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Mellifera 2019, 19(1):30-40

MELLIFERA REVIEW ARTICLE Beekeeping Activities in and

Halima Saadia Tamali1, Aslı Özkırım1,2*

1Hacettepe University Department of Biology, Beytepe,Ankara-TURKEY

2Hacettepe University Bee and bee products Application and Research Center, Beytepe, Ankara-TURKEY

* Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

Received: 11th July, 2019; accepted: 6th August, 2019; published: 18th September, 2019

A B S T R A C T

The present review consists of highlighting the different aspects of one of the most important sectors of agriculture, beekeeping, of two countries; Turkey and Algeria.

We gave a historical overview about beekeeping of both countries and also the flora and fauna (more especially on honey bee species) components of the two countries and their impacts on the beekeeping. In addition, position of the beekeeping in each country's econo my and its possibilities as well as the most important problems that face the beekeepers have also been cited.

Keywords: Beekeeping, Turkey, Algeria Introduction

Beekeeping, which means rearing bees, has coast: from the end of autumn until spring, 30 been practiced since antiquity and still Erica, Eriobotrya japonica, Prunus widely widespread in the world. Practiced amygdalus, Citrus; In spring in mountains on all continents, this activity differs and arcs: Trifolium, Thymus, Astragalus according to the climate, flora, the variety and Salvia officinalis; in the region: of bees and the level of economic Helianthus annuus; in the South (Southeast development. and East) regions: Gossypium, are seen as the most important source of nectar and Turkey forms a bridge between Europe and pollen for bees. Besides that, in the Asia, surrounded by the in the southwestern region they grow an north, the Aegean in the west, and the important source of nectar which are the Mediterranean in the south. It is bounded by pine trees. In addition, in nature there are the mountains in the north-east, trees such as Acacia, Tilia, Rhodendron, and the Middle East in the south-east. Castanea sativa which grow wildly and Turkey is a mountainous country and it has contribute importantly to beekeeping [3]. In many rivers, lakes and dams. The climate addition, almond trees (Amigdalus), ranges from subtropical to arid upland Castanea sativa, Castanea vulgaris, Salix . Turkey is endowed with a diverse alba, Robinia pseudoacacia and Erica are and rich flora [1]. It has about 10.000 the most important contributing in species and 3.506 of them are endemic to the enrichment of the beekeeping in Turkey this country. About 500 of them provide with an interesting pollen yields [4, 2]. large amount of nectar and pollen for bees [2]. Beekeeping is conducted in all the Algeria is located in North Africa and with provinces of Turkey. On the Mediterranean an area of 2.4 million km2 it is the largest

Cite as: TAMALİ, H S; ÖZKIRM, A (2019), Beekeeping Activities in Turkey and Algeria, Mellifera, 19(1):30-40.

Mellifera 2019, 19(1):30-40 country in the African continent. It includes endemics is high; 25%. From the most well 4000 plant species. There are three known we can cite the Saharan Myrtle geographical regions: the tell in the north, (Myrtus nivellei) and Olea europea subsp. the steppe and the Sahara. The tell covering lapperrinei. [5]. 5% of the territory spreads on 1600 km of Beside this richness in flora of the two the coast and includes towards the interior countries, we can observe a great diversity many plains and the different mountains of of the honeybees Apis mellifera breeds. In the Tellian atlas. It is a region under the Turkey, the presence of at least five influence of the and different races of Apis mellifera has been presents the most diversified flora of the investigated: A. m. anatoliaca, A. m. country with 2500 species of which 10% caucasica, A. m. meda, A. m. syriaca, A. m. are endemic. Citing as an example: the carnica [8, 9] and the recently found to be species Erysimum cheiri of the existed in the Greek border region A. m. Brassicaceae’s family and Hypochaeris macedonica [10]. While in Algeria, there saldensis of the Asteraceae’s family, two are two races: Tellian A. m. intermissa and endemics of Gouraya National Park in the the Saharan A. m. sahariensis. area of Bejaia [5]. With these two most indispensable Many trees, cultivated crops and wild components, an abundant and varied flora plants, like eucalypt (Eucalyptus and the bee, the beekeeping becomes a camaldulensis and E. globulus), orange necessity to be cared out. That, not only trees (Citrus spp.), sunflower (Helianthus because it is a very important activity in the annuus), clover (Trifolium species), French development of agriculture for its various honeysuckle (Hedysarum coronarium), 31 productions, noting that the bee is a source Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and of incomparable wealth for the whole thyme (thymus sp.), provide nectar and world. Honey, pollen, royal jelly, venom, pollen for the bees. Also, natural forests, larvae and the bee itself are used in dietetics including pine trees, are good sources for and pharmacy, but also, since a third of the bees and it is possible to obtain honey what we eat would not exist if the bees all year round [6, 7]. After passing the south disappeared. Beekeeping is involved, side of the Tellian atlas, it is the steppe. It through the process, as an covers about 15% of the territory and element of integration in the development includes the highlands whose attitude varies of fruit growing, not to neglect the fact that between 600-1200 m. It is under an arid it intervenes in the process of income Mediterranean climate and has a less rich formation of farmers located in agro-zones flora than the tell with about 1100 species ecologically difficult (mountain areas and with few endemics. foothills, oases, ) [11]. As an example, Saccocalyx satureioides By the aim of this review, further (steppic thyme). When we pass the southern information about history, general structure side of the Saharan Atlas it is the Sahara. It and position of the beekeeping in each of covers 80% of the territory. It is under the the two countries’ economy and the most influence of an extremely arid climate and important studies done in this field have thus presents the less rich flora with only been underlined. 600 species and less favourable for beekeeping. On the other hand, the rate of

