 1974). Ball, George, Diplomacyfor a Crowded World (London: The Bodley Head, 1976). Barghoorn, Frederick, Detente and the Democratic Movement in the USSR (N.Y. : The Free Press, 1976). Barnet, Richard, The Giants (N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, 1977). Barraclough, Geoffrey, An Introduction to Contemporary History (Middlesex, Eng­ land : Penguin Books Ltd ., 1977). Bechhoefer, Bernhard, Postwar Negotiations for Arms Control (Washington D.C.: Brookings Institute, 1961). Bell, Coral , Diplomacy ofDitente (London: Martin Robertson, 1977). Beloff, Max, The Foreign Policy ofSoviet Russia /929-/94/ , vol. I (London: Oxford University Press, 1947). Bohlen, Charles, Witness to History (N.Y.: W. W. Norton, 1973). Brennan, Donald (ed.) , Arms Control and Disarmament (London:Jonathan Cape, 1961). Brezhn ev, Leonid , Peace, Dit ente and Soviet-American Relations (N.Y.: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976). Brandt, Willy, People and Politics (London: William Collins Sons, 1978). Brown, Archie and Kaser, Michael (eds), The Soviet Union since the Fall of Khrushchev (London: Macmillan, 1975). Brown, Colin and Mooney, Peter, Cold War to Ditente (London: Heinemann Educational Books, 1976). Brown, Seyom, The Faces ofPower (N.Y .: Columbia University Press, 1969). Buchan, Alastair, The End ofthe Postwar Era (London: Weidenfcld & Nicolson, 1974). Butterfield, Herbert, International Conflict in the Twentieth Century (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1960). Calleo, David, Europe 'sFuture: theGrandAlternatiues (N. Y.: Horizon Press, 1965). Calvocoressi, Peter, World Politics Since /945, 3rd edn (London and New York: Longman, 1977). Carr, E. H., The Bolshevik Revolution /9/7-/973 vol. lit (London:Macmillan, 1953). Clemens, Walter, Jr., The Superpowers and Arms Control (Lexington, Mass. : Lexington Books, 1973).

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Common Sense in US-Soviet Relations, The American Committee on East-West Accord (Washington, 1978). Crozier, Brian, De Gaulle: theStatesman (London: Eyre Methuen, 1973). Dallin, David, Soviet Foreign Policy afterStalin (London: Methuen, 1972). DePorte, A. W., Europe Between the Superpowers (New Haven Conn.: Yale University Press, 1979). Detente , American Bar Association (Chicago: ABA Press, 1977). Devillers, Philippe and Lacouture,jean, Endqfa War (London: Pall MaIl Press, 1969). Dulles, Eleanor Lansing and Crane, Robert (eds), Detente: Cold WarStrategies in Transition (N.Y.: Frederick Praeger, 1965). Eide1berg, Paul, Beyond Detente (La SaIle, Illinois: Sherwood Sugden Co., 1977). Eisenhower, Dwight D., Mandate for Change 1953-1956 (London: Heinemann, 1963). --, Public Papers ofthe Presidents qf the United States 1951-1956 (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1958-1960). --, Waging Peace, 1956-1961 (London: Heinemann, 1966). Evron, Yair, The Middle East (London: Paul Elek, 1973). Filene, Peter (ed.) , American Vieuis ofSouiet Russia 1917-1935 (Homewood, Illinois: The Dorsey Press, 1968). Fontaine, Andre, History ofthe ColdWar (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1970). Graebner, Norman, The New Isolationism (N.Y.: The Ronald Press Co., 1965). Gallup, George , The Gallup Poll - Public Opinion 1972-1977 (Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1978). Gaulle, Charles de, Memoirs ofHope (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971). Goldman, Eric, TheCrucial Decade - andAfter: America 1945-1960 (N.Y.: Random House Vintage Edition, 1960). Griffith, William , Cold War and Coexistence: Russia , China and the United States (Englewood Cliffs, N.J .: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1971). Griffith, William, Peking, Moscow and Beyond: the Sino-Soviet-American Triangle (Washington D.C.: Georgetown University, 1973). Gromyko, Anatolii , Through Russian Eyes: PresidentKennedy's 1036 Days (Washing- ton: International Library Inc., 1973). Heikal, Mohammed, Nasser (London: New English Library, 1971). --, TheRoadto Ramadan (London: Collins , 1975). --,Sphinx and Commissar (London: Collins, 1978). Hess, Gary (ed.), America andRussia:from Cold Warto Corfrontation to Coexistence (N.Y.: Thomas CromweIl, 1973). Hilsman, Roger, To Move a Nation (N.Y. : Doubleday, 1967). Hoffman, Stanley, Primary or World Order (N.Y.: McGraw-Hili, 1978). johnson, A. Ross, The Transformation of Communist Ideology: the Yugoslav Case (Cambridge, Mass .: MIT Press, 1972). johnson, Lyndon Baines, Public Papers ofthePresidents ofthe United States 1963-1964 (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1965). --, The Vantage Point (N.Y.: Holt, Rinehart & Winston; 1971). Kalicki, jan, The Pattem ofSino-American Crises (London: Cambridge University Press, 1975). Kennan, George, American Diplomacy 1900-1950 (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1952). 224 Bibliography

