DOCSLIB.ORG

Biological Evaluation of Some Selected Plant Species of Pakistan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Biological Evaluation of Some Selected Plant Species of Pakistan Biological Evaluation of Some Selected Plant Species of Pakistan By Samia Inayatullah Department of Biochemistry Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan 2009 Biological Evaluation of Some Selected Plant Species of Pakistan Submitted by Samia Inayatullah Thesis submitted to The Department of Biochemistry Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad In the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Biochemistry/ Molecular Biology Department of Biochemistry Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad-Pakistan 2009 Certificate This thesis submitted by Samia Inayatullah is accepted in its present form by the Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad as satisfying the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biochemistry/ Molecular Biology. Supervisor:………………………. Dr. Bushra Mirza External Examiner: ……………… External Examiner :……………… Chairman: ………………….. Dated:……………. Declaration I hereby declare that the work presented in this thesis is my own effort except where other acknowledged and that the thesis is my own composition. No part of the thesis has previously been presented for any other degree. Samia Inayatullah In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful “With Him are the keys of the unseen, the treasures that none knoweth but He. He knoweth whatever there is on the earth and in the sea. Not a leaf doth fall but with His knowledge. There is not a grain in the darkness (or depths) of the earth, nor anything fresh or dry (green or withered) but is (inscribed) in a record clear (to those who can read).” (VI. 59) To my beloved parents List of Contents Acknowledgements I List of tables III List of figures IV List of abbreviations VII Abstract IX Chapter 1 Introduction……………………………………………………………1 1: Drug discovery strategy………………………………………………………...2 1.1 : Selection of plant material…………………………………………………...3 1.2: Preparation of plant extracts………………………………………………....8 1.3: Biological screening of plant extracts…………………………………………9 1.3.1: Antimicrobial assays…………………………………………………….10 1.3.2: Toxicity assays…………………………………………………………...16 1.3.3: Antitumor potato disc assay…………………………………………….17 1.3.4: Antioxidant assays……………………………………………………….18 Determination of total phenolic contents………………………………...19 a. Antioxidant assays in aqueous system……………………………………....20 b. Antioxidant assays in lipid system…………………………………………..22 1.4: Bioassay guided fractionation of selected plant extracts .………………......23 1.5: Identification of components of plant extracts by analytical scale HPLC equipped with UV-DAD as well as LC-MS………………………….23 1: Chromatography…………………………………………………………….23 2: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)……………………32 Chapter 2 Antimicrobial, toxicity and antitumor activities……………………...34 Introduction………………………………………………………………………..34 Materials and methods……………………………………………………………...35 2.1: Collection of plant material…………………………………………………….35 2.2: Preparation of plant extracts……………………………………………….......35 2.3: Antimicrobial assays…………………………………………………………….35 2.4: Toxicity assays…………………………………………………………………...38 2.5: Antitumor potato disc assay……………………………………………………39 2.6: Antibacterial assay against Agrobacterium tumefaciens……………………...40 Results…………………………………………………………………………………..41 2.1: Antimicrobial assays…………………………………………………………....41 2.2: Toxicity assays…………………………………………………………………..41 2.3: Antitumor potato disc assay…………………………………………………...46 2.4: Antibacterial assay against Agrobacterium tumefaciens……………………..46 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………......52 Chapter 3 Antioxidant activities…………………………………………………........53 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...53 Materials and methods…………………………………………………………….....54 3.1: Determination of total phenolic contents……………………………………54 3.2: Antioxidant activity……………………………………………………………55 3.2.1: DPPH assay (1,1- Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical)………………..55 3.2.2: Calculation of EC50 value………………………………………………..56 3.2.3: ABTS+ Assay……………………………………………………………..56 3.2.4: TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) assay……………..57 3.3: DNA protection assay………………………………………………………...58 Results…………………………………………………………………………………...59 3.1: