283128 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 8, 1977 approved 28 June 1879 (21 Stat. 37) (33 Hugh Salter, of North Carolina, to be before any duly constituted committee of u.s.c. 642). U.S. marshal for the eastern district of North the Senate. Carolina for the term of 4 years. Juan G. Bias, of Guam, to be U.S. marshal CONFIRMATIONS for the district of Guam for the term of 4 WITHDRAWAL Executive nominations received by the years. Executive nomination withdrawn from Senate September 8, 1977: Donald D. Forsht, of Florida, to be U.S. the Senate, September 8, 1977: marshal for the southern district of Florida DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Peter E. Corning, of New York, to be U.S. for the term of 4 years. attorney for the northern district of New Robert E. Raiche, of New Hampshire, to be The above nominations were approved York for the term of 4 years, vice James M. U.S. marshal for the district of New Hamp­ subject to the nominees' commitments to Sullivan, Jr., resigned, which was sent to the shire for the term of 4 years. respond to requests to appear and testify Senate on June 29, 1977.

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS

PRAISES ARTICLE BY REPRESENTA­ both high-capital nuclear technology and most good for the least cost. No attempt to TIVE CLARENCE LONG better lives for their people. steer foreign aid away from less developed Can the spread of nuclear weapons and countries (LDCs) that use it to finance nu­ technology be stopped-and stopped in time? clear technology can ignore the fact that HON. PAUL SIMON Underlying an answer to this question are much American foreign aid goes out through OF n.LINOIS three premises: ( 1) As far as technical multilateral development banks to such no­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES knowledge is concerned, the genie is out of torous prollferators as India. These institu­ the bottle. (2) The countries with the ab111ty tions should be persuaded by the United Wednesday, September 7, 1977 to suppy technicians, reactor hard ware, and States to deny loans to nations that are us­ nuclear fuel have so many conflicting and ing the money directly or indirectly for nu­ Mr. SIMON. Mr. Speaker, our col­ clear proliferation. If American influence league, Representative CLARENCE LoNG of even devious interests, that any anti-prolif­ eration agreement must be at the mercy of falls, we can reduce our contributions.' Maryland, had an article in the spring the lowest common prollferator, with long Finally, at the same time the United States issue of the magazine International Se­ delays and more loopholes than anti-prolif­ can press other nuclear suppliers to agree to curity under the title, "Nuclear Prolif­ errution clauses. (3) The consequences of stop proliferation. Our bids for cooperation eration: Can Congress Act in Time?" nuclear weapon proliferation are so fraught would, if anything, be strengthened by the It merits the attention of all of us, and with peril that efforts to contain it should go above-suggested demonstrations of good I am taking the liberty of having it re­ full speed ahead even though the superpow­ faith and good example. printed in the RECORD: ers can be blamed for asking others to re­ UNITED STATES SUBSIDY OF NUCLEAR frain from producing "kilotonnage" when PROLIFERATION NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION: CAN CONGRESS ACT they cannot keep themselves from p111ng up Most states that have achieved a nuclear IN TIME? "megatonnage." In any case, so urgent are weapons capability, other than the Soviet (By CLARENCE D. LONG) the problems of both small country weapon Union and the People's Republic of China, The threat of nuclear proliferation can proliferation and superpower expansion of have benefited from promotion and direct scarcely be overstated. As many as forty existing nuclear arsenals that the efforts to and indirect subsidy by the United States countries, typically underdeveloped and un­ cut back either one must proceed without Government.5 The United States has pro­ stable, may have nuclear weapons capabilities waiting for a successful solution of the other. moted nuclear energy exports principally by 1990.1 More likely than an all-out nuclear In view of the difficulties of getting co­ through the Export-Import Bank. war beginning between superpowers is a nu­ operation between nuclear and nonnuclear Since 1959, the Export-Import Bank has clear exchange between small countries, and weapon states, are there steps to check prolif­ provided loans and guarantees for almost a nuclear war anywhere has to be assumed to eration that the United States can take uni­ $4.8 billion dollars of exports of nuclear risk escalation to superpower involvement laterally? Do unilateral steps preclude co­ equipment and fuel through sixty-eight whether by deliberate intervention, or by operative agreements later on? What are the loans totaling $3.2 billion and thirty-four miscalculation, bluff. or panic. Even between obstacles, political and economic, domestic financial guarantees of $1.6 billion in com­ two small nations, a nuclear war could result and international? What is the role of Con­ mercial bank lending. in unprecedented death and destruction, gress 1n United States efforts? How willing Commercial · banks, with Export-Import with the United States being called upon to is Congress to do anything really effective? Bank guarantees, have provided a substan­ supply billions of dollars for humanitarian And in time? tial portion of the funding-generally 40 to relief, and with environmental damage that There are four classes of action that the 45 percent, and typi-cally are first to receive would scarcely respect borders. United States can take to discourage nuclear any repayment. In an industry-by-industry Paranoia caused by nuclear weapons pro­ proliferation. First, the United States can calculation for Fiscal Year 1975, the Con­ liferation would complicate defense plan­ stop promoting and subsidizing nuclear pow­ gressional Budget Office concluded that the ning.2 The United States could be compelled er exports, keeping in mind that a nuclear Export-Import Bank loans for nuclear ex­ to prepare against a variety of threats from power plant is the major step to nuclear ports, when compared with sixteen other in­ numerous challenges, building us a vastly weaponry. The engineers and physicists need­ dustries, had the longest average terms and increased nuclear arsenal with no clear stra­ ed for nuclear explosives would be present in received the second highest proportion of tegic purpose. How could the United States a power program. So also would be the plu­ subsidy.11 signal in advance its determination to re­ tonium, since the standard size 1,000 mega­ The Export-Import Bank has financed taliate with unacceptable damage against a watt power reactor of current design would fifty of the sixty nuclear reactor exports by nuclear attack if there were no way of iden­ produce annually spent fuel containing 200 the United States; of the ten reactors ex­ tifying the attacker against whom we would kilograms of plutonium--or enough for forty ported without Export-Import Bank financ­ then retaliate? Such an attack could be de­ small nuclear explosive. All that is required ing, only three exports of small reactors for livered by terrorists or in bombs exploded in to separate the plutonium from the radio­ Europe in the 1960s were not accompanied ships of false national registry anchored in active wastes is a reprocessing plant which, by some financial subsldy.7 Subsidy has been our harbors. Indeed, the objective could be to for a modest weapons program, would re­ critical to almost all American nuclear re­ provoke us into nuclear war with the wrong quire as few as eight engineers with stand­ actor exports. nation. ard training and would cost as little as $25 The United States had provided many Damage to our own civil liberties could million (a small fraction of a power reactor's other forms of financial aid to foreign nu­ hardly be avoided. National fright typically cost) .3 clear programs over the last twenty years. leads to a huge and pervasive pollee appa­ Second, the United States can move on This assistance, totalling at least $311.8 mil­ ratus. Who oa.n say that our democratic tra­ many fronts to encourage the use of non­ lion as Table 2 shows, has been provided ditions would survive, considering how they nuclear energy, thus providing better energy through the Atoms for Peace and other pro­ have caved in under less pressure in the past? answers, economic and environmental. Na­ grams administered by the Atomic Energy This article will show that keeping coun­ tions insisting on going nuclear for mllltary Commission; through the Agency for Inter­ tries from nuclear power technology, with its reasons could no longer wear the cloak of an national Development (AID); and through accompanying potential for producing nu­ energy solution. the International Atomic Energy Agency clear weapons, could save money for the Third, the United States can redirect its (IAEA). United States and preserve for the poor na­ foreign aid away from nations which insist By 1958, the Atomic Energy Commission tions opportunities to improve standards of on developing nuclear explosives. Inasmuch had agreements governing American nuclear living and of eduoa.tion-opportunitles other­ as there can never be more than a tiny frac­ trade and cooperation in force or almost rati­ wise lost because developing nations, even tion of the foreign aid needed to go around, fied with forty-three countries.8 Under these aided by the United States, cannot afford this redirection would be no more than good agreements, the United States exported re­ economics-allocating limited resources to search reactors with nuclear fuel and train­ Footnotes at end of article. those nations in which the aid will do the ing to Argentina, Bra.zll, Taiwan, Iran, Korea, September 8, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 28329 Pakistan., lsrael, a.nd Spain-ell now thought nuclear fuel contracts' (twenty-year loans at pertise.10 Instead, the Canadian reactors also to be interested ln having nuclear weapons.9 4 percent interest including a ten-year grace began to compete with United States ex­ The cooperative rese!U'ch programs between period on principal repayments) was to ports.u the United States and the European Atomic persuade the Europeans to adopt American Most of the AID assistance to other nu­ Energy Community (EURATOM) and be­ light-water reactor technology, so that clear programs has gone to India for the American nuclear suppliers would benefit Tarapur nuclear power plant (92 percent of tween the United States and Canada in­ from exports; instead, it helped create the total AID nuclear assistance to India). but volved assistance to Euratom and to the Ca­ international competition which now threat­ twenty-six countries have benefited from nadian development of the CANDU heavy ens Uillited States nuclear exoo·rt markets. AID-financed nuclear training, reactor parts, water reactor, but the expected benefits dif­ The goal of the United States-Canadian nuclear material, and heavy water. The re­ fered with each program. The goal of the Program was to upgrade the quality of cipients have also included those reportedly United States-EURATOM Program, which in­ United States reEearch in heavy water reac­ near nuclear weapons: Israel, Korea, Paki­ cluded two of the four deferred-payment tors by taking advantage of Canadian ex- stan, Spain, Taiwan, Iran, and Brazil.12

TABLE 1.-EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF THE UNITED STATES: AUTHORIZATIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWERPLANTS AND TRAINING CENTER SUMMARY BY COUNTRY FROM INCEPTION THROUGH DEC. 31, 1976 [Dollar amounts in thousands)

Export value Eximbank direct loans 1 Eximbank financial guarantees Number of Number of Country Equipment Fuel Total plants Equipment Fuel Total Loans Equipment Fuel Total guarantees

Net authorizations : Argentina. __ ------$18,853 $18,853 1 ------$13,466 $13,466 1 ------__ _-___ ------BraziL______$164, 162 27, 572 191, 734 1 $137, 753 17, 527 1:>5, 280 1 $4, 996 $3, 644 . $8, 640 1 France______11,220 5, 030 16, 250 1 11, 220 5, 030 16,250 1 ------~ ------Germany______27,200 30,948 58, 148 4 22,860 30, 448 53,308 5 ------·------1, 275 1 1, 275 ------1,275 1 485 3, ======2 135 ------135 1 ?:~~~~======Italy______======______75,759~~~ 26,796 102,3, ~~555 ======2 70,1, 851~~~ ======24, 849 95,700 2 ------Japan ______634,915 327,846 962, 761 11 362, 096 135, 055 497, 151 w ~m ~- ~m 1 Korea ______489,582 84,856 574, 438 2 235, 516 39, 519 275,035 4 191, 439 36, 042 227, 481 4 Mexico ------202,663 37,000 239, 663 2 111, 528 24, 930 136, 458 4 53, 145 8, 370 61, 515 2 Philippines______568,800 47,600 616, 400 1 255, 800 21, 400 227, 200 1 345, 800 21, 400 367, 200 2 Romania______4,120 :i15 4,635 ------1, 545 219 1, 764 1 1, 545 219 1, 764 1 Spain______1, 314,429 268,009 1, 582, 438 14 746, 170 113, 247 859,417 13 291, 613 52, 5!>2 344, 165 8 Taiwan ______993,142 91,000 1, 084, 142 6 438, 960 49, 500 488,460 5 275, 925 32, 400 308, 325 5 Sweden______44,700 37,935 82, 635 4 20, 115 20, 070 40, 185 4 ------6, 570 6, 570 1 Yugoslavia ------173,577 22,000 195, 577 1 185, 692 19, 800 205, 492 2 29,337 ------29,337 1 90,250 Various European countries ___ 90,250 ------90,250 ------90,250 ------1 ------TotaL______4, 798, 169 1, 025,960 5, 824, 129 50 2, 692, 116 515,060 3, 207, 176 68 1, 320, 198 235, 581 1, 555, 779 34

1 Direct Export-Import Bank loans have had the following terms: (1) Total repayment period has Jn the late 1940's to 8~ percent in 1976 with the majority of loans (37 of 63) at a 6 percent interest been about 20 yr w1th no principal repayment during the reactor construction period which has ~~ . increased from 3-4 yr in the 1960's to 8-9 yr today; (2) interest rates have ranged from 4.5 percent Source: Export-Import Bank.

TABLE 2.-0THER U.S. AID TO NUCLEAR PROGRAMS, 1953-77

Program Purpose Funding/number of countries

AEC Atoms for Peace (1953-62) ______Grants for research reactors·------$9 million (26). Grants for research equipment. ______$2.7 million (19). United States-Euratom, joint research program (195~9) ______To encourage Europe to adopt U.S. reactor technology ______$28 million (6). AEC deferred-payment fuel contract3 (1962--05) ______Part of United States-Euratom Joint research program ______$88.8 million (3). United States-Canada joint research program ______Share research on heavy water reactor technology ______$6 million (1). A.I.D. (1962-74) ______Capital, technical, and program assistance. ______$83.3 million (27) (of this amount, $72 million went to India for the Tarapur reactors). U.S. contributions to the IAEA (1958-77) ______Promotion of peaceful uses of nuclear energy ______$93.1 million (estimate of U.S. contributions for nonsafe- guards activities-SO percent of total U.S. contributions). Various activities (1953-present). ______International nuclear training, educational programs, conferences No _funding data available. and exhibits. Total additional U.S. contributions to other countries' nuclear pro------$310.9 million. grams.

Sources: "U.S. Financial Assistance in the Development of Foreign Nuclear Ener~y Programs," General Accounting Office, May 28, 1975; Bureau of International Organizations, Department of State; Division of International Affairs, Energy Research and Development Administration.

United States support for the IAEA has country and category (showing proximity to Ger~y (VVest)------155 helped substantialLy to spread nuclear tech­ explosive capabilities) of the numbers re­ Italy ------­ 127 nology, in spite of the supposed safeguards. oeivin:g training: Japan------281 Although the IAEA was conceived by Presi­ Particularly significant for weapons de­ Netherlands ------7 dent Eisenhower as a repository of all the velopment is that the United States trained South Africa ______4 world's nuclear weapon m.ater>ial in order to scientists for seven nations in plutonium .Sweden ------­ 16 reduce pressure for proliferation,13 most of recycling/ reprocessing, including Taiwan, Taiwan ------355 its budget and! activities since 1958 have Spain, and India. gone to promote nuclear actiVities; its safe­ Category II (Nations with limited TABLE 3. Training of Foreign Personnel in guard function is understaffed and under­ weapons-grade material sources and funded.u the United States (1970-76) some nuclear technology program): Furthermore, the United States has [In reactor technology, plutoillium recycle/ Argentina. ------­ 7 trained almost 13,500 foreign nationals since reprocessing uranium enrichmeilit and re­ AustraUa ------8 1945 in nuclear physics a.nd related fields. lated disciplines] Brazil ------72 AB pal"lt of our contribution toward creating Number of Czechoslovakia ------1 the world's newest rmclear power, since 1955 nationals Egypt ------­ 8 the United State~ has trained 1,367 Indian National trained 33 technicia.ns.Io Iran ------­ Category O!O+ (Nations which have Israel ------11 Between 1970 and 197·5, the United States nuclear weapons/explosives): Korea (ROK) ___ :.______11 trained nearly 1,500 nationals of forty-one 90 FTance ------38 Mexico ------countries in nuclear reactor technology, plu­ Great Britain______27 Norway -----.:... ------1 tonium recycle/reprocessing, uranium en­ Pakistan ------4 richment, and related crucial disciplines, the India. ------22 65 U.S.S.R. ------3 Spain ------overwhelming majority (1,300) for nations Switzerla.nd ------g.5 with sophisticated nuclear programs and Category I (Natiorus with full access to therefore technically near nuclear explosive weapons-grade material and with Category III (Remainder of nations): capability. Table 3 provides a breakdown by broad-based technology support): Algeri•a ___ - _____ ------3 Belgium ------6 Austria ------­ 8 4 Footnotes at end of article. Oa~ ------6 Chile ------·------28330 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 8, 1977 TABLE 3. Training of Foreign Personnel in Wohlstetter et al., Report prepared for the the proliferation of explosive nuclear devices the United States (197()-75)-continued Arms Control and Disarmament Agency by or the development of a capability of pro­ 18 Number of Pan Heuristics, Inc., (April 22, 1976), pp. ducing explosive nuclear devices." nationals 39-42. Ford Administration opposition prevented Table printed in Congressional Record, the Senate from going to conference and the Nation trained September 22, 1976, pg. H-10856. provision was not enacted. Category lli (Remainder of nations) :-con. The India case lllustrates the "wrong­ To illustrate the crucial role played by headedness" of American policy. More than the United States in underwriting the spread Denznark ------3 ten years ago, India was known to have a of nuclear technology around the world. Ta­ Finland ------1 reprocessing plant not under international ble 4 lists five categories of American aid GreeceHong Kong______------31 safeguards, but the AEC recommended never­ given to twenty-two low-income near-nu­ theless that the United States provide "en­ clear countries. Ireland ------1 couragement and assistance toward the re­ Nuclear power has been further dissemi­ Jordan ------1 cycle of plutonium produced in India's nu­ nated around the world by the United States Libya ------1 clear power plants," at the same time mak­ subsidy of its domestic nuclear industry. The Nigeria ------2 Saudi Arabia______1 ing the Orwellian assertion that such help large accumulations of spent nuclear fuel was "of direct pertinence to encouragement which may be reprocessed into plutonium in­ Syria ------1 of peaceful uses and deterrence of military tensifies the threat of weapons spread. Thus, Thailand ------·------1 16 Turkey ------8 uses." The reverse, of course, was true; the the United States has sent abroad the doubt­ Vietnam (South)------2 weapons-grade plutonium that comes from ful word that nuclear power is a most mod­ reprocessing can as well be used for nuclear ern and inevitable form of energy. Worse, explosives as for nuclear fuel.l7 the creation of a sizable nuclear industry has Total ------1,489 Concern over continuing the American set in place powerful interests among indus­ Sources: "List of Foreign Nationals Trained training of foreign nationals in nuclear tech­ try, labor, and the universities that bitterly in Selected Disciplines at AEC/ERDA Facm­ nology led the House of Representatives dur­ oppose any nuclear restraints as a threat 'ties," Jan. 1, 1970-December 13, 1975, pro­ ing the consideration of the Export Admin­ to their investments, their jobs, and their vided to Rep. Clarence D. Long by Nelson F. istration Act Amendment (H.R. 15377) in consulting fees. The nuclear industry, the ·Sievering, Jr., Assistant Administrator for Atomic Energy Commission (now the Energy September 1976, to adopt the Fraser-Long Research and Development Administration), International Affairs, ERDA, September 3, amendment, calling for a six-month study 1976. and the Joint Atomic Energy Committee by the Executive Branch on the extent to have so far stymied efforts to restrain nu­ Categories derived from Moving Toward which- clear proliferation. Domestic subsidies have Life in a Nuclear Armed Crowd, Albert " the education and training of foreign na­ ranged from direct government expenditures, tionals within the United States in nuclear to tax breaks, to below-cost charges for nu­ Footnotes at end of article. engineering and related fields contribute to clear fuel and waste disposal. TABLE 4

Ex-lm Bank (millions) AEC AID Ex-lm Bank (millions) AEC AID assistance Sensitive funding assistance Sensitive funding Direct Guar- (thcu- material (thou- Per~onnel Direct Guar- (thou- material (thou- Personnel Country 1 loans antees sands) 1 supplied s sands) • trained • Country 1 loans antees sands) I supplied s sands) • trained •

Argentina . ____ ------$462 L 220 Philippines __ , ______·· 277.0 367.0 ------S 447 149 BraziL ______------$155. 0 $9. 0 364 L $66 155 30 Colombia______402 S ------104 ~~~~g~~rica======______~~~- t ------81" 94 Egypt_------4 103 South Korea______275.0 227.0 350 S 272 Greece.______1. 0 1. 0 477 L 170 194 Spain ______859. 0 344. 0 350 L 194 162 16 1,367 Taiwan______488.0 308.0 448 L 33 76, ~~r Thailand______3.50 S 1, o~t ' 37 267 IIran______~~~~-esfa: :~ ======__ ==______======___ == ==______======~~g350 S~ 36 162 Turkey______350 S 451 145 IsraeL______• 5 .1 350 L 80 358 Venezula. _------__ ------____ 350 S 6 75 Mexico __ ------136. 0 61. 0 159 S 149 Vietnam ______------350 S 49 Pakistan . ______------______350 L ------1;675" 135 Yugoslavia______205.0 29.0 350 S ------io.r 128

1 The I ist of countries was derived frcm the Wohlstetter Report, "Moving Toward Life in a Nuclear cent or more uranium-235 or more than 10 tons of heavy water, it was designated "L". If not, it Armed Crowd?," pp 36-37 and 39-40. Several countries which had received research reactors was designated "S". No country received more than 700 grams of plutonium or more than 5 grams from the United States, were also included. Most European and developed nations were not in­ of uranium-233. cluded in order to provide a list of the small, lcwer-inccme countries generally discussed as the • AID funding includes capital assistance and technical assistance financing of forei~n nuclear most likely new nucl€ar prv. ers. South Africa is not a lew-income country but was included because ener~y projects and activities cumulative as of Sept. 30, 1974, and also, program assistance fi­ it is often mentioned as Interested in developing nuclear weapons. nancing of nuclear equipment and materials from July 1968 to June 1974. AID has not funded 2 AEC assistance was provided under the atcms-for-peace program and included grants for foreign nuclear programs since 1974. research reactors and other nuclear research equipment. s Personnel trained from 1955 to date. Data from Office of Assistant Administrator for Interna­ s Sensitive rr.ater ial inclut'es ur anitrr v. ith iO percent or more uranium-235, plutonium, uranium- tional Affairs, ERDA, February 1977. 2331 and heavy water. The designation "L" signifies a large quantity of sensitrve material~. and the desrgnation "S" signifies a small quantity. The significance of uranium-235, uranium-l33, and Source: Export-Import Bank. "U.S. Financial Assistance in the Development of Foreign Nuclear plutonium is that all three substances can be used to make nuclear weapons. The significance of Energy Programs," General Accounting Office, report No. ID-75-63, (May 28, 1975). Export Reor­ heavy water is that it can be used as a moderator in a reactor fueled with natural uranium, which ganization Act of 1976, hearings of the Committee on Government Operations, U.S. Senate, 94th is easier to obtain than enriched uranium fuel. India used a heavy-water-moderated research Cong., 2d sess. on S. 1439, p. 18-19 and p. 813. Letter Feb. 2, 1977, from Norman H. Brand, Chief, reactor to obtain the plutonium for its nuclear explosivet and the Unrted States provided 10 tons Visits and Assignments1 Branch, Office of International Program Implementation, International heavy water for that reactor. If a country received more tnan 10 kilograms of uranium with 20 per- Affairs Division, ERDA. THE PAST ROLE OF CONGRESS prohibiting the use of funds for nuclear reac­ Atomic Energy. This Committee, the only The "peacef'Ql" nuclear explosive detonated tors o·r nuclear reactor fuel for Egypt or joint committee of Congress with legislative by India in May 1974 aroused the House Israel. Also included in the 1975 authoriza­ authority, sought to block or gut every con­ of Representatives to a spate of legislative tion was an amendment earmarking funds gressional attempt at strong nonprolifera­ activity, including the passage of an amend­ for the much-needed strengthening of IAEA tion measures, thus continuing to demon­ ment to the International Development As­ safeguards.u strate that it was more responsive to the in­ sociation (IDA) Authorization bill requir­ These modest steps paved the way for a dustry and to the Executive than to the ing the United States representatives to the heightened sensitivity to nuclear prolifera­ Congress. Indeed, until March 1976, the Joint International Development Association to tion in the last months of the 94th Con­ Committee had held only one hearing on vote against any loans to India.111 At about gress. Environmentalists and public interest nuclear proliferation in five years, and, of the same time, the House passed ( 194 to groups set out to awaken the public and the seven nuclear export measures reported 191) an amendment to the International alert key Congressmen and Senators to the by the Joint Committee between 1971 and Nuclear Agreements Congressional Review danger. In March 1976, Representative Rich­ 1976, five authorized increases in exports and Act (H.R. 15582), requiring prior congres­ ard Ottinger took the lead in criticizing con­ none undertook seriously to limit exports. sional approval of all nuclear agreements. tinued United States nuclear fuel shipments In the Senate, the Committee on Govern­ The amendment was thrown out in the to India.. His efforts and those of interested ment Operations under the leadership of House-Senate Conference of the Joint organizations resulted in the first public Senator Abraham Ribicoff, undertook a two­ Atomic Energy Committee (a mock confer­ hearings (July 1976) on a United States nu­ year effort to draft legislation to combat ence in which the Committee met with it­ clear export license. The Nuclear Regulatory nuclear proliferation. The Joint Atomic self), even though the Senate had almost Commission suspended further nuclear fuel Energy Committee opposed Ribicoff's effort passed a similar amendment.2o shipments to India until more effective nu­ under the guise of jurisdictional questions. The Indian explosion prompted other bills, clear safeguards could be devised. The Government Operations Committee's amendments, and statements on the House Any efforts by Congress to stop promoting work during 1975 and 1976 was largely re­ and Senate floors. The FY 1975 Foreign Aid nuclear energy;weapon proliferation owed sponsible for the drafting of S. 3770 (H.R. Authorization bill, passed in December 1974 nothing to its leadership, the Ford Admin­ 15273), the Nuclear Explosive Proliferation and now public_law, contained a. provision istration, or to the Joint Committee on Control Act of 1976, which set forth a com- September 8, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS_ 28331