--, Memoirs 1950-1963 (London: Hutchinson 1973). Kennedy, John F., Public Papers ofthePresidents ofthe United States (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1962). Khrushchev, Nikita, Khrushchev Remembers, trans. and cd. by Strobe Talbott (London: Andre Deutsch, 1974). Khrushchev, N. S., On Peaceful Coexistence (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1961). Kissinger, Henry, White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown & Co ., 1979). --, Years of Upheaval (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson and Michael Joseph, 1982). Knapp, Wilfrid, A History ofWar and Peace (London: Oxford University Press, 1967). Korbel, Josef, Detente in Europe (Princeton, N.J .: Princeton University Press , 1972). Lafeber, Walter, America, Russia and the Cold War, 2nd edn (N.Y .: John Wiley, 1972). Larson, Thomas, Soviet-American Rivalry (N.Y.: W. W. Norton, 1978). Leebaert, Derek, Soviet Military Thinking (London: Allen & Unwin, 1981). Lukacs, John, A History ofthe Cold War (N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1962). Macmillan, Harold, Riding the Storm (London: Macmillan, 1971). McSherry, James, Khrushchev and Kennedy in Retrospect (Palo Alto, Calif. : The Open Door Press, 1971). Medvedev, Roy, Khrushchev: the Years in Power (Oxford: Oxford University Press , 1977). Mehnert, Klaus, Peking and Moscow (N .Y.: Mentor Books, 1964). Mcray, Tibor, Thirteen DaysthatShook theKremlin (London: Thames & Hudson, 1958). Morgenthau, Hans, Politics among Nations, 5th edn rev. (N.Y.: Alfred Knopf, 1978). National Security and Detente, War College (N.Y. : Thomas Cromwell, 1976). Neal, Frederick Warner, American-Sooiet Detente , Peace andNational Security (Santa Barbara, Calif.: Fund for the Republic Inc., 1976). Nicolson, Harold, Diplomacy (London: Thornton Butterworth, 1939). Nixon , Richard, The Memoirs ofRichard Nixon (N.Y.: Grosset & Dunlap, 1978). Noel-Baker, Philip, TheArmsRace (London: Atlantic Books, 1958). Nutting, Anthony, Disarmament (London: Oxford University Press, 1959). Osgood, Robert, Tucker, Robert and Dinerstein, H ., Americaand the World (Baltimore and London: TheJohns Hopkins Press, 1970). Petrov, Vladimir, US-Soviet Detente: Past and Future (Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1975). Pipes, Richard, US-Soviet Relations in the Era of Detente (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press , 1981). Potichny, Peter and Shapiro, Jane (eds) , From the Cold War to Detente (N.Y .: Praeger Publishers, 1976). Pranger, Robert (ed .), Detente and Defense (Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1976). Quandt, William, Decade ofDecisions (Berkeley: University ofCalifornia Press, 1977). Bibliography 225

Rapoport, Anatol , The Big Two (N.Y.: Pegasus, 1971). Riasanovsky, Nicholas, A History ofRussia, 3rd edn (N.Y.: Oxford Un iversity Press, 1977). Rovere, Richard, The Eisel/hower Years (N.Y.: Farrar, Straus & Cudohy, 1956). Schwab, George and Friedlander, Henry (eds}, Detente in Historical Perspective (N.Y.: Cyrco Press, 1975). Selucky, Radoslav, Czechoslouakia: thePlan ThatFailed(London: Thomas Nelson, 1970). Sobel, Lester (ed.) , Kissingerand Detente (N.Y.: Facts on File Inc ., 1975). Sorensen, Theodore, Kennedy (N.Y .: Harper & Row, 1965). Steibel, Gerald, Detente: Promises and Pitfalls (N.Y.: Crane, Russak & Co. Inc., 1975). Ulam , Adam, Expansion and Coexistence (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1968). --, The Rivals (London: Allen Lane, 1973). Urban,G. R. (ed.), Detente (London: Temple Smith, 1976). Vali, Ferene, Rift andRevolt inHungary (London: Oxford University Press, 1961). van den Heuvel, Cornelius Christian, Soviet Perceptions ofEast-West Relationships (American Bar Association Press, 1977). Weeks, Albert, The Other Side of Coexistence (N.Y.: Pitman Publishing Corp., 1970). --, The Troubled Detente (N.Y. : New York University Press, 1976). Wheeler- Bennett, Sir John and Nicholls, Anthony, TheSemblance ofPeace (N.Y.: St. Martin's Press, 1972). Whetten, Lawrence, Germany 's Ostpolitik (London: Oxford University Press, 1971). Whitney, Thomas (ed.}, Khrushchev Speaks (Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1963). Windsor, Philip, Germany and the Management of Ditente (London: Chatto & Wind us, 1971). Yergin, Daniel , Shattered Peace (London: Andre Deutsch, 1978). Zagoria, Donald, The Sino-Soviet Conflict /956-/96/ (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1962).

Periodicals

Arbatov, G., 'A Step Serving the Interests of Peace' , Survival, vol. 14, no. I, Jan./Feb. 1972, pp. 16-19. Armstrong, John, 'The Soviet American Confrontation: a New Stage?' Survey , vol. 21, no. 4, Autumn 1975, pp. 4a-51. Barghoorn, Frederick, 'America in 1959 - as Seen from Moscow', Review of Politics, vol. 22, no. 2, Apr. 1960, pp. 245-54. Bell, Coral, 'The October Middle East War: a Case Study in Crisis Management during Detente', International Affairs (London), vol. 50, no. 4, Oct. 1974, pp.531-43. Bloomsfield, Lincoln, 'The United States, the Soviet Union and the Prospects for Peacekeeping', International Organization , vol. 24, Summer 1970, pp. 548-65. Brezaric, J., 'The So-Called Sonnenfeldt Doctrine', Review ofInternational Affairs, vol. 27, no. 627, 20 May 1976, p. 941. 226 Bibliography

