FOREST-SMART MINING Identifying Good and Bad Practices and Policy Responses for Artisanal & Small-Scale Mining in Forest Landscapes Suggested Citation: Forest-Smart Mining: Artisanal & Small-Scale Mining in Forest Landscapes (ASM), World Bank, 2019 Disclaimer: This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. All omissions and inaccuracies in this document are the responsibility of the authors. The findings, interpretations, and views expressed in this guide do not necessarily represent those of the institutions involved, nor do they necessarily reflect the views of PROFOR, The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. 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Design: Michael Bunnya Kalanzi (MeBK) Cover photo: Minkébé, Gabon (By Gustave Mbaza/WWF Gabon) FOREST-SMART MINING Identifying Good and Bad Practices and Policy Responses for Artisanal & Small-Scale Mining in Forest Landscapes Final Report April, 2019 FOREST-SMART MINING i TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................................................iii Abbreviations and Acronyms .......................................................................................................................................................viii Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................................................................2 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................... 10 1.1. Introduction and Terms of Reference ...................................................................................................................................................10 1.2. Introduction to Mining Sector Development and ASM ...........................................................................................................11 1.3. Introduction to Forest Sector Development ....................................................................................................................................14 1.4. Introduction to Mining in Forests ...........................................................................................................................................................17 1.5. The Importance and Definition of a “Forest Smart” Approach to Mining ......................................................................20 2. Global Distribution of ASM in Forests ............................................................................................................................. 22 2.1. Presence of Minerals in Forests .................................................................................................................................................................22 2.2. Projections for ASM in Forests ...................................................................................................................................................................22 2.3. Managing ASM in Forests ............................................................................................................................................................................24 3. Case Studies ................................................................................................................................................................................ 31 3.1. Case Study Selection .......................................................................................................................................................................................31 3.2. Case Study Methodology ............................................................................................................................................................................31 3.3. Bolivia .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................35 3.4. Colombia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................54 3.5. Democratic Republic of Congo ................................................................................................................................................................63 3.6. Ecuador....................................................................................................................................................................................................................68 3.7. Ghana .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................77 3.8. Indonesia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................90 3.9. Liberia ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................105 3.10. Madagascar ........................................................................................................................................................................................................115 3.11. Mongolia .............................................................................................................................................................................................................128 3.12. Suriname .............................................................................................................................................................................................................135 3.13. Sweden .................................................................................................................................................................................................................141 3.14. Ukraine ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................147 3.15. Results overview .............................................................................................................................................................................................153 4. Lessons Learned .....................................................................................................................................................................163 4.1. What Are the Impacts of ASM on Forests? .....................................................................................................................................163 4.2. Political and Economic Barriers to Forest-Smart Mining .......................................................................................................164 4.3. Governance Barriers to Forest-Smart Mining ...............................................................................................................................165 4.4. The Way Forward—Solutions