prehensive national proliferation policy.22 nuclear agreements and on certain appllca­ tlon would in any case, be desirable, even Senator Stuart Symington succeeded in add­ tions for export licenses now pending before without the nuclear weapon issue, simply be­ ing to the International Security Assistance the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. cause nuclear power· is economically inappro­ and Arms Control Export Act of 1976 an The following is an outline of nine general priate for developing nations, as will be noted t:&mendment to cut off foreign aid to coun­ legislative proposals to insure that nuclear below. ttles receiving sensitive nuclear fuel reproc­ exports from the United States do not get APPROPRIATE ENERGY SOURCES J'OR eSsing or enrichment fac111tles; however, the financial assistance from the Government. DEVELOPING COUNTIES amendment was weakened in House-Senate 1. Amend the Export-Import Bank Act of For many reason, nuclear power 1s eco­ Conference to allow the President to waive 1945 to prohibit loans or guarantees for nu­ the prohibition on aid under certain circum­ noxntcally inappropriate for developing clear reactors, fuel, heavy water, or other countries: stances.23 nuclear related items. Increasing disenchantment with the Joint 1. Nuclear power requires excessive 2. Amend the Foreign Assistance Act to amounts of capital and managerialsklll, both Committee in 1976 was indicated in the deny aid to any country to purchase nu­ House by the support generated by the Long of which are expensive and in short supply clear reactors, fuel, and technology, and to in the developing world. proposal to set up a Select Committee on deny guarantees or insurance (such as those Nuclear Proliferation and Nuclear Export 2. Nuclear power diverts scarce resources of the Overseas Private Investment Corpo­ from roads, schools, hospitals, irrigation proj­ Policy. House Resolution 951 had 143 House ration) for the same purpose. sponsors, including Morris Udall, John ects, fertmzers, agricultural implements, and 3. Amend the Foreign Assistance Act, the housing. Brademas, Ph111p Burton, and Peter Rodino, Export-Import Bank Act, the Agricultural and the endorsements of the many natlonal 3. Nuclear power lures the poor countries-­ Trade Development and Assistance Act as it does the rich-from the search for organizations concerned over nuclear prol1f­ (Food for Peace Program), the Arms Export eration.24 energy sources (including renewable ones) Control Act, the Commodity Credit Corpora­ which are less costly in capital and less In the final days of the 94th Congress, tion Charter Act, and any other aid legisla­ the Joint Committee k1lled two b1lls which damaging to the environment. tion to reduce the foreign aid credits, or 4. Nuclear power 1s centrally generated, had been reported favorably by the Senate guarantees, to the extent that the recipient Foreign Relations Committee and the Sen­ and, without additional large capital ex­ country is spending on expanding its nuclear penditures, cannot be distributed to the ate Government Operations Committee. The power capacity. Such action would prevent version of the Nuclear Explosive Prollferatlon rural poor, who ~tore scattered over wide dis­ our foreign aid and other resources from tances and often over rugged terrain. Control Act of 1976 (H.R. 15419) reported being used indirectly to finance nuclear ex­ by the Joint Committee was gutted by Ad­ 6. The average nuclear power plant-1,000 ports (through the fund1b111ty of foreign ex­ megawatts-is too large for the electric grids mlnlstrftttion amendments accepted in the change and financial resources) . Joint Committee without debate.26 of most developing nations and, if shut down, The 94th Congress adjourned on October 4. Instruct the American representatives to could not be replaced readlly by auxmary 1, 1976, without enacting any of the follow­ the multUateral development banks and to power sources.21 So many energy eggs in one ing nonproliferation proposals: United Nations aid programs to oppose aid basket makes the power supply vulnerable to Four related b1lls (S. 3770, two versions of to countries with expanding nuclear pro­ sabotage or breakdown, especially in view of H.R. 15419, and the Percy substitute for grams and to advocate that the banks advise the shortage of highly skllled maintenance s. 3770) to establish a national nonprolifera­ against nuclear power. Investigate the desir­ personnel. tion pollcy with supporting international abil1ty of ending American contributions to If nuclear energy 1s economically inap­ negotiations and limitations on American the multilateral development banks and propriate for developing countries, what then United Nations aid programs if such policies are the alternatives? Waiting in the wings nuclear exports. against nuclear power are not adopted. An amendment to the ERDA Authoriza­ are numerous energy sources which do not tion blll (Sec. 201 of H.R. 13350) to restrict 5. Enact legislation requiring a study of lead to apocalyptic weaponry and which, 1t the export of enriched uranium to countries the effect of American nuclear training of not discouraged by price policies and heavy that have not ratified the Nuclear Non-Pro­ foreign nationals at government fac111ties or subsidies that drain factors of production liferation Treaty. tn private universities on the spread of nu­ away to nuclear power, may be competitive An attempt to add nuclear export limita­ clear weapons. Amend the Atomic Energy Act and environmentally sound solutions to the tions and restrictions on nuclear fuel reproc­ of 1954 to require the full cost of such train~ energy problem. To accomplish this objec­ essing to the Export Admlnlstratton Act ing to be paid by the government whose tive, a rural development strategy is needed Amendments (the Zablockl-Flndley provi­ national is to be trained. which focuses on the use of simple, inexpen­ sion, Section 18 of H.R. 15537) . 6. Investigate the extent to which Ameri­ sive, labor-using tools and techniques that An amendment (Fraser-Long amendment) can nuclear firms are supporti-ng foreign sub­ are appropriate to the scarcity of capital and to the Export Administration Act Amend­ sidiaries either by supplying nuclear reactors the abundance of labor in poor countries. ments which had passed the House, to re­ for their foreign home markets or in export­ These tools and techniques, described by quire a study of American nuclear training ing American-licensed nuclear technology to others variously as "intermediate" or "ap­ of foreign nationals. third countries. propriate," or "vlllage," 'I call "light capital 7. Provide the Nuclear Regulatory Commis­ House Resolution 951 to establlsh a House technologies." 211 Light capital energy tech­ Select Committee on Nuclear Prollferatlon sion wlith power to license the transfer by nologies are small-scale, low-cost, simple, and Nuclear Export Policy. American businesses of nuclear technology reliable, repairable with sem1-sk1lled labor; The Joint Committee on Atomic Energy or know-how. Further require that public and produced from local, renewable resources had come to be seen as a major roadblock to hearings on such transfers to other countries (such as sun, wind, fiowtng water, and a strong pollcy of nuclear export restraint. be held if requested and that the Congress vegetation). In some parts of the world, receive sixty-day notice of such transfers, energy is already being provided from these After the close of the 94th Congress, retire­ during which the Congress coul_d act to dis­ ments and defeats greatly altered the Joint approve. non-polluting, renewable sources, through Committee's make-up, especially on the Sen­ the use of devices such as: ( 1) small, water­ ate side, and set the stage, along with the 8. Instruct the Executive Branch to pro­ powered turbines or hydraulic rams for pose that the IAEA separate the funding of pumping water, for providing mechanical recommendation of the Senate Committee promotional and safeguards activities with a on Committees, for further action to curb its energy, or for generating electricity,• (2) power. view to confining all United States funding windmllls to pump drinking and irrigation to the safeguards budget. water; to crush sugar cane, thresh or grind To do this, Representative Jonathan Bing­ 9. Amend Title V of the Trade Act of 1974, ham (D-NY), with my help and that of Rep­ grain, shell peanuts; and to power small which provides preferences for developing electric generators; (3) bio-gas or methane resentative Ottinger and others, led a suc­ countries, to prohibit duty-free treatment for plants to fuel irrigation pumps and other cessful fight in the 95th Democratic Caucus goods of any developing countries which ex­ of early December 1976 to amend the House pand their nuclear power programs. engines and to produce organic fertmzers as rules to strip legislative authority from the substit~tes for more expensive chemicals; Joint Committee on Atomic Energy and Ending all these government subsidies and (4) solar energy collectors to heat water, would not, of course, forbid private financing. or dry crops for storage. transfer its jurisdiction to several standing It is dimcult however, to see how private fi­ committees in the House, with the nuclear nancing would long continue without sub­ Energy, like a penny, 1s as good saved as export responsib111tles going to the Commit­ sidles in view of the doubtful profit prospects. produced, and the developing world like tee on International Relations. This action For those who profess faith that the profits the United States, is wasting it as if it were was ratified by the full House when it con­ are there, but perhaps hidden or in the fu­ st111 cheap. Methods for saving energy in vened on January 4, 1977. ture, here is a chance to prove that faith by rural areas of developing societies include: LEGISLATIVE FOR THE 95TH CONGRESS TO END putting up their own money. More emctent cooking stoves, pots, and EXPORT PROMOTION A major objection certain to be raised methods to reduce burning of wood, crop Major reforms, based on the stronger bills against curbing U-nited States subsidy of nu­ residues, and dung. from the 94th Congress are now being clear energy/weapon proliferation is its eco­ Improved clothing, blankets, and shelter drafted, 211 and action can be expected on nomic cost. This bears some resemblance to to reduce heating-fuel consumption. those bUls as well as on several bilateral the objection that abolishing disease will Organization of human labor, sharing of have an adverse economic impact on doctors draft animals to break labor bottlenecks at Footnotes at end of article. and nurses. Elimination of nuclear prollfera- planting, weeding, harvesting, and threshing CXXIII--1783-Part 22 283312 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 8, 1977 time, in order to make optimum use of avail­ real reason for seeking economic develop­ go too far, proliferation has just begun. Pre­ able animate energy. ment. venting any nation from going nuclea.r w111 Replacing energy-intensive chemical fertil­ Some of the oil-producing nations claim preserve neighboring nations from the fierce izers with natural and organic fertlllzers. they need nuclear power to replace their on internal political pressures to do likewise, Use of drip irrigation with earthen pots when it gives out; but with oil for decades, out of fea.r. Examples of nations seeking to and pipes which reduce the amount of water they have time to seek out non-nuclear solu­ keep up with the nation next door are Egypt required-and the energy required to move tions and should certainly not get our sub­ as a result of Israel, Pakistan as a result of it.30 sidles to go the nuclear power route. If the India, and Brazil as a result of Argentina. It should be noted, however, that many oil-rich nations nevertheless choose to go Any nuclear moves we ca.n abort now can developing nations-such as Argentina, India, the nuclear route to get to nuclear weaponry, head off some multiple of these moves in the Pakistan, the Phlllppines, Turkey, Korea, they should have to use their own wealth. years to come. Mexico, Zaire, Angola, Morocco, Brazil and Objection: If the United States stops sub­ Tough as is the nuclear lobby now, it wlll other countries of Latin America.--possess sidizing nuclear exports, other nations will get tougher, if the industry is allowed to unexplolted fossil fuel (oil, natural gas, coal, take over the nuclear m'lrket. multiply here and a.broad. Anybody who has on shale and tar sands) as well as geothermal Response: The threat of abandoning the tried to resist the national defense lobby and hydroelectric resources sutHcient for their nuclear market to other suppliers would be with its firms and workers in nea.rly every own energy needs.31 more formidable 1f the nuclear market were congressional district and its highly paid The encouragement of light capital energy lucrattve.37 Those who claim it is profitable consulta.nts in universities, wm appreciate technologies must be lnstitutionalized.82 A should be asked to substantiate their con­ the urgency of a.cting before the polltlcal World Energy Conference could be a forum tention. Even the French may ultimately get clout of the nuclea.r industry approaches the to convince developing nations to move away the message that nuclear exports have a way dimensions of that of the defense industry. from nuclear power, to plan for replacing of costing the taxpayers more than the in­ Objection: Ending nuclear export subsidies nuclear and capital-intensive energy sources dustry earns in profits. If France, Germany, will jeopa.rdlze thousa.nds of America.n jobs. with light capital energy technologies, and or any other nation chooses to lose money, Response: So far as Job creation is con­ to explore foreign aid as a means of nudging or to give away its resources to other coun­ cerned, there a.re two objections to nuclear developing countries toward light capital tries, this is hardly reason for us to follow exports as a source of employment. First the technology and away from nuclear power.33 its example.88 In any case, with our efforts nuclear industry, being ca.pltal intensive, Needed especially are credit organizations subtracted from the others, the proliferation furnishes few jobs and the highly-skllled, available in the vlllages, coupled with ex­ of reactors would presumably be less, and highly-paid people it does employ are not, for tension systems to show local people how anything that reduces nuclear proliferation the most part, this nation's ma.ln unemploy­ to adapt, use, and repair the energy sources. of reactors is of course a gain. As Albert ment problem. Digging holes a.nd refilllng To accomplish this institutionalization, use Wohlstetter has suggested, better less than them to ma.ke work is good economics in could be made of the Kissinger proposal of more and better later than sooner.ao comparison with subsidizing an industry that 1975 for an International Energy Institute. Moreover there is some chance that United could lead to the destruction of much of Congress can provide leadership in specific, States leadership combined with economic mankind, if the only purpose is to provide yet undoubtedly controversial, ways: and political pressure could bring other a few thousa.nd jobs. 1. Earmark funds for ERDA's Cooperative countries to cooperate. Chancellor Schmidt The fa.ct ls tha. t there are virtua.lly trlllions Research and Development Program with of West Germany has said that he was not of dolla.rs of projects vitally needed in this Developing Countries. a ware of any otHclal American displeasure na.tion that offer exciting employment pros­ 2. Direct the Appropriate Technology Fund, with the German-Brazilian nuclear deal.'o pects, conditiona.l only on first solving the now beginning its work, to undertake demon­ United States pressure forced South Korea infla.tiona.ry effects: housing, ma.ss tra.nsit, stration or pUot projects in light capital to rescind its order for a French reprocessing health ca.re, educa.tion (including special energy sources and technologies. plant. The French have recently agreed to educa.tion for the handica.pped and the 3. Earmark foreign aid funds (under AID stronger nuclear export controls; the Cana­ gifted), pollution, a.ba.tement, flood control, and other programs) for light capital energy dians have gone further in their controls helping the a.ged. So far as inflation is con­ projects, with emphasis on the creation of than the French,n and the Soviet Union re­ cerned, any of these a.venues of job crea.tion country and regional light capital energy in­ would lea.d to less cost and price increase than portedly agrees with the stronger Canadian the nuclea.r industry. stitutes. restraints.42 Further, the major nuclear ex­ 4. Enact guidelines for United States for­ porters-France and Germany-depend on If the United States withdraws nuclea.r eign aid programs to provide incentives for American enriched nuclear fuel to keep their export subsidies, how will this money get to poor countries to cooperate with United domestic power reactors going if they con­ the providers of employment? With these States anti-proliferation policies, to eschew funds no longer extra.cted from the American tinue to divert their own fuel for export." capital markets, investment money wlll be­ nuclear power and to adopt light capital There are other avenues of economic pres­ energy. come ava.lla.ble on somewha.t ea.sler terms to sure-such as American influence in the In­ the nonnuclear types of job crea.tlon. More 5. Direct American representatives to the ternational Monetary Fund to affect loans multilateral development banks and to other Jobs can be crea.ted in other industries to countries in balance of payments dltHcul­ where less ca.pltal is needed per worker, in­ international organizations to stress light tles, food exports, and capital restrictions. capital energy policies and projects.u cluding industries producing other types of What evidence is there that the levers at our energy, tha.n there would be jobs lost from OBJECTIONS THAT WILL BE RAISED TO THE LEGIS• disposal cannot be xnade to work, if we use diminished nuclea.r exports. LATIVE PROGRAM them in good faith? Objection: Nuclear export subsidies are Objection: Poor nations must have nuclear It is even possible that clear American needed to shore up an unfavorable United power to replace oil imports and save foreign leadership and example wm be supplemented States balance-of-payments. exchange. by the burgeoning opposition to nuclea.r Response: It xnakes little sense to remedy Response: Nuclear power offers the pros­ power in many developed countries, includ­ a.n unfa.vorable ba.lance-of-pa.yments by pect not of relieving shortages of foreign ex­ ing a number of the nuclear exporting na­ crea.ting terrifying long term problems, even change and capital in poor nations but of tions. Sweden's recently elected Prime Min­ 1f the unfa.vora.ble ba.lance were la.rge, a.nd exacerbating them. Nuclear power requires ister, Thorbjorn Falldin, promised to dis­ even if it could be remedied in this ma.nner. enormous capital-approximately $1 blllion mantle his country's nuclear program, if In fa.ct, nuclea.r exports are sca.rcely 1 percent in capital construction costs for a 1,000 elected; he has just presented legisla.tion to of total United States exports,411 substantially magawatt reactor, substantially more than the swedish Parliament that severely re­ sma.ller than the sta.tistlca.l error in com­ for coal or oil-powered plants of that out­ stricts future nuclear power development. puting the ba.la.nce of payments. In any ca.se, put.35 Reactor parts, highly skllled techni­ A British Royal Commission chaired by Sir there is a. question whether subsidizing nu­ cians, and nuclear fuel would have to be Brian Flowers, a member of Britain's Atomic clea.r exports could help the ba.la.nce of pa.y­ imported at additional foreign exchange cost; Energy Authority, recently recommended ments. At lea.st one economist has a.rgued whereas more conventional power plants against development ot fast breeder nuclear that subsidizing a.n export produces no over­ could use indigenous factors of production. reactors-which produce huge amounts of all increa.se in exports, but simply increa.ses Furthermore, 1f the blll to develop nuclear weapons grade plutonium-in favor of de­ imports by the sa.me a.mount, a.nd thus de­ power in the underdeveloped nations is paid velopment of alternative, nonnuclear, energy creases employment in the import substitu­ by the United States it would be at the ex­ sources. France and West Germany have had tion.48 My own reasoning is that subsidizing pense of aid for food production, irrigation, sit-ins, mass demonstrations, and insta.nces one kind of export a.lso tends, by ra.ising fac­ and fert111zer, roads, education, health, ports, of sa.botage at nuclear sites, and West Ger­ tor costs, to be a.t the expense of other ex­ and housing. To construct the projected nu­ many a.nd Switzerla.nd face legal fights over ports, aga.in without improving the tota.l. rea.ctor construction. Denma.rk, Norway, and clear capacity for urban India alone in 1990 CONCLUSION (not counting annual fuel costs) would re­ the Netherla.nds are ha.ving second thoughts quire about $20 bllllon,ae and this immense about expanding their nuclear power capac­ It is my conviction tha.t the grea.test dan­ sum would do nothing for the energy needs Ity." ger confronting the balance of this century of the rural poor who make up four-fifths of Objection: It is too late to stop nuclear 1s nuclear wea.pons prollferatlon a.mong na­ the Indian population and who represent the proliferation. tions; tha.t the ma.jor impetus to nuclear Response: Although the spread of nuclear power a.nd wea.ponry has been United Sta.tes Footnotes at end of article. reactors and weaponry has been a.llowed to subsidy a.nd promotion; tha.t past Congresses September 8, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 28333 abandoned leadership to the President and clear Weapons." See Section 3 of Public Law the recipient country (such as in a multina­ the Joint Atomic Energy Committee; that the 9~73. tional reprocessing facll1ty), and only fuel U'ntted States Congress can act during this 6 Of 113 nuclear power reactors exported, rods containing mixture o! plutonium and session to stop this subsidy and promotion; the U.S. has exported 60; thus, the U.S. has uranium were imported, the recipient coun­ and that ending the subsidy of nuclear pro­ exported more power reactors than all other try could stlll separate the plutonium from llferation would be wise economically and nuclear supplier nations put together. Data the mixed-oxide fuel rods and could do so environmentally. !rom "Nuclear Power Plants Outside the more quickly and inexpensively than 1! it had I emphasize this economic justification be­ U.S.," Atomic Industrial Forum, May 1, 1976. to reprocess irradiated fuel. See Albert cause tt is so often argued that 1! the United Reactors operating, under construction, or Wohlstetter, "Spreading the Bomb Without States stops subsidizing nuclear proltfera­ ordered were included as exports under this Quite Breaking the Rules," Foreign Policy, tton, other suppller countries wlll move tn to calculation. No. 25 (Winter 1977). fill the vacuum. Reasons have been cited here e "The Export-Import Bank: Implications 18 Congressional Record, September 22, to suggest that other nations are seeing the for the Federal Budget and the Credit Mar­ 1976, pg. 319'00, folly of doing this and could see the folly ket," Staff Working Paper, Congressional 1e Congressional Record, July 2, 1974, pg. even more clearly tf the United States took Budget Otftce, October 27, 1976, pg. 17. 22029, Rep. Clarence D. Long's amendment leadership in pointing the way. But, 1! other 7 Nuclear Proliferation: Future U.S. For­ to H.R. 15465. nations insist on promoting nuclear prolif­ eign Policy Implications, Hearings before the 20 Congressional Record, July 10, 1974, pg. eration, there wm obviously be less than if Subcommittee on International Security and 22587, amendment offered by senator Prox­ we, the world's largest prollferator, continue Scientlftc Affairs of the Committee on Inter­ mire to S. 3698 (H.R. 15582). For Long amend­ in our wrong-headed pollcy. national Relations, House of Representatives, ment to H.R. 15582, see Congressional Record, The legislative efforts to stop this promo­ Ninety-Fourth Congress, First Session, pg. July 31, 1974, pg. 26144 and 261-53, and tion were begun in the 94th Congress but 100. Congressional Record, August 20, 1974, pg. can proceed in the 95th, one hopes, under the s Warren H. Donnelly, Commercial Nuclear U153-26155. le~dership of President Carter, who has Power in Europe: The Interactton of Ameri­ 21 "Foreign Assistance Act o! 1974," Publlc spoken strongly on this issue. The measures can Diplomacy with a New Technology, Law 93-559, enacted December 30, 1974, sec­ wlll be- -admittedly drastic, but there is no Science Polley Research Division, Congres­ tion 9(a) (1) (g) and Section 43. other hope. Proposals to watt for agreement sional Research Service, December 1972, pg. 22 See the following sources: among other supplter nations are proposals 32. The Export Reorganization Act-1975, not to do anything, since any agreement wlll 0 "U.S. Financial Assistance in the Develop­ Hearings before the Committee on Govern­ be at the mercy of the least common denom­ ment of Foreign Nuclear Energy Programs," ment Operations, United States senate, inator, with numerous loopholes and long General Accounting Otftce (Report ID-75-63), Ninety-Fourth Congress, First Sess.ion; The delays. The longer the delays, the more the May 28, 1975, pg. 10. Expott Reorganization Act of 1976,· and 1 proltferatton to additional nations. The more o Division o! International Affairs, Energy Peaceful Nuclear Exports and Weapons Pro­ nations with nuclear weapons, the harder to Research and Development Administration, liferation, A Compendium, prepared for the get agreement. Similarly, the larger the nu­ January 5, 1977. Committee on Government Opera.tions, clear industry, in the United States and else­ 11 The Canadian CANDU reactors also have United states Senate, AprU 1975. where, the more formidable the polltical compllcated anti-prollferation efforts be­ 23 Publlc Law 94-329, enacted June 30, 1976, lobby. cause their continuous refueling makes them Section 305, pp. 27-28. see also "Conference The main obstacles to stopping nuclear more ditftcult to safeguard than U.S. type Report on International Security Assistance prollferation will in fact be political pres­ reactors. See answer by the Department of and Arms Export Control Act of 1976," sure groups. To counter them will require State to question 11 of Senator Glenn, Ex­ Ninety-Fourth Congress, Second Session, arousing the American people to the impera­ port Reorganization Act of 1976, Hearings House Report 94-1272, pp. 53-54. tives of the proliferation issue. If there is one before the Committee on Government Opera­ 2 ' The endorsements from outside Congress thing I have learned in fourteen years in tions, United States Senate, Ninety-Fourth were as follows: Congress, it is that the finest oratory on the Congress, Second Session on S. 1439, pg. 845. fioor of the Congress is as nothing compared u "U.S. Financial Assistance in the De­ David L111enrt;hal, First Chairman, Atomic to a fiood of letters from the folks back home. velopment of Foreign Nuclear Energy Pro­ Energy Commission; Jeremy stone, Director, But such grass roots pressure requires arous­ grams," Export Reorganization Act, pg. 10. Federation of American Scientists; Common Cause; Committee for a SANE Nuclear Polley; ing the publlc-scarcely easy in view of the 1a Donnelly, Commercial Nuclear Power in complexity of the issue and the distasteful Europe, pg. 47. Sierra Club; Friends Committee on National Legislation; Friends of the Earth; Environ­ vision of the future that people are asked to u According to the table, "Summary o! ponder. EstimBJted Programme Resources 1977," by mental Polley Center; Ralph Nader's Con­ There is the risk, of course, that tf the the International Atomic Energy Agency, the gress Watch; National Taxpayers Union; The publlc becomes sutftciently frightened to de­ safeguards budget accounts tor only 18% of National Council of Churches; The Jesuit mand. that something be done, the result the regular budget and only 14% of "total Otftce o! Social Ministers; The Independent might be over-reaction. Democracy does not estimated resources." Phi Beta Kappa Environmental Study Group; function well in a state of panic. All the For additional discussion of the Interna­ Citizens Rights Committee; Women Strike more reason to deal with the problem now tional Atomic Energy Agency, see the follow­ for Peece; Council for a Livable World; while it is still manageable and can still be ing sources: United Auto Workers; Network. 