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EXTENSIONS of REMARKS September 8, 1977 Approved 28 June 1879 (21 Stat 283128 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS September 8, 1977 approved 28 June 1879 (21 Stat. 37) (33 Hugh Salter, of North Carolina, to be before any duly constituted committee of u.s.c. 642). U.S. marshal for the eastern district of North the Senate. Carolina for the term of 4 years. Juan G. Bias, of Guam, to be U.S. marshal CONFIRMATIONS for the district of Guam for the term of 4 WITHDRAWAL Executive nominations received by the years. Executive nomination withdrawn from Senate September 8, 1977: Donald D. Forsht, of Florida, to be U.S. the Senate, September 8, 1977: marshal for the southern district of Florida DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Peter E. Corning, of New York, to be U.S. for the term of 4 years. attorney for the northern district of New Robert E. Raiche, of New Hampshire, to be The above nominations were approved York for the term of 4 years, vice James M. U.S. marshal for the district of New Hamp­ subject to the nominees' commitments to Sullivan, Jr., resigned, which was sent to the shire for the term of 4 years. respond to requests to appear and testify Senate on June 29, 1977. EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS PRAISES ARTICLE BY REPRESENTA­ both high-capital nuclear technology and most good for the least cost. No attempt to TIVE CLARENCE LONG better lives for their people. steer foreign aid away from less developed Can the spread of nuclear weapons and countries (LDCs) that use it to finance nu­ technology be stopped-and stopped in time? clear technology can ignore the fact that HON. PAUL SIMON Underlying an answer to this question are much American foreign aid goes out through OF n.LINOIS three premises: ( 1) As far as technical multilateral development banks to such no­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES knowledge is concerned, the genie is out of torous prollferators as India. These institu­ the bottle. (2) The countries with the ab111ty tions should be persuaded by the United Wednesday, September 7, 1977 to suppy technicians, reactor hard ware, and States to deny loans to nations that are us­ nuclear fuel have so many conflicting and ing the money directly or indirectly for nu­ Mr. SIMON. Mr. Speaker, our col­ clear proliferation. If American influence league, Representative CLARENCE LoNG of even devious interests, that any anti-prolif­ eration agreement must be at the mercy of falls, we can reduce our contributions.' Maryland, had an article in the spring the lowest common prollferator, with long Finally, at the same time the United States issue of the magazine International Se­ delays and more loopholes than anti-prolif­ can press other nuclear suppliers to agree to curity under the title, "Nuclear Prolif­ errution clauses. (3) The consequences of stop proliferation. Our bids for cooperation eration: Can Congress Act in Time?" nuclear weapon proliferation are so fraught would, if anything, be strengthened by the It merits the attention of all of us, and with peril that efforts to contain it should go above-suggested demonstrations of good I am taking the liberty of having it re­ full speed ahead even though the superpow­ faith and good example. printed in the RECORD: ers can be blamed for asking others to re­ UNITED STATES SUBSIDY OF NUCLEAR frain from producing "kilotonnage" when PROLIFERATION NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION: CAN CONGRESS ACT they cannot keep themselves from p111ng up Most states that have achieved a nuclear IN TIME? "megatonnage." In any case, so urgent are weapons capability, other than the Soviet (By CLARENCE D. LONG) the problems of both small country weapon Union and the People's Republic of China, The threat of nuclear proliferation can proliferation and superpower expansion of have benefited from promotion and direct scarcely be overstated. As many as forty existing nuclear arsenals that the efforts to and indirect subsidy by the United States countries, typically underdeveloped and un­ cut back either one must proceed without Government.5 The United States has pro­ stable, may have nuclear weapons capabilities waiting for a successful solution of the other. moted nuclear energy exports principally by 1990.1 More likely than an all-out nuclear In view of the difficulties of getting co­ through the Export-Import Bank. war beginning between superpowers is a nu­ operation between nuclear and nonnuclear Since 1959, the Export-Import Bank has clear exchange between small countries, and weapon states, are there steps to check prolif­ provided loans and guarantees for almost a nuclear war anywhere has to be assumed to eration that the United States can take uni­ $4.8 billion dollars of exports of nuclear risk escalation to superpower involvement laterally? Do unilateral steps preclude co­ equipment and fuel through sixty-eight whether by deliberate intervention, or by operative agreements