Brennan, D. G., 'Soviet-American Communication in Crises', Anns Control and National Security, vol. 1, 1969, pp . 18-9. Brown, Seyom, 'A Cooling-off Period for US-Soviet Relations', Foreign Policy, no. 28, Fall 1977, pp. 3-21. Brzezinski, Zbigniew , 'How the Cold War Played',ForeignAffairs, vol. 51, no. 1, Oct. 1972, pp. 181-209. Buchan, Alastair, 'Strategic Factors and the Summit', The World Today, vol. 16, no. 4, Apr. 1960, pp . 141-9. Bull, Hedley, 'The Scope for Super-Power Agreements', ArmsControl andNational Securuy ; vol. I, 1969, pp. 1-23. Callen, Earl , 'US-Soviet Scientific Exchanges in the Age of Detente', Survry, vol. 21, no. 4, Autumn 1975. Campbell, john, 'Negotiation with the Soviets', Foreign Affairs, vol. 34, no. 2, jan.1956,pp.305-19. Clark, Ian, 'Sino-American Relations in Soviet Perspective', Orbis, vol. 17,no. 2, Summer 1973, pp. 480-92. Coffey, j . I., 'Strategic Superiority, Deterrence and Arms Control', Orbis, vol. 13, no. 4, Winter 1970, pp. 991-1007 . Djilas, Milovan, 'The Limits of Detente', The Political Quarterly, vol. 47, no. 4, Oct./Dec. 1976, pp. 438-47. Dodd, Thomas, 'IfCoexistence Fails: the Khrushchev Visit Evaluated', Orbis , vol. 3, no. 4, Winter 1960, pp. 393-423 . Draper, Theodore, 'Appeasement and Detente', Commentary, vol. 61, no. 3, Feb. 1976, pp . 27-31. --, 'Detente', Commentary, vol. 57, no. 6,june 1974, pp. 25-47 . Fielder, P. C., 'The Pattern of Super-Power Crises', International Relations, vol. 3, no. 7, Apr. 1969, pp. 498-510. Finley, David, 'Detente and Soviet-American Trade: an Approach to a Political Balance Sheet ', Studies in Comparative Communism, vol. 8, nos I & 2, Spring! Summer 1975, pp. 66-97 . Fleming, D. F., 'Beyond the Cold War', Annals,vol. 324,july 1959, pp. 111-26. Graebner, N., 'World Politics in the New Age', World Review, vol. 12, no. 2,July 1973. Gromyko , Anatoly, 'T he Future of Soviet-American Diplomacy', Annals, vol. 414,july 1974, pp. 27-40. Hammond, Thomas, '''Atomic Diplomacy" Revisited', Orbis, vol. 19, no. 4, Winter 1976, pp. 1403-28. Hill-Norton, Sir Peter, 'Crisis Management', NATO Review, vol. 24, no. 5, Oct. 1976, pp. 6-9. Hoffman, Stanley, 'The Uses of American Power', Foreign Affairs, vol. 56, no. I, Oct. 1977, pp. 27-48 . Holzman, Franklyn and Portes, Richard, 'The Limits ofPressure'.Foreign Policy, no. 32, Fall 1978, pp. 80-90. Howard, Michael and Hunter, Robert, 'Israel and the Arab World: the Crisis of 1967', Adelphi Paper , no. 41, Oct. 1967. Hunter, Robert, 'The Future of Soviet-American Detente', The World Today , vol. 24, no. 7,, pp. 281-90. Huntington, Samuel, 'Trade, Technology and Leverage : Economic Diplomacy'. Foreign Policy, no. 32, Fall 1978, pp . 63-80. Bibliography 227

Ivanov, Ivan, 'Soviet-American Economic Cooperation: Recent Developments, Prospects and Problems' Annals, vol. 414,July 1974, pp. 18-26. Kennan, George, 'America and the Russian Future', Foreign Affairs, vol. 29, no. 3, Apr. 1951, pp. 351-70. --, 'Peaceful Coexistence: a Western View', Foreign Affairs, vol. 38, no. 2,Jan. 1960. --, 'The United States and the Soviet Union, 1917-1976', Foreign Affairs, vol. 54, nos 3-4, July 1976, pp. 670--90. Kennedy, E., 'Beyond Detente', Foreign Policy, no. 16, Fall 1974, pp. 3-29. Korbel, Josef, 'Detente and World Order', DenverJournal'!fInternational Law and Policy, vol. 6, no. I, Spring 1976, pp. 9-18. Laqueur, Walter, 'Detente: Western and Soviet Interpretations',Survey, vol. 19, Summer 1973, pp. 74-88. Lay, S. Houston, 'The US-Soviet Consular Convention', American Journal of International Law, vol. 59, Oct. 1965, pp. 876-91. Levine, Herbert, 'An American View of Economic Relations with the USSR', Annals, vol. 414,July 1974, pp. 1-17. Luns,Joseph, 'The Present State of East-West Relations', NATO Review, vol. 24, no. 2, Apr. 1976, pp. 3-7. Manning, Bayless, 'Goals, Ideology and Foreign Policy', Foreign Affairs, vol. 54, no. 2,Jan. 1976, pp . 271-84. McGeehan, Robert, 'A New American Foreign Policy', The World Today, vol. 33, July 1977, pp. 241-3. Metzl, Lothar, 'The Ideological Struggle: a Case of Soviet Linkage', Orbis , vol. 17, no. 2, Summer 1973, pp. 364-84. Morgenthau, Hans, 'Changes and Chances in American-Soviet Relations', Foreign Affairs, vol. 49, no. 3, Apr. 1971, pp. 429-41. Mosely, Philip, 'The United States and East-West Detente: the Range of Choice' ,JournalofInternational Affairs, vol. 22, no. I, 1968, pp. 5-15. Osgood, Robert, 'The Consequences of Detente', School ofAdvanced International Studies Review, vol. 17, no. 2, Winter 1973. Plischke, Elmer, 'Eisenhower's "Correspondence Diplomacy" with the Kremlin - Case Study on Summit Diplomatics', TheJournal ofPolitics, vol. 30, no. I, Feb. 1968, pp. 137-59. Quandt, William, 'Soviet Policy in the October Middle East War', International Affairs, vol. 53, nos 3 & 4, pp. 377-89, 587-603. Rubinstein, Alvin, 'T he Elusive Parameters of Detente, Orbis, vol. 19, no. 4, Winter 1976, pp. 1344-58. Schlesinger, Arthur,Jr., 'T he Origins ofthc Cold War', Foreign Affairs, vol. 46, no. I, Oct. 1967, pp. 22-52. Schlesinger, James, 'The Evolution of American Policy towards the Soviet Union', International Security; vol. I, no. I, Summer 1976, pp. 37-48. Schwartz, Harry, 'The Moscow-Peking-Washington Triangle', Annals, vol. 414,July 1974, pp . 41-50. Scrivner, Douglas, 'The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe: Implications for Soviet-American Detente', DenverJournal'!fInternational Law and Policy, vol. 6, no. I, Spring 1976, pp. 122-58. Shulman, Marshall, 'Arms Control and Disarmament: a View from the USA', Annals, vol. 313,July 1974, pp. 64-72. 228 Bibliography