25 be ·debated in an atmosphere of calm reason. Hearings of the Subcommit.tee on Foreign H.R. 15419, as reported, removed most Operations and Related Agencies of the Com­ obstacles to nuclear deals such as those be­ FOOTNOTES tween Germany and Brazil and between t'See the discussion in Albert Wohlstetter mittee on Appropriations, House ot Repre­ sentatives, FY 1977, Part 2, pp. 577-597. See France and Pakistan; had no requirement et al., Moving Toward Life in a N1relear Armed that loopholes in existing nuclear agree­ Crowd?, Report prepared tor the Arms Con­ especially pg. 578 and the stMiement by Am­ bassador Gerald Tape, U.S. Representative to ments between the U.S. and other countries troi' and Disarmament Agency (ACDA/PAB- be closed; delayed any U.S. action to tighten 263) by Pan Heuristics Division of Science the International Atomic Energy Agency, that the IAEA, as of Aprl'i. 1976, would have nuclear export controls until all nations Appllcations, Inc., (Los Angeles, C&litornia) agreed to the stronger system, thus making Chapter 2, especially pp. 3~1. 50 inspectors to inspect 400 nuclear installa­ tions. any strengthened system a dead letter; and !I Industrial nations, such as Japan (if Export Reorganization Act of 1976, pp. hobbled Congress' abll1ty to scrutinize a Korea got nuclear weapons) might join in presidential decision to overturn a Nuclear the nuclear arms race. 533-756 and related appendices. See especial­ ly testimony ot J. Kenneth Fasick, Director, Regulatory Commission ruling against a nu­ 3 See Wohlstetter et al., Moving Toward Life International Division, General Accounting clear export license by eliminating the re­ in a Nuclear Armed Crowd?, especially pp. 25- Otftce, pp. 537-548. quirements for 60-days notice and a de­ tailed explanation of the President's deci­ 26 and 35. Also, note his article in Foreign 15 Letter February 2, 1977 from Interna­ Policy, No. 25 (Winter 1977). For further ref­ tional Affairs Division, ERDA. sion. For further information, see Rep. erence see John R. Lamarsh, "On the Extrac­ George E. Brown, Jr., "Additional Views tion of Plutonium from Reactor Fuel by 1e Abraham S. Friedman and Myron B. (Dissenting) o.n H.R. 15419, as amended," Small and/or Developing Nations." Report Kratzer, "Visit of Indian AEC Chairman and House Report 94-1613, pp. 55-60. Thorium and Accelerator Teams," Atomic prepared for the Congressional Research 28 Principal provisions of nonproliferation Energy Commission memorandum, Septem­ Serv~ce o! the Library of Congress, July 1976. legislation would probably include: strength­ pp.11, 18, 19. ber 1966, Exhibit Eo! the Submission o! the ened licensing criteria to be applied imme­ · · .-·The Long amendment to the International Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., The diately by the U.S. to all its nuclear exports; Development Association Act, which passed Sierra Club and the Union ot Concerned provisions !or international negotiations to Scientists for the July 20, 1976 hearing o.n the 'House on July 2, 1974 and has become establish strengthened nuclear export co~ law; requires the United States to vote the Proposed Export of Special Nucle"r Mate­ ditions by all nuclear suppliers, procedures against any loan to any country "which de­ rial to India, before the Nuclear Regulatory to be followed in the eve.nt a nation violates velops any nuclear explosive device, unless · Commission. its agreement with a nuclear supplier na­ the country is or becomes a State Party to 11 Furthermore, with trained scientists, tion, and procedures to be followed in the the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nu- even 1! the reprocessing were done outside of eve.nt of diversion, theft or sabotage of nu- 28334 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September B, 1977 clear materials; the closing of loopholes in this program. Further the House Committee Europe,'' New York Times, september 26, U.S. bilateral nuclear agreements with other Report on this legislation ("International 1976, pg. 16. Nuclear Industry, January, 1977, nations through renegotiation of those Development and Food Assistance Act of pg. 32. Bernard D. Nossiter, "British Body agreements; provisions for adequate partici­ 1975," House Report 94-442, pg. 52) makes sees Danger in Fast Breeder Reactors," The pation by Congress in examining nuclear clear that additional funds under the Food Washington Post, September 23, 1976, pg. A- agreements for cooperation and amendments and Nutrition category (Section 103 of the 21. "Proliferation Debate," Washington Star, thereto, including a nonproliferation assess­ Foreign Assistance Act under which the larg­ september 29, 1976, editorial. Phil1p B. Smith ment statement on nuclear exports by the est part of AID's budget is authorized) can and Ruud Spanhoff, "The Nuclear Energy De­ Arms Control and Disarmament Agency; and be used for "activities in the energy field bate in the Netherlands," Bulletin of the increased support to the safeguards efforts directly related to agricultural or rural de­ Atomic Scientists, February 1976, pp. 41-44. of the International Atomic Energy Agency velopment." Within AID, the African Bureau 45 Survey of Current Business, Department (IAEA). has contracted for a study to recommend ac­ of Commerce, December 1976, pg. 8-3; also 27 Richard J. Barber Associates, Inc., LDC tions on vlllage energy sources 1n Africa. see "U.S. Nuclear Power Export Activities; Nuclear Power Prospects, 1975-1990: Com­ ss As a. beginning in sensitizing interna­ Final Environmental Statement," ERDA-1542 mercial, Economic and Security Implica­ tional opinion, U.S. participation in the 1979 April 1976, Vol. 1, pp. 4-16. tions," report prepared for ERDA, pg. 11-8. U.N. Conference on Science and Technology 48 Testimony by Arthur Laffer in Nuclear 28 see "India-The Strange Case of Wasted could emphasize light capital technologies in Proliferation: Future U.S. Foreign Policy Im­ Billions," Separate Views of Hon. Clarence general and light capital energy technologies plications, pg. 112. See also Joseph M. Burns, D. Long, Foreign Assistance and Related in particular. "Alleged Market Failures in Financing U.S. Programs Appropriation B111, 1975, House of M Some of the international organizations Exports," pp. 364-389. Representatives, Ninety-Fourth Congress, in which the U.S. can advocate light capital First Session, House Report 94-53, pp. &1-58. energy technologies are the International En­ "Light Capital Technology-The Only ergy Agency, the Council on International THE 1977 LABOR DAY MESSAGE Hope for Foreign Aid," Additional views of Economic Cooperation in Paris, the World the Hon. Clarence D. Long, Foreign Assist­ Bank Group, the Inter-American Develop­ ance a.nd Related Programs Appropriation ment Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the HON. PHILLIP BURTON BUl, 1976, House of Representatives, House United Nations and its member organizations OF CALIFORNIA Report 94-857, pp. 61-63. such as the U.N. Development Program, the "Helping the Poor Help Themselves-New World Food Council and other international IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Directions in Economic Development," Ad­ food organizations such as the newly-capital­ Thursday, September 8, 1977 ditional Views of the Hon. Clarence D. Long, ized International Fund fo;r Agricultural De­ Foreign Assistance and Related Programs velopment, the Organization of American Mr. PHILLIP BURTON. Mr. Speaker, Appropriation Blll, 1977, House Report 94- States, the Organization for Economic Co­ the esteemed Lane Kirkland, secretary­ 1228, pp. 62-65. operation and Development (OECD), the De­ treasurer of the AFL-CIO, has prepared For more discussion of light capital tech­ velopment Assistance Committee (DAC), the a set of remarks to the American people nology, see Appropriate Technology: Prob­ International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the on Labor Day. I deem them important consultative groups on aid to particular poor lems and Promises, Nicolas Jequier, Develop­ enough for inclusion in the CONGRES­ ment Center of the Organization for Eco­ nations in which the U.S. participates. nomic Cooperation a.nd Development, Paris, The Long amendment to the Inter-Ameri­ SIONAL RECORD: 1976 and Small is Beautiful, E. F. Schu­ can Development Bank Authorization Act re­ THE 1977 LABOR DAY MESSAGE macher, (New York: Harper, Rowe, 1973). quired the U.S. to propose that "the develop­ (By Lane Kirkland) 29 Energy for Rural Development: Renew­ ment and utmzation of light-capital or inter­ Since 1894 the first Monday in September able Resources and Alternative Technologies mediate technologies should be accepted as has been set aside to honor the men and for Developing Countries, National Academy major facets of the Bank's development women who built America, who keep the of Sciences, Washington, D.C. 1976, pp. 155- strategy, ..." (See Public Law 94-302). Lan­ wheels turning and maintain the fiow of 160. guage in the FY 1977 Foreign Aid Appropria­ goods and services in the largest and most 80 For discussion of improving eftlciency of tions Bill Committee Report (House Report complex economy the world has ever seen. energy use in both less developed and indus­ 94-1228, pg. 40) calls for action by the multl­ On this Labor Day 1977 our country is trial nations, see Barry Commoner, "Energy," lateral development banks in the field of entering its third century of the great The New Yorker, February 2, 9, and 16, 1976; light capital energy technologies. struggle to create a just society-a society Arjuri Makhijani, Energy Policy for the Rural 36 Division of Reactor Development and in which every citizen has a chance to achieve Third. World, International Institute for En­ Demonstration, Oftlce of the Assistant Ad­ his or her highest potential, a chance to vironment and Development, september ministrator for Nuclear Energy, ERDA. This learn to the limit of his capacity, a chance 1976; ·and Amory Lovins, "Scale, Centraliza­ figure represents the cost !or a nuclear reac­ to do productive and worth-whlle work and tion, and Electrification in Energy Systems,'' tor for which construction begins now and to share fairly in the rewards o! work. paper prepared for the Oak Ridge National which begins operation in 1985. We take pride in what we and our fore­ Laboratory Symposium entitled Future Strat­ se Barber Associates, pg. II-17 and figure bears have contributed in the struggle for II-12. egi~s ' of Energy Development, October 17, 7 social and economic justice. From the begin­ 1976." S Albert Wohlstetter, "Spreading the Bomb ning our unions have fought for better Without Quite Breaking the Rules," p. 172. schools, better health care, better housing; ·: ai. ~arber Associates, pp. III 37-41 and fig­ 88 Other nuclear exporting countries have ~r~s. III-3 and III-4. for equal justice and equal opportunity. financial institutions similar to the Export­ We intend to keep fighting for all of these s2,Some action in light capital energy de­ Import Bank with at least as favorable in­ velopment is occurring within the Energy Re­ things, not merely for ourselves but for a.ll terest rates and repayment terms !or nuclear men and women, at home and abroad. ~ar.ch and Development Administration reactors. Subsidies, therefore, have been a .(ERPA) and within AID. In November, 1976, common feature of all countries' nuclear ex­ One important part o! that fight, one that ERJ:?A initiated a Cooperative Research and ports. See Barber Associates, pg. IV-39. should concern every American who wants to pevelopment Program With Developing 39 Wohlstetter, "Spreading the Bomb With­ see his country move ahead toward justice Qo'un.tries, with emphasis "on the develop­ out Quite Breaking the Rules," pg. 165. and decency, is the fight to see that everyone ~ent of small-scale, decentralized energy ' 0 Department of State cable, "Federal Re­ who works for a. living receives a living wage. ~c;:J:>,~ologies." However, as o! this writing, public of Germany-Brazil Nuclear Coopera­ Very !ew union members have a.ny per­ th~s .' program has received practically no tion Media Reaction," July 2, 1975 (unclassi­ sonal stake in the federal minimum wage. turi~lng. AID has at least two sources of fied cable) . Most have succeeded, through collective bar­ s~tutory authority for programs in light 41 Under this policy, countries receiving gaining with their employers, in raising their ~apital energy technologies. Section 106 of Canadian nuclear technology would be lim- earnings well above any conceivable legal ~he 'Ji'oreign Assistance Act, enacted in De­ . ited to those w:Qo at least "accept interna­ minimum . ce~ber 1975, authorizes foreign aid for "pro­ tional safeguards on their entire nuclear pro­ But we are appalled that there are 10 mil­ grams to help developing countries alleviate gramme." Any nonnuclear weapon state ex­ lion Americans who work 40 hours a week, their energy problems by increasing their ploding a. nuclear device would immediately 52 weeks a year, often at hard and dirty jobs, prOd·Uction and conservation of energy, be cut off from any Canadian nuclear ship­ and who are paid les:s than poverty wages. tlirbugh . . . research and development of ments. See statement by Canadian secretary The hourly rate the government says is abso­ suitable energy sources and conservation of State for External Affairs, Donald Jamie­ lutely necessary today to raise a. worker iriethods, . . . and pilot projects to test new son, December 22, 1976. abon the poverty level is $2.81. The mini­ methods of production or conservation of ~Don Obordor!er, Wa.!Mngtm~ Post, De­ mum wage the government says an employer ·energy." cember 8, 1976, pg. 1. may now pay a worker is $2.30 an hour. 'Ibat 1 Section 107 of the Foreign Assistance Act, '3 Warren H. Dcmnelly, "Enrichment Re­ is a disgraceful commentary on America's enacted at the same time, provided up to $20 quirements of France and the Federal Repub­ national priorities. million for "the development and disaemt­ lic Germany 1977-U~e~." September 14, 1976, It is disgraceful that more than~ worker natton of technologies appropriate for de­ Congressional Research Senice. out of 10, no matter how hard he tries to ·veloping countries." An Appropriate Tech­ .. See tbe following press articles: Peter T. pay his own way, st111 must tum to public nolOgy Pund has been created to carry 0\lt Kalbol'n, "A-Power Opposition Growing in assistance, to food atampa, to private chart- September 8, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 28335 ties, to keep his family together with a roof lish fa.m111es and going right through· the disqualified for admission to the Air over their heads. minority mothers and fathers who would be Force Academy. It is even more disgraceful that a great thrown out of work so that the employer many workers are lllegally paid even less could hire their sons and daughters at a Of course, it should be realized that ~han the minimum. The Labor Department cheaper rate. Discrimination against the merely having SCT is not the disease it­ fecently reported that in the first half of young in the form of wage cuts makes no self. Moreover, SCT is an area of par­ fiscal 1977, unscrupulous employers swindled more sense than wage cuts for blacks, wom­ ticular ambivalence in the medical field. more than 300,000 minimum wage workers en, Spanish-speaking citizens, Vietnam vet­ Dr. William Crosby, a veteran in hema­ out of nearly $58 mlllion. erans or any other group with a high unem­ tology, stated a few years ago that "ev­ The Labor Department made a survey of ployment rate. The only solution to unem­ erything about SCT is not plain black the workers who were cheated last year. It ployment is more jobs, not discriminatory and white,- and SCT is a harmless genetic found that two out of five of those workers wage rates. were the primary earners of fam111es. A The second effort wlll be to eliminate in­ marker." He emphasized the fact that 1 fourth had two or more dependents. Half of dexing-the setting of the minimum wage in 10 black Americans carries SCT, them were women. One in five was black. at a percentage of the average wage in man­ therefore, a most common finding. Two-thirds were over 40 or under 20. Three­ ufacturing. Without indexing minimum Because so little is known about sickle fourths were retail trade workers or service wage workers will never get above the pov­ cell anemia in general, and because so workers. Two-thirds lived in the South. erty line. But with indexing at 53 percent much needs to be learned, I feel not only Those workers were the lucky ones, the they wlll do so, reducing their dependence a responsibility but also an obligation to ones whose employers were caught and com­ on public assistance and making them in­ support any move which has as its pur­ pelled to pay up what they had stolen. A dependent, self-supporting citizens and tax­ great many violations are never reported. payers. Indexing must not be defeated. pose the promotion of the cure and a There are, for instance, a mlllion and a half Finally, there wm be an effort to reduce wider comprehension of every aspect of household workers who are covered by the the $2.65 minimum. That figure, effective this disease. Minimum Wage Act and who are paid an next January, would .only restore half of the Neither my district, nor your district, average of $2,732 a year and have no sick buying power lost since the last time the hence America, can afford to lose the leave, vacation pay, pensions or holiday pay. minimum wage was increased. Any reduction leadership of promising young minds as This, again, is a disgrace to American society. below this figure would deprive minimum a result of conjecture and theory which Early this year the AFL-CIO Executive wage workers of what they absolutely need Councll urged the Congress to increase the to live decently and it would deprive the needs to be proven. Let us all rally behind minimum wage to $3 an hour and to include economy of the boost it would receive from the wisdom and foresight of the gentle· an automatic mechanism in the Act to main­ a restoration of buying power for low-wage lady from the seventh district of Illinois tain the minimum wage at 60 percent of workers. and support the declaration that Sep­ average hourly earnings in manufacturing. These are the goals of the people who have tember be named ''National Sickle Cell That recommendation was, and is, fair and a vested interest in poverty, who see fatter Month." reasonable. The minimum wage should not profits in human exploitation and who like be a poverty wage. It should be a wage that a society in which a large pool of cheap labor meets the definition in the Act itself and is fighting over jobs at starvation wages. CONGRESSIONAL REVIEW OF POST­ allows a worker to maintain at least a "mini­ It is that kind of society America has been mum standard of living necessary for health, struggling to put behind her in the long AL SERVICE CHANGES emciency and general well-being." fight for decency and justice. But because further delay is intolerable, But they are not decent goals for a coun­ HON. ROBERT N. C. NIX the AFL-CIO is supporting a blll now before try that has been struggling for 200 years Congress that wlll raise the minimum to to achieve human justice. OJ' PENNSYLVANIA $2.65 next January 1 and raise it to 53 percent If America is ever to become the integrated IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of the average wage in manufacturing by society of creative, self-supporting citizens Thursday, September 8, 1977 January 1, 1980. It is not all that we wanted envisioned by its founders, Congress must or sought. But it is a good blll that wlll go not let the exploiters have their way in this Mr. NIX. Mr. Speaker, I have intro­ a long way toward providing economic justice· ms.tter. And it is the job of every citizen to duced today a bill to amend title 39, for the lowest-paid workers in the country. see that Congress does its duty. United States Code, to provide for con­ Modest and reasonable as it is, however, gressional control over proposed changes the bill is under heavy fire by employers who want to preserve the status quo and maintain in the levels and types of services pro­ a _poolof cheap labor. NATIONAL SICKLE CELL MONTH vided to the American people by the Back in 1938, when the first minimum Postal Service. wage was established by the Congress at 25 Under existing law, the Postal Service c~nts : an hour, business spokesmen wrung HON. HAROLD E. FORD currently has the sole power to make their · hands and cried that the economy OF TENNESSEE such changes. Whenever the Postal Serv­ would never survive, that infiation, unem­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ice wishes to make a change in the levels ployment and ruin were just around the Thursday, September 8, 1977 or types of services which would result corner. They have repeated those arguments in a reduction of such services on a na­ every time since then that the Congress has Mr. FORD of Tennessee. Mr. Speaker, tionwide or substantially nationwide ba­ acted. to raise the minimum, and they are I am pleased to join Congressman CAR­ repeating them today. sis, it must first seek an "advisory opin­ There has never been a word of truth in nrss CoLLINs in the cosponsorship of leg­ ion" from the Postal Rate Commission. those arguments, and there is no truth in islation which will declare September But, regardless of the Commission's ad­ them today. Studies by the Labor Depart­ "National Sickle Cell Month." Sickle cell vice, the Postal Service may unilaterally Q}el).t: in both Democratic and Republican anemia, a genetic blood disease which proceed 'to make the change. For in­ adPlipistrations have shown that minimum affects 1 out of every 400 black Ameri­ stance, if the Postmaster General de­ wage increases have never had more than a cans, has no cure at the present time. It cided to eliminate Saturday mail deliv­ ~light and temporary adverse effect. Every is, furthermore, a disease which has not increase has been followed by higher em­ ery, he would simply notify the Postal been subjected to aggressive and careful Rate Commission of his plans. The Com­ ployment and increased economic activity. research and as a consequence, a num­ But the enemies of fair wages don't want mission is required ·to hold a hearing, to be confused by facts. They wm be raising ber of misconceptions and negative atti­ and a.s a. practical matter, the Postal the same battle cry when the b111 comes up tudes exist about it. Service probably would not make the in the House in mid-September and again During the August congressional re­ change effective until the hearing had later in the Senate. cess, my awareness of the problem and been completed and the Commission had In the fight to keep millions of their fellow attitudes associated with sickle cell ane­ issued its opinion. But, regardless of the c~tizens in poverty, they have these goals: mia was pointedly enhanced when a nature of the advisory opinion, the Post­ F.p-st, they wUl try to set a subminimum constituent of the Eighth District, Ten­ al Service may proceed to do as it wishes. wage for teenagers on the pretense of trying nessee, was rejected by the Air Force tp l~wer youth unemployment. In truth, this The legislation which I introduce today scheme has nothing to do with teen-age un­ Academy Preparatory School-after be­ will change that. If the Postmaster Gen­ employment. It is simply a device to give ing admitted-due to his having the sick­ eral wishes to make a reduction in the f~st:-food operators and other employers a le cell trait licability already. The article follows: only those commodities purchased by a fairly that the majority of working famutes con­ ·· SOCIAL SECURITY AND DEPENDENCY small group of !ammes-urban wage earners tain two adult working partners. The BLS (By Carolyn Shaw Bell) and clerical workers. figures that are quoted say that over half Furthermore, the cost of living figures most the husband-wife families in the country . Tlle Census defines a family as a group of frequently quoted refer to that same !am111ar have both spouses working. In reality the two pr more people related by blood, marriage group--John Doe supporting his wite Mary percentage is much higher if you exclude or .a(loption who live together: tam111es exist, and their two kids Dick and Jane--that some 5 million !am111es where neither part­ obviously, because people want them to. For makes up such a tiny minority of all !am111es. ner is working: both partners are retired, or some reason, however, we think and talk We need cost-of-living data for childless still finishing their education. Rather than about the family as it it existed all by itself, couples-who outnumber the "typical" argue the economic role of women, I would apart !rom its members. We describe the family eight to one. We need to know how urge you to reiterate that the single earner '. '!~mtly life cycle," and worry about the infiation hits the single mother supporting family is obsolete and that dependency is not :·~~~th ot the family." Business and govern­ her children-there are twice as many of a useful concept it it cannot easily, and ob­ ~el1;t view policy decisions in terms of "the them as of the mythical average family. jectively, be determined. a:ver.age family." President carter has even pt"oz;nised a "!amUy impact" statement to ac­ Think about minimum wages. George I enclose a copy ot my article ln the May company new legislation. Meany protests that $2.50 an hour (proposed Newsweek. I would be very happy to discuss .. Most of us accept without question the by the White House) is below the poverty these issues further with you it it would help. repe.ated use of that "typical" American level. But he's referring to the poverty-level Sincerely yours, !~r;nily-the married man supporting a wife income tor a family, not tor an individual CAROLYN SHAW BELL, and. two children-when we talk about so- worker. Katharine Coman Professor of Economics. 