later on? What are the loans totaling $3.2 billion and thirty-four miscalculation, bluff. or panic. Even between obstacles, political and economic, domestic financial guarantees of $1.6 billion in com­ two small nations, a nuclear war could result and international? What is the role of Con­ mercial bank lending. in unprecedented death and destruction, gress 1n United States efforts? How willing Commercial · banks, with Export-Import with the United States being called upon to is Congress to do anything really effective? Bank guarantees, have provided a substan­ supply billions of dollars for humanitarian And in time? tial portion of the funding-generally 40 to relief, and with environmental damage that There are four classes of action that the 45 percent, and typi-cally are first to receive would scarcely respect borders. United States can take to discourage nuclear any repayment. In an industry-by-industry Paranoia caused by nuclear weapons pro­ proliferation. First, the United States can calculation for Fiscal Year 1975, the Con­ liferation would complicate defense plan­ stop promoting and subsidizing nuclear pow­ gressional Budget Office concluded that the ning.2 The United States could be compelled er exports, keeping in mind that a nuclear Export-Import Bank loans for nuclear ex­ to prepare against a variety of threats from power plant is the major step to nuclear ports, when compared with sixteen other in­ numerous challenges, building us a vastly weaponry. The engineers and physicists need­ dustries, had the longest average terms and increased nuclear arsenal with no clear stra­ ed for nuclear explosives would be present in received the second highest proportion of tegic purpose. How could the United States a power program. So also would be the plu­ subsidy.11 signal in advance its determination to re­ tonium, since the standard size 1,000 mega­ The Export-Import Bank has financed taliate with unacceptable damage against a watt power reactor of current design would fifty of the sixty nuclear reactor exports by nuclear attack if there were no way of iden­ produce annually spent fuel containing 200 the United States; of the ten reactors ex­ tifying the attacker against whom we would kilograms of plutonium--or enough for forty ported without Export-Import Bank financ­ then retaliate? Such an attack could be de­ small nuclear explosive. All that is required ing, only three exports of small reactors for livered by terrorists or in bombs exploded in to separate the plutonium from the radio­ Europe in the 1960s were not accompanied ships of false national registry anchored in active wastes is a reprocessing plant which, by some financial subsldy.7 Subsidy has been our harbors. Indeed, the objective could be to for a modest weapons program, would re­ critical to almost all American nuclear re­ provoke us into nuclear war with the wrong quire as few as eight engineers with stand­ actor exports. nation. ard training and would cost as little as $25 The United States had provided many Damage to our own civil liberties could million (a small fraction of a power reactor's other forms of financial aid to foreign nu­ hardly be avoided. National fright typically cost) .3 clear programs over the last twenty years. leads to a huge and pervasive pollee appa­ Second, the United States can move on This assistance, totalling at least $311.8 mil­ ratus. Who oa.n say that our democratic tra­ many fronts to encourage the use of non­ lion as Table 2 shows, has been provided ditions would survive, considering how they nuclear energy, thus providing better energy through the Atoms for Peace and other pro­ have caved in under less pressure in the past? answers, economic and environmental. Na­ grams administered by the Atomic Energy This article will show that keeping coun­ tions insisting on going nuclear for mllltary Commission; through the Agency for Inter­ tries from nuclear power technology, with its reasons could no longer wear the cloak of an national Development (AID); and through accompanying potential for producing nu­ energy solution. the International Atomic Energy Agency clear weapons, could save money for the Third, the United States can redirect its (IAEA). United States and preserve for the poor na­ foreign aid away from nations which insist By 1958, the Atomic Energy Commission tions opportunities to improve standards of on developing nuclear explosives. Inasmuch had agreements governing American nuclear living and of eduoa.tion-opportunitles other­ as there can never be more than a tiny frac­ trade and cooperation in force or almost rati­ wise lost because developing nations, even tion of the foreign aid needed to go around, fied with forty-three countries.8 Under these aided by the United States, cannot afford this redirection would be no more than good agreements, the United States exported re­ economics-allocating limited resources to search reactors with nuclear fuel and train­ Footnotes at end of article.
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