, 'Europe versus Detente', Foreign Affairs, vol. 45, no. 3, Apr. 1967, pp. 389-402. --, 'Toward a Western Philosophy of Coexistence', Foreign Affairs, vol. 52, no. I, Oct. 1973, pp. 35-58. Simes, Dimitri, 'Detente Russian -Style', Foreign Policy, no. 32, Fall 1978, pp.47-62. Toynbee, Arnold, 'Russian-American Relations: the Case for Second Thoughts',JournalofInternational Affairs, vol. 22, no. I, 1968, pp. 1-4. Trout, Thomas, 'Rhetoric Revisited: Political Legitimization and the Cold War', International Studies Quarterly, vol. 19, no. 3, Sept. 1975, pp. 251-84. Tucker, Robert, 'Beyond Detente', Commentary, vol. 63, no. 3, Mar. 1977, pp.42-50. Ulam , Adam, 'Detente under Soviet Eyes', Foreign Policy, no. 24, Fall 1976, pp.145-59. W, J . F. A., 'Ten Years of East-West Relations in Europe', The World Today, vol. II, no. 6,June 1955, pp. 246-54. Watt, D. C., 'Henry Kissinger: an Interim Judgement', The Political Quarterly, vol. 48, no. I,Jan./Mar. 1977, pp. 3-13 . Wesson, Robert, 'T he Soviet-American Arms Limitation Agreement', The Russian Review, vol. 31, no. 4, Oct. 1972. Whelan, Joseph G., 'The United States and Diplomatic Recognition : the Contrasting Cases of Russia and Communist China', The China Quarterg , no. 5,Jan.-Mar. 1961. Windsor, Philip, 'The Boundaries of Detente', The World Today, vol. 25, no. 6, June 1969. Wolfe, Thomas, 'Soviet Approaches to SALT', Problems of Communism, Sept.-Oct. 1970, pp. 1-10. Wright, Quincy, 'American Policy toward Russia', World Politics, vol. 2, no. 4, July 1950, pp. 463-81. Zakhmatov, M., 'USSR- USA: Prospects for Economic Cooperation', Inter­ national Affairs (Moscow) , Nov. 1973, pp. 41-6.

Government Publications

Bell, Robert, 'Implications of Extending the SALT I Interim Agreement', United States Congressional Research Service, 16 May 1977. United States Department ofStateBulletin (consulted regularly). Detente: Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Washington D.C. : United States Government Printing Office, Aug.-Sept. 1974. Detente Hearings before the Subcommittee on Europe of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, United States House of Representatives, 93rd Congress, 2nd Session (Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1974). Foreign Relations ofthe United States (Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office). Fraser, Donald , Tension and Detente: Congressional Perspectives on Souiet-American Relations, Subcommittee on International Organization and Movements and Subcommittee on Europe of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, United States Bibliography 229

House of Representatives, April 1973 (Washington D.C. : United States Government Printing Office). Miko, Francis, 'Soviet Strategic Objectives and SALT: American Perceptions', Congressional Research Service, 25 May 1978. Military Implications oftheTreaty ontheLimitations ofAnti-BallisticMissile Systems and the Interim Agreement onLimitation ofStrategic Offensive Arms, Hearings before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, 92nd Congress, 2nd Session (Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1972). Public Papers ofthePresidents ofthe United States (consulted regularly). Sloan, Stanley, 'SALT II : Some Foreign PolicyConsiderations', Congressional Research Service, 25 April 1979. Texts0/Final Communiques /949-/974 (Brussels: NATO Information Service). 'The Changing American-Soviet Strategic Balance: Some Political Implica­ tions', Memorandum prepared by the Subcommittee on National Security and International Operations of the Committee on Government Operations, United States Senate (Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1972).

Newspapers (consulted regularly)

Christian Science Monitor Financial Times Guardian International Herald Tribune Iruestia (Current Digest ofSoviet Press) New York Times Observer Pravda (Current Digest ofSoviet Press) The Times

References

Keesing 's Contemporary Archives. Index

Adenauer, Konrad, 28, 41, 8G-I , Bevin, Ernest, 23 87-8 Bilateral Exchange Agreement , 43, 204, 207 (1959),72,96 Africa, 182 biological warfare treaty (1972), 156 Albania, III, 118 bipolarity, 16--17 Algeria, 87 Bohlen, Charles, 115 'Alliance for Progress ' (US-Latin Brandon, Henry, 121 American), 105 Brandt, Willy, 134, 148-50, 172 Alsop, Joseph, 117 Brezhnev, Leonid : on detente, 2-3, Andropov, Yuri, 207, 209 197,208; rise to power, 126; and Angola, 171, 17~6, 181 Eastern Europe, 127; Anti-Comintern Pact (1936),20 administration, 130; and European Apollo-Soyuz mission, 172 security, 130, 150-1; and Czech Arabs : oil embargo (1973),10, invasion, 135; revises 16~7, 1,69, 184; USSR supports, Khrushchev's policies, 141 ; 1972 43 ! with Nixon, 145, Aswan Dam, Egypt , 43, 46, 65 154, 156,200; on peaceful Atlantic Alliance, 87, 160 coexistence, 153; at 24th Party Austria, 50; state treaty (1955),36, Conference, 153-4; visit to USA, 55 160, 162, 164; and SALT II, 160, 174; and 1973 Middle East crisis, B-1 bomber, 204 165; and Nixon's 1974 Moscow (1955),65, 73 visit, 168; meets Ford in (for atomic inspection), Vladivostok, 170; pledges detente 26 at 25th Party Congress, 175; (1961), 1O~7, achievements, 180, 192; and 114; se« also Cuba ideological struggle, 183, 197; Belgrade talks (1977), 207 opposes arms race, 207 Bell, Coral, 6, 156, 165 Britain: and , 22; Beria, Lavrenty P., 28, 30 1955 disarmament proposals, 32; Berlin: blockade and airlift, 23-4, 27, and 1955 , 40; and 56, 69; Khrushchev's ultimatum , 46, 65; in and crises, 78-81, 86, 91, 94-7, Mediterranean, 64; joins EEC, 99-101,106,108,111-14,136--8, 149; welcomes Helsinki 190; Kennedy's commitment to, agreements, 172 108-9; wall built, 109-10; air Brussels Treaty (1948), 23 corridors, 111-12; tension eases, Buchan, Alastair, 37, 90 113; Four-Power agreements on, Bulganin, Nikolai A., 33, 38, 40; 149-50, 158; effect on detente, 192 tours, 43, 45; and deterioration of