Cite as: TAMALİ, H S; ÖZKIRM, A (2019), Beekeeping Activities in Turkey and Algeria, Mellifera, 19(1):30-40.

Mellifera 2019, 19(1):30-40

I. Brief history of beekeeping different objects such as coins have been found in the excavations in Ephesus and I. 1. Turkey Torbalı [17]. “Turkey is on the intersection of three Moreover, about the beekeeping history in continents and also located on two this period, about 2500 years ago, an important trade routes of the past, namely intoxication incident has been reported the Spice and Silk Roads. Thus, it played a while a group of soldiers during their very important role bridging Asia, Europe passage by the villages of Trabzon and Africa. Indeed, Turkey was also the consumed honey from hives. This was due place where very important civilizations to the “mad honey” in which till the present such as the Roman, Hittite, Byzantine, time is the cause of a lot of intoxications in Ottoman and finally the modern Turkish these regions [12]. Republic became established. Covering all of these civilizations, beekeeping can be Ottoman Empire Period divides into three main periods, supported The Ottoman Empire recorded an by archaeological findings, the written laws important plus for the history of beekeeping of Ottomans and the present period of the in Turkey. new Republic. The history of beekeeping in Turkey is well documented in many books “Many Ottoman Sultans used honey as a and articles (Crane, 1983; Crane and sweetener. During the period of Ottoman Graham, 1985; Kandemir, 2003; Akkaya Sultan “Fatih Sultan Mehmet”, more than 3 and Alkan, 2007).” [12]. tons of honey was consumed in Topkapı Palace according to the records. In the 32 According to Kandemir, 2018 the three Ottoman Empire period, beekeepers had to periods of Turkey’s beekeeping history are: pay tax for their hives (Öşr-ü- kovan Before Ottoman Empire meaning hive tax) and honey (Öşr-ü asel meaning honey tax), until the end of 18th They have been found in central , century, all sweets were made from grape Boğazköy (Çorum) and Hattusa, many molasses and honey. beekeeping remains like hives, bees, bees wax and some laws tablets showing how the Beeswax was also used in Ottoman Empire honeybee thief was punished, going back to for document seals and also candles as light the period of Hittite Kingdom ([13]; [14]). sources. At the end of the Ottoman period (the beginning of 1900’s) beekeeping books Furthermore, in Çatalhöyük, located in the and leaflets were published and the first Northeast of Konya and represent from the modern beekeeping book was translated but most important archaeological sites in not published for a long time. [12]. Turkey and in the world, they have been observed, in a form of wall paintings and Modernization Period motifs on objects such as rugs, the presence In this period the beekeeping stayed stable of honey, beeswax, bee figures as well as for some time. the domestication of many animals and the daily life in this city which its presence goes After 1923, the government put an back to B.C. 80007000 [15, 16]. important step in order to develop the activity of beekeeping by teaching it in In addition, dating back to the period of the schools. In the other hand, the use of Hellenistic and Romans, bee figures on

Cite as: TAMALİ, H S; ÖZKIRM, A (2019), Beekeeping Activities in Turkey and Algeria, Mellifera, 19(1):30-40.