Determination of total phenolic contents……………………………………..59 3.2: Statistical analysis……………………………………………………………..59 3.3: DPPH scavenging activity…………………………………………………….63 3.4: ABTS+ assay…………………………………………………………………...63 3.5: TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) assay…………………..64 3.6: DNA protection assay………………………………………………………..74 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………..74 Chapter 4 Semi-preparative HPLC………………………………………………….76 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..76 Materials and methods……………………………………………………………….78 4.1: Preparation of samples……………………………………………………...78 4.2: Spectrophotometric scanning of hexane washes and extracts……………78 4.3: Semi-preparative HPLC…………………………………………………….78 4.3.1: Sample Preparation……………………………………………………….78 4.3.2: Method development for semi-preparative HPLC……………………...78 4.3.3: Optimization of conditions for semi-preparative HPLC of (L+F) S. nubicola………………………………………………………………….79 4.3.4: Method for fractionation……………………………………………….......81 4.4: Determination of total phenolic contents of fractions……………………82 4.5: Antioxidant activity of fractions……………………………………….. …82 Results………………………………………………………………………….83 4.1: Spectrophotometric scanning of hexane washes and crude extracts….83 4.2: Semi-preparative HPLC…………………………………………………86 4.2.1: Method development for semi-preparative HPLC…………………..86 4.3: Determination of total phenolic contents for three fractions………...94 4.4: Antioxidant activity of fractions………………………………………..94 Conclusion………………………………………………………………….99 Chapter 5 Identification of phenolic compounds…………………………………100 Introduction……………………………………………………………………...100 Materials and methods……………………………………………………..........101 5.1: Preparation of samples…………………………………………………...101 5.2: Preparation of standard…………………………………………….........101 5.3: Analytical scale HPLC……………………………………………………101 5.3.1: HPLC Method…………………………………………………........101 5.3.2: Regression lines for five external standards………………………102 5.3.3: Quantification of various peaks……………………………………102 5.4: LC-MS (Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry)……………........103 5.5: Identification of phenolic components in crude plant extracts………...103 Results………………………………………………………………………….105 5.1: Analytical scale HPLC……………………………………………….105 5.2: Regression lines for five external standards by using analytical scale HPLC…………………………………………………………………112 5.3: Quantification of various peaks……………………………………..112 5.4: LC-MS (liquid chromatography mass spectrometry)……………...118 5.5: Identification of phenolic compounds………………………………126 Conclusion……………………………………………………………...135 Chapter 6 Discussion………………………………………………………………..136 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..143 References…………………………………………………………………..144 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I offer my humblest thanks to Almighty Allah who enabled me to make some material contribution to the preexisting ocean of knowledge and thoughts. All blessings and respects are for our beloved Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) whose teachings guide us towards light of knowledge. I am thankful to Higher Education Commission Pakistan for their scholarship throughout my research project and I am thankful to their IRSIP program which supported me while my visit to CSU, Australia. I want to offer my thanks to Dr. Fayyaz Ahmed Choudhary, Dean, Faculty of Biological Sciences for provision of research facilities in the department. I ardently extend my thanks to Dr. Waseem Ahmed, Chairman, Department of Biochemistry, Quiad-i-Azam University, for providing research facilities in the department. My reverent and gratitude is for my honourable supervisor Dr. Bushra Mirza, Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, whose dynamic supervision, keen interest, illustrious advice, philanthropic attitude and encouragement throughout my research work enabled me to achieve my goals. Dr. Bushra Mirza is that School for me who taught me confidence, enthusiasm and consistency. She has always been a very encouraging person. She always helped me while discussing research proposals. I am really inspired by her intelligence. I want to offer my thanks to Dr. Atta-ur-Rehman, Molecular Biologist, CSU, Australia who has been a very good host and supervisor during my visit to CSU Australia. I am thankful to his wife Alvina and all his children for giving me good company and hosting me. I have no words