230 Index 231

Bulganin, Nikolai A. - continued Chou En-lai, 127, 148 relations with USA, 43; and Suez Churchill, (Sir) Winston, 21, 28, 53 crisis, 47; and US tactical nuclear COCOM,152 weapons, 72 cold war, 7-8,18-19,21-3,25,58 Bull, Hedley, 115, 198 , 35 Butterfield, Herbert, 26, 52 Cominform, 23, 31, 45 Butz, Earl, 158 Commodity Credit Corporation rccci, 158 Cambodia, 32, 129, 160 Communist Party of the Soviet Camp David: 1959 meeting, 63, Union : Party Congresses, 20th 85-6,89-90,95,97-8,101-2; (1956),3,31,43,47,53,57,75; Carter's agreements, 204 21st Special (1959),81 ; 22nd 'Captive Nations Week', 83 (1961), III; 23rd (1966),132; 24th Carter, Jimmy: debate with Ford on (1971),153,180; 25th (1976),2, Eastern Europe, 173; elected 175 President, 174, 208; human rights Conferences of Foreign Ministers, see campaign, 203-4, 207; Foreign Ministers' Conferences commitment to co-operation, 204, Conference on Measures to Prevent 208; grain embargo, 206 Surprise Attack, 79-80 Castro, Fidel, 80, 105, 114;see also Conference on Security and Cuba Co-operation in Europe, see Castro, Raul, 114 European Security Conference Central America, 205 Congress of Communist Parties Central Intell igence Agency (CIA), (1957),69 105 Consular Convention (1964), 123 Chernenko, Konstantin U., 209 policy (USA), 22, 29 Chiang Kai-shek, 75, 77 Cooke, Alastair, 70 Chile, 147 Cuba: 1962 missile crisis, 53, 114-16, China: rise as power, 13; communist 117,136-40,142,191-2;Castro triumph in, 24, 27; and seizes power, 80; US-backed 1961 Indo-China, 32; and 1957summits, invasion, 105-7, 114; Soviet 74-5 ; 'Great Leap Forward' and combat brigade in, 204; see also repressions, 75-6, 90; and Bay of Pigs; ' Post-Missile Crisis Quemoy, 76; and Soviet nuclear Detente' agreement, 81; relations with Czechoslovakia: and Marshall Aid, USSR,89-90, 116, 118-20, 126-7, 23; communists seize, 23; arms for 138-9, 147-8, 155-6, 167, 177-8, Egypt, 41, 65; USSR invades 184, 191 ; invades India, 90, 114; (1968),103-4, 124, 135-7, 146-7, and Soviet attacks on Albania, 184; liberalisation, 135 III; and Cuba crisis, 116, 118; supports North Vietnam, 124-5; Daily Telegraph, 120 Rusk condemns, 125; nuclear Dallin, David, 67 arms, 125, 134, 138; Cultural 'Declaration on Liberated Europe', Revolution, 133; re-emergence, 21 145; US co-operation with, 147-8, Demilitarization of Space Treaty 150, 155, 177; USSR threatens, (1967), 134 147-8; membership of UN, 148; detente: nature and meaning of, 1972 Nixon visit, 155; effect on xi-xii, 187-8; ambiguity of, 1-6, detente, 192; Carter recognises, 204 181-2; definitions of, 6-7, II, 188; 232 Index detente - continued cancels invitation, 100; on security as a condition, 7-9; as a process, pacts, 190; achievements, 191; ~II, 188; factors affecting, 51-62, justifies detente policy, 200 18~90; discredited in USA, 177, Eisenhower, Milton, 62 185; code, 19!}-6; logic of, 196-202 Erhard, Ludwig, 148 Devillers, Philippe & Lacouture, Eubank, Keith, 6 jean: End of a War, 31 , 174 Dillon, C. Douglas, 92 European Defence Community disarmament, 32-3, 36 (EDC), 32, 34 Dobrynin, Anatoly F., 136 European Economic Community, 80, Draper, Theodore, 1,5, 198 149 Drummond, Roscoe, 41 European Security Conference Dubcek, Alexander, 135 (Conference on Security and Dulles,john Foster, 29; and Co-operation in Europe): Helsinki, Indo-China settlement, 31; 1972,150-1,159,167; Geneva, distrusts USSR, 33-4, 43, 53; and 1974,168 West European security, 35; and Exploration and Use of Outer Space Geneva Conference, 38, 42, 62; agreement, 204 and Middle East, 65; opposes Export Control Act, USA (1949), Soviet appeal for summit, 73; on 152 Berlin ultimatum, 80; resignation and death, 82 'Flexible Response' doctrine (USA), 113 Eden, Anthony, 28 Fontaine, Andre, 30 Egypt: Czech arms for, 41, 65; and Ford, Gerald: and word detente, 5, 1956 Suez crisis, 46; declines US 177; refuses to greet Solzhenitsyn, Middle East pact, 65; relations 13, 183; made President, 170; with Israel, 132; 1973 attack on meets Brezhnev in Vladivostok, Israel, 164; peace, 168 170; withdraws MFN status for Einstein, Albert, 54 USSR, 171; and flelsinki Eisenhower, Dwight D., 28-9, 31, 33, agreements, 173; and SALT II 3!}-6; and Geneva summit, 37-41, talks, 174; on USSR in Angola, 46,56,61-2; relations with USSR, 17!}-6; leadership, 185 43,53; and Suez crisis, 47; and Foreign Affairs (journal), 41 flungary, 50-I, 195; effect of Foreign Ministers' Conferences: election, 51-2; on nuclear threat, December 1947,23; May 1949, 24j 53; foreign policy, 57; meets jan. 1954,31; April 1954 Khrushchev at Camp David, 63, (Geneva), 31j 1959 (Geneva), 82, 84-8,90,95,97-9, 101, 193; 84 attacks communism, 64; and Foreign Trade Bill (USA), 13, 161-2, Middle East ('Eisenhower 164,171 Doctrine'), 6!}-6, 73, 96, 190,205; Formosa see Taiwan and US strategic disadvantage, 72, France: tension with USA, 10; in 96; declines 1957 summit, 73; and Indo-China, 31-2; 1955 Berlin ultimatum, 80-1, 100; and disarmament proposals, 32; and 1960 Paris summit, 92-3, 100; 1955 Geneva summit, 40; and Suez admits U-2 responsibility, 93; crisis, 46, 65; withdraws from attacked by USSR, 93; and US NATO,87-8, 124; Soviet economy, 98-9; Khrushchev friendship with, 127; nuclear arms, Index 233