Mellifera 2019, 19(1):30-40 primitive hives was still dominant. In During French colonisation addition, the production of honey was also Traditional beekeeping was important, but law. However, this period has been modern beekeeping was largely at the considered as a transition period from using hands of settlers without knowledge the primitive beekeeping to the modern transfer to indigenous peoples. beekeeping. [19] site the statistical data of 1891, there The modern beekeeping started to be were 27,885 beekeepers including 260861 developed significantly after the Algerians owning together 231,329 establishment of the Development traditional hives. The 1000 French Foundation (TKV) in 1969 and far away in beekeepers operated about 10,000 hives 2003, the foundation of the Turkish with frames. - Before the national liberation Beekeeping Association. The aim is to war, the French authorities estimated at relate the beekeepers to the government and 150,000 traditional hives in Algeria but to solve their problems. other information estimates the double For the same aim, many institutes (Ardahan 300,000 traditional hives and 20,000 hives İnstitute and Ordu Institute) and to frame. nongovernmental organizations (like Al In 1954 came the national liberation war Nihat Gökyiğit [ANG] foundation) were which contributed to the destruction of a established, as well as the contributions of large part whose situation was critical to universities are not neglectable [12]. independence [20- 22]. I. 2. Algeria During the war of liberation, a large part of 33 The ancient Algeria passed by many the traditional hives was destroyed by the dynasties and empires such as the ancient French army which considered that each Numidians, Phoenicians, vandals, hive could serve as a hiding place for Carthaginians, Byzantines, Abbasids, weapons. Umayyads, Idridis, Rustamis, Aghlabid, After independence Ziris, Fatimids, Hammadids, Almohads, Ottomans, During this period, the State looked into the problem of the beekeeping sector by Almoravids and the French colonisation implementing development programs. It empire. In the period of French occupation, has focused on the growth of livestock, many archaeological sites have been moving towards the importation of foreign destroyed to build new cities or establish bees and also to build a hive called Algerian prisons, as it has also burned or hidden [18, 23] and the creation of beekeeping many state archives. cooperatives. Beekeeping is an ancestral practice in Algeria. However, its origin is lost in the mists of time. Furthermore, data are very II. Current beekeeping situation of the two few. countries

According to [18], the history of Algerian II. 1. Turkish beekeeping beekeeping can be divided into two important stages: Turkey has a great natural potential for beekeeping; various and economically

Cite as: TAMALİ, H S; ÖZKIRM, A (2019), Beekeeping Activities in Turkey and Algeria, Mellifera, 19(1):30-40.

Mellifera 2019, 19(1):30-40 precious bee breeds, richness in floral climate of Anatolia. They are more resistant resources and the appropriate climate to winter conditions and diseases [27, 28]. conditions [1]. As it showed a remarkable Thus, they have many ecotypes adapted to progress in recent years, in which almost in different regions of Turkey, in which the all cities of Turkey, beekeeping unions have most common are Muğla, Thrace and been founded and gathered under one main Central Anatolian ecotypes [29, 30]. union (Central Turkish Beekeeping A. m. caucasica (North east of Turkey) The Association [TAB]). In addition, each second important honeybee in Turkey. beekeeper has an identification number in They are seen in the eastern Anatolian order to be able to control all what concerns plateau and in the border regions of the production and the problems that may Caucasus. They are adapted to highlands happen [10]. and temperate climates. They are dark grey The number of beekeepers in Turkey in colour and have the longest tongue increased from 40.000 [24] to 83.210 in between the other bee races. They give 2017 (Statistical İnstitute of Turkey stronger colonies during the summer. They [TÜİK]). One from the important use lot of propolis and the honey yield that development images of the Turkish can produce is far superior than that of the beekeeping as well is in term of number of Anatolian honeybee. It is found that they beehives. Turkey is considered among the are sensitive to Nosema disease [25; 27]. countries having a high number of beehives A. m. carnica (Black Sea region) called as in the world [25]. well grey bees, they are slim and have a The country’s colony presence was 4,2 long tongue. They are the calmest bee 34 million between 2000-2002, it reached 6,6 breeds. Their giving puppies’ yield is very million in 2013 [26]. good and they use less propolis. Besides that, in harsh climatic conditions they have In an agriculture fair held on 27. 09. 2017 a very good wintering skill. It is observed in Samsun, the Ministry of Food, that they are not sensitive to puppies’ Agriculture and Livestock Deputy diseases [27]. Undersecretary Hasan Özlü, in his speech: “As of 2017, there are 7,9 million of A. m. meda (southeastern of Anatolia) and beehive units” said. A. m. syriaca (southwestern of Anatolia) It was observed that they are characterized by Langstroth hives are the most applied less honey storage and their aggressivity in the beekeeping of Turkey and only about comparing to the other bee races and 4,2 % as traditional hives are still used [25]. ecotypes of Turkey [31]. Honeybee races Bee products In turkey there are at least five different The most important beehive product in races of the honeybee Apis mellifera: Turkey is honey. Honey production has Apis mellifera anatoliaca (central Anatolia) increased from 81.115 in 2010, 107.665 in it has large spread in lot of regions in 2015 to 114.471 ton in 2017. Yearly honey Anatolia. They are generally small bees and production is reported as 14 kg per colony have a light brown colour. The most in the years 2012-2015 [10, 32]. Turkey important characteristic of these bees that offers a great diversity of honey types with they are vey adapted to the geography and different taste, colour and aroma [2].

