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Researches on the Germination Biology of Some Common Weed Seeds in Turkey

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Researches on the Germination Biology of Some Common Weed Seeds in Turkey View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Researches on the Germination Biology of Some Common Weed Seeds in Turkey 1 2* 2 Hüseyin1 SOLAK , Murat KARACA , Ahmet GÜNCAN 2 Ziraat Bank, Konya, Turkey [email protected] Department of Plant Protection. University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey *Corresponding author: Bulletin USAMV series Agriculture 72(2)/2015 Print ISSN 1843-5246; Electronic ISSN 1843-5386 DOI 10.15835/buasvmcn-agr: 10407 ABSTRACT Weeds in agricultural production is one of the most important factors affecting yield. They causes yield lose ranging from 25% to 35% by competing with cultivated plants especially for nutrient, water, light and place. This data show the significance of weeds in agricultural areas. It is necessary to control the weeds to remove their harm. Principally the meaning of control is to know their biology. With this research the germination biology conditions (minimum, optimum and maximum germination temperature, germination period and rate) of some common weeds that are widespreadAmaranthus inretroflexus the agriculture in Turkey have been examined.Chenopodium According to album the research results, minimum, optimum andAlhagi maximum camelorum germination temperatures were 7-10 °C, 30-40 °C and 43-45°C (no germination at 45 °C) for Galium aparine L., respectively. These parameters for L. were for0–2 Taraxacum °C, 15–25 °C officinale and 40 °C; for Fisch. (without fruit) theyHeliotropium were 7–10 °C, europaeum 25–40 °C and 40–43 °C (no germination at 43 °C); for L. they were 0–2Peganum °C, 5–25 harmala °C and 25–30 °C ( no germination at 30 °C); Weber. they wereAlhagi 0–2 camelorum °C, 10–30 °C and 40 °C; for L. they were 20–35 °C, 40 °C and 40–43 °C (no germination at 43 °C); for L. they were 7–10 °C, 20–30 °C and 43–45Keywords: °C. There wasbiology, no germination germination, in weed seed. Fisch. seeds at any temperatures. INTRODUCTION Maturation and germination are the sequential One of the most important factors affecting yield in agricultural production is weeds. Weeds events in a plant’s life. The interval between these are the natural plants of cultivated area and sequential events can range from a few hours to non-cultivated areas. Economically, they are the long years. The function of the seed is to protect plants, which do more harmful than beneficial, in the embryo until the plant grows and gives seed and outside the agricultural areas. Yet, it should again. Under conditions in which there is no not be ignored that weeds can be attached to development, the seed can use its nutrient supply culture over time. In addition to their harm, they for a long time and show maximum resistance also have some benefits. As is known, weeds to negative environmental conditions (Güncan, continually compete with crop plants in terms of 2006). A seed may occasionally go dormant periods water, nutrient, place and light. Because of their from maturity to germination. Based on the several characteristics, weeds are often superior characteristics of the plant species, this recession competitors to crop plants. If due precautions are is called “dormancy”, and it can be short-term not taken against weeds, they may cause 20-100% or long-term or never occurs. Dormancy is very yield loss depending on the species of the crop important for the continuity of weed population plant (Özer, 1993). and their adaptation to the environment. 533 Researches on the Germination Biology of Some Common Weed Seeds in Turkey By researching germination-temperature randomized blocks experimental design. Mean relationships, the dormancy status of some values of treatments, whose differences were weed species, which are widespread in the determined by means of F test, were classified by cultivated areas of Turkey, were determined “LSD”RESULTS significance AND detection. DISCUSSION through this study, and establishing the biological Determination of weed seeds germination characteristics which can be employed in struggle temperature, speed and duration againstMATERIALS these weeds AND was METHODS purposed. Amaranthus retroflexus L. (Redroot In the study as the material, weed seeds pigweed) wereDetermination collected from Konya-Turkeyof weed seeds in germination 2006, seven As a result ofAmaranthus trials performed retroflexus to determine temperature,species of weed speed seeds and were duration used. minimum, optimum and maximum germination temperature of seeds, it was observed that while there was no germination For each of the experiment performed in the at 2, 5, 7 and 45 °C, the germination was 10 % mentioned studies, mature weed seeds employed at10 °C; 6.5% at 15°C; 27% at 20°C; 43.5% at in the research were planted into 9 cm diameter 25°C; 73.5% at 30°C; 93% at 35°C; 84% at 40°C petri dishes having a two-stage