France - continued Grenada, 205 134, 138; welcomes Helsinki Griffith, William , 115 agreements, 172 Gromyko, Anatoly A.: on detente as Franco-German Friendship Treaty a process, 10; and US tactical (1963),88 nuclear weapons, 72; at 1959 Frankel, Max, 117, 121 Geneva Foreign Ministers French Revolution, 52 conference, 82; and Berlin Fulton speech (Churchill, March conciliation, 112; warns on 1946),21 interference in Soviet internal affairs, 163; at SALT II talks, 168; Gaither Committee (1957; USA), 70 achievements, 180 Gaulle, Charles de, 78, 8{}-I, 87-8, Guardian (), 36-7, 113 93, 100 Hailsham, Quintin Hogg, 2nd Gaza Strip, 132 Viscount (later Baron), 120 Geneva Conferences: july & October Hamilton, Thomas, 42 1955,27-8,36-41, 56,6{}-2; 1959 Harriman, Averell, 120 Foreign Ministers, 82; 1961 on Harsch,joseph, 38, 50 Laos, 106-7, 113; 1965 Helsinki Accords, 172-3, 184; see also disarmament, 134 European Security Conference Genoa Conference (1922), 19 Herter, Christian, 82, 87, 9{}-1 Germany: post-war control of, 22, 25, Herz, john, 5 27,34; settlement question, 55, Hightower,john, 104- 73-9, 82, 134 Hilsman, Roger: To Move a Nation, Germany, East (German Democratic 115-16 Republic): formed, 24; free Hitler, Adolf, 19-20 elections denied, 38; full powers in Hoffman, Stanley, 176 foreign affairs, 41; membership of Hotline agreements, 98, 103, 120, , 43, 79; unrest in, 67; 152,189 Soviet Peace Treaty with, 91-2, , 126 108, 113-14; and Western Hungary: and Marshall Aid, 23; recognition, 150 1956 rising and Soviet invasion, Germany, West (Federal German 46-51,55,57-61,67,184; effect on Republic) : rise in power, 13; detente, 192, 194-5 formed, 24; rearmament question, Hussain, King of jordan, 65, 73 34; membership of NATO, 34-5, hydrogen bomb, 33, 53-4, 60, 190 38,56, 79, 190; Soviet diplomatic relations with, 41; contacts with Import-Export Bank (USA), 159 Eastern Europe, 123-4, 134, 148; 'Independent Roads to ' Soviet hostility to, 127; policy, 44, 47, 57-8 non-aggression treaty with USSR, India: Khrushchev and Bulganin 149, 158; Ostpolitik, 149-50, 172; tour, 43; and Khrushchev's and Helsinki agreements, 172 proposed 1957 summit, 74-5; Gilpatric, R. L., 121 Chinese invade, 90, 114; wars with Glassboro, New jersey, 133, 143 Pakistan, 133, 147, 155; USSR Glenn,john, 112 diverts US grain to, 164 Goldman, Eric, 70 Indo-China, 31-2; see also Cambodia; Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 48 Laos; Vietnam Graebner, Norman, 34 intercontinental ballistic missiles Greece, 22, 64, 174 (ICBM), 68, 7{}-1, 131, 151, 157 234 Index

intermediate range nuclear forces 116, 137, 139-40, 192; and (INF),205-6 post-missile detente, 118-121; 1963 International, Third, 20 American University speech, 119; Iran, 204 and grain deal with USSR, 121-2; Iraq, 65, 74 assassinated, 122; and nuclear Israel: Soviet relations with, 30, 43, war, 137; and Sino-Soviet split, 132; and 1956Suez crisis, 46; 1967 139 Six-Day War, 132, 142; and Arab Kennedy, Robert, 112 opposition, 147; and Soviet Jewish Kent State University, 146 emigration, 162; attacked by Syria Khrushchev, Nikita S:: and Soviet and Egypt (1973), 164-6; peace, hard line, 3; competes for 168 leadership, 28-9; policy, 29; and Ieuestia (newspaper), 40, 64, 85, 120 Yugoslavia, 31; and formation of Warsaw Pact , 35; denies elections Jackson, Henry M.: amendment to in E. Germany, 38; and Geneva US-Soviet trade bill, 13, 161-2, summit, 38,40,56,61; 1955 164,183,194; SALT I Indian tour, 43; at 20th Party amendment, 170; criticises Congress, 43-4, 47, 53, 57,75; Helsinki agreements, 173 liberalisation and reforms, 45, 47, Japan, 13, 144, 180 58,67, 194; visits Britain, 45; and Jews: emigration from USSR , 161-2 1956Polish uprising, 48; and failure John Paul II, Pope, 205 of detente, 62; 1959 visit to USA, Johnson, Lyndon B.: confirms peace 63,84-7,89-90,95, 193; at Camp intentions, 122-3, 128; intervenes David, 63, 8!}-6, 97-100; Middle in Vietnam, 124, 129-30, 141 ; East policy, 66; in power struggle, 'Great Society' programme, 130; 67; and Soviet strategic meets Kosygin in Glassboro, 133, superiority, 68-9,71,73; on 143; and East European contacts, nuclear war, 69,72, 128, 137, 198; 134-6; and Sino-Soviet split, 139 calls for 1957summit, 74-5,82; Joint Space Mission Agreement and China, 75-7,89, 118-21, 126, (1970),153 139; Berlin ultimatum, 78-80,82, Jordan, 65, 73 86,91-2,94-7, 100, 106, 108-11, 113, 138, 190; snubs Macmillan, Kadar, Janos, 49 80-1 ; 7-year economic plan, 8 I, Kalicki, Jan, 77 98; at 21st Special Congress, 81, Kashmir War, 133 83; and French delays, 88; Kennedy, Edward, 5, 8 proposes Soviet troop reductions, Kennedy, John F.: elected President, 91; and 1960 Paris summit, 91-3, 104; military proposals, 104-5, 97, 100; belligerence, 93-4, 100; 108, 110, 140; and Bay of Pigs, home position weakened, 100-1; 105-6; at 1961 meeting and Kennedy administration, 105; with Khrushchev, 106-8, 143; and and Bay of Pigs, 106; at 1961 Berlin question, 108-9; and Vienna meeting with Kennedy, test-ban negotiations, 110, 120; 106-8, 143; resumes nuclear resumes nuclear tests, 110, 113, testing, 110; seeks peace initiative, 117;seeks peace initiative, III, III, 141; proposes disarmament 121; and Vietnam, III; proposes conference, 112; and 1962 Cuban joint space venture, 112, 121; and Missile crisis, 114-16, 120, 137, 1962 , 114, 140, 191-2; and post-missile Index 235