Cite as: TAMALİ, H S; ÖZKIRM, A (2019), Beekeeping Activities in Turkey and Algeria, Mellifera, 19(1):30-40.

Mellifera 2019, 19(1):30-40

“As unifloral honey there are produced There is no sufficient data about the yearly numerous kinds of honey including 'yonca' production of pollen, royal jelly, propolis (alfalfa), 'Anzer', 'kestane' (chestnut), 'deli' and bee venom [10]. (crazy), 'okaliptus' (eucalyptus), 'ihlamur' Queen production is about 100.000 which (linden), 'nane' (mint), 'portakal' (orange), is reported that it is less sufficient. 'çam' (pine),'kuşdili/biberiye' (rosemary), 'ayçiçeği' (sunflower), 'kekik' (thyme) Furthermore, because of the huge honey.” [33]. importance of bee pollination, it has a crucial role for any country’s economy. “In Anzer honey is the most expensive honey in Turkey, the added value to agriculture from Turkey and it is produced in Anzer highland honeybee pollination is over $ 2.3 billion located in Rize [34]. annually” [39]. Deli honey is produced by taking nectar Most faced problems from Rhododendron plants which contains high level of grayanatocin which makes the The most serious problem is presence of honey poisonous [33]. honeybee diseases; Also, the honeydew produced in Turkey Marketing, trading and quality of the represent 85 % of it in the world [35]. products; The average consumption of honey in Environmental factors (like climate); Turkey estimated 1,2 kg, in which almost Education of beekeepers; all the honey produced in the country per year in consumed locally [36]. “Beekeepers have to pay fees to the farmers 35 instead of being paid for pollination “In 2014, Turkey exported approximatively services”; - “Beekeepers can not enter to 5.000 MT (20 million $) honey mostly to some places in Turkey with scientifically Germany, , , , unknown reasons”; in addition to the , , Austria, Northern underestimated pollination [25]. , Belgium and ”. [36] Uncontrolled use of pesticides in In the other hand, “Turkey has no import agricultural areas affects so badly the ban on honey, the Turkish Ministry of productivity of bees and the yield of Economy implemented a high custom tariff colonies [40]. on imports, thus making it difficult for Turkish business to import honey”. [36] Resistance and residue problem as a result of overusing the chemical treatments [41]. Beeswax, pollen, propolis, royal jelly, bee venom, bee swarm, package bee, queen bee Migratory beekeeping and bee hives are also a part the beekeeping Migratory beekeeping is widespread in economy of Turkey [37]. Turkey, in which, the beekeepers transport Beeswax production is 4750 ton in 2015 their hives from one place to another in [38], which is not enough to cover the order to reach a sufficient and the desired demand. In consequence, in the last years it level of honey production [39]. The transfer was obliged to import the wax. is generally done to citrus and thyme areas in spring, to the fire forests in June, to cotton areas in summer, clover and

Cite as: TAMALİ, H S; ÖZKIRM, A (2019), Beekeeping Activities in Turkey and Algeria, Mellifera, 19(1):30-40.

