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FOREST-SMART MINING Identifying Good and Bad Practices and Policy Responses for Artisanal & Small-Scale Mining in Forest Landscapes FOREST-SMART MINING Identifying Good and Bad Practices and Policy Responses for Artisanal & Small-Scale Mining in Forest Landscapes Suggested Citation: Forest-Smart Mining: Artisanal & Small-Scale Mining in Forest Landscapes (ASM), World Bank, 2019 Disclaimer: This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. All omissions and inaccuracies in this document are the responsibility of the authors. The findings, interpretations, and views expressed in this guide do not necessarily represent those of the institutions involved, nor do they necessarily reflect the views of PROFOR, The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. © 2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Third-party content The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content contained within the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to re-use a component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that re-use and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images. All FFI, Levin Sources and SGAB material displayed is subject to copyright, trademark and other intellectual property rights which are vested in FFI, Levin Sources and SGAB or our licensors. This includes photographs in this report. The material within this report may be printed, downloaded or copied for your own personal non-commercial or educational use. It must be fully acknowledged. Prior written permission must be obtained for any other use. Financing for this study was provided by the Program on Forests (PROFOR). Design: Michael Bunnya Kalanzi (MeBK) Cover photo: Minkébé, Gabon (By Gustave Mbaza/WWF Gabon) FOREST-SMART MINING Identifying Good and Bad Practices and Policy Responses for Artisanal & Small-Scale Mining in Forest Landscapes Final Report April, 2019 FOREST-SMART MINING i TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................................................iii Abbreviations and Acronyms .......................................................................................................................................................viii Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................................................................2 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................... 10 1.1. Introduction and Terms of Reference ...................................................................................................................................................10 1.2. Introduction to Mining Sector Development and ASM ...........................................................................................................11 1.3. Introduction to Forest Sector Development ....................................................................................................................................14 1.4. Introduction to Mining in Forests ...........................................................................................................................................................17 1.5. The Importance and Definition of a “Forest Smart” Approach to Mining ......................................................................20 2. Global Distribution of ASM in Forests ............................................................................................................................. 22 2.1. Presence of Minerals in Forests .................................................................................................................................................................22 2.2. Projections for ASM in Forests ...................................................................................................................................................................22 2.3. Managing ASM in Forests ............................................................................................................................................................................24 3. Case Studies ................................................................................................................................................................................ 31 3.1. Case Study Selection .......................................................................................................................................................................................31 3.2. Case Study Methodology ............................................................................................................................................................................31 3.3. Bolivia .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................35 3.4. Colombia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................54 3.5. Democratic Republic of Congo ................................................................................................................................................................63 3.6. Ecuador....................................................................................................................................................................................................................68 3.7. Ghana .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................77 3.8. Indonesia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................90 3.9. Liberia ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................105 3.10. Madagascar ........................................................................................................................................................................................................115 3.11. Mongolia .............................................................................................................................................................................................................128 3.12. Suriname .............................................................................................................................................................................................................135 3.13. Sweden .................................................................................................................................................................................................................141 3.14. Ukraine ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................147 3.15. Results overview .............................................................................................................................................................................................153 4. Lessons Learned .....................................................................................................................................................................163 4.1. What Are the Impacts of ASM on Forests? .....................................................................................................................................163 4.2. Political and Economic Barriers to Forest-Smart Mining .......................................................................................................164 4.3. Governance Barriers to Forest-Smart Mining ...............................................................................................................................165 4.4. The Way Forward—Solutions
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