Khrushchev, Nikita S. - continued MX missile, 205 detente, 118; and test-ban treaty, MacArthur, Gen. Douglas, 54 120-1; visits Yugoslavia, 121; and McCarthy, Joseph: and conciliation with Johnson, 122-3; McCarthyism, 24, 29, 34, 36-7, inaction in Vietnam, 125; removed 52-3,57,59 from power, 125--8, 140-2, 192, McGeehan, Robert, 4 194-5; security pacts, 190; Macmillan, Harold, 80-1, 88, 92-3, achievements, 191; 'peace 100,115 campaign', 200 McNamara, Robert, 122, 131 Kiesinger, Kurt Georg, 148 Maddox (US destroyer), 124 Kissinger, Henry: concept of detente, Malenkov , Georgy , 28, 30 3-4,6,9; foreign policy, 13, 175-6, Mandusur Guardian, seeGuardian 178, 183; appointment, 145; on Mao Tse-tung, 69, 76, 125 Vietnam, 146; visits China, 148; (1947),23,55 on Soviet 'selective detente', 149; Marxist-Leninism, 13, 16,44 and Ostpolitik, 14~50; on USSR Matsu,77 and Indo-Pakistan war, 155; and Mediterranean: USA in, 64-5; see also SALT II talks, 168, 174; Ford Middle East retains, 170; on arms limitation, Mehnert, Klaus, 75 170; distrust of State Department, Middle East: US-Soviet rivalry in, 176; achievements, 180; and 65, 73, 132, 137; oil, 145; Angola, 182; and overselling of superpower involvement in, 146, detente, 185-6; White House 182; 1973 crisis and war, 164-7, Years , 4 184; effect on detente, 192; Reagan Korbel, Josef, 6, 45 in, 208; see also individual countries (1950-53): Soviet Mikoyan, Anastas 1.,62,81 influence in, 8; outbreak, 24, 27; Molotov, Vyacheslav M., 30, 42 and US-Soviet opposition, 25; Morgenthau, Hans, 9 peace settlement and truce, 30-1, 'Moscow Detente' (1972-5) , 14, 33, 55; unpopularity, 52; effects on 144-5, 177-88, 192, 194 detente, 192 Moscow: 1972 summit, 145, 151, Kosygin , Aleksey N.: succeeds to 154, 156-8, 165,200; declaration power, 126; administration and of principles, 157, 195; 1974 policy, 130, 141 ; at UN and summit, 168, 181 Glassboro, 133, 143; 1970 visit to Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 9 Peking, 147; welcomes SALT Mutual Balanced Forces Reduction agreement, 157 (MBFR), 153, 160, 167, 173, 180, Kozlov, Nikolay T ., 84, 96-7 206 Kusmin, Mikhail R., 158

Lafeber , Walter, 33, 70 Nagy, Imre, 48-9 Laos, 32, 106-7, 113 Nasser, Gamal Abdel , 46, 65-6, 73, Latin America, 43, 105, 147 132 League of Nations, 20 Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939), 20 Lebanon, 73, 75-6,205 neutron bomb, 204, 207 lend-lease, 26, 159 New York Herald Tribune, 117, 128 Lenin , V. 1.,44 New York Times, 19,42,50, 112-13, Lippmann, Walter, 39,41,123 125 Lodge, Henry Cabot, 85 Nicolson, Sir Harold, 5 236 Index

Nixon, Richard M.: concept of Geneva (1959), 80; see also detente, 3, 6; foreign policy, 13, Test-Ban Treaty 175-6, I78, 183, 186; 1956 mission nuclear weaponsand war : threat and to Austria, 50; visits USSR and intention to avoid , 9, 54-5, 60-1 , Poland, 62; 1959 visit to USSR, 98, 186, 189, 196; Khrushchev on, 82-4, 97; on grain sales to USSR, 69, 198; 1961 tests resumed, 110, 121; elected President, 136; 'era of 117; proliferation, 134, 138; as negotiations', 144, 146, 186; 1972 alternative to detente, 198 summit with Brezhnev, 145, 154, Nuri-es-Said, 74 156,200; and , 146; contacts with Eastern Europe, 147; Oatis, William N., 30 and China, 147-8; on Berlin Oder-Neisse Boundary, 149 agreement, 150; and European oil embargo (1973), 10, 165-7, 169, security, 151; 'A New Strategy for 184 Peace', 153; period of stability, Olympic Games (1980),204 154; and mining ofN. Vietnam 'open-skies' policy, 38 harbours, 155; 1972 visit to China, Oppenheimer, Robert, 27 155; welcomes SALT agreement, Organisation of Arab Petroleum 157; reports on 1972 Moscow Exporting Countries, 166 summit, 158; 'Vietnamisation' 'Ostpolitik', 134, 149--50, 172 programme, 159; commitment to detente, 160, 192; and SALT II, 160; calls for most-favoured nation Pakistan: USSR offers aid to, 43; status for USSR, 162, 164; at wars with India, 133, 147, 155 Washington summit, 165; and Paris: 1960 meeting, 63, 91-3, 1973 Middle East crisis, 165-6; 99--100, 107, 143; 1972 Vietnam 1974 Moscow visit, 168; peace talks, 159, 171 resignation, 170, 185, 195; distrust Partial Test-Ban Treaty see Test-Ban of State Department, 176; limits Treaty (1963) US world commitments, 178; Peace Corps (USA) , 105 achievements, 180, 185; on living 'peaceful co-existence': defined, 3, 4, together, 198 7; Soviet views of, 13; and Korean Non-Proliferation Treaty (1970), truce , 30; Khrushchev on, 43-4, 103-4, 133-4, 142, 189, 192,201 57-8,89,94; Brezhnev on, 153 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Peking, 75 (NATO): created, 23; treaty Peru, 147 signed, 34; W. Germany's Plato, 15 membership of, 34-5, 38, 56, 79, Poland: post-war agreements on, 21, 190; and US influence in Europe, 23; 1956 unrest, 47-8, 67; W. 55; effect on detente, 60; and German agreement with, 149; tactical nuclear weapons, 72; martial law (1981), 206-7 France withdrawn from, 87-8, 124; Polyanov, Nikolai, 117 Greece withdraws from, 174; Pompidou, Georges, 149 disunity, 184, 194; 'two-track' '', 20 decision, 205 'Post-Missile Crisis Detente' Novotny, Antonin, 135 (1963-4),14,103,117-25,129, nuclear free zone (Central Europe), 136-43,188-9,191-2,194 72 (1945), 21 Nuclear Test-Ban Conference, Powers, Gary, 104, 112 Index 237