to pay my thanks to Dr. Paul Prenzlar, Senior lecturer, CSU, Australia whose constant help and encouragement helped me to achieve my goals during my visit. I want to offer my special thanks to Dr. Hassan Obeid, lecturer, CSU, Australia, whose guidance helped me to complete my research project in Australia. I am thankful to lab staff at Chemistry laboratory, CSU, Australia, and my friends April Cao, Long and Laura Rustioni who always gave me company and helped to extend my little knowledge. I I offer my sincerest thanks to my friends and lab fellows and all others for their help and kind attitude. I wish to express my appreciation and sense of gratitude from the citadel of my heart to my parents, brother and sisters for their cooperation and encouragement. Samia Inayatullah II List of Tables Table 2.1 List of plant species with respective plant extracts 36 Table 2.2 Antibacterial activity of methanol extract of leaf and stem of A. oblongifolium against six bacterial strains 42 Table 2.3 Percentage inhibition of crude extracts of five different species against six fungal strains 44 Table 2.4 Illustration of % age mortality
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Species Diversity of Vascular Plants of Nandiar Valley Western Himalaya, Pakistan
    Pak. J. Bot., Special Issue (S.I. Ali Festschrift) 42: 213-229, 2010. SPECIES DIVERSITY OF VASCULAR PLANTS OF NANDIAR VALLEY WESTERN HIMALAYA, PAKISTAN FAIZ UL HAQ¹, HABIB AHMAD², MUKHTAR ALAM3, ISHTIAQ AHMAD¹ AND RAHATULLAH2 Department of Botany, Government Degree College Battagram, Pakistan¹ Department of Genetics, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan ([email protected])² Directorate Research and Planning, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan3 Abstract Species diversity of Nandiar Valley District Battagram, Pakistan was evaluated with special reference to vascular plant diversity of the area. Floristically the area is placed in Western Himalayan Province. It is located on the western edge of Himalayas, dominated by Sino- Japanese elements. Aim of the study was to document the vascular plant resources, conservation issues and usage of the selected plants. An ethno-botanical survey was also carried out for collecting information regarding the various indigenous uses of the vascular plants in different parts of Nandiar Valley. Field observations showed that vegetation of the area was generally threatened due to unwise of local communities. The trend of urbanization, deforestation, over grazing, habitat fragmentation, unscientific extraction of natural vegetation, introduction of the exotic taxa and habitat loss were the visible threats. Sum 402 taxa belongs to 110 families of vascular plants were evaluated. Among the 402 species reported, 237 species were herbs, 71 shrubs, 68 trees, 06 climbing shrubs, 18 climbers and 03 epiphytes. The plants were classified according to local, traditional and economic value. Based on local uses, there were 178 medicinal plants, 21 were poisonous, 258 were fodder species, 122 were fuel wood species, 37 were timber yielding plants, 41 were thatching and sheltering plants, 29 were hedge plants, 71 were wild ornamental, 100 were weeds, 47 species yield edible fruits and seeds, 43 were used as vegetable and pot herb.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Patterns of Phytodiversity, Ethnobotany, Plant Geography and Vegetation in the Mountains of Miandam, Swat, Northern Pakistan
    EXPLORING PATTERNS OF PHYTODIVERSITY, ETHNOBOTANY, PLANT GEOGRAPHY AND VEGETATION IN THE MOUNTAINS OF MIANDAM, SWAT, NORTHERN PAKISTAN BY Naveed Akhtar M. Phil. Born in Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Academic Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in the Georg-August-University School of Science (GAUSS) under Faculty of Biology Program Biodiversity and Ecology Georg-August-University of Göttingen Göttingen, 2014 ZENTRUM FÜR BIODIVERSITÄT UND NACHHALTIGE LANDNUTZUNG SEKTION BIODIVERSITÄT, ÖKOLOGIE UND NATURSCHUTZ EXPLORING PATTERNS OF PHYTODIVERSITY, ETHNOBOTANY, PLANT GEOGRAPHY AND VEGETATION IN THE MOUNTAINS OF MIANDAM, SWAT, NORTHERN PAKISTAN Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäten der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Vorgelegt von M.Phil. Naveed Akhtar aus Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Göttingen, 2014 WHEN WE ARE FIVE AND THE APPLES ARE FOUR MY MOTHER SAYS “I DO NOT LIKE APPLES” DEDICATED TO My Mother Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Erwin Bergmeier Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute ofPlant Sciences Department of Vegetation & Phytodiversity Analysis Georg-August-University of Göttingen Untere Karspüle 2 37073, Göttingen, Germany Co-supervisor: Prof. Dr. Dirk Hölscher Department of Tropical Silviculture & Forest Ecology Georg-August-University of Göttingen Büsgenweg 1 37077, Göttingen, Germany Table of Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Phylogenetic Potential of Orbicules in Angiosperms