Mellifera 2019, 19(1):30-40 sunflowers areas in August and to pine In addition, a very large number of forests in September and October [42]. It is traditional hives have been replaced by first started about 35-40 years ago from the modern hives; 95.000 was the number of Black Sea region [1]. traditional hives in 2000 and it became 25.000 in 2008 [45]. 80 % of total honey production in Turkey is operated by the main of migratory The Agricultural and Rural Renewal (ARR) beekeeping [43], and around 75 % of total strategy applied in the country has Turkish honeybee colonies are concerned contributed as well to the development of in this practice. It provides the country with the beekeeping sector. The number of an important revenue. The average honey colonies has increased by more than 30 % yield resulted after a long distance to reach 1.3 million between 2008- 2014. In migratory beekeeping can reach 30 Kg per the same period, the production of honey colony [44]. However, it has been reported was estimated around 600.000 tons, as it that the migratory beekeeping is a main was noted a diversification of bee products cause of lot of beekeeping problems. It (pollen, royal jelly, propolis, beeswax) [45]. affects seriously the natural genetic Moreover, in the framework of the diversity of bee races in Turkey. Moreover, country’s Human Capacity Building and it causes the distribution of resistant varroa Technical Assistance Program (HCBTA), mites and other diseases to the other more than 40.800 beekeeping trainings, colonies in areas visited, which results huge provided by different institutions, have colony losses [10]. been launched. This resulted the presence II. 2. Algerian Beekeeping of more than 40.000 beekeepers distributed 36 Algeria has within its possibilities that in 43 wilayas from 48 (present in different conditions the success of this sector the geoclimatic and agricultural zones: mild climate, especially in the north, and mountains forests, steppe and Saharan the diversity of honey resources well areas) [45, 46]. adapted to the three levels of climate The Langstroth hive type is the most present in the country. modern hive used in Algeria. This type of With the National Plan of bee hive has undergone some modifications Agrarian Development (N.P.A.D.) that the in order to protect the bees from winds and State set up in 2000, beekeeping in Algeria hot weather (especially in the warmer has undergone a certain development in regions) and to promote a better production which the evolution of the beekeeping of honey. In the areas of Algeria continues to increase. where temperatures are very high and winds are violent, traditional hives made of During the period 2000-2008, the stone and clay have also been found [11]. beekeeping sector underwent a major Honeybee races improvement thanks to this plan, such as, the apiarian livestock increased from Algeria has two main breeds of bees. Apis 360.000 in 2000 to nearly one million mellifera intermissa and A. m. sahariensis. colonies in 2008. Thus, the production of a. A. m. intermissa (Tellian bees) Called honey has been tripled; it has changed from Tellian bee relative to the Tellian Atlas 10.500 quintals in 2000 to 33.000 quintals Mountains and named by some the in 2008 [45].

Cite as: TAMALİ, H S; ÖZKIRM, A (2019), Beekeeping Activities in Turkey and Algeria, Mellifera, 19(1):30-40.

Mellifera 2019, 19(1):30-40

“Phoenician bee” compared to the ancient “Many foreign breeds have been introduced Phoenicians who settled on the coasts of to Algeria, such as common bees of Europe, North Africa, spreads in the northern Italian, Caucasian, etc…” [47]. regions of Bee products Algeria, and . It’s a In Algeria, as well, honey is found to be the medium sized bee compared with the other most important and the most consumed bee breeds and its colour is black [47]. compared to other hive products. “Generally, more than 100 queen cells are According to one from the beekeepers of built during the swarming period and the city of Constantin, there are 10-12 kinds several virgin queens can coexist until the of honey in Algeria; the most famous are: fertilization of one of them, an observation eucalyptus honey, orange honey (the that is made in other Mediterranean breeds. cheapest honey in Algeria), wild carrots The colonies swarm lot, sometimes seven honey, white clover honey, lavender honey, times in a season. They are nervous bees wild strawberry honey, mountains honey, and have a strong defensive character. various flowers honey… Moreover, they propolis a lot” [48] and it is However, there are those who confirm that characterized by a good production of there are more than that number; referred to honey [49]. the Sahara beekeepers, they produce about A. m. intermissa is very sensitive to brood eight other types of honey like, thyme diseases but resists well to that of adults honey, honey ( sp.), [50]. desert wild chamomile (Anacyclus valentinus) honey, Thapsia garganica 37 b. A. m. sahariensis (Saharan bee) It is the honey, helioscopia honey, most threatened bee breed because of its harmala honey, Aristida pungens low interest in the Algerian economy. Its honey besides the cedar honey which raises pollinating activity is not negligible and its the number to more than 20 kinds of honey. scientific interest lies mainly in its ability to adapt to the desert climate of the Sahara Cedar honey is the most expensive and [47]. “This bee spreads in the oases of famous honey in Algeria. This is due to the southern Morocco and western Algeria. In spread of cedar trees more in the desert, the oases of the Eastern Algerian Sahara, which requires the beekeepers to move their the presence of A. m. intermissa was hives for long distances which cost them lot registered. It can survive in extreme of expenses, especially transportation and weather conditions, with temperatures renting lands of farmers, in addition to its ranging from -8 ° to 50 °. The colonies are various health benefits [51]. not very populous. A. m. sahariensis is Although the production of honey in smaller than A. m. intermissa. It seldom Algeria has undergone a remarkable swarms, makes few royal cells and virgin evolution in recent years, the consumption queens are eliminated during swarming. of honey by the Algerian remains Moreover, the colony propolis little and is insignificant, because it is generally only not very defensive although a little used for the needs of a remedy. The annual nervous” [48]. Its colour is yellow and its consumption has been estimated around 90 production of honey is good. g [52].