filter paper. Fifty and 43.5% at 43°C. As it is understood from these seeds were placed into the petri dishes and they values, minimum germination temperature of were made wet with 5 ml of distilled water. In the weed was determined as 7-10°C, optimum order to determine the germination temperature, germination temperature was determined as 30- the petri dishes were observed at 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 40°C and maximum germination temperature 25, 30, 35 and 40 o C, on the other hand, the petri was determined as 43-45°C (no germination dishes were observed for 28 days by putting them at 45°C). When germination percentages into incubators operating at a stable temperature obtained at different temperatures are taken into (±0.5 °C). consideration, it is seen that germination at 20 and All experiments were conducted with 30°C were statistically different in comparison four repetitions. From the beginning of the with all other temperatures (Figure 1) experiments, counting was done on the 1st, 3rd, Germination temperatures indicate that the 5th, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th days, and the counting mentioned weed is adapted to hot climatic zones. process finished at the end of the 28th day. During AmarantusSteckel et al. (2004) reported that the optimum the counting, seeds having 0.5 cm radicle were temperature for the maximum (Amaranthus germination blitoides of accepted as germinated and taken out of the petri spp. seeds is higher than 20 °C, except dish (Uygur 1991). When the humidity decreased for Prostrate pigweed in the petri dish, needed water was provided. S.Wats.). Ghorbani et al. (1999) stated that Statistical analyses of the findings collected in minimum germination temperature of Amaranth consequence of the researches were done through seeds is 5 °C and maximum germination is 35- MSTAT-CTab. 1. statistical program according to the 40°C . In a research conducted in Cukurova Region Weed species used in the experiment; Common Name Amaranthus retroflexus AMARE Amaranthaceae Scientific Name Bayer Code * Family Name Chenopodium album CHEAL L. Redroot pigweed Alhagi camelorum ALHPS Camelthron Fabaceae (Leguminosae) L. Common lamb’s quarters Chenopodiaceae Galium aparine GALAP Rubiaceae Fisch. Taraxacum officinale Weber TAROF Dandelion L. Catchweed bedstraw Heliotropium europaeum HEOEU Boraginaceae Asteraceae (Compositae) Peganum harmala PEGHA African rue * L. Common heliotrope L. Zygopyllaceae European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) are responsible for management of the EPPO code system (previously known as Bayer codes) Bulletin UASVM Agriculture 72 (2) / 2015 534 et al SOLAK Amaranthusof Turkey, it was retroflexus reported that minimum, optimum Besidesseeds of researcherslamb’s quarters have thatdetermined maturate that at lowthe and maximum germination temperatures for temperature need at least 10°C to germinate. Chenopodium album were L. 10, 30 and 40°C quarters)respectively (Üremiş and Uygur, 1999). greatest germination in the seeds of lamb’s (Common lamb’s quartersAlhagi is camelorumat the rate ofFisch. 75% (Camelthron) at 18°C, the least germination is at the rate of 4% at 5°C. In consequence of experiments performed on the mentioned weed, it was determined that In consequence of trials, it was determined that the germination was 1.5% at 2,30 °C; 1% at 5, 35 germinationwhile no seeds at15 germinated at 2, 5, 7, 43 and 45 °C, and 40 °C; 3% at 10°C; 2.5% at 15°C; 5.5% at 20°C there was 4.01 % of germination at 10°C; 5.5% of and 2% at 25 °C. The obtained findings show that °C; 9.5% of germination at 20°C; minimum germination temperature of the seeds is 18.5% of germination at 25°C; 5.5% of germination 0-2°C, optimum germination temperature is 15- at 30°C; 19% of germination at 35°C and 2.5% 25°C and maximum germination temperature is germination at 40°C. As it can be understood from 40°C (Figure 2). these values, it was determined that minimum According to the graphic the difference among germination temperature of the seeds was 7-10°C, the temperatures is considered to be statistically optimum germination temperature was 25-40°C insignificant. As it is seen in the graph, germination and maximum germination was 40–43 °C(no rates are so low. These values display that seeds of seeds germinated at 43 °C) (Figure 3). ofthe Chenopodium weed have high album dormancy seeds falling level (96-97%).into soil can In When germination percentages obtained other words, it is possible to say that only 3-4% at different temperatures are taken into consideration, 25 °C and 35 °CAlhagi were foundcamelorum to be germinate under optimal conditions. Germination statistically significant. According to the results temperatures indicate that the mentioned weed seen in the graph, seeds of is adapted to mild temperate climatic zones. At possess nearly 90% of dormancy. Germination optimum germination temperature, maximum temperature shows that the mentioned weed is germination rate was 5.5%.
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