Initial Environmental Examination Report ______
Project Number: 47021-002 Loan Number: 3239
PAK: Federally Administered Tribal Areas Water Resources Development Project
Initial Environmental Examination Report for Damano Weir District Bajaur
Prepared by Project Management Unit, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
For the Asian Development Bank Date received by ADB: May 2019
NOTES
(i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and its agencies ends on 30 June. (ii) In this report “$” refer to US dollars.
This initial environmental examination report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.
In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Project Management Unit PMU FATA Water Resources Development Project FWRDP FATA Secretariat
FEDERALLY ADMINISTERED TRIBAL AREAS WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE) DAMANO WEIR (BAJAUR AGENCY)
August, 2017
JOINT VENTURE:
FATA WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT CONSULTANTS
House # 3, Street # 1, Near Board Bazar, Tajabad, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Tel: +92 91 5601635 - 6 Fax: +92 91 5840807 E-mail: [email protected] Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Damano Weir Sub Project
TABLE OF CONTENTS
S. No. Description Page No.
INTRODUCTION...... 1 General ...... 1 Project Background ...... 1 Project Consultants ...... 2 Purpose of This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) ...... 2 IEE Methodology ...... 4 Study Area ...... 4 Baseline Survey Methodology ...... 6 Impact Assessment Methodology ...... 7 Report Format ...... 8 Project Categorization ...... 9
POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... 10 General ...... 10 National Policy and Legal Framework ...... 10 Regulations for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA ...... 10 Regulatory Clearances, EPA ...... 11 Guidelines for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA ...... 11 Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, (2000)…...... 11 National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) ...... 11 B.8 Comparative Analysis of the National and International Standards ...... 12 ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 ...... 16 Project Categorization ...... 17 Other Environment Related Legislations ...... 18
PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 21 Project Features ...... 21 Project Location ...... 25 Project Objectives ...... 25 Construction Planning ...... 25 Sub-Project Implementation ...... 29 Executing Agency ...... 29 Design Consultant ...... 29 FATA Development Working Party ...... 30 Terms of Partnership ...... 30 Operation and Maintenance (O&M) ...... 30
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT ...... 31 i | TOC
Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Damano Weir Sub Project
General ...... 31 Baseline Survey Methodology ...... 31 Study Area ...... 33 Physical Environment ...... 35 Topography ...... 35 Climate ...... 36 Recent Droughts ...... 37 Hydrology ...... 37 Regional Geology ...... 38 Geology of the Project Area ...... 38 Soil ...... 39 Seismology ...... 39 Ambient Air Quality and Noise ...... 41 Water Resources ...... 43 Water Quality ...... 46 Land use and Land Cover ...... 47 Biological Environment ...... 50 Flora ...... 50 Fauna ...... 53 Avifauna ...... 54 Protected areas / National sanctuaries ...... 56 Socio-Economic Environment ...... 56 Administrative Set Up ...... 57 Demographic Profile ...... 57 Population ...... 58 Family Size ...... 58 Dwelling ...... 59 Language ...... 59 The Family System...... 59 Livestock ...... 59 Conflicts Resolution Mechanism ...... 60 Religious Beliefs ...... 61 Water Supply and Sanitation ...... 61 Poverty ...... 62 Health facilities ...... 63 Social Organization ...... 64 Agriculture ...... 64 Occupation ...... 64 Food ...... 65 Dress and Ornaments ...... 65 Mining ...... 65 Economic Features ...... 65 ii | TOC
Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Damano Weir Sub Project
Roads ...... 65 Telephone Facilities ...... 66 Sites of Historical Significance ...... 66 Gender Issues ...... 66
PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ...... 67 No Project Option ...... 67 Project Siting Alternatives ...... 68 Technological Alternatives...... 68
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 70 Impact Assessment - Overview ...... 70 Impact Area ...... 71 Impacts on Land Resources ...... 74 Excavation and Blasting ...... 74 Waste Generation and Disposal ...... 75 Labour Camps, Storage and approach roads ...... 76 Soil pollution due to fuel and oil spillage from Construction machinery ...... 76 Agriculture Land Damage ...... 78 Impact of taking borrow material from earth borrow site ...... 78 Changes in Soil Characteristics due to labour camps, and machinery yards ...... 79 Soil pollution due to excessive application of Pesticides and fertilizers ...... 79 Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources ...... 79 Contamination of surface water due to washing ...... 79 Drinking water supply ...... 80 Municipal waste disposed into the stream ...... 80 Water quality and sedimentation load ...... 80 Use of additional irrigation water for cultivating high delta crops ...... 81 Impact on Air Quality and Noise Pollution ...... 81 Dust from construction and smoke from plants and equipment ...... 81 Smoke from burning of waste and firewood ...... 82 Noise from use of old/and or out dated machinery ...... 82 Dust Emission from Stone quarrying and Transportation ...... 82 Impact on biological resources Flora, Fauna (Biota) ...... 83 Impact on Aquatic Life ...... 83 Impacts on Socioeconomic, Cultural and Archaeological Issues ...... 85 Tribal Tension and Rivalries ...... 85 Impact on Civic Infrastructure ...... 86 Community safety risks due to accidental or natural hazards ...... 87 Health and safety of labour at construction site ...... 87