    − pISSN 1225-8318 Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 48(1): 9 23 (2018) eISSN 2466-1546 https://doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.2018.48.1.9 Korean Journal of ORIGINAL ARTICLE Plant Taxonomy The phylogenetic potential of orbicules in angiosperms Hye-Kyoung MOON* Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea (Received 21 November 2017; Revised 26 January 2018; Accepted 21 March 2018) ABSTRACT: The distribution of orbicules was investigated for eleven taxa of six genera in Lamiaceae and four taxa of three genera in Verbenaceae using scanning electron microscopy. A literature survey to evaluate the phy- logenetic potential of the orbicules and their possible correlations with tapetum types was also conducted. The orbicules are consistently absent in all investigated taxa of Lamiaceae, while small orbicules of an average size of less than 1 µm are densely distributed in Verbenaceae. In fact, orbicules appear consistently in 123 of 150 angiosperm families when investigated in at least one species. Thus, the distribution patterns of orbicules could be a useful diagnostic character in angiosperms. In addition, orbicules occur in 84% taxa of the secretory tape- tum type, while they are commonly absent in the amoeboid tapetum type (ca. 80%). The presence of orbicules may be correlated with the secretory tapetum type. However, the study of orbicules is restricted in 150 families and the tapetum type within these families can be applied for 92 families out of a total of 416 angiosperm fam- ilies. Thus, further investigation of orbicules is necessary in extended taxa to address the questions pertaining to orbicules. Keywords: orbicules, scanning electron microscopy, tapetum type, angiosperms Pollen morphological traits have been considered as useful shape of orbicules has phylogenetic significance, so orbicules diagnostic characters, since they often provide important clues are drawing keen attention in that they could be the characters to identify plant species and infer their evolutionary history.
    [Show full text]
  • Botanical Exploration of Saipal Himal, Bajura District, Nepal, 2017
    Botanical Exploration of Saipal Himal, Bajura District, Nepal, 2017. William Hinchliffe, Matt Jackson, Colin Pendry, Hiroshi Ikeda, Polina Gudkova & Jeevan Pandey User [Email address] 0 Figure 1. Meconopsis horridula and Saussurea topkegolensis growing in a gully at 4500m Abstract The Bajura-Saipal Himal expedition was carried out in the Saipal Himal region of Bajura District in western Nepal by staff and affiliates from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE), the Government of Nepal’s Department of Plant Resources (DPR) and the University of Tokyo. The aim of the fieldwork was to collect seed, herbarium specimens, and DNA samples to support the research programmes of DPR and RBGE and contribute to the Flora of Nepal project. The expedition consisted of six members, with three from RBGE, one from DPR, one from the University of Tokyo and one from Altai State University, Russia and affiliated to RBGE to work on the Flora of Nepal. The expedition took place from 4 th -24 th August 2017, starting and finishing in Martadi, Bajura District. 571 herbarium collections and 62 seed collections were made. One new species of Potentilla and possible new Saussurea have been identified so far. Stipa roborowskii and Sehima notatum are new records for Nepal . 1 Contents Abstract................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Contents .................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Evolution of Rosids