1 September 8, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS ' '" 28337 ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS OF mation problems because after the land is tribute to hardness. Lime treatment is effec­ COAL PRODUCTION-ASSESS­ disturbed recontouring and revegetation are tive in reducing acidity to zero and the re­ MENT BY THE EASTERN PENN­ difficult. Although the aerial disturbances of sultant emuent then meets EPA guidelines. surface mining are generally more visible Air: Because electrically powered equip­ SYLVANIA GROUP SIERRA CLUB than underground, both methods disturb the ment is generally used underground, air surface, produce wastes that require dis­ emissions are not a problem. (Dust within posal, can affect water resources, and expose the mine, however, poses an occupational HON. ROBERT W. EDGAR materials that produce acids when dissolved hazard.) OF PENNSYLVANIA in water. Solids: Solids produced when mine water IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES In surface mining, the major reclamation problem is dealing with surface disruption. Is treated amount to 56,000 tons per year for Thursday, September 8, 1977 This includes restoring surface topography, a typical mine in Northern Appalachia. Land: Subsidence and refuse storage sites, Mr. EDGAR. Mr. Speaker I am pleased replacing topsoil, fertlllzing and revegetating. In contrast, the reclamation problems associ­ as well as a water treatment facility site are to share with my colleagues an excellent ated with underground mining relate more to the major impacts on land use. briefing on the environmental impact of the disposal of materials mined with the coal. An additional problem with underground increased coal production. This briefing While these materials are often removed at mining, not developed here, is occupational­ prepared by Albert J. Slap and Dena the surface through a cleaning process, they related hazards (black lung). Sukol Wright, both of the Eastern Penn­ cannot be piled up and left uncovered be­ In summary, the environmental problems sylvania Group of the Sierra Club, de­ cause they produce acid water runoff when associated with coal mining are diverse. We scribes the problems which occur to our dissolved by rain, landslides, and other dan­ are concerned that the House Bill, while land, water, and air as a result of under­ gerous conditions. Another problem associ­ making reference to environmental safe­ ated with reclamSitlon after underground guards, may not adequately address the spe­ ground and surface mining. The House, mining is subsidence. In some situations, the cific environmental problems posed. Specifi­ . in approving H.R. 8444, endorsed the surface will subside, limiting subsequent sur­ cally, strict regulation of solids disposal · President's goal of increasing domestic face usage. These, then, are the two general from underground mining and strip mining oqal production to over 1 billion tons. I problems associated with reclamation of legislation which addresses land reclamation agree with the President that we should mined land. in surface mining is essential. We are aware rely more heavily upon our abundant re­ SURFACE MINING-ENVIRONMENTAL that H.R. 2-a Surface Mining Bill-has just sources of coal to meet our energy needs CONSIDERATIONS today been signed by President Carter. Un­ while maintaining the quality of our Water: The principal water pollutarut in fortunately, we have not been able to re­ land, water, and air. I am indebted to surface mining is suspended solids. These search this bill thoroughly; however, we are solids are a product of runoff from solid waste aware that the final bill as approved by the Mr. Slap and Ms. Wright for helping me joint conference allows both strip mining in understand the complexities of coal-re­ piles. Under controlled conditions, drainage and runoff water is collected, allowed to set­ national forests in the west and on western lated environmental problems, and I be­ tle and treated. Suspended solids are thereby "alluvial valley floors", subject to certain lieve that their August 3, 1977, briefing reduced to a 30 ppm concentration and a zero provisions. Unless this permissive approach deserves the attention of our colleagues: acid content. is counterbalanced by sumctently strong reg­ AUGUST 3, 1977. ulations by the EPA, we foresee serious en­ Air: Air pollutants are generated from two vironmental consequences. Congressman ROBERT W. EDGAR, sources: diesel-fueled support equipment and· Cannon House Office Building, wind erosion. Using electrical equipment does COMBUSTION Washington, D.C. not eliminate air pollutants, but merely The major environmental problem asso­ DEAR CONGRESSMAN EDGAR: You have re­ transfers them from the mining site to the ciated with coal combustion, as EPA Admin­ quested that we submit to you an analysis electric power station site. While reclamation istrator Costle has noted, is an increased of that part of the National Energy Act reduces particulates resulting from erosion, level of sulfur oxides emitted into the air. (H.R. 8444) which addresses coal conversion. it increases other pollutants by requiring However, this does not fully address the en­ A combination of time constraints and com­ more diesel-powered trucks, tractors, etc. vironmental impacts of the combustion proc­ plexity of issues involved has necessitated Solids: Solid wastes vary as a function of ess. Additional problems are caused by in­ an overview of the problems and possiblli­ surface mining technique. An area strip mine creased levels of carbon dioxide and respi­ ties that we see, rather than a comprehen­ excavating 10,000 tons of coal per day would rable particulates. Further, while under the sive report. produce 100 tons of overburden per day, an best of circumstances, air quality in a coal­ The blll establishes in Section 3 ( 5) a na­ amount approximately equal quantitatively burning area would meet the ambient stand­ tional energy goal which would increase an­ to the dally municipal refuse from a town of ards established by the EPA, other hazardous nual coal production at least 400 mil11on 40,000 people. The same coal production from pollutants may be involved. We are con­ tons above 1976 production levels of 671.2 a contour mine would result in 120,000 tons cerned that without aaequate, ongo1ng re­ million tons (figure provided by the Na­ of overburden per day-approximately equal, search, new envirormental problems, gen­ tional Coal Association, Washington, D.C.), again quantitatively, to the quantity of mu­ erated by coal combustion wlll be overlooked. by 1985. Our major concern is how this 60% nicipal refuse of 48 million people. (Statistics Within the past week, we have become aware increase in coal production and resultant from Energy Alternatives: A Comparative of two such studies which are rather alarm­ consumption impacts upon the environment. Analysts. Prepared for Council on Environ­ ing. This first appeared in The New York As you are aware, EPA Administrator Douglas mental Quality by The Science and Public Times, July 25, 1977, in which the National Costle has testified before Congress that in­ Polley Program, University of Oklahoma, Academy of Sciences after a 2Y:! year study, creased sulfur dioxide emissions, p,s a result Norman, Oklahoma.) warns that heavy use of coal in which addi­ of coal conversion, would largely be offset by Land Use: In general, area surface mining, tional C02 is emitted into the air, may ut111ty reductions if proposed conservation which is used in fiat terrains is more land­ bring an adverse shift in the climate (the and clear air controls are adopted. We do not economical than contour surface mining, greenhouse effect). The study indicates that have before us the data Mr. Costle used in which is used in hilly or mountainous ter­ this increase in temperature could "radically making this determination; however, from rains. Area surface (strip) mining requires disrupt food production, lead to a 20 foot the research we have done, we are skepti­ 5.9 acres per lOU Btu's in Northern Appa­ rise in sea level and seriously lower produc­ cal that this offset will actually occur. The lachia as compared to 12.0 acres per 1012 Btu's tivity of the oceans." environmental issues raised by coal conver­ required i.n contour mining. Moreover, sur­ The second study was done by Brookhaven sion include not only increased sulfur dioxide face mining in general, is less land economi­ National Laboratory in New York at the re­ pollution, but the environmental problems cal in Northern Appalachi·a than for example quest of the Energy Research and Develop­ inherent in mining itself. We, therefore, in the Northwestern section of the country. ment Administration. The Brookhaven Study would like to provide you with a brief over­ This is due to the differences in seam thick­ warns that increased coal use could raise the view of the environmental impacts of in­ ness of the coal. A Northwest mine producing sulfur-caused annual death toll to 35,000 by creased mining and coal combustion. 10,000 tons of lower Btu coal per day would the year 2010. This report does not square MINING strip 2.5 square miles in 30 years: a compar­ with Administrator Castle's evaluation of There are two principal mining methods­ able mine in Northern Appalachia would strip increased sulfur dioxide emitted into the the underground and surface. These two 27 square miles in 30 years. However, in the atmosphere. We strongly advise legislation types are further broken down into sub­ Northwest section, other environmental prob-' which makes flue gas desulfurization de­ categories relating to more specific methods lems, i.e. nondegradation of clean air regions, result. vices (Scrubbers) mandatory. "Scrubbers" used, dependent on applicabllity of land remove the sulfur from stack gasses after area/coal quantity to mining method. (Con­ UNDERGROUND MINING-ENVmONMENTAL tour surface mining and area surface mining, CONSIDERATIONS combustion but before emission into the for example.) In all types of mining, land Water: The principal water pollutant in atmosphere. Another technical possibility in preparation includes clearing vegetation from Appalachia (where most underground mi-ning this area is the conversion of raw coal into the construction site. In this respect, any is done) is acid drainage. The other dissolved a gas or iiquid fuel, thereby reducing sulfur choice of mining method poses serious recla- solids are sulfates and minerals which con- dioxides during combustion. The processes 28338 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 8, 1977 which a.ccompllsh this end are not fully de­ "NEW ICE CREAM STANDARDS their favorites. FDA Commissioner Don­ veloped. Moreover, whlle they reduce pollut­ UNJUSTIFIED" ald Kennedy is expected to announce his ants at a. point before combustion, they decision on the new regulations soon. I (the processes themselves) cause their own hope he will listen to the voice of the pollutants. HON. FREDERICK W. RICHMOND people. Following are excerpts of letters Another major concern that we have is re­ OF NEW YORK I have received from angry ice cream lated to deterioration of those areas desig­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES nated as Class I areas. Currently, these areas lovers: are in the best "environmental condition." Thursday, September 8, 1977 ". . . Sometimes I almost belleve that the Allowing large facilities (e.g. new electric people In Government are against the Amer­ utllity plants) to move into these areas may Mr. RICHMOND. Mr. Speaker, on ican people. It's things Uke this that disgust not raise the ambient levels above EPA August 2, the Agriculture Subcommittee me ..."-Rochester. N.Y. guidellnes; nevertheless, there would be an on Domestic Marketing, Consumer Rela­ " ... Please don't let the FDA add casein- overall worsening of air quality in these re­ tions and Nutrition, which I chair, and ates or other fakes to ice cream. We have gions. We strongly oppose legislation which Mr. Rose's Subcommittee on Dairy and enough junk put In our food now . . ."­ would allow encroachment on these areas by Poultry, conducted a joint hearing to in­ Scotia., N.Y. new fa.c111ties. The Clean Air Act, as it now vestigate a Food and Drug Administra­ ". . . One thing is for sure: Nobody but a stands and as interpreted by the courts, chemist wlll be able to figure out what the provides safeguards against this problem. tion proposal to change the standard of ingredients In phony ice cream are because However, current proposals to amend the identity for ice cream. Following compre­ they have chemical names ..."-oklahoma Clean Air Act pose serious threats to these hensive studies of the testimony received City, Okla. safeguards. The House has adopted the during and after the hearing, I have " ... I feel very strongly that the Food and Breaux Amendment which guts most of the found no justification for the change in Drug Administration should work to protect significant deterioration provisions which ice cream standards. the consumer against ersatz-makers Instead protect clean air regions of the country. The The proposed regulations were formu­ of cooperating with them ..."-Astoria, N.Y. Senate, by contrast, rejected the equivalent ". . . I think the FDA has dabbled in so of the Breaux Amendment. If the Breaux lated several years ago as a simple re­ many useless and unnecessary things and Amendment is finally adopted, protection in quirement for ingredient labeling. During has ignored the real problems of "junk food" the Clean Air Act for air qua.Uty over na­ the past 2 years though, they have been (perhaps from fear of the big food compa­ tional parks and wllderness areas would be changed. The FDA has been convinced nies). I wish someone would straighten them ineffectual. Thus, we would oppose the pres­ by the ice cream industry that milk­ out. I don't Uke to see the taxpayers' money ent coal conversion legislation without the derived, rather than whole milk ingredi­ wasted on things such as this ..."-Wash­ nondegrada.tion safeguard. ents would be adequate to meet half the Ington, D.C. SUMMARY milk requirement for ice cream. Today's " ... The American people have been so conditioned to poor products that many can­ Significant problems are raised by the ice cream contains only 20 percent milk. not tell good ones from poor ones . . ."­ massive conversion to coal use. The trade­ The new standards would require that ice Edwa.rdsvllle, Ill. otis between energy independence and en­ cream contain only 10 percent whole " ... It is difficult to understand why the vironmental quallty require complex prob­ milk; the other 10 percent could include Food and Drug Administration should con­ lem-solving with no easy solutions. Because dairy-derived ingredients such as whey cern itself with this issue whose only pur­ of time constraints, we have been limited in and caseinates. These are not whole milk pose would be to serve the ice cream manu­ our ab111ty to provide you with an in-depth products. They are milk by-products. facturers when there are so many other study of the problems. However, we have Depending on the combinations used­ pressing nutrition problems in this country. focused on four major areas of concern: This misunderstanding of priorities, or per­ and there will be many-each carton of haps it is a. lack of priorities, characterizes strip mining reclamation, increased controls ice cream will have different ingredient on sulfur dioxide emissions, increased con­ many of the nutrition programs of Federal labeling. By substituting whole milk with agencies ..."-Washington, D.C. trols on solid wastes disposal, and deteriora­ milk by-products, there is no guarantee " ... The cred1b111ty of the FDA has suf­ tion of clean air regions in the country. Ad­ present nutritional standards will be fered greatly in recent years. This matter ditionally, we are concerned with potential doesn't help them . . ."-Tucson, Ariz. problems generated by increased coal con­ maintained. We can be sure ice cream manufacturers will use the cheapest in­ ". . . If any food In America needs to be sumption which are not yet known. We kept upgraded and full of pure, healthful recognize that H.R. 8444 has made provisions gredients possible by disguising them contents, it is ice cream-a food that is fed for studies to be carried out which address with more artificial flavorings. to babies, invalids, and old people and every environmental problems associated with in­ This issue is not one to be taken other American under the sun ..."-Seattle, creased coal consumption, by providing a lightly. More than 800 million gallons Wash. budget of $2 million for such purposes. The of ice cream are manufactured each year. adequacy of this amount should be moni­ Ice cream is used in Federal feeding pro­ tored carefully to assure that it does not grams as a nutritious source of calcium, A TRIBUTE TO CHIEF HARRY seriously undermine vital information-gath­ vitamin B12 and riboflavin. The new "CHIP" CORNWELL ering processes necessary for public health regulations would completely ignore and welfare decision-making. these nutrients. Coal is an abundant resource with a. de­ Instead, the FDA has decided that the HON. LESTER L. WOLFF veloped technology for its recovery. It offers nutritional quality of ice cream should OF NEW YORK much in the way of energy-independence for be based entirely on protein. Ice cream IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES this country. But, it is not a. cheap resource. has never been considered a significant Thursday, September 8, 1977 In order to make its ut1llza.tion environ­ source of protein, nor is the average mentally acceptable, strong safeguard tech­ American's intake of protein a problem. Mr. WOLFF. Mr. Speaker, I would like nologies must be developed and imple­ Additionally, the ice cream industry to take this opportunity to pay tribute mented. These processes cost money and stands to reap profits of more than $70 to Chief Harry "Chip" Cornwell of com­ must be calculated as part of the cost of the million a year, and there is no guarantee pany No. 1 of the Mineola, N.Y., Fire resource itself. these profits would be passed on to cus­ Department. Mr. Cornwell will be hon­ We hope that this cursory overview pro­ tomers. In . · the meantime, additional ored on September 9, 1977 at a dinner vides you with useful input. We strongly stocks of nonfat dry milk, displaced by given by his colleagues for 50 years of support your past record in environmental imported caseinates and cheap, domestic distinguished and loyal service to the legislation. Please let us know if you wish whey, would cost the consumer dearly. department. additional materials from us for possible fu­ ture legislation which addresses environ­ Additional Federal tax dollars would be Chief Cornwell began his career of mental problems associated with our na­ committed to the Government dairy loan dedicated assistance to the department tional policy of lncreaed coal consumption. program. Taxpayers would pick up the and the community in September of 1927 Sincerely yours, tab, which could be more than $200 mil­ when his application to join company ALBERT J. SLAP, Esq., lion annually. No.1 was approved. His abilities and am­ Chairman, Eastern Pennsylvania Group. Mr. Speaker, consumers are not about bition were soon recognized, however, DENA SUKOL WRIGHT, to sit still while the agency mandated to and in 1931 he was promoted to the pre­ Research Assistant. protect our food tampers with one of sidency of company No. 1. From that September 8, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKs· ' 28339 point on he continually rose in the ranks HERE IS WHAT THE GENERAL in the world is, always has been, and always of public service, from second lieuten­ SAID will be a fact of life. Confiict of some kind is a natural state of man-not so much war, ant, first lieutenant, captain, warden, as competition, competitiveness-in econom­ executive secretary, deputy chief, and ics, in foreign affairs, in the quest by gov­ ultimately to chief of the department in HON. LARRY McDONALD ernments for goals for the governed. Confiict 1955. OF GEORGIA refiects the imperfectness of man in his In addition to his many duties as chief, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES world, and the perfectness of God in ~is Mr. Cornwell has been involved in the universe. There wm probably be war in your supportive affairs and operations of both Thursday, September 8, 1977 lifetime. The Soviets will continue to en­ Mr. McDONALD. Mr. Speaker, Lt. Gen. courage and help their Arab friends try to the company and the department. He eliminate the state of Israel. Our country has been a true leader in both the com­ Donn A. Starry recently got into trouble may not be wllling to go to war over this, munity and the department. There is no with the Carter administration for giv­ but to turn our backs on Israel would be very doubt in my mind that he will continue ing a speech to a high school gradua­ ditftcult, and to allow Soviet control of the to be so. tion in which he speculated that the oU resources of the Middle East would be Chief Cornwell's career had been U.S.S.R. and Red China might get into almost impossible. highlighted by his dedicated and respon­ a war and that the United States might The more critical the situation becomes sible performance. I extend my heartiest be forced to choose sides. For this, osten­ the more likely we are to respond with sibly, the General was recalled from his violence. In your lifetime the Soviets will congratulations to an outstanding public fight the Chinese, possibly simply continuing servant on this his golden anniversary. position post in Germany as Commander their ten-year-old border confiict, but more of the V Corps, U.S. Army, Europe, and probably in a major war. Ditftcult as it may · shifted to the position of Commanding be to see the United States becoming in­ General, U.S. Army Training and Doc­ volved in such a war, it is likely we would GOVERNMENT TOO BIG TO trine Command at Fort Monroe, Va., a do so once it became apparent that one or HANDLE lessor post. Actually, I question whether the other of the antagonists was about to his speculation about a Sino-Soviet war win and gain absolute control over the bulk was the real reason he was censured in of the Eurasian land mass. On the other side HON. JAMES ABDNOR this manner. If you read his entire of the confiict spectrum, intra-national OF SOUTH DAKOTA war-that is, war within the borders of a speech, it was a speech concerning basic country-will be more likely, as both the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES truths, values and a plea for realism and Soviets and the Chinese continue to export Thursday, September 8, 1977 realistic thinking in this day of slogan­ their brand of revolution. The question of eering and "pie in the sky" solutions how to intervene in such situations without Mr. ABDNOR. Mr. Speaker, while other to the world's problems. violating·the national sovereignty of smaller dates have gone down in history as By way of background, the General states, when and how to meddle in what is memorable, Dave McNeill, executive vice is not a lightweight. He has a total of essentially someone else's business, is not one president of the Greater South Dakota 29 years commissioned service, has a easy to answer. More nations will have n u­ Association, believes a 1977 day in Au­ clear weapons-Just as India has recently. master's degree in international rela­ This Just increases the chances that a delib­ gust is memorable. In his weekly news tions, and is a decorated combat veteran erate or irresponsible act by some small column, Mr. McNeil made the following holding the Silver Star, Bronze Star, and nation could trigger a war between larger observations which merit the considera­ the Purple Heart. Therefore, I believe nations. Could a nuclear attack on Los tion of my colleagues: the General's speech has to be read in its Angeles arranged by the Communist govern-. MONDAY, AUGUST 22, 1977-A DAY TO entirety in order to have any perspective ment of Ethiopia be distinguished from a REMEMBER on his remarks on a possible war in the Soviet attack in time to prevent the United PIERRE-The economic news report of the Far East. I commend his speech to the States from launching a retaliatory attack morning of August 22, 1977, provided the attention of my colleagues as it appeared on the Soviet Union? No one knows. most astounding report ever. heard by Ameri­ And so true peace wm not come in your can .taxpayers. The Federal government has in the Review of the News for July 6, time. The only peace you can expect, and the fallen 7 billion dollars behind in spending 1977. only peace of any value to you, is peace of this year. The commentator went on to tell HERE Is WHAT THE GENERAL SAID mind; peace that comes with understanding of the negative impact on the U.S. economy I thought perhaps we could spend these the imperfections of mankind and of having this "short fall" would cause. It may sound few minutes considering several things that figured out how to cope with this imperfect­ tinpellevable, but we are now being told that seem to me to trouble your generation. You ness. It is a peace that puts you as much at the taxpayer can't win at the Federal level. might not put them in the order that I do; ease as you can expect to be with your fel­ Overspend the Federal budget . . . taxes go you might not label them the way I do; but lowman and the imperfections of the world up .. Underspend the Federal budget ... the I think you'll recognize them for what they you live in. Ultimately the price of that peace economy sags from unemployment and other are-I'd call them peace, truth, God, and of mind is a w1llingess to sacrifice something waves created by government spending. you . for it; for it is stm true that nothing worth . It's all over at the Federal level. The citi­ Peace because a lot is being said about it. having can be had for nothing. zeris have lost control; our Federal bureauc­ A lot of things are being done in its name, TRUTH HAS A PRICE racy is too big to handle. The way things but it is and will remain an elusive vision are going we would need a billion -dollar through your lifetime, and so perspective Truth is a fragile commodity. The true study commission to understand why we can't state of things is frequently unpleasant. about peace is important to you. That's why we don't tell the truth more afford to Uve 1f the Federal budget isn't Truth because no one seems to be telUng spent to the penny. With the Federal budget it much any more. There is loss of confi­ often-to ourselves or to others. It is more tn ·the neighborhood of 400 billion dollars dence in the truthfulness of our government, convenient not to. Ins.tead we rationalize our per year (granted 6 or 7 b1llion one way or in the integrity of elected otftcials, which own imperfections and those of the world the other would be considered good estimat­ is having an effect on our society; it wlll around us. If we work hard enough at those ing), they tell us now that because of the continue to do so through your lifetime. rationalizations, we soon believe them our­ Federal spending impact, we must hit the So a perspective on the truth is important selves, and when we do, our grasJ) of the spending level with pinpoint accuracy. truth is a little less sure than before. Like to you. peace, truth is perfection; its distortion in . The kicker is we must get pinpoint ac­ God, because although the "Liberals" eura,~y from the Feds who Just last week lost our world is a measure of the imperfections tried to bury God several years a.go, the basic of thtat world, and of the perfectness of God. eno~gh plutonium to blow up half the world. values of our society are stlll those of our Pinpoint accuracy from the Feds who not For us there is no absolute truth; there a.re Christian heritage. You will live with the versions of what is, bound up in the bias l()ng ago were ripped off to the tune of $800,- problem of decline of these values through 00Q ·~ by a Transportation Department em­ of those who observe and report. In your life­ your lifetime, and so perspective on God time the truth will be harder to learn than ployf;le who simply told the computer to write is important to you. h~m some checks. Pinpoint accuracy from ever before. The "Liberal" press has adopted the. . Feds whose computers are capable of And you because this is your day. A day the adversary doctrine. They are not inter­ ~en~lng checks to Social Security recipients to pause a moment to consider who you are, ested in the truth, only in the five percent · 'wl~J:l 5 or 6 too many zeros. where you are heading, and what you might or so of the news that deviates from the ~90ks like our fate is lost at the Federal carry along with you. norm, which in an imperfect world is the ~eye~. Thankfully, at the state level we still So here we go. only truth there ·is. ha:v~ a chance to see spending cuts produce MEN CRY "PEACE" Presumably they would be willing to muck­ t~x savings. Peace is an illusion. The absence of peace rake around over every public administra- 28340 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 8, 1977 tion just to see it fall, without concern for as your heart holds dreams of hope, beauty, mad, because the newsman who conducted it the consequences to the country, or to the courage, so long are you young. was exactly the kind of nineteen-fifties guy­ quality of public administration. By some­ TO SERVE AN IDEAL full of false infiection and falSe authority­ one's standards we are all less than perfect. who was completely blown away by Elvis; and If one wants to make an issue of imperfec­ And so tonight you pass this turn in the there he was again, full of false infiection and tions, some reason can be made to attack road of your life, full of hope, full of dreams, false authority st111, condescending to him. every man who has held or could hold public full of anticipation for what comes next. The newsman cut away to a little group of office. 