Pravda, 36,40,50-1,56,59,85; Stringer, William, 104 attacks Kennedy, 106; and China, Suez crisis (1956), 46, 65, 194-5 118; on SALT, 157 Sunday Telegraph, II 7 Sunday Times, 73, 121 Quandt, William, 165 Suslov, Mikhail Ao, 62 Quemoy crisis (1958), 76-8, 90, 97 Syria, 65-6, 132, 163, 168 Szulc, Tad, 120 Rakosi, Matyas, 47 Rapoport, Anatol, 115 Taiwan (Formosa), 76-7, 148 Reagan, Ronald, 2, 174, 205-6, 208 Taiwan Straits, 76, 78 Reston,james, 113, 123 Tashkent Agreements (1966), 133 Robespierre, Maximilien, 52 Tehran: US embassy seized, 204 Roosevelt, Franklin Do,20-2 Tehran Conference (1943), 21 Rovere, Richard, 36-7, 52 tension: and detente as condition, Rumania, 123, 147, 178 7-8; measurement of, 15-16; Rumsfeld, Donald Ho, 174 sources of, 16-17 Rusk, Dean, 9, 118, 125 Test-Ban Treaty (1963): signed, 103, 120,142,189,192; 1961-3 talks, Saigon, 171, 182 105, 11 0, 112, 119-20; Sakharov, Andrei , 162-3 superpowers support, 20I Salisbury, Harrison, 82 Thailand, 113, 129 SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Third World, 182 Talks): and detente, 3, 186; Times, The (newspaper), 117 initiated, 14; preliminary talks, Tiran Straits, 132 134-5, 151, 154; treaty signed Tito,josip Brod, 36, 47, 67, 69 (1972),157-8;jackson Tocqueville, Alexis de, 18 amendment, 170-1; effects of, 20 I; Tonkin, Gulfof, 124 Carter supports, 204 Topping, Seymour, 119 SALT II, 159-60, 162, 174,204-6,208 Truman, Harry So, 22-3, 52 Saudi Arabia, 166 Turkey, 22,30,64,66 Schlesinger, Arthur, jr., 6 'Twenty-Nine Points' Schlesinger,james, 1,5 (Khrushchev's), 126 Schultz, George Po, 163 Seabury, Paul, 5 U-2 (US plane), 92-3, 99-101,104, Shapiro, Henry, 68 106,112 Sinai, 132 Ulam, Adam, 69, 89 Solidarity (Poland), 207 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 13, 163, (USSR): concepts of detente, 2-4; 169,183 natural gas pipeline, 2, 206, 208; Sonnenfeldt, Helmut, 173 as superpower, 11-12, 18; Sorensen, Theodore, 107, 110, 122 ideology, 12-13, 18,26,59, 183; South Korea: airliner shot down, 205 formed and recognised, 19-20; in sputniks, 68, 70-1, 117, 140 post-war Europe, 22-3, 57, 134; Stalin, josef, 21-2, 24, 30; death, 28, develops atomic weapons, 24; and 51,57; Khrushchev denounces, payment of lend-lease aid, 26, 159; 43-4, 75 security agreements, 35, 65-7, 59; Stans, Maurice, 155 liberalisation, 45, 47, 58; START negotiations, 205-6 technological and strategic Stevenson, Adlai, 42 superiority, 68-71, 95-6, 98-9, 238 Index

USSR - continued Vance, Cyrus, 203 190; in S. E. Asia, 126-8; economic Vershinin, Air Marshal Konstantin fortunes, 130-1, 179; and US A., 93 defence supremacy, 131, 140; trade Vienna: 1961 conferen ce with USA, 152-3, 155, 157-9, (Kennedy-Khrushchev), 106-8; 161-4,168-71,180-1,184,194; 143; mutual force reduction talks, agreements with USA, 153, 160,168 156-61,189; human rights in, 162, Vietnam: Soviet influence in, 8; 180,203; arms build-up, 169, partition of, 32; US involvement 174-5, 182; adventurism, 175, 182; in, 103-4, 11[, 124, 128-30, 141, and strategic parity, 179, 182, 190; 14!}-6, 177, 191; USSR offers and national liberation assistance to North, 126, 146-8; movements, 182 US demonstrations against war in, United Arab Republic, 66 146; Nixon blocks harbours in United Nations: and US-Soviet North, 155; US forces reduced in, rivalry, 2!}-6; and atomic 159--60; Peace Agreements, 160, inspection, 26; and disarmament, 171 ; US setbacks and withdrawal, 32, 112; and Suez crisis, 47; and 172, 178, and US decision-making , Middle East, 133, 146; 1966 176; costs of war, 179 covenants, 163 Vladivostok: 1974 meeting United Nations Security Council, 25 (Ford- Brezhnev), 170, 174 U.S. News and World Report, 109 United States of America: concepts Warsaw Pact (Treaty of Friendship, of detente, 2-4; as superpower, Co-operation and Mutual 11-12,18; ideology, 12-13, 18,26, Assistance): formed, 35, 56, 190; 183,204; isolationism, 19; and East Germany joins, 43; Soviet recognition of USSR, 19--20; in domination of, 55; effect on post-war Europe, 22-3, 55; detente, 60; and Berlin question, security agreements, 35, 56-7 ; and 109; and nuclear testing, Ill; Soviet technological and strategic disunity, 194- superiority, 68-7 [, 9!}-6, 99; Washington: [973 summit, [60-1 defence budget cut, 122; Watergate scandal, 170, 185 involvement in Vietnam War, Whelan,Joseph,19 103-4, III, 124, 128-30, 14!}-8, Whetten, Lawrence, 150 159--60, 177, 191; achieves defence Windsor, Philip, 150 supremacy, 131 , 140; anti-Vietnam World War II, 20 war demonstrations in, 146; trade with USSR, 152-3, 155, 157-9, (1945), 21 161-4,168-71,180-1,184,194; Yugoslavia: expelled by Cominform, agreements with USSR, 153, 23; USSR attempts reconciliation 156-61, 189; 1973 military alert, with, 31, 47; differences with 165; and strategic parity, 179, 182, USSR, 67, 69; Khrushchev visits, 190; economy, 179-80 121; western contacts with, 147 United States Disarmament and Arms Control Agency, III Zagoria, Donald: TheSino-Soviet United States Senate Committee on Corflic: 1959-1961, 75 Foreign Relations, 9, 208 Zhukov, Marshal Georgy K., 67