    Diversity and Evolution of Rosids . roses, currants, peonies . Eudicots • continue survey through the eudicots or tricolpates • vast majority of eudicots are Rosids (polypetalous) and Asterids core (sympetalous) eudicots rosid asterid Eudicots • unlike Asterids, Rosids (in orange) now represent a diverse set of families *Saxifragales • before examining the large Rosid group, look at a small but important order of flowering plants - Saxifragales Paeonia Sedum *Saxifragales • small group of 16 families and about 2500 species sister to Rosids • ancient lineage from 120 mya and underwent rapid radiation Paeonia Sedum *Saxifragales • part of this ancient radiation may involve this small family of holo-parasites - Cynomoriaceae *Saxifragales • they generally can be identified by their two or more separate or semi-fused carpels, but otherwise quite variable Paeonia Sedum Paeoniaceae 1 genus / 33 species • like many of these families, Paeonia exhibits an Arcto-Tertiary distribution Paeoniaceae 1 genus / 33 species • small shrubs with primitive features of perianth and stamens • hypogynous with 5-8 separate carpels developing into follicles Cercidiphyllaceae 1 genus / 2 species • small trees (kadsura-tree) restricted to eastern China and Japan . • . but fossils in North America and Europe from Tertiary Cercidiphyllaceae 1 genus / 2 species • unisexual, wind-pollinated but do produce follicles Hamamelidaceae 27 genera and 80 species - witch hazels • family of trees and shrubs in subtropical and temperate areas but only 1 species in Wisconsin - witch
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Rosaceae Fruit Types Based on Nuclear Phylogeny in The
    Evolution of Rosaceae Fruit Types Based on Nuclear Phylogeny in the Context of Geological Times and Genome Duplication Yezi Xiang,1,† Chien-Hsun Huang,1,† Yi Hu,2 Jun Wen,3 Shisheng Li,4 Tingshuang Yi,5 Hongyi Chen,4 Jun Xiang,*,4 and Hong Ma*,1 1State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Center of Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China 2Department of Biology, the Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 3The Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 4Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, Huanggang Normal College,Huanggang,Hubei,China 5Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China †These authors contributed equally to this work. *Corresponding authors: E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] Associate editor: Hongzhi Kong Abstract Fruits are the defining feature of angiosperms, likely have contributed to angiosperm successes by protecting and dis- persing seeds, and provide foods to humans and other animals, with many morphological types and important ecological and agricultural implications. Rosaceae is a family with 3000 species and an extraordinary spectrum of distinct fruits, including fleshy peach, apple, and strawberry prized by their consumers, as well as dry achenetum and follicetum with features facilitating seed dispersal, excellent for studying fruit evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Obra Completa En
    FLORA IBERICA FLORA IBERICA Plantas vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares Coordinador General de la obra: S. Castroviejo (Madrid) Vol. VI ROSACEAE Editores: F. Muñoz Garmendia (Madrid) & C. Navarro (Madrid) REAL JARDÍN BOTÁNICO, CSIC Madrid, 1998 CATALOGACIÓN EN PUBLICACIÓN DEL INSTITUTO BIBLIOGRÁFICO HISPÁNICO Flora iberica: plantas vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares / editores, S. Castroviejo... [et al.]. — Madrid: Real Jardín Botánico, 1986- v. : il. ; 24 cm. Índice Contiene: v. VI. Rosaceae ISBN 84-00-06221-3. 1. Flora-Península Ibérica. VI. Muñoz Garmendia, Félix & Navarro, Carmen, ed. lit. II. Real Jardín Botánico. 581.9(46). 1.ª edición: diciembre 1998 1.ª reimpresión: marzo 1999 © CSIC Servicio de Publicaciones del CSIC Vitruvio, 8 28006 Madrid (España) ISBN: 84-00-06221-3, obra completa ISBN: 84-00-07777-6, tomo VI NIPO: 179-98-085-8 Depósito legal: Impreso en España/Printed in Spain Imprime: GRÁFICAS 85 Gamonal, 5. E-28031 Madrid FLORA IBERICA Patrocinadores: Dirección General de Enseñanza Superior e Investigación Científica (DGESIC) y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Coordinador General de la obra: S. Castroviejo (Madrid) Editores del volumen VI: F. Muñoz Garmendia (Madrid) & C. Navarro (Madrid) Comité Bibliográfico: H.M. Burdet (Ginebra), F. Muñoz Garmendia (Madrid) & P. Perret (Ginebra) Asesores del volumen VI: C. Aedo (Madrid) P. Montserrat (Jaca) C. Aguiar (Braganza) R. Morales (Madrid) I. Aizpuru (San Sebastián) G. Nieto Feliner (Madrid) J.J. Aldasoro (Madrid) C. Obón (Murcia) C. Benedí (Barcelona) J. Paiva (Coimbra) G. Blanca (Granada) A. Pallarés (Almería) J.M. Camarasa (Barcelona) J. Pedrol (Lérida) J. Capelo (Lisboa) J.L.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of the Tropics