'Ihe ensuing turmoil simply feeds into I hope you wlll strive for and achieve great post-adolescent "experts," and they were the hands of those who claim our form of things. But remember, in many ways it's a worse. The new false post-adolescent author­ government is not viable anyway, and has far higher ideal to live an ordinary life in ity that needs to be blown away by some­ no right or hope for survival. Being objec­ an extraordinary way, to serve an ideal amid body. The only decent tribute I saw to Elvis tive is important, being skeptical is neces­ the drab, humdrum surroundings of every­ was in the hallway of a building at the corner sary, seeking after all the facts you can get day life, and st111 retain a vision of the of Sullivan and Prince Streets. Somebody had is essential, in order to make reasonable common man as a shadow of God. put an old pair of blue shoes on a chest of judgments about what's going on around And so your world goes out on every drawers in the hallway with a handwritten you, and what you should do about it. The side, no wider than your heart is wide, and sign. "Don't Step on My Blue Suede Shoes­ price o! truth is a willlngness to ask difficult up above the world your sky no higher than In Memory of Elvis," the sign said. questions, knowing all the while that if the your soul is high. truth really comes in response, the answers May the road ahead rise with you to new will be equally difficult. heights, may the wind be ever at your back, THE LIVING GOD and may God carry you always in the palm FUNDING FOR ADVISORY NEIGH­ Several years ago the "Liberals" buried of His hand. BORHOOD COMMISSIONS IN THE God. He wasn't important to them. They DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA SHOULD found their God in a liturgy which denies BE CONTINUED that anything-peace, truth, God, even life­ is worthy of reverence. And because the BLUE SUEDE SHOES Christian ethic is the very basis for our HON. DONALD M. FRASER culture, western civ111zation has been OF MINNESOTA stricken with the cancer of declining moral­ HON. PATRICIA SCHROEDER ity. Just over a month ago I stood in the OF COLORADO IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Garden of Gethsemane, then walked the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, September 8, 1977 long traiL across the Valley of the Dead to Golgotha, over the land where seething Thursday, September 8, 1977 Mr. FRASER. Mr. Speaker, Congress masses of people have struggled so many should not delete funding for advisory Mrs. SCHROEDER. Mr. Presid~nt, the thousand years. It struck me that in the following comment appeared in the neighborhood commissions-(ANC's)­ time of Christ they had a problem not a.t in the fiscal year 1978 District of Colum­ all unlike ours. They found peace and de­ August 29, 1977, issue of the New Yorker: bia appropriation bill. stroyed it with war; they found truth a.nd we have a letter from a man who was denied it with lies; they found God and thirteen years old in 1956: ANC's were authorized by Congress in hung Him on a cross. The denial of God wlll I would like to tell you about one song the District of Columbia Home Rule Act continue in your lifetime; you wm be called recorded by Elvis Presley. It is a song he to bring the views of the local neighbor­ on to decide about Him, who He is, who you recorded in 1954 for the Sun label in Mem­ hood to the attention of the locally are in relation to Him. Perhaps it's not all phis, and it is called "That's All Right." I elected oftlcials and city agencies. Dis­ that important; many people live their heard it two years later. The first words of trict residents voted 3 to 1 for ANC's whole lives without solving this problem, the song are: as a special item on the ballot of the but I suggest that your life takes on mean­ Well, that's all right, Mama, home rule charter referendum. ing, that the greatest value of a life is to That's all right for you. spend it for something that lives after it, That's all right, Mama, A typical ANC is in Southwest Wash­ that in the end you become what you are Just any way you do. ington where I live, as do several other through some cause you have made your own. Members of Congress. The nine ANC ~ . 1! you follow that line of.reasoning, de­ Elvis Presley's voice is like a high, sharp members were elected at the polls in qiding about the part God plays in your shiver. There isn't any part of the song not world is important. covered by a thrilling energy. This is a sig­ Southwest last year and serve without compensation, in a neighborhood of WISDOM AND YOU nificant American song, sung by a significant man. I stm have my copy of "That's All about 20,000 people. The Southwest . An'~ case the challenge was espe­ involved in the highly volatile battle over ton ;post should be noted and deserves cially diftlcult and required exceptional the Canal pact. our concern: courage. I believe that is why notice of Without House concurrence, it will be­ A CURB ON SPACE WEAPONS? her achievement in the RECORD is espe­ basically meaningless. (By Rowland Evans and Robert Novak) cially well-deserved. That's due to the fact that the treaty in­ A proposal to slow development of space On June 17 Jayne set a new national volves the transfer of blllions of U.S. prop­ erty and the payment of hundreds of mil­ we~p,ons essential for protecting U.S. in­ record in winning the 200-yard freestyle telligence and communications in an all­ lions of dollars to a foreign country-and swimming event in the National Wheel­ that can only be done by legislation voted out war is expected to go before President chair Games, which took place this year Carter soon in presidential review memo­ by both branches of Congress. randum (PRM) 23. in San Jose, Calif. To win her gold So while the Senate has the constitutional medal, she had to swim the 8 laps in 4.41. Although finishing touches have not yet function of ratifying treaties, ln the instance been put on PRM 23, the thrust of the Jayne was also awarded two silver medals of the Panama accord, the House wm play inter-agency study is certain at this writ­ for her second place finishes in the 25- an equally momentous role. ing. 'It will seek to lead the President away yard butterfly and the 25-yard freestyle. BEADY AND WAITING from the Ford administration's push for Mr. Speaker, individuals are always Further, this vital legislation must origi­ swift development of outer-space weaponry. confronted with challenges. Some shrink nate 1n the House. 'Ole importance of developing top-secret from the task for want of incentive or Not only wm the House have first crack at technology to defend against possible Soviet for lack of inspiration. I believe that it, but long-time opponents of a "Panama attacks on U.S. satell1tes would seem ob­ Jayne's efforts and accomplishments Canal giveaway", as they vehemently char­ vious on Its face. A Soviet attack destroying acterize it, are chairmen of the committees communication and spy satellltes would should be an inspiration and incentive that wlll frame the legislation. leav·e the U.S. helpless. Nevertheless, the to us all and should serve as a reminder Foremost among these hostile die-hard arms-control lobby, now riding high with that adversity need not be an impedi­ crusaders are Representatives John Murphy, Paul Warnke as director of the Arms Con­ ment to achievement; it can also be an D-N.Y., chairman of the Merchant Marine trol and Disarmament Agency (ACDA), looks opportunity to excel. and Fisheries Committee which baR jurisdic- 28342 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 8, 1977 tion over the Canal and Zone, and Daniel FROM SOUTH DAKOTA-KEEP THE they're being unfairly restricted by the provi­ Flood, D-Pa., chairman of a key Appropria­ HATCH ACT sions of the Hatch Act. It's served the coun­ tions subcommittee. It is the Appropriations try well over the years, although it's not Committee that w111 handle the lhUge finan­ been enforced to the extent we'd like, and, in cial aspects of the treaty. HON. JAMES ABDNOR our opinion, it should be retained. These two powerful and strategically­ placed House leaders are no johnny-come­ OF SOUTH DAKOTA latelies on the Panama Canal issue. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES They had a lot to do with torpedoing Presi­ Thursday, September 8, 1977 PROTECT MILITARY BENEFITS dent Lyndon Johnson's 1964 attempt to ne­ gotiate a Panama treaty. In the years since Mr. ABDNOR. Mr. Speaker, during my then, they •have maintained a constant drum­ August recess travels across South Da­ HON. LARRY McDONALD fire of blasts against tampering with U.S. kota a number of citizens have expressed sovereignty over the strategic waterway and OF GEORGIA their concern over House passage of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES adjoining Zone. amendments to the Hatch Act. Most of Throughout they have had plenty of bi­ Thursday, September 8, 1977 partisan backing. In the eight months of this them feel, as I do, that this act as it pres­ Congress alone, more than 50 Republdcan ently exists serves to not only protect Mr. McDONALD. Mr. Speaker, the and Democratic congressmen have sponsored Federal workers, but protects the public. trend in recent years has been to chip bills and resolutions against a new treaty. They are hoping the Senate will not go away at military benefits in order some­ 'llhe real m111tant core of hardnose congres­ along with the House in this matter. how, it appears, to get even with the U.S. sional opposition to the pact is in the House rather than the Senate. South Dakota views are pretty well military because they dared to follow For President Carter, that's where the rub summed up in this editorial from the orders and fight a no-win war in Vietnam comes in. Sturgis United States Navy needs the canal to eignty; the mere phrase 1s doublespeak. We Harris reminisced about the other strike a greater degree that any time since end of cannot provide military security for the ca­ and a couple of short-lived walkouts in the World War II, Washington is considering nal without sovereignty; to attempt it would 1950s. He contended that the present dispute its abandonment. The navy today is in the be to accept responslbiUty without authority. centers around an effort by Coors to strip same strategic bind it was prior to World benefits won over the past two decades. War II: it is a one-ocean navy (in size and The others agreed, saying they would be power) with two-ocean responsiblUtles. happy if things could simply stay as they While the 13 giant aircraft carriers of the EL CAJON TEAM CAPTURES RUN­ were. U.S. Navy have too large a beam to pass "I think the whole union would settle for through the 110-foot width of the present NER-UP SPOT IN 1977 LITTLE the old contract," Davidson declared. locks, well before 2000 a new generation of LEAGUE SERIES "I know they would," said Harris. ships wlll begin to replace them--smaller, but more effective, with advanced weaponry. HON. CLAIR W. BURGENER Every other ship in the U.S. Navy can transit the canal, a fact of major importance OF CALIFORNIA UNITED STATES SHOULD KEEP in limited war, the type of crisis we are most IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES PANAMA CANAL likely to face. Thursday, September 8, 1977 The Pa.nama Canal Zone offers facUlties unavailable elsewhere under the U.S. fiag for Mr. BURGENER. Mr. Speaker, I just HON. JOHN M. ASHBROOK training troops in jungle warfare. More im­ want to take this opportunity to salute OF omo portant, the zone is oriented towards the the El Cajon little league baseball team, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES problems of Central and South America, which captured second place in the re­ and the zone's army schools and training cently concluded little league world Thursday, September 8, 1977 facilltles have fostered and helped to de­ series at Williamsport, Pa. After dispos­ Mr. ASHBROOK. Mr. Speaker, I am velop a close and productive military liaison ing of some of the best little league com­ deeply distressed that President Carter between the armed forces of many nations petition in the West, the El Cajon team in the southern hemisphere and the United is attempting to give away the Panama States. demonstrated their diamond supremacy Canal. I cannot understand why we The economic factor is also of major im­ over the best teams in the Nation and should even consider turning over this portance to the canal-Caribbean equation. moved into the little league world title valuable waterway to an unstable coun­ To the American economy, and particularly game against the Taiwanese team. try ruled by a leftist military dictator. to u.s. overseas shippers and importers, the Although the Taiwanese have domi­ The Panama Canal is of vital eco­ canal r.'\s major importance; it has been nated series play for the last decade, the nomic, military, and political importance. estimated that, of all cargoes transiting the El Cajon team turned in the most re­ Approximately 70 percent of all the traf­ canal in ships of an flags, about 60 to 70 spectable game an American team has fic through the canal either originates or per cent are bound to or from U.S. ports. played in years against the Taiwanese, terminates in American ports. All but 13 One of the plans for transporting the oil as the Californians were "in the game" of the ships in the U.S. Navy-the ex­ of Alaska's North Slope to the hungry mar­ all the way. ceptions being the giant aircraft car­ kets of the "lower 48" contemplates ship­ ment by tanker through the Panama Canal Mr. Speaker, the El Cajon little riers-can pass through the canal. Gulf and East Coast ports. leaguers made all of us proud, not only Hanson W. Baldwin, a former military Even more compelling than the military because of the way they played, but be­ corresoondent for the New York Times and economic importance of the canal are cause of the way they conducted them­ and Pulitzer Prize winner, has written an the polltical and psychological considera­ selves. These young men are the best excellent article in oppasition to a Pan- tions. As the Pueblo, Mayaguez, and other ambassadors of good will a city could 2835.0 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 8, 1977 possibly have, and I would just like to this act "defines the smuggling, harboring, The first is that the laws are not carefully tip my cap to the players, managers, transporting, or encouraging o! illegal en­ enforced. A great deal of the impact of ille­ coaches, and others involved in the El trants as felonies," the Southwest proviso gal aliens in the United States is due to the passed in 1952, states that employment of violations of the existing legislation by the Cajon little league program. They have illeg::J.l entrants does not constitute harboring aliens, employers and administrators of pub­ shown us they are the best--not only and therefore is not a felony. lic welfare programs. If labor standards were of the West--but of the United States. Two very significant groups of amend­ enforced on the employers of illegal aliens, ments to the Immigration and Nationality it would be of no advantage for the em­ Aot of 1952 are those passed in 1965 and in ployers to hire illegal aliens.~ 1976. The major point of the 1965 amend­ However, even if the current laws on illegal TWO PAPERS BY MARYLAND HIGH ments was that the national origins quota aliens were more effectively enforced, a suc­ SCHOOL STUDENTS system would be replaced by a ceiling on cessful, long-range solution to the problem Eastern and Western Hemisphere immigra­ would not be achieved. This is because the tion beginning July 1, 1968. Immigration legislation which Congress has concentrated HON. NEWTON I. STEERS, JR. from the Western Hemisphere was to be on so far does not deal with the causes of the OF MARYLAND limited to 120,000 people a year, the Eastern problem, but rather its effects. If, relatively speaking, no jobs were available in the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Hemisphere to 170,000. The 1976 amend­ ments set an annual limit of 20,000 immi­ United States for illegal aliens, they would Thursday, September 8, 1977 grants per country in both hemispheres, a still come to the United States in the hope of finding "non-existent" jobs or getting on a Mr. STEERS. Mr. Speaker, this sum­ limit which previously had been in effect only in the Eastern Hemisphere. The 1976 Federally-funded benefit program. As long as mer I sponsored a 3-week seminar for amendments also extended, to both hemi­ the economic state of Mexico, from where 44 outstanding high school seniors from spheres equally, a modified version of the 89% of the illegal aliens come, remains un­ my district who examined our Govern­ seven-category preference system giving pri­ stable and the unemployment rate high, ap­ ment through a series of speakers and ority to family members, people with desired proximately 40%,e the people who are starv­ skills, and refugees. ing will go elsewhere in search of basic field trips. human needs. Therefore, the long-range solu­ At the conclusion of the program, the In an effort to deal with the illegal alien tion to the problem can only be reached students submitted papers on current problem, Congress has also amended several when Mexico achieves economic stab111ty. topics which they were able to study other laws and regulations. In 1974, Con­ One possible solution to the problem would through the Library of Congress con­ gress amended the Farm Labor Contractor be a program based upon temporary employ­ gressional reports and interviews. Registration Act of 1963 to include criminal ment permits, controlled by both the United penalties for unregistered farm labor con­ States and Mexico, which would expire after I have submitted for inclusion in tractors who knowingly engage the sevices of today's RECORD, two of these papers. 180 days. These would be issued to a limited illegal aliens. In 1972, Congress passed an number of Mexicans for work in the United The first paper, "Congressional Policy amendment to the Social Security Act cen­ States. The permittees would earn the same on Illegal Aliens," is by Babette Salus, a tered on cutting back the use of social secu­ wages as United States residents, with the senior at Montgomery Blair High School rity cards for employment purposes by non­ bulk of their earnings being spent in Mexico in Silver Spring. Babette, 17, is a mem­ citizens not legally entitled to work. It was after their return. The United States govern­ ber of the National Honor Society and a also attempted to reduce the participation ment would collect the same taxes from these in Federally funded benefit programs by the aliens as it does from residents. However, member of a symphonic band. illegal aliens. In addition in 1974, Congress The second article, by Sharon Plun­ since it would not have to supply so much amended the Farm Labor Contractor Regis­ in the way of Federally-funded benefit pro­ kett of the Academy of the Holy Cross in tration Act of 1963 to include criminal pen­ grams for these aliens as it does for its resi­ Rockville, examines U.S. policy toward alties for unregistered farm labor contrac­ dents, a portion of the collected taxes would Cuba. Sharon, also 17, is editor in chief tors who knowingly engage the services of be forwarded to Mexico. This program would of her high school paper and president illegal aliens. By restricting benefits to citi­ help the Mexican economy by lowering the and founder of her school's Political Sci­ zens and legal aliens and by creating more unemployment level there, with an asso­ strict penalties for the conscious !hiring of ciated gain in Mexican revenues and taxes ence Club. illegal aliens, it was hoped by Congress, The two articles follow: by reason of the new capital. The United that the incentive for aliens to come illegally States would have to enforce its labor laws CONGRESSIONAL POLICY ON ILLEGAL ALIENS into the United States and !or United more strictly With particular attention to \ (By Babette Salus) States employers to hire them would be the holders of temporary employment per­ lessened. Due to an economic imbalance between mits to make sure they do not overstay. the United States and almost half the other On January 11, 1977, Joshua Eilberg in­ In addition to any alien labor program countries o! the world, an exorbitant number troduced H.R. 1663 which would amend the which may be devised, the United States is of illegal aliens. somewhere in the vicinity of Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952. going to have to aid Mexico in large scale five to eight million, from at least fifty-nine The proposed legislation in summary: trade. The economy of Mexico will not sta­ countries, have entered the United States. "Amends the Immigration and Nation­ b11ize without increased trade. Illegal aliens, foreigners who either enter the al~ty Act to make it unlawful for any per­ The legislation before the 95th Congress, Uni·ted States unlawfully, or who enter legal­ son knowingly to employ, continue to em­ like that of the 92nd, 93rd, and 94th Congress, ly, but after admithnce violate the terms o! ploy, or refer for employment any alien in does not form a very optimistic approach to their entry, usually by overstaying or by the United States who !has not been law­ the permanent termination of illegal immi­ accepting unauthorized employment, come fully admitted for permanent residence, un­ gration. The legislation attempts to reduce to the United States with hopes of finding less the employment of such alien has been the effects o! the result, the high immigra­ employment. It is because of this motive that authorized by the Attorney General. Estab­ tion, rather than diminish the causes of the "The primary impact of the illegal aliens in lishes a three-step procedure for the impo­ problem, the economic upset coupled With the United States is believed to be on the sition of civil and criminal sanctions against the promising job market o! the United labor market." 1 The staggering number of employers violating the provisions, and also States. Even if the legislation as written illegal aliens, approximately 770,000 a year, provides for an injunctive remedy. Author­ could solve the illegal allen situation, it entering the United States has been a mat­ izes civil action by the Attorney General in would not until enforcement was improved. ter of great concern in Congress for the last the event of alleged discrimination regard­ The only way the United States is going to seven years. Despite the interest congress ing employment on the grounds of national achieve a permanent solution to this prob­ has shown in reducing the number of ille­ origin. Provides for tihe regularization of lem is to devise a controlled labor plan, to gal aliens entering the United States, the status Of certain illegal aliens who entered enforce that plan, and to assist the countries legislation passed seems to be inadequate if the United States prior to June 30, 1968." 4 from which the illegal aliens come, mainly a long term solution to the problem is to The House Judiciary Committee o! the 94th Mexico, in stabilizing their economics. be achieved. Congress found that the primary reason for FOOTNOTES At the present time, "The b!lsic U.S. law the illegal alien problem was the economic 1 imbalance of the United States and other Vialet, Joyce, Illegal Aliens: Analysis and governing immigration is the Immigration Background, Washington, D.C .. Congressional and Nationality Act o! 1952, as amended." • countries, with the greater cha.nce of finding employment in the United States. On the Research Service, February 1977, p. 1. This act defines an alien as "any person not basis of this finding a series of bllls was 2Jbid., p. 51. a citizen or national of the United States." a written prohibiting the knowing employment 3 McCarran-Walter Act, Act of June 27, It also states the distinction between immi­ 1952, Public Law 414, 82nd Congress, 66 Stat. grants and nonimmigrants as aliens admit­ ot 1llegal aliens and establishing a series ot 163. ted for permanent residence and aliens administrative, civil and criminal penalties ' Vialet, Joyce, Immigration: Illegal Aliens, granted temporary admission, respectively. for violators of this prohibition. There are, Washington, D.C., Congressional Research The act sets the immigration cellings and however, two reasons why these and other Service, May 1977, pp. 3-4. criminal sanctions for 1llegal entry. Although pieces of legislation concentrating on the u Vialet, Joyce, Illegal Aliens: Analysis and illegal alien issue are not successful in solv­ Background, Washin11;ton, D.C., Congressional Footnotes at end of article. ing the problem. Research Service, February 1977, p. 133. September 8, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 28351