Cite as: TAMALİ, H S; ÖZKIRM, A (2019), Beekeeping Activities in Turkey and Algeria, Mellifera, 19(1):30-40.

Mellifera 2019, 19(1):30-40

Moreover, the country fails to achieve coordination between farmers ad selfsufficiency for this product where it has beekeepers at the time of use of pesticides to rely on imports. This latter of honey [51]. Lack of accredited honey reached the 150 thousand tons in recent analysis laboratories [45]. years. Hence the main supplier countries Migratory beekeeping are: Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Turkey, USA, Germany, and Hungary [53]. In order to increase their productions, beekeepers have adopted the practice of In addition to honey, there are also other migratory beekeeping, which means bee products such as wax, pollen, propolis transporting hives to areas where flowering and royal jelly, hence their production is occurs at different times. very law, because many beekeepers either do not produce them or provide them in The development of the sector in recent small quantities and use them for their own years as a result of governmental programs needs. and the efforts of beekeepers has led to increased production and diversification of Algeria also imports wax, beehive wood, hive products; beekeepers crisscross beespecific veterinary products and approximatively the entire national territory biological materials (queens, swarms). and do up to eight migrations per year [54]. All raw materials (either imported or However, this practice remains expensive supplied by beekeepers) are sent to the (despite the quality of products offered by cooperatives which transform them into this possibility), limited (lack of resources final products for producers (embossed and professionalism) and poorly organized 38 wax, beehives, etc). (overload on the same sites) [45]. Most faced problems Türkiye ve Cezayir’deki Arıcılık Despite the efforts to improve the Aktiviteleri beekeeping sector in Algeria, the latter still suffers from problems related mostly to Öz: Bu derleme, Türkiye ve Cezayir’deki organizational issues, plus to climatic en önemli tarımsal sektörlerden biri olan conditions characterized by fluctuation. arıcılığın farklı yönlerinin vurgulanması One of the most important problems among amacıyla oluşturulmuştur. beekeepers in Algeria is due to the problem İki ülkenin arıcılığı hakkında tarihi bir of marketing for local products, which is bakış açısı sunulmuş, ayrıca iki ülkenin due to various reasons: Lack of flora ve fauna (daha özel olarak bal arısı coordination between beekeepers, türleri üzerinde) bileşenleri ve bunların including cooperatives, Dumping local arıcılık üzerindeki etkileri hakkında bilgi markets with foreign products, Lack of verilmiştir. Ayrıca, arıcılığın her ülkenin publicity to local products, Problem of ekonomisindeki konumu ve olanakları ile packing in which the beekeeper still cannot arıcıların karşılaştığı en önemli sorunlardan expose his products in a way that satisfies bahsedilmiştir. the consumer. Colony losses due mainly to honeybee diseases; Problem of Anahtar Kelimeler: Arıcılık, Türkiye, Cezayir

Cite as: TAMALİ, H S; ÖZKIRM, A (2019), Beekeeping Activities in Turkey and Algeria, Mellifera, 19(1):30-40.

Mellifera 2019, 19(1):30-40

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