    Medicinalan d poisonous plants of the tropics Proceedings of Symposium 5-35 of the 14th International Botanical Congress, Berlin, 24July- I August 1987 A.J.M. Leeuwenberg (compiler) 5 7PO ; \\' ^ '* ,7^ Pudoc Wageningen •tciï CIP-gegevensKoninklijk e Bibliotheek, Den Haag ISBN90-220-0921- 1 NUGI824 ©Centre for Agricultural Publishingan dDocumentation , Wageningen, 1987 No part of thispublication ,apar t from bibliographic dataan dbrie f quotations embodiedi n critical reviews, may bereproduced , re-recorded or published inan yfor m including print, photocopy, microform, electronic or electromagnetic record without written permission from the publisher Pudoc, P.O.Bo x 4,670 0A A Wageningen, Netherlands. Printed inth e Netherlands L. CONTENTS Preface 7 Research onmedicina l and poisonous plants of the tropics -past , present and future - I.Hedber g 9 Medicinal plants in tropical areas of China -Pei Sheng-ji 16 Tropical plants used in Chinesemedicine :potentia l leads for pharmaceutical development -Pau l Pui-Hay But 24 Medicinal plants of wide use in Zimbabwe -N.Z .Nyazem a 36 Some common African herbal remedies for skin diseases: with special reference to Kenya -J.0 .Kokwar o 44 Plants as sources of antimalarial and amoebicidal compounds - J.D. Phillipson, M.J. O'Neill, C.W. Wright,D.H . Bray and D.C.Warhurs t 70 Plants in thehealt h care delivery system of Africa -Dawi t Abebe 79 The investigation and research onHseny i -natura l resources of Henan -Ga o Zengyi,Zho u Changshan, CuiBo ,A n Zhuojun and / Tang Shian 88 Introduction to the ethnobotanical pharmacopeia of the Amazonian Jivaro of Peru -W.H .
    [Show full text]
  • Dfd79afeec92bb782b4474bb2e8
    Korean J. Pl. Taxon. pISSN 1225-8318 eISSN 2466-1546 46(2): 199−212 (2016) Korean Journal of http://dx.doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.2016.46.2.199 Plant Taxonomy Taxonomic significance of the leaf micromorphology in the tribe Sorbarieae (Spiraeoideae: Rosaceae) Jun-Ho Song and Suk-Pyo Hong* Laboratory of Plant Systematics, Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea (Received 17 March 2016; Revised 28 April 2016; Accepted 2 June 2016) áƴ\μ&λྐྵ\)7+,˔ů7/,ʻᄡሞ ůͬጏലሽ̿,ጏԽʀ,̫ɢሽ̿,ɀƹͥ ɺȉΉԂΞǶƭ( ǻংnݯʎ ŚȺnݯ ʓÚݯȺ ABSTRACT: A comparative study of leaf epidermal microstructures in the tribe Sorbarieae (Adenostoma: 3 spp., Chamaebatiaria: 1 sp., Sorbaria: 11 spp., Spiraeanthus: 1 sp.) including related genera Gillenia (2 spp.) and Lyonothamnus (2 spp.) was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to evaluate their significance in taxonomy. The leaves of Adenostoma, Chamaebatiaria, and Spiraeanthus were amphistomatic, whereas Gillenia, Lyonothamnus, and Sorbaria were hypostomatic. The size range of the guard cells is 7.84−48.7 × 5.86−38.6 µm; the smallest one was found in Sorbaria tomentosa var. tomentosa (7.84−11.8 × 6.84−10.5 µm), while the largest measured example was Adenostoma fasciculatum var. obtusifolium (30.3−48.7 × 18.8−38.6 µm). Anomocytic stomata complex were the most frequent type (rarely cyclocytic), with usually both anomocytic and actinocytic types occurring in one leaf. On the surfaces, both the adaxial and abaxial anticlinal walls of the subsidiary cells vary (e.g., straight/curved, undulate, sinuate). Four types (unicellular non-glandular trichome, stellate, glandular trichome, pustular glandular trichome) of trichomes are found in the leaves.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Evolution of Rosids