e U.S. News and World Report, "Time Bomb President secretly ordered an end to the SR- issue is important but should not be a factor in Mexico." July 4, 1977, p. 27. 71 reconnaissance flights over Cuba. in normalizing relations because the U.S., BmLIOGRAPHY The latest movement toward normalizing even after criticizing, maintains relations "Time Bomb in Mexico," U.S. News and relations was the April signing of agreements with countries like Chile, Brazil, and the World Report, July 4, 1977, pp. 27-34. on fishing and maritime boundaries in Soviet Union, who were charged with having Vialet, Joyce, Illegal Aliens: Analysis and Havana. These agreements are a new begin­ political prisoners and treating them un­ Background, Washington, D.C., Congressional ning in U.S.-Cuban relations. fairly. Research Service, 1977. Other efforts have also been made to help Carter's very outspoken statements on Vialet, Joyce, Illegal Aliens: Existing Legis­ relations. Recently, Senators McGovern and human rights has been cited as an obstacle lation and Legislative Action in the 92nd Abourezk visited Cuba. During their visit in relations with Cuba. At the present time, and 93rd Congresses, Washington, D.C., Con­ they talked to Castro and reported back to this is true but once countries understand gressional Research Service, 1975. the President on some of his comments. President Carter, his human rights issue may Vialet, Joyce, Immigration: Illegal Aliens, The U.S. House of Representatives voted be much more of a help than a harm. In Washington, D.C., Congressional Research down an amendment to the Foreign Relations time, this issue will become comfortable Service, 1976. Authorization Act "which would have pre­ enough so countries will be able to talk in­ vented funds from being used for negotiation telligently about this and come to a solution. U.S. POLICY TOWARD CUBA: IN DIRECTION OF of reestablishing diplomatic relations with There are also other topics that are be­ NORMALIZATION Cuba.2 lieved to be in the way of normalization. (By Sharon Plunkett) Also a Gallup poll taken on reinstituting These are Cuba's use of export of subversion, The relationship between the United States diplomatic relations showed 53% in favor and the OAS. aud Cuba was severely handicapped from the of normalization of relations and Ya opposed Cuba 1s not as dangerous to peace and time Fidel Castro took over Cuba in 1959. to the move. security in Latin America today as it was iri After the overthrow, the two nations adopted While the U.S. is trying to normalize rela­ the 1960's because Castro no longer uses ex­ very opposite policies. Cuba expropriated all tions, Cuba is also showing their effort. On port of subversion as a revolutionary symbol. property owned by U.S. citizens, supported June 22, 1977 Cuban officials granted their Also the Department of Defense has stated uprisings in neighboring Caribbean countries consent for the resumption of cruise line that within the past few years the level of and instituted the Communist system of service between a U.S. port in New Orleans Cuban-supported revolutions has decreased. government. The United States halted their and Havana since the break in relations. The OAS embargo on Cuba was held firm economic as well as military aid and placed Even though diplomatic relations have until 1970 when Chile resumed trade and an embargo on exports to and imports from been going well since 1976 some people are then diplomatic relations with Cuba. Since Cuba. Furthermore, the Bay of Pigs invasion still in opposition to normalization because that time, eleven countries have recognized in 1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 of Soviet influence, Cuban involvement in Cuba. In July, 1975, the OAS passed a resolu­ just widened the rift between the two coun­ Angola and Puerto Rico, compensation for tion which gave each member-nation the tries. On January 3, 1961 the U.S. broke dip­ expropriated property, the Guantanamo Na­ right to make its own decision about rela­ lomatic and economic ties wlt.h Cuba. val Base, the sugar issue, the trade embargo, tions with Cuba. This decision was supported The U.S. policy toward Cuba has been and the political prisoner question. by the U.S. and signaled an end to the based upon the Cuba Resolution of October The Soviet influence in Cuba is a reason for eleven year ban on Cuba. These actions of 3, 1962. This resolution was instigated be­ the OAS are not an obstruction but a help cause of congressional reaction to Soviet normalization because with normalization our stand with the Soviet Union might im­ to normalize relations. military buildup in Cuba. Before and during 1961, the U.S. was op­ The x-esolution stated that "the U.S. is prove and it could also promote trilateral dis­ cussions between Cuba, the Soviet Union, posed to Communism and the Soviet impact determilled to prevent by whatever means and the United States. on Cuba. But today, the U.S. has somewhat sphere." It also declared that the U.S. "would accepted Cuba and is interested in benefits prevent in Cuba the creation or use of an Cuba was involved in Angola but the cu­ bans have said that half of their troops have that could be gained from normalization may be necessary . . . the Marxist-Leninist with this unique government. regime in Cuba from extending by force or been withdrawn. They also stated that the the threat of force, its aggressive or sub­ Army would not become involved in South­ There are some political as well as eco­ versive activities to any part of this hemi­ ern Africa. Concerning the involvement in nomic benefits to be derived from a change externally supported m1litary capability en­ Puerto Rico, President Carter said that seri­ in U.S. policy toward Cuba. Aside from re­ dangering the security of the U.S." 1 ous discussions of this matter should be held ducing international tensions, especially U.S. poltcy was also based on two decisions with the Cubans. those within the Western Hemisphere, im­ taken in the Organization of Americau States The sugar issue and the claims for expro­ proved relations could lead to reduced Rus­ in 1962 and 1964. In 1962 the OAS decided priated property are not major obstacles in sian m1litary influence in Cuba. Recognition to exclude Cuba from the organization. In normalization. With the case of the sugar, could provide economic development in the July, 1964, the OAS took action to impose the U.S. and other sugar-producing countries Caribbean area if Cuba was included in an sanctions on Cuba because of Venezuelan could get together and in time, solve this economic program. charges of smuggled weapons to pro-Com­ problem. It would not be reasonable to wait If U.S.-Cuban relations normalized Cuba munist guerrillas. before this issue is all solved before normali­ would be a very important trade partner. A During the past, U.S. policy toward Cuba zation occurs. The claiins for expropriated Cuban official told Minnesota businessmen, has changed because of various actions to property is also not an issue because it could who were visiting Cuba, that U.S. trade with normalize relations. This paper will show be dealt with after relations are normalized. Cuba could total $1.5 billion within one or just how the U.S. is trying to normalize their In reference to the Guantanamo Naval two years after normalization occurred. relations with Cuba. Base, this is not as hot an issue anymore in Finally, the reintegration of Cuba into the Since 1971, the U.S. has been trying to im­ normalizing relations to Fidel Castro. At first Inter-American system, the OAS, would prove relations. Many Senators have called he demanded that the U.S. give up Guan­ make a whole out of the Western Hemis­ for a reexamination of our policy toward tanamo. The Cuban Foreign Ministry offi­ phere idea. "Cuba by history, language, reli­ Cuba. During 1971, Senators Frank Church, cials now have softened their position. They gion, culture, and tradition is part of the said the U.S. would have to make a "willing­ William Fulbright, and Charles Mathias took Western Hemisphere and it is only natural action to repeal the 1962 Cuba Resolution. ness to negotiate." At least with this position, that the island nation be part of it again." a Since 1973, both countries had given prom­ the U.S. could talk and some kind of com­ ising indications that their policy toward one promise could result out of this issue. It is about time that the U.S. is seriously another was softening. During 1973, Cuba A real concern to Castro about normalizing negotiating and trying to normalize relations and the U.S. signed an anti-hi jacking agree­ relations was the lifting of the embargo. On with Cuba. This time is long overdue and at ment. Statements made by President Ford May 10, 1977, the Senate Foreign Relations the rate the two nations are trying to be­ and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger sug­ Committee voted to partially lift the em­ come friends again they will soon achieve gested changes from Mr. Nixon's policy. Even bargo against Cuba and to permit the export this promising goal. the OAS in 1975 voted to lift certain aspects of agricultural supplies, food, and medicines. of the embargo and as of April 1977, eleven This amendment to the State Department BIBLIOGRAPHY Latin American nations had reinstituted dip­ authorization bill was a modification of an Sklar, Barry, Cuba: Normalization of Rela­ lomatic relations with Cuba. earlier amendment proposed by Senator Me­ tions, The Library of Congress Congressional Since the fall of 1976 and with the election Governor. This "partial" lifting of the em- Research Service, May 17, 1977. of President Carter the movement toward . bargo could lead to the "whole" lifting of Sklar, Barry, U.S. Policy towar:d Cuba: A normalization of relations looks very encour­ the embargo. This is surely a possibility for Pro-Con discussion on the Resumption oj aging. The President has indicated this by the future. Relations, The Library of Congress Congres­ the further liberalization of U.S. restrictions Recently, the poiitical prisoner issue along sional Research Service, February 9, 1972. on Cuba. Also shortly after taking office the with human rights has been a top priority with the normalization of relations. This 3 Barry Sklar, U.S. Policy toward Cuba: A 1 Barry Sklar, Cuba: Normalization of Re­ Pro-Con discussion on the Resumption of lations, p. 1. 2 Ibicl., p. 13. Relations, p. 38. 283&2 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 8, 1977 THE BO CALLAWAY CASE The Justice Dept. found that Korth was SPECIALTYSTEEL: ANINDUSTRYAT not guilty of a conflict of interest. But Korth A CROSSROADS was asked to resign for violating standards HON. PATRICIA SCHROEDER set down by Kennedy for his administration in 1961. They declared: "Even though a tech­ OF COLORADO HON. JAMES L. OBERSTAR nical conflict of interest ... may not exist, OF MINNESOTA IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES it is desirable to avoid the appearance of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, September 8, 1977 such a conflict from a public confidence point of view." Thursday, September 8, 1977 A few years and one administration Mrs. SCHROEDER. Mr. President, ~n earlier, Harold E. Talbott resigned as Sec­ Mr. OBERSTAR. Mr. Speaker, I would the August 1977 issue of Colorado/Busi­ retary of the Air Force under simUar cir­ like to bring to the attention of my col­ ness Senator FLOYD HASKELL had an OP­ cumstances. leagues the situation surrounding import portunity to discuss charges made earlier As the New York Times described it, "At limitations on specialty steels, generally in that magazine, as well as in Harper's, issue in the Talbott affair were the Secretary's known as stainless steels, high speed, and that the inquiry by his Subcommittee activities from his Pentagon office" in behalf tool steels, high temperature alloys, and on Environment and Land Resources of an engineering concern in which he held. electrical, magnetic, electronic, and re­ into former Army Secretary Howard a partnership. fractory metals. "Bo" Callaway's role in obtaining Gov­ Talbott asserted his activities had been "within the bounds of ethics." President In the 15 years since 1960, imports of ernment approval for the expansion of Eisenhower, in accepting the resignation, specialty steels have increased 835 per­ his Crested Butte, Colo., ski area was termed Talbott's decision to resign "the cent, a major factor causing unemploy­ an election year stunt with little or no right one." He said officials of his Administra­ ment in the domestic specialty steel in­ basis in fact. tion must behave "impeccably from the dustry to rise as high as 40 percent. On Senator HASKELL correctly presents standpoint of ethics" as well as legality. January 16, 1977, the U.S. International the issue in the Callaway case: "Did he Sen. Wayne Morse, Democrat of Oregon, said, ". . . on the basis of his indiscretions Trade Commission determined that the attempt to use his high office to influence imports were a "substantial cause of seri­ a Government agency to act favorably and his publicly admitted mistakes, Mr. Tal­ bott ought to be kicked out of office." In ous injury" to the domestic specialty toward his private interests-his ski cor­ essence, he was. And even Republican sen­ steel industry. The Commission found poration?" And he points to two earlier ators thought it was the right decision-both that quantitative limitations for a 5-year cases-one during the Kennedy admin­ for Talbott and the President. Sen. Mundt period were "necessary to prevent or istration and the other during the Eisen­ cited the President's response as evidence of remedy such injury." hower administration-in which top his administration's integrity. Relying upon the Commission's find­ Government officials resigned under cir­ I think Mr. Callaway's conduct in the 1975 expansion of his corporation's ski area. and ings, the President negotiated a market­ cumstances similar to those pres~nted in ing agreement with Japan and imposed the Callaway case. in an earlier 1973 incident place both his feet in the latter camp. The 1973 incident quantitative restrictions for a 3-year The full article follows: wa.s of interest to the subcommittee mainly period, beginning June 14, 1976, on the SINCE You AsKED ME because it showed that what happened two other foreign countries that refused to (By Floyd K. Haskell) years later was no aberration; it was part of negotiate. Your columnist, Paul FitzPatrick, in­ a pattern whose efficacy had been clearly After being in effect for only 14 dulged himself in your July issue. His stimu­ demonstrated. On July 19, 1973, the Crested Butte Devel­ months, the import limitations are just lus of course, was the Harper's magazine beginning to prove effective and produc­ article on my inquiry into Howard "Bo" opment Corp. applied for the addition to its Callaway's role in the proposed expansion of existing ski area permit of a parcel of public tion and employment in the specialty his Crested Butte, Colorado, ski area. land known locally as Tony's Parking Lot. steel industry are increasing. More im­ The Forest Service informed ski area offi­ Mr. FitzPatrick's column did not betray portantly, management has made major cials the addition could not be made with­ capital investment decisions with the be­ his background-which includes stints on out an environmental impact statement. Mr. the staffs of Republicans Sen. Peter Dominick Callaway involved himself in the issue in lief that the market would be tempo­ and Rep. Mike McKevitt and duty last fall October through an old friend in the Agri­ rarily stabilized. However, in May of this in Republican Ed Scott's campaign against culture Dept. arranging for ski area officials year, President Carter announced plans Democrat Tim Wirth in Colorado's Second to meet the high-level Forest Service officials to review the specialty steel import re­ Congressional District. in Washington, completely bypassing an ap­ straints with the option of continuing, Colorado/Business readers deserve to know peal to the regional forester in Denver. reducing, or totally eliminating the limi­ how one newsman who covered the inquiry­ The Washington meeting initially pro­ tations now in effect. and a Pulitzer Prize winner at that-viewed duced only a reiteration of the Forest Serv­ the Harper's article. NBC's Jim Polk charac­ ice's denial. But in February, 1974, Ralph It is my firm belief that the removal or terized it for the Rocky Mountain News as Walton, who is Mr. Callaway's brother-in­ reduction of the import restraints at this "selective journalism" which practices the law and a ski corporation official, contacted early stage would undermine the entire very "distortion" it accuses me of. Mr. Polk the old famlly friend, Richard Ashworth, in recovery process and counter whatever also said the author of the piece used "cheap the Agriculture Dept. to push the request gains have been made. The jobs of more shot tactics." again. Ashworth called the chief of the For­ than 65,000 workers, 15,000 of whom are As to my interest in Mr. Callaway's con­ est Service, John R. McGuire. McGuire called iron ore miners in my district, will be in duct, the issue was very simple: did he at­ the assistant regional forester in Denver. jeopardy and full recovery will remain tempt to use his high office to influence a Twenty-four hours later, that official tele­ phoned Walton to outline a method of in­ uncertain unless import relief is contin­ government agency to act favorably toward ued. Perhaps most crucial to long-tenn his private interests-his ski corporation? corporating Tony's Parking Lot into the ski area. permit. Memos outlining that plan recovery, modification of the import re­ The publlc record leaves no doubt that Mr. flowed from Denver to Washington, to straints would cause management to seri­ Callaway did indeed seek to use the fact and McGuire, to Ashworth emphasizing "Secre­ ously reevaluate its major capital invest­ the trappings of his office in an attempt to tary Callaway's interest in this matter." Jnfluence Forest Service decisions in his ment commitments so important to the Top Forest Service and Agriculture Dept. future of the industry. corporation's favor. officialc;; were thus involved in a minor local Another generation of Republicans, for Forest Service decision affecting a small ski Specialty steel is an essential industry, example, would remember an incident in­ area in a remote part of Colorado. The same critical not only to the production of volving Fred Korth, Navy Secretary under pattern recurred in 1975 when the issue was aircraft, automobiles, oil refining equip­ John Kennedy. When the smokescreen fi­ expansion of the ski area to an adjacent ment, and communication devices, but nally cleared, the nation learned that Mr. mountain. Forest Service witnesses before also in the fabrication of the major por­ Korth had used Navy Dept. stationery to the subcommittee termed such high-level tion of our defense weapon system. We involvement in an agency field decision cannot, therefore, let foreign imports write personal business letters. Like Mr. unique in their experience. What set Crested Callaway who also wrote personal business Butte apart from others similarly situated? erode and weaken our domestic industry. letters on official stationery, Mr. Korth freely Only Mr. Callaway's ownership. Even though 14 months of import re­ admitted it. Also like Mr. Callaway, Mr. Korth Harper's mag·azine seems to find this con­ straints have helped, domestic specialty denied he had done anything criminal or in duct above reproach, Mr. FitzPatrick agrees. steel production in 1976 was approxi­ violation of departmental conftict of interest I disagree. The subcommittee disagreed. I mately 20 percent below the total for codes. And, like Mr. Callaway, Mr. Korth am confident that people who understand 1974, employing 14 percent fewer people. missed the point. the very simple issue involved also disagree. Moreover, capacity utilization in 1976 re- September 8, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 28353 mained very low with no product line a mistake. I am submitting a statement naval officers to attend the staff course exceeding a 64 percent utilization rate. to the International Trade Commission at the Royal Naval College, in Green­ This contrasts with an 80 percent capac­ and contracting the President to express wich, England. The article from the Lon­ ity utilization registered for U.S. man­ my opposition. don Daily Telegraph of August 14, 1977, ufacturing in general. Similarly the net In 1975, I first contacted the Interna­ follows: operating profits as a percent of sales be­ tional Trade Commission, urging import R.N. 'I'R.AINING FOR YUGOSLAVS fore taxes for the specialty steel industry restrictions to guarantee American (By Desmond Wettern) was less than half of that registered for specialty steelworkers a fair shake. Naval officers from a Communist country all U.S. manufacturing in general. Clear­ After the ITC made its recommenda­ are, for the first time, undergoing training ly then, the industry is st1ll a long way tions I contacted President Ford on a with the Royal Navy in Britain. from full recovery and merits the con­ number of occasions urging his support A Yugoslav Commander and a Lieutenant tinuation of the import restraints. of the ITC's proposals. President Fora Commander are just completing six months I would like to point out that the dis­ did announce import limitations on cer­ on the Staff Course at the Royal Naval Col­ ruptive market penetration of imports tain specialty steels and negotiated an lege, Greenwich. has not occurred because foreign spe­ agreement with Japan to set quantitative I understand that the invitation was made cialty steel is a superior product.. On the limits for a 3-year period. to Yugoslavia at the urging of the Foreign contrary, according to the ITC the and Commonwealth Office. The limitations have begun to have Although officers on the course do not nor­ United States· has long been a leader in some impact and now President Carter xnally have access to classified material their developing new processes of specialty is reviewing them. The restrictions presence would have had to have been drawn steel and many of the processes currently should be left in place. Any removal of to the attention of the several defence es­ being used throughout the world are the them would harm American workers. As tablishments and factories and shipyards pro­ resuit of research in the United States. I have stated before, basic American in­ ducing defence equipment which students The U.S. steel industry is forced to com­ terests need protecting and one of the visit during their course. pete with companies that are actively most basic is jobs. SYMPATHETIC TO BRITAIN supported and/ or subsidized by their Before limitations were placed on im­ The purpose behind their visit is probably governments and forced to compete with to help build up a nucleus of officers in the ports, the American specialty steel in­ Yugoslav armed forces who could be ex­ companies that use predatory pricing dustry was being hard hit by what I practices to acquire market shares. In pected in the future to have an understand­ addition, Japan maintains a virtual em­ consider unfair foreign competition. ing of and to be sympathetic towards Britain. bargo on imports of specialty steel in Now the limitations are beginning to The possib111ty of severe pressure from have some impact and President Carter Moscow for Yugoslavia to join the Warsaw their home market and the Europeans is having them reviewed. The limitations Pact after the death of President Tito has have agreements limiting Japanese im­ should be allowed to run their course. long been a source of concern to Whitehall ports to their countries. and Washington who have been keeping a I am confident that the continuation Earlier in the year, the specialty steel close watch on Russian support for Croatian of our import limitations will give our industry was hit by a ban on Rhodesian separatist movements anxious to end Slav specialty steel industry an opportunity to chrome that was supported by the Car­ domination of Yugoslav politics. compete with these foreign countries. My ter administration. I opposed and voted belief in the strength of the American against banning Rhodesian chrome steel industry was reaffirmed when the which is used in the specialty steel in­ specialty steel quotas were imposed in dustry. Prohibiting importation of IMPORTS STILL RISING-POSE June 1976, resulting in increased do­ Rhodesian chrome increases our reliance THREAT TO U.S. INDUSTRIES AND mestic production without price in­ on Soviet chrome at higher prices. The JOBS OF AMERICAN WORKERS creases. According to the ITC, "• • • American specialty steel industry can­ domestic producers augmented their not afford higher costs. HON. JOSHUA EILBERG profits by increasing output, and thus Foreign specialty steel makers have OF PENNSYLVANIA achieving economies of scale, rather than been subsidized directly or indirectly by by raising prices." their own governments while the U.S. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES In light of all these facts, I urge the Government has given little protection Thursday, September 8, 1977 administration to continue the 3-year to our own industry. The result has been Mr. EILBERG. Mr. Speaker, in recent import restraints on specialty steel ini­ more imports and less American jobs. months I have repeatedly spoken out on tiated in 1976 in order to give the Amer­ The Carter administration should give the international economic policies of ican specialty steel industry a chance to the present limitations a fair chance to this administration, which, like its pred­ recover from foreign assault, stabilize work and not cave in to foreign pressure. ecessor, has shown undue favoritism to itself, and, thereby, become competitive foreign producers of goods. again. This favoritism continues to work to ROYAL NAVY TRAINING FOR the extreme disadvantage of American industry and to the workers which SUPPORT AMERICAN SPECIALTY YUGOSLAVS American firms employ. At a time when STEELWORKERS unemployment in the United States re­ HON. LARRY McDONALD mains stuck close to the 7 percent HON. JOHN M. ASHBROOK OF GEORGIA mark-with millions of workers unable OF OHIO IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to find employment-it is incredible to me that the administration would con­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Thursday, September 8, 1977 tinue to permit expansion of foreign Thursday, September 8, 1977 Mr. McDONALD. Mr. Speaker, Com­ imports. Mr. ASHBROOK. Mr. Speaker, the munist dictator Tito has been able to An ominous report on the continued American specialty steelworker and in­ have the best of both the Communist and growth of textile imports appeared in dustry is again under attack. American non-Communist worlds due to Western the August 22, 1977, issue of Southern specialty steel has been hard hit bv im­ stupidity and the love of American pol­ Textile News, the newsweekly serving the ports. Last year, the International Trade textile industry. According to this report, Commission recommended restrictions icymakers for the so-called Third these imports will grow at a pace that placed on these imports. Then President World that Tito is supposed to repre­ will be more than double the growth rate Ford placed restrictions on certain im­ sent. However, whether the issue is Viet­ of the domestic industry. Inevitably, this ports. nam, the revolt in Hungary of 1956, or continued acceleration of imports will Now President Carter is reviewing the war in the Middle East, Tito has always further depress the domestic industry, in­ snecialtv steel import restraint program. helped the Communist world to the detri­ hibit its growth, and destroy job oppor­ The International Trade Commission is ment of the West. Going along with art­ tunities for thousands of American holding hearin!ls on this subject. ful game, it was interesting to learn that workers. Removal of these restraints would be British are now permitting two Yugoslav Mr. Speaker, I commend to the earnest 28354 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 8, 1977 output in the 1974-1976 period. Last year the attention of my colleagues the full text NATIONAL ENERGY ACT United States spent $32 billion for imported of the Southern Textile News article oil and this year we are running about 50 which follows: HON. LEE H. HAMILTON percent above the same period for last year. IMPORTS EXPECTED TO CONTINUE RISING The United States now imports almost 50 OF INDIANA percent of its oil supplies, up from 23 percent CHARLOTTE, N.C.-Textile imports into the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES in 1970. As these statistics show, it is vital U.S. wm apparently be increasing, not drop­ to decrease significantly U.S. vulnerability ping, during the years ahead. Thursday, September 8, 1977 The growth rate during the next four years to a change in the international oil market, wlll be 6 percent a year, trade sources say. Mr. HAMILTON. Mr. Speaker, I would and that is what this bill seeks to do. This expansion is permitted under terms of like to insert my Washington Report for Nobody knows the precise impact of the the Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA) which August 10, 1977, into the CONGRESSIONAL National Energy Act, but it is estimated that it will reduce imports by between 2.6 million expires on Dec. 15 of this year but which is RECORD: being extended for a period of four more NATIONAL ENERGY ACT and 2.9 million barrels a day in 1985. It will have a measurable, but modest, infiationary years. The negotiations have been completed The Congress has struggled with the en­ but the pact has not been signed. impact, estimated to increase the price level ergy crisis since the Arab oil embargo in from 0.3 to 0.4 percent. The taxes raised by The U.S. textile industry had hoped to 1973-1974. It has considered hundreds of the b111 will largely be returned to the tax­ limit growth to 2.5 percent, said Rick Utley, energy bills, enacted several of them, and payer through reduced withholding of fed­ southeastern manager of public relations for rejected many. Historically, the problem for eral taxes, thus substantially restoring the the American Textile Manufacturers Institute the Congress has been that although the peo­ purchasing power. The average taxpayer will lATMl). ple apparently want the President and the be given enough added take-home pay to "We asked that the growth rate be no Congress to enact a comprehensive energy cover his higher energy prices. J:\ore than the growth rate of the domestic program, they are against many of the The action of the House this week will .•·.1dustry (2.5 per cent) over the last 11 crucial proposals in any energy package. probably only enforce existing trends toward tears," he said. But government trade nego­ Tackling the energy crisis once ·again, the energy conservation, higher oil and gas prices tiators decided that a more reasonable goal Congress just approved a bill creating a De­ and conversion to coal. These trends may would be the renewal of the present MFA, partment of Energy, and the House of Rep­ outpace the goals of the energy program. which allows for 6 per cent annual growth resentatives approved the National Energy Energy intensive industries are forecasting in imports. Act, the most important energy legislation energy savings of 15-20 percent, the auto­ The MFA is an international pact on bi­ yet considered by the Congress. The Na­ mobile industry is ahead of schedule in lateral agreements negotiated under the tional Energy Act has three principal ob­ realizing the mandated goals for achieving General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. In jectives: energy conservation, conversion to better miles per gallon, and coal supply is addition to this pact, the U.S. has 18 bilateral coal, and increased production. Its goals are increasing. pacts with textile-producing nations. Eleven to be accomplished primarily by raising the I am not satisfied with every provision of of the bilateral pacts also expire this year. price of energy, especially the price of oil this bill. I supported additional production Some American textile executives say that and gas, in order to reduce demand and to incentives, which were not approved, and I the foreign countries, particularly Hong increase the competitive attractiveness of opposed the additional gasoline tax, which Kong and South Korea, pay low wages in the coal. It establishes six goals to be achieved was deleted from the bill. I voted for the b111 m1lls and ship most of their low-priced goods by 1985: 1. Reducing the average growth rate on final passage, however, because I believe it to the United Stwtes, depressing the market of energy consumption to 2 percent each is essential that we put into place a compre­ here. year; 2. Reducing oil imports to less than 6 hensive energy policy. It is easy to criticize The trade pacts give some protection to mllllon barrels a day (imports now are 9 certain provisions, and to persuade ourselves the U.S. textile industry, since quotas are m1lllon barrels a day); 3. Achieving a 10 that one provision or another is unnecessary set limiting how much yarn and apparel can percent reduction in gasoline consumption or unwise. The bill may not be all lt is be shipped to this country. from the 1977 level; 4. Retrofitting for en­ touted to be, but lt is an initial step toward But each year the limits increase and the ergy conservation 90 percent of residential what must be a disciplined effort by Amer­ volume of imports rises. and commercial buildings in the United icans to cut down tt>e use of fuel. Mv guess States; 5. Increasing coal production by at In the U.S., apparel and textile imports is that other, and even less popular steps will least 400 million tons each year over 1976 be necessary. rose almost 40 per cent last year alone, levels and; 6. Using solar energy ln more equal to more than one-third of the U.S. than 2 'l:z mlllion homes. trade deficit. The penetration varies; more To achieve these goals, the National Energy sweaters came into the U.S. last year than Act provides for: the total number of sweaters made in this 1. Conservation in Buildings: tax credits, MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE DAY country, but the import rate was low for loans and grants for energy conservation pro­ fashion items. grams for existing residential and commer­ However, the style-oriented portions of cial buildings. HON. DAL~ R. KILDEE the apparel market account for much less 2. Crude Oil Tax: a tax on crude oil to OF MICHIGAN volume than the commodity-oriented seg­ raise the price over a three-year period to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ments where imports have had their greatest the world price of all. Taxpayers and adult effect. nontaxpayers would receive rebates of the Thursday, September 8, 1977 Negotiations began in June in Geneva to tax. Mr. KILDEE. Mr. Sneq,ker, this Sep­ renew the MFA, but broke down in July 3. Natural Gas Pricing: a single uniform although the U.S., Japan and the major less­ price policy for natural gas produced in the t.ember 16 our great neighbor Mexico will developed countries were favorable to United States with an incentive price of $1.75 celebrate its 167th anniversary of inde­ extension of the agreement. per million BTU's. pendence. It. is annronriate on this occa­ "The majority . of the European Com­ 4. Business Taxes and Credits: a use tax sion t.o extend on behalf of the American munity countries feel that way, too, but the on business consumption of oil or natural people our sincere congratulations to the French and British were adamant about gas to discourage consumption and an addi­ people of Mexico. The growing and pros­ changes or some special considerations for tional 10 percent investment tax credit for perou"3 democracy of Mexico has con­ European countries," said Ellis Meredith, an investment in equipment for conservation and conversion to other fuels. tributed much to our great heritage. official of the American Apparel Manufac­ Mexican Americans have lived in the turers Association. 5. Public Utility Regulatory Policy: A method to move electric utUitles toward United St.ates for more than 350 years, Michael B. Smith, chief U.S. textile as exemolified bv Santa Fe, N. Mex. negotiator, presented a protocol on renewal pricing electricity at the cost of providing of the MFA which wm allow for departures service to each- class of consumer so as to established in 1598. from the agreement in cases where the im­ encourage conservation. Throughout our country, the Inde­ pact of foreign goods on a domestic industry 6. Other . Provisions: tax incentives for pendence Day of Mexico is celebrated is severe. geothermal, gas and oil drllling ventures and by many Mexican-American communi­ This fiexibility means that bilateral agree­ mandatory efficiency standards for appli­ ties. Traditionally these celebrations ments can be reached between nations pro­ ances. serve as excellent opportunities to exam­ viding for lower growth rates for some kinds This blll seeks to deal with the fundamen­ ine the rich cultural. social and economic of imports and hie-her rates !or others, so tal problem of energy policy: the insecurity contributions of Mexican Americans and long as overall growth averages out to 6 per of U.S. oil supply. Each day the United States all Americans of Spanish speaking cent a year. is moving toward an increasingly perilous heritage. But Meredith notes: "That doesn't thrill position in regard to the adequacy and the us a bit, since we have no interest in help­ reliab1lity of its energy supply. In 1973-74 I am proud to share with you that on ing one part of the industry at the expense oil prices quadrupled, and the United States September 11. 1977, in cooperation with of another sector." produced $375 billion less than potential the city of Flint. the Mexican flag will September 8, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS ~8355