    Eudicots • continue survey through the eudicots or Diversity and Evolution tricolpates • vast majority of eudicots are Rosids of Rosids (polypetalous) and Asterids core (sympetalous) eudicots . roses, currants, peonies . rosid asterid Eudicots *Saxifragales • unlike Asterids, Rosids (in orange) • before examining the large Rosid now represent a diverse set of families group, look at a small but important order of flowering plants - Saxifragales Paeonia Sedum 1 *Saxifragales *Saxifragales • small group of 16 families and about • part of this ancient radiation may involve this small 2500 species sister to Rosids family of holo-parasites - Cynomoriaceae • ancient lineage from 120 mya and underwent rapid radiation Paeonia Sedum *Saxifragales Paeoniaceae • they generally can be identified by 1 genus / 33 species their two or more separate or semi-fused • like many of these families, carpels, but otherwise quite variable Paeonia exhibits an Arcto-Tertiary distribution Paeonia Sedum 2 Paeoniaceae Cercidiphyllaceae 1 genus / 33 species 1 genus / 2 species • small shrubs with primitive • small trees (kadsura-tree) restricted features of perianth and stamens to eastern China and Japan . • hypogynous with 5-8 separate • . but fossils in North America carpels developing into follicles and Europe from Tertiary Cercidiphyllaceae Hamamelidaceae 1 genus / 2 species 27 genera and 80 species - witch hazels • unisexual, wind-pollinated but do • family of trees and shrubs in produce follicles subtropical and temperate areas but only 1 species in Wisconsin
    [Show full text]
  • Knowledge Comparison Across Gender, Age and Education from a Tribal Landscape of Western Himalaya Alpy Sharma, Deepika Thakur and Sanjay Kr
    Sharma et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2019) 15:67 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-019-0346-8 RESEARCH Open Access Plant-derived utility products: knowledge comparison across gender, age and education from a tribal landscape of western Himalaya Alpy Sharma, Deepika Thakur and Sanjay Kr. Uniyal* Abstract Background: Plant-derived utility products (PDPs) play an important role in sustaining humans, especially tribal communities. Despite this, knowledge on PDPs is declining. Methods: The present study was therefore carried to document the PDPs used by Bhangalis, a tribal community of western Himalaya, through door-to-door surveys (n=420) and detailed questionnaire recordings (n=240). In addition to taxonomic richness, frequency of species used; use value (UV), use diversity (UD), and cultural importance index (CI) were also analysed. Knowledge comparison between genders, four identified age groups (group 1: 16-32 years, group 2: 33–49 years, group 3: 50–66 years, group 4: >66 years), and level of education of the respondents was also carried out using multiple regression in SPSS. Results: Bhangalis reported 55 PDPs under five use categories namely tools (34), artefacts (7), construction and storage (6 each), and miscellaneous (2). For making these PDPs, 20 plant species representing 12 families were used. Picea smithiana (16.54%), Cedrus deodara (14.96%), Cotoneaster bacillaris (12.60%) and Quercus semecarpifolia (11.02%) reported the highest use frequency. On an average 15.13±0.25 PDPs per respondent was noted. Similarly, Picea smithiana (UV=0.088) and Cedrus deodara (UV= 0.079) reported the highest UV when compared to other species.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Inventory No. 209 Is the Official Listing of Plant Materials Accepted Into the U.S
    United States Department of Agriculture Plant Inventory Agricultural Research Service No. 209 Plant Materials Introduced in 2000 (Nos. 612387 - 615161) Foreword Plant Inventory No. 209 is the official listing of plant materials accepted into the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) between January 1 and December 31, 2000 and includes PI 612387 to PI 615161. The NPGS is managed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS). The information on each accession is essentially the information provided with the plant material when it was obtained by the NPGS. The information on an accession in the NPGS database may change as additional knowledge is obtained. The Germplasm Resources Information Network (http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html) is the database for the NPGS and should be consulted for the current accession and evaluation information and to request germplasm. While the USDA/ARS attempts to maintain accurate information on all NPGS accessions, it is not responsible for the quality of the information it has been provided. For questions about this volume, contact the USDA/ARS/National Germplasm Resources Laboratory/Database Management Unit: [email protected] The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs and marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA Office of Communications at (202) 720-2791. To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, U.S.
    [Show full text]