be raised and flown over Flint City Hall. THE WILL TO HANG ON can help the process of recovery. Medical This event, sponsored by the Spanish If you don't overcome self-pity, the experience has supported this. Speaking Information Center of Flint, game's all over. My father taught us there But I feel, also, that not all of my life was no time for self-pity in life. You had is in my own hands. There is a power be­ commemorates Mexican Independence yond man-Divine Providence, the will of It work to do. On the plains of South Dakota, Day. serves as an opportunity to re­ adversity was part of dally life. I remember God. It is a powerful source of strength if examine the overall status of our Span­ the dust storms, the blizzards, the summer you can get in tune with it. Like anybody ish-speaking peoples. And it provides a heat and droughts. Yet when the crops else's my faith is sometimes rocked. When focus in which to better understand con­ failed, you always thought, There's another I'm feeling low, I draw strength from the tributions of Mexican Americans. year coming. I'll prepare the soil and pray. prayer of St. Francis of Assist. Part of it I would therefore ask that the House You were always future-oriented. says, "Where there is doubt, let me sow My family lost a lot, especially during the faith; where there is despair, hope; where of Representatives join me in congratu­ there is darkness, light; and where there is lating the Spanish Speaking Informa­ Depression. One of my saddest memories is of my mother crying and my dad with tears in sadness, joy." I think it is the perfect prayer. tion Center of Flint, Mich. and all people his eyes because they had to sell our home to One of the greatest sources of strength participating in the celebration of Mexi­ pay the b1lls. But in life it isn't what you've . throughout my illness has been my family, can Independence Day. especially Muriel. We've been married more lost, it's what you've got left that counts. than 40 years, and she's put up with an awful We had a lot left. We had ourselves, our fam­ lot from me. When I found out I had to have ily, our store. It was only a question of time surgery, we decided to tell the children in before things would get better. The impor­ a family gathering. Muriel fixed a brunch at HUMPHREY ON LIVING tant thing was who would be the survivors. our home in Waverly, Minnesota, and they Who had the will to hang on for a better all came. Then I called them to attention day. and told them: "You've just got to have HON. ALBERT H. QUIE I think the biggest mistake people make faith with me that this is going to come out OF MINNESOTA is giving up. Adversity is an experience, not all right. Because if you doubt whether I'm IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES a final act. Some people look upon any set­ going to make it, that's ten points off my back as the end. They're always looking for chance." Thursday, September 8, 1977 the benediction rather than the invocation. I would be dishonest if I didn't say that Most of us have enough problems so that al­ there were some bad moments. At one point, Mr. QUIE. Mr. Speaker, during there­ most any day we could fold up and say, to when I was in the hospital, Muriel said, "Last cess I paid a brief hospital visit Sena­ "I've had it." But you can't quit. That isn't night I was so angry that I cried. I keep ask­ tor HuMPHREY and was struck again by the way our country was built. ing, why you?" I told her I had felt that how rich his life is-even with cancer. Life's always a struggle. If anything's easy, way, too. I don't know the answer. Looks like And by how much his current illness is it's not likely to be worthwhile. I made up I always win the little elections and lose the helping many learn more about living. my mind very early that I would have to im­ big ones. But it is me, so why spend time We in Minn-9Sota have great respect prove myself. I went back to the University trying to figure out why? and a deep love for our senior Senator. of Minnesota after a six-year absence and, During those inevitable periods of depres­ let me tell you, it wasn't easy. My wife, sion and anger, another thing that kept me And it has often been during times of Muriel, had a job, earning something like going was the great outpouring of love in difficulty in his life that he has lifted the $45 a month. She used to make sandwiches telegrams, cards and letters from all over the spirits of others by his example and that we could sell to earn extra money. I world. I tell you they had a real healing effect tremendous attitude. was carrying a heavy academic load, but I on me. The greatest gift that has come to Someone shared with me an article in worked six hours every night in a neighbor­ me is the affection of so many-far more the August issue of the Reader's Digest hood drugstore. I never felt I couldn't make important than people feeling sorry for me. by the Senator on how he is dealing per­ it. In fact, feeling sorry for someone is simply One of my hardest battles was running for to give him a little pain reliever. Love is a sonally with his illness. Senator HuM­ healing force. PHREY knows how to live. All of us can the Presidency in 1968. I had been given the chance I dreamed about, to be the standard­ When I was in the hospital, people gain something very profound through bearer of my party, but there were moments marveled that I was up so quickly, visiting his words. when we were so far behind that I got dis­ other patients. Can you imagine Hubert Our people should be grateful for a couraged. Our party was broke. I remember Humphrey strapped to a hospital bed? By man such as this. saying to Muriel, "If we can't afford an air­ the third day after surgery, I was walking The article follows: plane, we'll get in a car or a bus because, around saying hello to people I knew were damn it, we're not going to give up, we're in worse shape than I was. I was doing it for "You CAN'T QUIT"-THE DISTINGUISHED SEN­ not going to quit." them and for me. ATOR FROM MINNESOTA TELLS HOW HE HAS Let me tell you something. What you give, COPED WITH CANCER-AND LIVES LIFE TO To come as close as we finally did to win­ you receive back a thousandfold. After World THE FULLEST ning the highest office in this land and then War II, this country was mangnanimous and to lose it was hard. But in writing my con­ magnificient. We shared with all and the (By HUBERT H. HUMPHREY) cession speech, I told myself, "This has to The worst moment in my life was when I more we gave, the more we had. If you have be done right because it is the opening speech a well and draw water from it, it fills. If you discovered that I had cancer. I know what of your next campaign!" I was already look­ don't draw water, it gets stagnant. You have this dread disease can do to a person and ing ahead. to learn to give yourself what the chances for survival are. But if you I've often thought of how we could have think of yourself as a statistic, then you're handled things differently. But I don't have LIFE TO THE FULLEST really in trouble. You have to believe that any bitterness. Bitterness takes too much One reason I can keep going is that I en­ somehow you can win this fight. You have energy and accomplishes nothing. It doesn't joy living. I have a great inquisitiveness to gear yourself to the continuity of the hurt the other person. You think you're send­ about the future. I see so many people struggle, knowing that there wm be days ing out the rays of bitterness like laser beams, younger than I who have no interest in to­ when you won't feel too good. but they stay inside of you--consuming you. morrow. But I want to live to the year 2000, My faith and hope get me from day to day. As Lyndon Johnson often said, you can tell to be around to see what's going to happen. A favorite verse in the Bible is from St. Mat­ a fellow to go to hell, but it's hard to make When you're older, you're bound to think thew: "If ye have faith as a grain of mustard him go. about how many more days or years you seed, ye shall say unto this mountain, Re­ SOURCES OF STRENGTH have left. It certainly goes through my mind. Then I think, well, Humphrey, there's not move hence to yonder place, and it shall The important thing in any setback is remove; and nothing shall be impossible much you can do about that, is there? Ex­ whether you can pick yourself up. That helps cept live life to the fullest. unto you." Deep down, I believe in miracles. me with my illness. I keep thinking, "Well, They have happened to a lot of people who I must say it doesn't help when someone tomorrow is another day." There may be comes up and says, "Gee, you ·look bad." were given up to die and then were restored people who'll say, "It's all right for you to to health. Back in January when the Senate opened talk about tomorrow being another day, but for the new session, I had just had major But there are days when I get discouraged. if you knew how much pain I suffer ..." surgery. Then I got the flu. I looked and felt I look at myself in the mirror and say, "Hum­ I do know. When I had to take X-ray treat­ pretty bad. But I came for the opening of phrey, you look like a sad sack." Because ments, I used to get up in the middle of the the Senate because I was in the contest for of the chemotherapy, I've lost a lot of hair, night with bladder spasms. One time I was Ma.fority Leader. and got much thinner. My trousers don't in such agony that I honestly wanted to give Well, seems that day every camera in the fit; my shirt collar is the wrong size. When it all up. But even in the deepest despair United States was focused on me. The press I start feeling sorry for myself, I tell myself: you have to look up-keep your eyes on the kept running those pictures, and they "The doctors told you this would happen. mountaintop. I believe, I know, that a posi­ stressed how drawn and haggard I looked. I You can't do anything about it, so ~et on tive outlook can influence your physical well­ said to one reporter, "Don't bury me pre­ with living." Then I go and have my clothes being, that it can help you fight something maturely. I'm apt to get right out of the altered. like cancer. If you have the will to live, it coffin." 28356 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 8, 1977 Anyone who has experienced what I have change in the Securities Exchange Act Department, headed by Chief Raymond knows damn well how bad he looks. I got of 1934. This legislation would delay for Quiel, who had the foresight to insist on so tired of hearing people talk about it that Muriel and I went to the Virgin Islands 2 years the effective date of a section of CPR training for his entire department. to rest and relax. When I got back, looking that law which prohibits stock brokerage Too often, Mr. Speaker, we take for better, I thought, "Take my picture now." firms which manage money from also granted the knowledge and training of It helps in life to have a sense of humor. effecting brokerage transactions for our dedicated public safety officers. If not, you start taking yourself too seriously those managed accounts. I am pleased to bring this story to the and lose perspective. Whtle in the Virgin Is­ This prohibition was included in the attention of our colleagues, and to pub­ lands, I liked to tell my friends, "What a Securities Acts Amendments of 1975. licly thank Cpl. Donald Woods. It was a wonderful place this is l They've got Greta Much has happened since the passage of tragedy which might have been much Garbo down here who doesn't talk to any­ body and Hubert Humphrey who'll talk to that legislation-most importantly, an worse but for his quick and skillful use of everybody." end to fixed commission rates-and the his CPR training. I hope I can demonstrate for others that prohibition contained in section 11 (a) you don't have to throw in the towel when of the securities Exchange Act may no you have something like cancer. Be grateful longer be appropriate. for r·;ery day of life. Be buoyant with it and It seems prudent, then, to delay the 1977 LEGISLATIVE QUESTIONNAIRE do the best you can with what you have. effective date of the prohibition to allow RESULTS My goodness, there are people who live their lives with physical defects-doing additional experience with the changing marvelous things. Ray Charles is blind and market systems before determining HON. MORRIS K. UDALL whether section 11(a) should be amend­ he's one of our great musicians. Look at Max OF ARIZONA Cleland who is a dynamic director of the ed, repealed, or allowed to take effect. Veterans Administration. He came from My bill, therefore, simply changes the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Vietnam minus two legs and a right a.rm. effective date of that prohibition from Thursday, September 8, 1977 Franklin Roosevelt was crippled by polio May 1, 1978, to May 1, 1980. and needed steel braces to stand; but the Mr. UDALL. Mr. Speaker, I would like pain never showed on his face as he conveyed to take this opportunity to place in the to the nation his message of confidence and RECORD the results of my 1977 legislative moving "forward with a strong and active POWERLINE TRAGEDY SHOWS questionnaire. faith." Nearly 18,000 constituents from the A month after my surgery, I went back to VALUE OF CPR TRAINING work. There's nothing worse for a person Second Congressional District of Ari­ with something like cancer than to have zona took the time to respond and many nothing to do. If a person can't work, there HON. WILLIAM D. FORD included their own well-thought-out and are other things to do. It's important to be OF MICHIGAN informative comments. involved with people and activities. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES I am pleased and flattered that my My staff tells me I ought to cut down on constituents care enough about the issues my schedule. There are days when I wonder Thursday, September 8, 1977 of the day to inform their Congressman if I'm really making the best use of my Mr. FORD of Michigan. Mr. Speaker, of their views. time. But I enjoy being a Senator. When I'm in committee meetings, handling foreign we frequently discuss the need for more The questionnaire results follow: affairs, economic and social problems, agri­ widespread training of safety officers 1977 LEGISLATIVE QUESTIONNAIRE culture issues, I feel that I'm a part of the in modem cardiopulmonary resuscita­ Below a.re several questions followed by a life of this country. I feel vital. tion, but rarely do we see, first hand, the series of statements. For each question, please The day after I withdrew from the Ma­ value of such training. check the blank space following the state­ jority Leader race last January, my colleagues During the August recess, I had the ment which most nearly expresses your opin­ made me "Deputy President Pro Tempore of experience of seeing just how important ion. You'll notice tha.t I have provided three the Senate." It provided me with such things such "CPR" training c.an be; how it can answer spaces beside each statement so that as extra salary and a special office. But far three members of your household may re­ more important, I would be included in the literally mean the difference between life spond to this survey. If none of the state­ Senate leadership meetings at the White and death. ments expresses your view, please feel free House. It showed that my colleagues recog­ On August 6, my constituents cele­ to write me separately. nized that I had given a lifetime of service brated my birthday, as they have for the 1. In 1972, Congress approved a proposed to my party and that I stm had more to past 13 years, with a huge picnic in constitutional amendment (the Equal Rights give. They bestowed a great honor on me. my honor. Some ·6,000 personS were in Amendment-ERA) tha.t says, "Equality o! They also gave me something more to live attendance. rights under the law shall not be denied or for. One of the highlights was a demon­ abridged by the United States or by any I'm sure many people think my odds state on account of sex." To date, 35 state against cancer are not very good. But it's stration of cable-controlled model-air­ legislatures have ratified the amendment. a race I'm in, and I can't get off the pony. planes fiying over the park. Tragedy Three more states must approve it before it I've got to ride it and hope that I'm going struck when one of the planes snagged can become part o! the Constitution. I feel to win. How long should a person live? I on a power line. Within seconds, three that: don't know. What's more important is how men were lying on the ground-victims a. The ERA should become part of the you live and what you live for. As long a.s I of electrical shock. Constitution, 54 percent. have a breath of life I'm going to try to Stationed nearby, was a police officer, b. The ERA should not become part of live actively and be a part of the dally life Cpl. Donald Woods, a member of the the Constitution, 40 percent. of my family and friends, my job, neighbor­ c. Other or undecided, 6 percent. hood, community and country. I'm not Taylor Police Department, whose mem­ 2. The Supreme Court ha.s ruled that changing my life because I have had cancer. bers have all had CPR training. abortion in the first six months of preg­ With the help of the good Lord, my wife · Corporal Woods rushed to the scene, nancy is a private decision for the woman and family, the love and affection of so many and immediately applied cardiopulmo­ and her doctor. My opinion on this is: friends, the care of my doctors, and my own nary resuscitation to one of the victims, a. Abortion is morally wrong, and should love of life, I e.xpect to be around for quite who was unconscious and had stopped be prohibited in all but life-or-death cases, a while. breathing. The officer revived the man, 28 percent. and moved on to the other two stricken b. I agree with the Court that abortion is a private matter, to be decided by the men, to whom he also applied CPR CHANGE IN SECURITY EXCHANGE woman and her doctor, 69 percent. tactics. c. Other or undecided, 3 percent. ACT Meanwhile, the first victim had again 3. In most places, simple possession of lapsed into unconsciousness, Corporal ma.rijua.na. is a serious crime, punishable by HON. ROBERT W. DANIEL, JR. Woods rushed back, again restored him, Ja.ll terms or heavy fines. My view is that: a. Marijuana. is a. dangerous drug whose OF VmGINIA and then ordered him sent to a hospital, where, tragically, he died a short time use should be controlled, and so I favor keep­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ing the criminal penalties as they are, 38 later. The other two victims, under Cor­ percent. Thursday, September 8, 1977 poral Woods' skilled CPR work, recovered b. No harmful etiects have been shown Mr. ROBERT W. DANIEL, JR. Mr. completely. from marijuana use. I feel it should be "de­ Speaker, today I am introducing legisla­ Mr. Speaker, I cannot too highly praise crtminallzed"-possession of small amounts tion to make a small but important Corporal Woods, and the Taylor Police for personal use should be treated as a. minor September 8, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 28357 civil offense similar to a traffic violation, 51 a. Public financing promotes honest elec­ search and development effort. This percent. tions and diminishes the role of special in­ means that most of the work is, in large c. Other or undeoided, 11 percent. terest groups. I think it should be extended part, independent of its applications. To 4. Large oil and ga.s companies own wells, to Congressional general elections, 59 per­ refineries, and gas stations. Recently they cent. split the effort, either in ERDA or in have been expanding their operations into b. People should not be asked to finance Congress, would be to destroy the very other fuels such as uranium and coal. private political campaigns with public synergism and creativity which has made a. I feel that if oil companies are allowed to money, 31 percent. it so successful. Admiral Rickover and buy up coal and mineral reserves, we will see c. Other or undecided, 10 percent. his staff and the many devoted workers the same price fixing and excessive profit­ 10. Currently, our government regulates are to be commended for their continued making we now have with oil. They should prices on domestic oil and gas. Because of this outstanding work. not be allowed to expand in this way, 56 regulation, domestic oil and gas prices have percent. risen less steeply in the past several years b. Oil companies have the capital and ex­ than has the price of foreign oil. There is pertise our country needs to develop alter­ lively debate in Congress this year over nate sources. They should be permitted to whether oil and gas price controls should be AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND expand into any of the other energy sources, removed. I believe: GRAND JURIES 34 percent. a. We should "deregulate" and do away c. Other or undecided, 10 percent. with all these controls so that oil companies 5. President Carter has proposed that we wlll have increased earnings to develop vi tal HON. WILLIAM (BILL) CLAY place a "gas guzzler" tax on cars that get energy resources, 23 percent. OF MISSOtTRI poor mileage and then rebate that money to b. Because the large oil companies form a IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES buyers of cars with good gas mileage. I feel monopoly, there really is no free market in that~ · petroleum products. We need to protect con­ Thursday, September 8, 1977 a: 'This is. a good way to encourage energy sumers by regulating on and gas prioes. Prices Mr. CLAY. Mr. Speaker, I wish to call conservation because it does not force anyone have already risen more than fourfold in to do what they don't want, but instead pro­ recent years, providing plenty of incentive as to the attention of my colleagues the vides a strong incentive to buy cars which well as profits, 70 percent. most recent position the American Bar save gas, 31 percent. c. Other or undecided, 7 percent. Association has adopted on the grand b. I don't think this would be effective be­ jury system. cause people who can afford to buy and drive The Washington Post editorial was "gas guzzlers" can also afford to pay the extra tax. We should instead limit the number of published a month-August 10, 1977- cars getting low gas mlleage which auto man­ THE LIGHT WATER BREEDER RE­ after my own appraisal of the system ufacturers may produce, 53 percent. ACTOR: A NAVAL REACTOR MEANS appeared in the Boston Globe-July 11, c. Other or undecided, 16 percent. CIVILIAN ENERGY 1977. I find it amazing how much in 6. The Central Arizona Project (CAP) is a agreement I am with this organization. $1.6 blllion proposal to bring Colorado River HON. OLIN E. TEAGUE It is even more amazing how much in water to the Phoenix and Tucson areas, with agreement they are with me. 80 percent of the costs to be repaid through OF TEXAS water rates and property taxes. Congress has IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The articles follow: spent $390 mlllion so far, and 20 percent of [From the Boston Globe, July 11, 19771 the Project has been built. My feeling is: Thursday, September 8, 1977 GRAND JURIES: IT'S TIME To REFORM OR a. CAP should be completed, 61 percent. Mr. TEAGUE. Mr. Speaker, on Friday, ABOLISH THEM b. CAP is an expensive mistake and should (By William Clay) be terminated, 23 percent. September 2, the Science and Technology c. Other or undecided, 16 percent. Committee was informed that a small If grand juries are not abolished, they 7. Nuclear energy now generates about 10 prototype reactor with a thorium breed­ ought to be altered to curtail the prosecu­ percent of all U.S. electricity. More plants are ing blanket became operational for the torial abuses inherent in the present system. being proposed and built, and some people first time in Shippingport, Pa. Without The original intent of the grand jury was to are opposed to these additional plants. fanfare, the operation of the first light protect the innocent who ha.d been accused a. I feel that there are serious problems of water '>reeder reactor marks another falsely. It supposedly was conceived as a. cost, energy, safety, and reliab111ty of nuclear group of peers deliberating in secrecy to de­ plants, and problems with the disposal of milestone in the Naval Reactor Develop­ termine if sufficient evidence existed to bring long-lived radioactive wastes. We should stop ment program of the Energy Research criminal charges a.gainst a neighbor. bullding new plants and phase out existing and Development Administration. More The idea was transported to this country ones, 17 percent. than 20 years ago, this program was re­ from England and developed as an intricate b. We have had nuclear plants for 15 years sponsible for the timely development of and prudent body of law to balance the in­ with no major accidents. They are reasonably the type of light water reactor which is terest of individual freedom with the inter­ safe and cleaner than coal. I feel we should the foundation of our current nuclear est of the state in protecting society against build more or the economy will suffer, 41 power industry. criminals. percent. Today, when it has become critical to However, 1n recent years grand juries have c. I feel we need to "go slow" on bullding been composed almost exclusively of soci­ more nuclear plants untll we find ways to conserve our nuclear fuel resources, this ety's elite. The interest of the individual has ensure safety at existing plants, even if this program has advanced nuclear power been totally disregarded as prosecutors use adds to the cost of new plants, 38 percent. generation in the civilian sector by pro­ the juries as a personal tool to harass, in­ d. other or undecided, 4 percent. viding a reactor that is a much more effi­ timidate and frame those who espouse rad­ 8. This year's defense budget is $112 blllion cient user of nuclear fuel. Though it is ical causes or differing political opinions. and represents about 25 percent of our total not a true breeder-it does not produce Citizens who are targets of grand jury in­ Federal spending. I feel that: more fuel than it uses-it may open up vestigations, or more precisely the targets of a. We are wasting money which could be prosecutors, are denied "due process" of law better spent improving the welfare, health, the world's thorium reserves as a source of nuclear fuel. and most assuredly are not guaranteed the and education level of our people. We could secrecy of the proceedings. In fact, most cut defense spending by $5 to $10 blllion and It is, of course, only a first tentative prosecutors have arrangements with the stlll have a strong defense, 37 percent. step-no steam has been generated, no media to leak derogatory, unsubstantiated b. The U.S. is presently keeping up with electrical power has been put on the local testimony to discredit and destroy the ac­ the Soviet arms buildup, and for our con­ grid. The most important lesson to be tinued security we need to keep the defense cused. In addition, the accused is not per­ budget at its current level, 29 percent. learned from the operation of the light mitted legal counsel while appearing before c. We are underestimating the defense water breeder is the continuing creativity the grand jury, not afforded the basic right needs of the U.S. in the face of a major arms of ERDA's Naval Reactor Development to be confronted by his accusers nor is he buildup by the Soviet Union, and we need program for civilian applications. allowed to cross-examine. to spend more, 27 percent. The program is a paramount example The argument that the proceedings are not d. other or undecided, 7 percent. of the positive interaction between civil­ adversary is groundless. In this a.ge of "Ko­ 9. In 1976, much of the cost of electing a jak", investigative reporters hell bent on ian and military programs in the ERDA. over-dramatizing, over-exploiting, over-sen­ President was paid for by a new system This result is possible because the pro­ financed by people who "checked off" $1 on sationalizing every accusation of crime, a. their income tax returns for this purpose. gram has always had a unified manage­ grand jury indictment becomes synonomous Some say that this is a good system which ment in ERDA with the civilian applica­ with guilt. In my opinion, the present sys­ worked well and it should also be used to tions closely tied to the development of tem constitutes a blatant disregard of rights pay part of the cost of elections for the House naval reactors. Within Congress, the pro­ of the individual. Most grand jurors are or Senate. I think that: gram has historically been seen as a re- pawns in the hands of many unscrupulous 28358 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 8, 1977 prosecutors who select what evidence will be that would be for Congress to pass legisla­ tween the Atlantic and Pacific oceans across considered, which witnesses will be called to tion along the lines suggested this week by the steamy jungle of Panama, which was testify, who will be granted immunity and the nation's lawyers. then an obscure province of Colombia. About which charges will be leveled. the turn of the century Roosevelt became Most indictments are written by the prose­ interested in the project and pressed Colom­ cutor independent of consultation with the bia to sign a treaty allowing the United jurors and then automatically signed by PANAMA'S STORMY PAST States to dig and operate a canal. them. In ef!ect, grand juries are no more Colombia refused, but Roosevelt would not than rubber stamps placing the onus of take no for an answer. Arguing that Colom­ guilt on the accused. HON. CHARLES W. WHALEN, JR. bian "jackrabbits" should not be permitted There is a real need for the Congress to to bar "one of the future highways of civili­ either reform the system drastically or abol­ OF OHIO zation," Roosevelt encouraged the province ish it. If evidence exists that indicates a per­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESEN:T ATIVES to secede from Colombia and sent a U.S. gun­ son committed a crime, why not take that Thursday, September 8, 1977 boat and troops to make sure the "rebellion" evidence before the court in a preliminary succeeded. hearing and give the accused the right to Mr. WHALEN. Mr. Speaker, two of the On Nov. 18, 1903, two weeks after the seces­ cross-exa.mlne? United States' most capable diplomats, sion, Washington signed a treaty with the in­ Why go through the sham, the charade of Ambassadors Ellsworth Bunker and Sol fant "Republic of Panama" providing U.S. pretending to be judged by an impartial Linowitz, have concluded negotiations rights in perpetuity over a 10-mlle zone bi­ panel of one's peers? The only justification with representatives of the Republic of secting the country as the site of the future I see for the continued use of a grand jury canal. "I took the Canal Zone," Roosevelt would be in the most extreme cases dealing Panama resulting in long-overdue agree­ later boasted. Secretary of State John Hay, with fraud and other complex white-collar ments designed to replace the Hay­ who signed the treaty for the United States, crimes where extensive documents and book­ Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903. called it "vastly advantageous to the United keeping, suspects, witnesses and lawyers Last evening heads of state and Cabi­ States and, we must confess, not so advan­ make public presentations difficult and cum­ net Ministers from 23 other Western tageous to Panama." bersome; crimes alleged to have been com­ Hemisphere nations gathered at the The clouded origin of the 1903 treaty and mitted by public officials or policemen; and Organization of American States to wit­ Canal Zone was little known to Americans, cases where the protection of witnesses is but the engineering and construction feat essential or where some suspects are still at ness the signing of new treaties and, by that followed stirred public pride. Costing large. their presence, to testify to their concur­ $387 million and the lives of 32,000 people­ rence with and approval of the contents who died of malaria, yellow fever, other dis­ [From the Washington Post, Aug. 11, 1977] of these documents. eases and accidents-the building of the How TO MAKE GRAND JURIEs WoRK Within our own country at this time, canal was a historic achievement. Legislation pending in Congress to change however, there is little knowledge of the "It was the moon shot of the day," former the rules under which federal grand juries specific terms of the new accords, or of Canal Zone Gov. David S. Parker said re­ operate got a helping hand Wednesday when their implications for the future. Be­ cently. the Amerioa.n Bar Association approved a set tween now and the new year when the Since the grand opening of the canal on of principles for grand-jury reform. Chief Senate will consider ratification of these Aug. 15, 1914, the 51-mile-long waterway has among them is a recommendation that a wit­ won a place in world commerce and milihry documents, a truly informative and soul­ strategy. During World War II, 24 million ness be allowed to have a lawyer present searching debate will be in order. when being questioned in the grand-jury tons of military supplies passed through, room. This recommendation, if accepted by This highly volatile issue, already the saving 8,000 miles and about 30 days over Congress-and we hope it will be--should go subject of much rhetoric and hair-pull­ the Cape Horn route around South America. a long way toward eliminating the abuses ing, may be the most important single During the Vietnam war, about 70 per cent by prosecutors that have made the grand­ issue to confront this Congress. The cru­ of the cargo for the war zone passed through jury system suspect. In doing so, it may save cial impact of our decisions on future the canal. the grand jury from extinction. Today the largest U.S. aircraft carriers and hemispheric relations cannot be over­ supertankers are too big to navigate the Originally created in England as a mecha­ stated. canal, and its economic importance is de­ nism for protecting citizens against an over­ Yesterday's Washington Post carried a clining. Only about 4 per cent of U.S. coast­ bearing government, the grand jury has been brief and objective article by Don Ober­ used instead by many prosecutors as an in­ to-coast trade uses the canal, less than half strument for harassing witnesses and brow­ dorfer relating the history of our involve­ the proportion of a decade ago. The canal is beating defendants before they are indicted. ment in Panama. Members who are al­ considered by U.S. authorities to be mili­ The Nixon admlnlstra tlon was especially ready committed to either side of the tarily and economically important but not sklllful at using grand juries for political debate, as well as those who have not as vital as in the past. rather than law-enforcement purposes. Half a century after its creation, the Re­ taken a firm stand, will find the following public of Panama increasingly was imbued While the Department of Justice has recog­ article helpful and informative: in the 1950s and 1960s with the nationalistic nized the need for new rules to end such A CANAL CHRONICLE-"HIGHWAY OF CIVILI­ spirit that swept the rest of the "Third abuses, it is not prepared to go as far as the ZATION" HAS HA:l A STORMY PAST World." To this country of 1.7 million people Bar Association in fundamental reform. At­ (By Don Oberdorfer) and 29,200 square miles-almost the size of torney General Griffin Bell, in fact, argued Maine-the U.S. operation of the canal and before the lawyers against giving witnesses The Panama Canal treaties to be signed the Canal Zone under the 1903 trea:ty was a the right to have a lawyer with them-at tonight are the product of 13 years of U.S. vestige of colonialism and a national in­ present, witnesses' lawyers are required to Panamanian negotiations and 74 years of dignity. walt outside the grand-jury room. His fear, history. and that of many prosecutors, is that grand­ For large numbers of Americans, the trans­ In 1964, mounting tensions erup·ted into jury proceedings wlll come to resemble those fer of the canal to Panama is a puzzling riots over the issue of the flying of the Pan­ of a trial, thus making the task of law-en­ "giveaway" of a major U.S. asset created by amanian flag in the Canal Zone. Four Amer­ forcement officials even more formidable than Yankee ingenuity, sweat and dollars. icans and 20 Panamanians were killed and it is now. We think such fear is exaggerated. But for Panamanians and many other 80 other people injured. Panama broke diplo­ matic relations with the United States and But even if it were not, this basic change in Latin Amerlca~s. the new canal treaties are the law would be needed to preserve the the long-delayed redress of a historic wrong took its case to the United Nations and the grand jury's intended function. and the end to an era of Yankee colonial Organization of American States. Grand juries have been much criticized in domination. President Johnson, after consulting former the past few decades. They were abolished in "We bought it, we paid for it, we built it," Presidents Eisenhower and Truman in a bid England in 1933 and have been eliminated in declared former California Gov. Ronald Rea­ for bipartisan support, agreed to renegotiate several states. Their life expectancy in the gan in campaign oratory last year against the the 1903 treaty. Three draft treaties were remaining states and in the federal system "giveaway" of the canal. agreed upon in 1967, but no action was taken was not considered great a few years ago be­ The historians say Reagan understated the toward ratification in either country due to cause of the ways in which the juries had case in one crucial respect : in order to ar­ their controversial nature. been abused. But that has changed. The range for the construction of the canal by The Panamanian government formally re­ Watergate af!air provided a striking example the United States and its operation forever jected the drafts in 1970 after Gen. Omar of their usefulness in investfg,ating and under favorable conditions, President Theo­ Torrljos took power in a bloodless coup with bringing indictments in situations where no dore Roosevelt virtually created the country the canal as his major issue. other technique could have enjoyed public of Panama in 1903 as a compliant negotiat­ Talks resumed in 1971 but gained momen­ confidence. They are worth saving-but only ing partner. tum only after the United States vetoed a if they are restored to the function intended Late in the 19th century a French com­ U.N. Security Council resolution supporting by the B111 of Rights. The best way to do pany went broke trying to dig a canal be- Panama in 1973. September 8, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS In 1974, Secretary of State Henry A. Kis­ Daggett Street which is adjacent to the Your theme this year is: Anti-Communism singer signed a "statement of understand­ Granahan playground (65th and Cal­ for Freedom and Human Rights! Today we ing" for the Nixon administration, agreeing l<>whill Streets) and Cobbs Creek Park­ hear a lot being said about human rights in to principles for a new treaty of limited way. There is a large following of the certain quarters. However, I don't believe duration. enough is being ·said about the human rights President Ford continued the negotiations sport of bocce in the area. of those peoples living under communist but, faced with a right-wing challenge in domination. Indeed, persecution and the the Republican Party and a tough race last denial of fundamental human rights con­ year for election, he did not push for an early tinues unabated behind the iron and bamboo conclusion. CHINA-CAPTIVE NATION curtains. We see an intensified clampdown During the presidential campaign Jimmy on dissenters in the Soviet Union and Eastern carter took a. cautious position, favoring a. Europe. treaty but saying he would not give up HON. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI Word continues to leak out about in­ "practical control" of the canal. OF ILLINOIS humane treatment and imprisonment of human beings who simply desire to do per­ After the election, Carter called the issue IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES a "fes·tering problem" for the United States sonal things like worship God-having in Latin America and instructed his negotia­ Thursday, September 8, 1977 nothing to do with politics. It is clear to me, in spite of pledges to the contrary made by tors to push full speed ahead to a new ar­ Mr. DERWINSKI. Mr. Speaker, Cap­ rangement by June, 1977, if possible. the Soviet and Eastern European Commu­ tive Nations Week is celebrated with nists, two years ago during the Conference on special spirit in ·the Republic of China, Security and Cooperation in Europe, no as the citizens there are ever mindful acual human rights improvements have been of their counterparts on the Chinese realized in that area of the world. All we PHILADELPHIA TO SPEND $1.5 MIL­ have seen this year, as the same 35 nations LION BUILDING SEVEN SENIOR mainland who suffer so horrendously un­ convened again, are public-relations-type CITIZENS' FACILITIES der a dictatorial regime. demonstrations and statements from behind On July 22, in Taipei, a rally was held the iron curtain about improved human in observance of Captive Nations Week. rights, new constitutions and the like-but HON. JOSHUA EILBERG One of the featured speakers was our nothing of substance has been accomplished OF PENNSYLVANIA for real human rights. own distinguished colleague, Congress­ Because we are honored this week to be IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES man WILLIAM L. DICKINSON Of Alabama. the guest of the Chinese people, in the Re­ Thursday, September 8, 1977 His was a most significant address which public of China, Free China, I would simply I wish to insert into the RECORD at this like to close my brief remarks by paying Mr. EILBERG. Mr. Soeaker, the city point, as I consider it a statesmanlike what I believe to be just tribute to the brave of Philadelphia-the "City of Brotherly ex.oression of the views on this subject and tenacious people of the Republic. You are Love"-is also the city with an abiding held by a vast majority of Americans: a bright, happy, creative people--ever ·im­ concern for its senior citizens. These are proving the quality of life. You have been the people whose hands helped build CAPTIVE NATIONS WEEK en the firing line for Freedom in Asia for America, and Philadelphia is continuing (By William L. Dickinson) over 50 years. While you grieve about your its efforts to provide the good life for President Yen (Chia-Kan), Mr. Chairman, brothers and sisters on the mainland who distinguished guests, Ladies and Gentlemen: exist without freedom, you have continued to them in their retirement years. It is indeed a privilege for me to be here shine brightly as a beacon of liberty-to Mayor Frank L. Rizzo has just an­ today representing the great majority of the provide them with hope that some day the nounced that the department of recrea­ American people who stand as firm friends entire great Chinese peoples will again live tion will construct seven senior citizens' of the free peoples and nations represented together in freedom. facilities at its centers around the city, in the membership of the World Anti-Com­ I contrast what I see here with what I saw at a total cost of $1.5 million. munist League. Yours is an organization of when I was in Communist China in April Contracts totaling $142,400 have al­ which true democratic peoples have great of last year. I was saddened by what I saw. admiration. You are now in your tenth an­ They are a colorless, drab society, mirth­ ready been awarded for the first of these nual convention and the free world owes you less-without joy-regimented from birth. I centers at the East Germantown Rec­ for the valiant battle you have been waging was saddened when I heard a propagandized reation Center, Chelten Avenue and on behalf of freedom during these past ten child say, "I was happy when I woke up this Ardleigh Street. years and to the organization which preceded morning because last night I dreamed of Other facilities exclusively for the you, The Asian Peoples Anti-Communist Chairman Mao." An example of the yearning goldenagers are slated for the Lower League, which was founded in 1954. for Liberty by people on the mainland, was Mayfair plaground, Battersby and Rob­ This week marks the 18th anniversary of the occasion just two weeks ago of a pilot bins; Mann Recreation Center. 5th Street Captive Nations Week. In 1959, the U.S. Con­ of the Chinese Communist Air Force mirac­ and Allegheny Avenue; Ziehler play­ gress passed the Captive Nation's Week reso­ ulously escaping that Communist dictator­ lution which President Dwight D. Eisenhower ship. Why did he say he escaped? Because ground, B Street and Olney Avenue; signed into U.S. law. The historic resolution he could no longer live without freedom. Conshohocken and Windemere play­ continues to focus American moral and polit­ What did he escape to? What did he es­ ground, King Recreation Center, 22d ical attention and concern on the world's cape from? Although starting at a point of Street and Columbia Avenue and the captive nations and peoples who are under equal devastation with the Communists in playground at Bustleton and Solly Ave­ communist domination. We continue in our 1949 the democratic Republic of China nues. Contracts will be awarded in the determination to assist in every peaceful way (ROC) has far outdistanced Communist future for these facilities. their eventual freedom and independence. China in every measurable field of compara­ "I have been concerned about the This resolution is stlll in force. rts strength ble endeavor. We all know the Republic of lies in the fact that despite the so-called era China has enjoyed substantial growth and problems of our older citizens for a long of detente, the majority of the free peoples now has one of the highest standards of time, and I am most gratified that we of the world continue to mai.ntain their con­ living in Asia. The per capita income in the have been able to arrange for these fa­ cern about captive peoples. Tcday as we meet Republic is approximately three times that cilities," Mayor Rizzo said. here well over a billion human beings live of Communist China. This progress is a. The money for the construction orig­ under these dreadful conditions. characteristic of freedom. You have a won­ inates from a special citizens section Many in my country urge that we "coexist" derful, thriving, progressive society. of the community development program. and c-ooperate with tyranny, but I am not Two hundred and one years ago the found­ The initial building at East German­ one of them. That great American, Abraham ers of my country declared that "All men town will be a one-story brick structure Lincoln, once observed that no nation can are created equal." By this they meant that endure half-slave and half-free, that liberty all men everywhere are equal in their na­ containing a 1,000 square foot all-pur­ and tyranny are incompatible. The same tural yearning for liberty. It is in the very pose room, a kitchenette, an arts and axiom can be applied to the world at large. nature of man to be free. They believed, as I crafts room, a director's office and a Freedom and slavery are in perpetual con­ do, that some day every man on this planet utility room. All activities in the build­ filet and, in the end, one or the other must will be free. Yet believing in this alone will ing will be designed for senior citizens. triumph. The leaders of the Free. World must not bring it about. Freedom is not free. Man­ Mayor ·Rizzo also announced that recognize that there can be no peace with kind must fight to win it and must always be $100,000 in contracts has been awarded oppression. The only real choices are victory prepared to fight to defend it. The founders or surrender. For this reason. I am not in­ of my country were tired o'f the yoke of under the senior citizens' program for terested in "detente" or "coexistence" with tyranny and took it upon themselves to the construction of a new bocce facility Communism. I am interested in victory over throw it off. These were men who were de­ at Vine and Daggett Streets. communism. Only through victory can gen­ termined to change the course o! their des­ The court will be built on the stricken uine peace ever be achieved. tinies and, against tremendous odds, would 28360 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 8, 1977 settle for nothing less than total victory. If as other studies can assist us in placing has been recognized as an outstanding it could be done in America, then it can be in perspective the public consequences leader in the Polish community in Cleve­ done anywhere in the world. And I tell you­ of a U.S. saccharin ban. We will hear new land. She is being honored by the Polish the majority of the American people stand scientific evidence on saccharin from Dr. Falcons of America, Saturday, Septem­ with you in your hope that one day we will Philip Cole, Harvard School of Public ber 10, for her many accomplishments. see freedom throughout .all China. Health, who will review the Howe/Miller She has received a number of awards In closing, I want to emphasize, that until from the Polish community and has all captive peoples and nations achieve their Canadian epidemiological study; a paper objectives of liberty we must not mute our authored by Sir Richard Doll of Oxford been active in promoting growth and concern, support, and solidarity with their University, England, will be provided; understanding of the Polish tradition unfulfilled aspirations. As free men and new American epidemiological informa­ in the Greater Cleveland area. women, we must continue to work for the tion will be presented by Dr. Irving In addition to her activities in the freedom for others that we have for our­ Kessler of Johns Hopkins University and Polish community, Mrs. Modrzynski has selves. We cannot-indeed no free men or R. Ernest Wynder, founder and presi­ found time to serve as a member of the society can-rest until all men possess the dent of the American Health Founda­ Cuyahoga County Democratic Central same cherished existence. Thank you for al­ tion, and Dr. Neal S. Bricker, director of Committee, and as a member of the Fed­ lowing me to be a part of this wonderful erated Democratic Women of Ohio. activity. Institute of Kidney Diseases of the University of Miami, will present new I want to congratulate Bertha Mo­ animal research data. I am sure my col­ drzynski, wife, mother, grandmother, SECOND LOOK AT SACCHARIN leagues will find this briefing by promi­ community leader, political activist. She URGED BY CANADIAN PAPER nent scientists both up-to-date and in­ is living proof that a woman can have formation: a place in the home and in the world, OTTAWA SHOULD BRING BACK SACCHARIN and be a success in both. HON. SAMUEL L. DEVINE "Look before you leap" is a proverb which OF OHIO Health Minister Marc Lalonde should take IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to heart. His ban last March on the artificial sweetener, saccharin, on the ground that it RATIFICATION OF THE PANAMA Thursday, September 8, 1977 was a possible cancer hazard, now threatens CANAL TREATY Mr. DEVINE. Mr. Speaker, a contro­ to create a new and much more serious versial public health debate was precipi­ health danger. The banning of saccharin was not due to HON. BOB STUMP tated in March of this year when Cana­ any medical evidence that the substance OF ARIZONA dian Health Minister Marc Lalonde an­ causes cancer in human beings: no human IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES nounced a ban on saccharin, based on case of cancer he.s ever been traced to it. The animal tests purporting to show a poten­ decision was based on a laboratory experi­ Thursday, September 8, 1977 tial risk of cancer. The U.S. Food and ment in which rats were fed enormous doses Mr. STUMP. Mr. Speaker, with the Drug Administration, acting upon the of saccharin, after which some of them signing of the Panama Canal Treaty, it findings of the Canadian agency, subse­ developed bladder cancer. The ban was sharply criticized at the time. is now the duty of the Senate to ratify quently announced a proposed ban on SCientists pointed out that to get as much it. However, separate questions should be the artificial sweetener on March 9, 1977, saccharin as was given the rats, a human addressed by the House in the treaty's thereby touching off a dispute within our being would have to drink 500 cans of diet ratification process-that of disposing of borders which continues to split the sci­ pop a day. It was also noted that similar ex­ the U.S. property and expenditures of entific community and which has pro­ periments conducted on monkeys-which public money. For the following reasons, duced a shocked and angry reaction from are much closer to human beings in their I have cosponsored a House resolution many Americans, particularly diabetics anatomy and physiology than rats-showed which would allow the House of Repre­ and those with weight control problems. no ill-effects from the use of saccharin. But the federal health officials were sentatives to represent the views of our They believe that saccharin has been adamant and imposed a staged ban to constituents by voting yes or no on the safely used by the public for more than eliminate saccharin from food and drink by ratification of the treaty. The 1903 80 years and that, as the onlv noncaloric the end of the year. Haybunau-Barilla treaty provides: sweetener permitted on the U.S. market, This decree is having consequences which The Republic of Panama grants to the saccharin has positive beneficial effects the Ottawa mandarins apparently did not United States all the rights, power and au­ which outweigh any theoretical potential foresee. Saccharin has been used largely in thority with the zone • • • which the United risk. As a result of this debate, legislation low-calorie roods and soft drinks fo:r States would possess and exercise if it were is now pending in the House-of which I diabetics, weight-watchers and others on the sovereign of the territory • • • to the am cosponsor-which would delav for 18 special diets with a minimum of sugar. entire exclusion of the exercise by the Re­ months any proposed ban by the FDA Now the replacement many manufacturers public of Panama of any such sovereign are looking at, fructose, is apparently similar rights, power or authority. and which would permit further scien­ to ordinary sugar in the way it affects tific review by the National Institutes of diabetics and others with health problems. In 1906, the U.S. Supreme Court found Health. The danger is they could end up using low­ that as a result of the treaty the canal It is, therefore, quite significant that calorie products without realizing that they Zone was U.S. territory. The U.S. Consti­ are, in fact, getting more than their safe in­ tution specifically states that Congress one of the leading newspapers of Canada, take of sugar. the Toronto Star, has recently urged the Health officials are now scurrying about has the power to dispose of all property Canadian Health Minister to bring back trying to devise protective measures. It has belonging to the United States. saccharin and in an editorial dated Sep­ apparently only just begun to dawn on them The Constitution also gives Congress tember 1, has accused Canadian health that they may have created a real and im­ authority over expenditure of public offi.cil'lls of failing to "look before vou mediate health hazard in their efforts to money. Huge amounts of money are in­ leap" in their attempt to eliminate a ,;re­ eliminate what may be a remote and theo­ volved in this treaty deal, but the ad­ mote and theoretical" risk. retical one. ministration is also attempting to carry Mr. Speaker, when one of the leading Bring back the saccharin. out the financial end through back door newspapers of Canada calls for reversal loans and grants to Panama without the of the saccharjn decision, I believe that consent of the House. we in the United States have stronger TO HONOR BERTHA MODRZYNSKI One question is whether the $600 mil­ reRson to believe that the Canadian lion Panama Canal Operations Fund orP.CPdent is not one which we should currently on deposit with the U.S. Treas­ bJindlv emulate. For that rel'l.son, to­ HON. MARY ROSE OAKAR ury goes to Panama as part of the finan­ ~ether with mv colleag"Ue. the Honorable OF OHIO cial package over which Congress is DAVID E. 84TTERFIELD, III of Viryinia, we IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES being denied its constitutional voice. This have scheduled a saccharin briefing for country has an investment of $6.15 bil­ Members and their staffs, from 3 to 5 Thursday, September 8, 1977 lion in the Panama Canal. Payments to o.m .. Se:ntember 15. in room 2125, Ray­ Ms. OAKAR. Mr. Speaker, I would like Panama to take the canal are $1.89 bil­ burn House Office Buildi"ng. at which a t~ call the attention of my colleagues to lion. If Panama wants the canal, they number of scientistc; who have been re­ the accomplishments of one of my con­ should be buying it from the United viewing the Canadian test data as well stituents, Mrs. Bertha Modrzynski, who States and not being paid to take it. September 8, 1977 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 28361 Not all of the questions are financial. progress in terms of environmental pro­ to visitors from Wisconsin and lllinois among Even now, Alaskan oil which is needed grams-and in terms, too, of the public the estimated 83,000 out-of-State residents desperately all over the country is being awareness of the value and the necessity for who visited the boundary waters area 1n 1976. such programs. That figure is hardly surprising when you transported through the Panama canal. President Carter, in his environmental realize that the closest wilderness area for The securtt'y of that oil is vital to the message to Congress last May, recognized most Iowans, besides the boundary waters, future of this country. The question of the overwhelming importance of a mean­ lies as far east as the Appalachians and as oil alone shows the potential effect of the ingful environmental ;>rotectlon and con­ far west as the Rockies-and none can match canal on national security. servation program. "Americans long thought the size, variety or sheer beauty of the Before the American people allow the that nature could take care of itself," the boundary waters area. canal to be given away, they want to President said, "or that, if it did not, the But at the same time I am constantly know that the Government of Panama consequences were someone else's problem. impressed with the number of people who is stable and responsible enough to run As we know now, that assumption was are absolutely committed to the preserva­ wrong." tion of the boundary waters area, even the canal. Without the stability, rights In a section on wilderness areas and wild­ though there is very little likelihood that under the proposed treaty would be life, the President wrote: "In its land and they will ever have an opportunity to visit meaningless. . its history, a nation finds the things which the area in person. They recognize it for the Those who are trying blackmail to give it continuity. By preserving places that natural resource it really is. They are people obtain acceptance of this treaty by have special natural value, we can ensure who believe that we simply cannot compro­ threats of guerrilla war have chosen the that our children and grandchildren have mise on preserving the nation's largest worst possible way to persuade Congress a chance to know something of the America east~rn wilderness area and our only lake­ and the American public. If the treaty that we and our ancestors simply took for land wilderness. .cannot stand on its own merit, we must granted." I am reminded of something I read re­ I know the subcommittee is fam1liar with cently in a booklet published by an organi­ ·stand up for our rights or this country the boundary waters issue. It represents per­ zation called friends of the boundary waters will have no international credibility. haps a classic confrontation between con­ wilderness. The very closing paragraph, I Until these and many other questions servationists and commercial interests, it think, summarized the issue well when it are answered I shall oppose the treaty poses questions which reach far beyond the said: "There wm always be those who would and fight for a vote in the House of immediate issue- turn the last stands of virgin timber in the Representatives. Questions which speak to some very basic boundary waters into magazines and waste decisions about this nation's commitment paper . . . who would trade its cold, clear to wildlife and wilderness preservation. waters for cold, clean cash. There will never We're talking about over one million be a law so perfect and immutable that the acres-some of it marred by man-made scars, boundary waters can be considered "saved" BOUNDARY WATERS CANOE AREA forever. But good protective laws and in­ but much of it as pristine and virgin as it formed citizens can do the job." was a thousand years ago . . . a place of HON. MICHAEL T. BLOUIN incredible beauty, natural ,,ariety and eco­ The Fraser b111 is that kind of law. We need that kind of law, and I am hopeful that OF IOWA logical stabll1ty . . . wilderness one-third larger than the combined total of wilderness this subcommittee in its wisdom wlll see fit IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES areas this side of the Rockies. to pass favorably on legislation that in­ cludes the major provisions of Mr. Fraser's Thursday, September 8, 1977 We're talking about an area where the blll. pine trees are over three centuries old ... Mr. BLOUIN. Mr. Speaker, I would where the ruvged terrain and jutting cliffs like to present my testimony concerning have been left virtually unchanged since the Boundary Waters Canoe Area pro­ the glaciers melted some 14,000 years ago ... NO BONDED DEBT FOR YOLO­ posals given August 4, 1977 before the an area dotted by some 1,000 lakes and 1,200 THANKS ERV MEIER House Subcommittee on National Parks miles of canoe routes ... the nation's largest and Insular Affairs: and relatively complete example of a north­ HON. ROBERT L. LEGGETT Mr. Chairman, and members of the sub­ ern conifer forest--a place which has been committee-let me say first of all that I ap­ called, and accurately, a living biological OF CALIFORNIA preciate the opportunity to testify before laboratory, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES this subcommittee this morning and I am I think those of us who have had the ex­ Thursday, September 8, 1977 honored to follow in the footsteps of my dis­ perience of being out alone on a river early tinguished colleagues, Mr. Fraser, Mr. Vento in the morning, when the sun is just start­ Mr. LEGGETr. Mr. Speaker, one of and Mr. Oberstar, all of whom have illus­ ing to peek over the tree tops ... or have the lessons we all learned early in our trated a concern and an interest in the pres­ been camping with just a few other people careers in Congress is that no Federal ervation of natural resources which I think in a secluded woods or on a quiet river program, however well designed and is exceptional and commendable. I, for one, island appreciate what we're talking about appreciate their concern and their leadership ... that kind of undescribable communion funded, will be effective unless a talented and I want to state that for the record. with nature which man feels when he's left and committed administrator makes the Mr. Chairman, I am particularly grateful alone in the wilderness. It's that kind of program work on a daily basis. The same for the opportunity to discuss briefly with experience ... that kind of opportunity is true for our local units of government. the subcommittee the preservation and con­ ... that we want to preserve ... that we For the Past 16 years. the ·citizens of servation of one of the nation's precious should be anxious to protect. Yolo County have benefited from com­ na.tural resources: The Boundary Waters As you are well aware, the legislation in­ petent administration of their county Canoe Area. troduced by Congressman Fraser in 1976 and Over 60 years a·go, President Theodore again this year would preserve the entire government under the leadership of Roosevelt--writing in an issue of Outlook boundary waters area. It totally outlaws county executive Ervin Meier. Erv was magazine--drew a parallel which is no less lodging, motorized carriers or mining within selected in 1961 as Yolo County's first dramatic ... and certainly no less cor­ the area. county executive and has served admira­ rect ... today than it was then, in 1913. I want you to know that I strongly endorse bly in that Post ever since. He will retire "The civilized people of today," he wrote, Mr. Fraser's approach and I urge the sub­ on Seotember 15 and it is aoprooriate "look back with horror at their medieval committee to aporove the Fraser bill. I think that we pause for a few moments to ancestors who wantonly destroyed great 1t represents nothing less than the least we salute Erv Meier's long record of out­ works of art ... or sat slothfully by, while can do to insure the preservation and sur­ they were destroyed. We regard attic temples vival of a unique natural resource-one standing public service. and roman triumphal arches and gothic which belongs not so much to the commer­ Erv Meier is a man with an extensive cathedrals as of priceless value ... but we cial interests which border the area, but to record of accomnlishments dating back are, as a whole, stlll in that low state of the American people. It is truly a national to service with the War Labor Board. civll1zatlon where we do not unders'tand that asset as well as a natural resource. Later, as a private consultant, Erv heloed it is also vandalism to wantonly destroy or The subcommittee has on file petitions reorganize government programs in the to permit the destruction of what is beauti­ signed bv over 10,000 Iowans urP"ing its sup­ ful in nature- port for rthe Fraser bill. That, I think, dram­ city of Los Angeles, the State of Wash­ Whether it be a cliff, a forest or a species atizes how strongly my fellow Iowans feel ington, and the Republic of El Salvador, of mammal or bird." about preserving the boundary waters area. among others. He made a number of Today, some 63 years later ... and thanks Naturally, we have something of a vested significant contributions in the State of in no small measure to people like Teddy interest in the area ... Last year, over 6,500 California as the administrator of the Roosevelt and those who followed in his Iowans registered as visitors to the bound­ Weimar Medical Center. and as executive footsteps ... we have made some obvious ary waters wilderness, a number second only secretary of the Joint Transportation 28362 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 8, 1977 Committee of the California State Legis­ "GIVEAWAY" OF THE PANAMA tha;t program. This program as set forth well lature. In each of these positions he CANAL over fifty years ago was summarized and paraphrased into the following famous out­ demonstrated a tenacity and under­ line: "First, we will take Eastern Europe. standing of the subject matter that im­ HON. TIM LEE CARTER Next, the masses of Asia. Then we shall en­ pressed his professional colleagues. circle the last bastion of caplhlism, the Erv's tenure as county executive in OF KENTUCKY United States of America. We shall not have Yolo County has been equally productive. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to attack; it will fall like overripe fruit into A new jail was constructed. The county Thursday, September 8, 1977 our hands." Who said this? That's right. courthouse was remodeled and facilities Lenin wrote it over fifty years ago. Mr. CARTER. Mr. Speaker, during the Now our man in the White House is mak­ for the Public Works Department and August recess, I had county meetings ing it come true. almost all other government agencies throughout my district in Kentucky. I As I said e!l.rlier, giving or sell1ng things were expanded, and in a reasonable and listened to hundreds of my constituents which are vital to our security is against the orderly fashion. Erv is particularly proud voice their viewpoints and concerns. One law. They call it treason. of the expansion of the county library frequently mentioned concern was the Are we really stupid enough to fall into system so that the several small towns such a trap? I would hope not. proposed "giveaway" of the Panama RoBERT E. LANTER. in Yolo County now enjoy modern library Canal. And let me say that a "giveaway" programs. is exactly how the fine people I repre­ During Erv Meier's administration, he sent describe the proposed treaty. The has seen the county of Yolo grow from a people with whom I met rightly believe THE CLINCH RIVER BREEDER population of 60,000 to 110,000. The staff that the Panama Canal belongs to the REACTOR: A POOR INVESTMENT of the county government has grown United States in perpetuity, every lock, FOR JOBS from 600 to 1,300 and again in a reason­ stock, and barrel of it. able and orderly manner. Do the people want to give the canal During Erv's tenure, Yolo Oounty made away? Let me just say that the following HON. THOMASJ. DOWNEY the transition from a rural county to a letter to the editor of the Richmond OF NEW YORK county with many suburban communi­ Daily Register by Mr. Robert E. Lanter of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ties. The expansion and improvement of Richmond, Ky., exemplifies what many government services to keep pace with people in the United States and in my Thursday, September 8, 1977 this growth made many demands on congressional district are saying about Mr. DOWNEY. Mr. Speaker, opponents Erv's imagination and administrative the canal treaty. It is a shame that this of President carter's decision to forgo talents. With typical attention to detail, administration has not been listening to construction of the Clinch River breeder Erv and the board of supervisors accom­ the people or else we might not now have reactor demonstration facility-CRBR-­ plished this expansion on a pay-as-you the treaty. have argued that President Carter's deci­ go basis and as Erv leaves his post, the The letter follows: sion is antiemployment. This memoran­ county has no bonded indebtedness RICHMOND, KY., dum answers this argument. whatsoever. Additionally, the county has Augu~t 16, 1977. The proponents of the Clinch River a healthy contingency fund. Erv's suc­ The EDITOR, breeder reactor state that the CRBR is a cessor is in an enviable position inherit­ Richmond Daily Register, jobs issue in two senses. First, it is con­ ing such a program. In light of the well Richmond, Ky. tended that the CRBR is necessary to DEAR Sm: We Americans are being taken publicized difficulties faced by many local for a bunch of fools. O.K., so you've heard meet our energy needs. If there is not governments, Erv Meier's fiscal achieve­ that old song before, but does it ever shock enough energy there will be unemploy­ ments are particularly noteworthy. or alarm you? It should. Sad to say, most ment because energy is necessary to run Erv always made it a point to do his job people couldn't care less. But let me explain. an industrial economy. Second, it is con­ and stay out of the politics that often As we all know, it is against the law of the tended that the construction of the engulf administrators in our local gov­ land to give or sell secrets or anything which breeder and its support facilities will, it­ is vital to the security of America, especially self, create jobs. ernments. Maybe this is one of the secrets to those who are openly hostlle to our way of his success. He left the politics to the THE CLINCH RIVER BREEDER REACTOR IS NOT of llfe and way of government. And don't NEEDED politicians and quietly and competently ever let yourself be led to belleve for a mo­ went about the business of administering ment that there are not those in the great On numerous occasions, the Secretary the county government. scheme of world polltics who are not work­ of Energy and the Council of Economic Erv Meier has achieved these accom­ ing night and day to bury U.S. As a matter Advisors have stated that the Clinch of fact, they are right on schedule in their River breeder facility simply will not be plishments by hard work and long hours. program. Indeed, the members of the board of su­ needed. They have shown that the fuel pervisors have often complained that he But back to the subject at hand. It con­ needs of nuclear reactors can be supplied cerns the p!l.ck of lies the American people with domestic uranium. This position is did not take enough vacation time. I are being fed concerning our ownership of might say, this was the only major com­ the Panama Canal. The treaty drawn up be­ supported by data collected by the Nu­ plaint lodged by the supervisors during tween Panama and the United States in 1904 clear Regulatory Commission, as well as Erv's many years as county executive. is as clear as any document can be. The the uranium experts of the Energy Re­ Some complaint. treaty plainly states the ten-mlle wide canal search and Development Administration. zone and the canal itself are to be United Independent assessments by such orga­ Erv is still a young man in his early States property "in perpetuity" or as the dic­ nizations as the Ford Foundation and by sixties and has much more to contribute. tionary defines it, "lasting for eternity." Any a study sponsored by the conservative He has indicated that he will continue as fool knows that doesn't mean the year 2000. American Enterprise Institute also sup­ executive secretary of the 14 county Sac­ Now there was no great clamor for us to port this conclusion. In sum, without ramento-Mother Lode Regional Associa­ give up the Canal until the present, un­ elected, viciously criminal, Communist dic­ building the Clinch River breeder reac­ tion of County Supervisors and will do tor, the United States will be able to fuel consultant work once again. He and his tator, Omil.r Torrijos, overthrew the former government in a military coup about ten its nuclear reactors. To the extent to wife, Carol, are planning to take a trip years ago. Torrijos is not only a Communist, which atomic reactors are necessary for a to Europe. It is high time, in my opinion, he has time and time again shown his utter functioning economy, they will be sup­ that Erv finally takes a well-deserved contempt for the United States in his re­ plied with fuel. vacation. marks about us. We owe him less than noth­ MILLIONS OF OTHER NUCLEAR RELATED JOBS It ing. There is no reason we should even deal WILL BE CREATED has been a personal pleasure to work with him. For the most p:ut, the people of with Erv. I and the many friends he has Panama reallze the great advantage of the Second, it is argued that the Clinch made over the years wish him well in the United States presence in the "Zone" and River breeder reactor should be built be­ years ahead and thank him for his out­ they let that fact be known. cause the project itself creates jobs. Just standing contributions to county govern­ I mentioned the Communist program ear­ about any Federal expenditure creates ment in California. lier. Latin America is very much a part of employment directly or indirectly. How- September 9, 1977 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 28363 ever, the charge that the Carter admin­ Total operation and maintenance created by either of these alternative ex­ requirement for 20 years for 300 istration is antijobs .because it is cancel­ nuclear powerplants ______4, 896, 000 penditures. ing the construction of the Clinch River For instance, ERDA has estimated that breeder reactor must be placed in per­ Total manpower for construction and 30-year operation (typical, the $196 million fiscal year 1977 budget spective. The Carter administration sup­ would have produced 4,367 direct jobs. ports the construction of about 300 more assumed plant lifetime)------6, 565, 500 (The information on labor requirements Normally, such an expenditure of Fed­ nuclear powerplants in this country be­ eral funds· produces 50 percent additional tween now and the end of this century. has been collected from reports of the Atomic Energy Commission, the Project Independ­ indirect employment. Thus, the CRBR In contrast to the approximately 4,000 ence Reports and trade association sources.) expenditures for 1977 have produced ap­ man years of employment produced this proximately 6,500 jobs. Each of these last year by the Clinch River breeder CLINCH RIVER BREEDER REACTOR: A POOR INVESTMENT FOR JOBS jobs, then, would cost about $29,923 to reactor project, the construction and op­ eration of these 300 powerplants and Not only are the number of jobs in the create, by building the Clinch River their fuel cycle facilities for the plants' CRBR project relatively few in compari­ breeder reactor. In contrast, according to son to the much larger scale of employ­ the Bureau of Labor Statistics, $11,104 in lifetimes will create over 6,500,000 man average Federal expenditures creates a years of employment in nuclear-related ment in nuclear-related industries con­ job. In sum, spending the money on the job categories. templated by the administration's nu­ Clinch River breeder reactor will actually Overall manpower requirements for 300 clear policies, but building the Clinch cause unemployment. Spending the powerplants' man years River breeder reactor itself is an eco­ money through the Federal Treasury or Activity: Nuclear nomically wasteful method of creating Construction of 300 nuclear power­ returning it to the private economy will plants------1,588,500 jobs. create more employment. Construction of fuel cycle support If the Clinch River breeder reactor is For more information, contact James facilities------81, 000 not built, the funds will either be spent M. Cubie, legislative representative, New Annual operation and mainte- as normal Federal expenditures or will be Directions, 2021 L Street NW., Washing­ nance------30,000 Annual operation of fuel cycle____ 124,200 spent in the private sector. In either case, ton, D.C. 20036, phone No. (202) 452- Total annual requirements_ 163,200 about twice as much employment will be 1050.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES-Friday, September 9, 1977 The House met at 10 o'clock a.m. active mUitary, naval, or air service, and for course, knows full well that the House other purposes; and has voted twice on this issue by substan­ The Chaplain, Rev. Edward G. Latch, S. 1560. An act to restore the Confederated D.D., offered the following prayer: tial margins and therefore I do not think Tribes of Siletz Indians of Oregon as a it would be necessary at this point to Be of good courage and He shall federally recognized sovereign Indian tribe, to restore to the ConfederMied Tribes of reaffirm that stand by a motion to in­ strengthen your heart, all you that trust Siletz Indians of Oregon and its members struct the conferees. in the Lord.-Psalms 31: 24. those Federal services and benefl ts furnished Mr. FLOOD. That is correct. 0 God of life and love, breathe Thy to federally recognized American Indian I might add that it so happens that Spirit upon us as we pray, and help us tribes and their members, and for other pur­ what was the Hyde-Conte amendment, to realize anew our constant need of Thy poses. because of a procedural matter, had to strength, Thy wisdom, ·and Thy peace. be reintroduced through my amendment, Give us to know that Thou art with us APPOINTMENT OF CONFEREES ON but it is the same. and that with Thee we are made equal H.R. 7555, LABOR, HEALTH, EDU­ Mr. BAUMAN. Forgive me, I should to every experience and ready for every CATION, AND WELFARE APPRO­ have said the Flood amendment, in honor responsibility. PRIATION ACT, 1978 of my distinguished colleague from We pray for peace in our world, for Pennsylvania. good will among our people, for justice Mr. FLOOD. Mr. Speaker, I ask unan­ I thank the ~ntleman for his assur­ in our land, and for a faith which makes imous consent to take from the Speak­ ances. us strong, gives us courage, and spurs er's table the bill