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) ...... 88 General ...... 88 iii | TOC
Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Damano Weir Sub Project
Mitigation Measures ...... 88 Residual Impact ...... 89 Institutional Arrangements ...... 89 Management Responsibilities ...... 89 Monitoring Activities ...... 113 Performance Indicators ...... 113 Project Enhancement Plans ...... 114 Restoration Plan ...... 114 Reports ...... 114 Training Schedule ...... 115 Implementation Estimated Budget ...... 115 Third Party Monitoring ...... 116
Public Consultation ...... 118 General ...... 118 Identification of Stakeholders ...... 119 Methodology ...... 120 Agenda of Consultative Session ...... 121 Local Farmer Views...... 122 Consultation with Other Stakeholders and Their Response ...... 123
GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 126 General ...... 126 Objectives of Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 126 Awareness of GRM ...... 127 Implementation of GRM ...... 128
CONCLUSION, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 131 Findings and Recommendations ...... 131 Conclusions ...... 131
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Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Damano Weir Sub Project
List of Annexures
ANNEX – I Photo Log ...... 134
ANNEX – II Supporting Documents ...... 138
ANNEX III - National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) ...... 147
ANNEX-IV Table of Content Environmental Compliance Monitoring ...... 153
ANNEX-V Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist ...... 155
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Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Damano Weir Sub Project
List of Tables & Figures
Figure 1.1: The Sub Project Location Map ...... 5 Table 2.1 Comparison of International and local Air Quality Standards ...... 13 Table 2.2: Comparison of International and local for Noise-Limit in dB(A) Leq ...... 14 Table 2.3 Comparison of International and local Standards for Drinking Water ...... 15 Table 2.4: Environmental Guidelines and Legislations ...... 18 Table 3.1: Salient Features of the Project ...... 22 Figure 3.1: Sub Project Location Map ...... 23 Figure 3.2: Satellite Image of the Sub Project Area ...... 24 Figure 3.3: Diversion Weir Layout Plan ...... 27 Table 3.2: Diversion Weir Works and Quantity ...... 28 Figure 4.1: Map of Bajaur Agency ...... 34 Figure 4.2 Mean Monthly Temperature ...... 37 Figure 4.3: Tectonic Map of Pakistan ...... 40 Table 4.1: Ambient Air Quality and Noise of the Project area ...... 41 Table 4.2: Details of Watershed ...... 45 Table 4.3: Water Quality analysis result for Damano ...... 47 Table 4.4 Land Use Statistics of Bajaur Agency ...... 48 Figure 4.6: Land use Map of Damano ...... 49 Table 4.5: Common Trees Species in Project Area ...... 51 Table 4.6: Common Grasses Species in the Area ...... 52 Table 4.7: Common Shrub Species in the Project Area ...... 53 Table 4.8: Fauna of the Project Area ...... 54 Table 4.9: Avifauna of the Project Area ...... 54 Table 4.10: Population Details of Bajaur Agency ...... 58 Table 4.11: Veterinary Service available in Bajaur Agency ...... 60 Figure 5.1: Project Impact Area ...... 72 Table 5.1 Screening of Environmental Impacts; Construction and Post Construction Stages ...... 73 Table 6.1: Environmental Management (Mitigation) Plan (Construction & Operation) ...... 93 Table 6.2 Environmental Monitoring ...... 113 Table 6.3: Distribution of Reports ...... 115 Table 6.4: Implementation Estimated Budget ...... 116 Figure 7.1: Identification of Stakeholders ...... 120 Table 7.1: Farmer Reasons for Dissatisfaction with Canal Systems ...... 122 Table 7.2: List of Government Official Contacted...... 124 Table 7.3: List of Community Consultation Participants ...... 124 Figure 7.2: Community Meetings at Damano ...... 125 Figure 8.1: Proposed GRM ...... 130
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Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Damano Weir Sub Project
Units Conversion Tables Length Units
Millimeters Centimeters Meters Kilometers Inches Feet Yards Miles mm cm m km in ft yd mi 1 0.1 0.001 0.000001 0.03937 0.003281 0.001094 6.21e-07 10 1 0.01 0.00001 0.393701 0.032808 0.010936 0.000006 1000 100 1 0.001 39.37008 3.28084 1.093613 0.000621 1000000 100000 1000 1 39370.08 3280.84 1093.613 0.621371 25.4 2.54 0.0254 0.000025 1 0.083333 0.027778 0.000016 304.8 30.48 0.3048 0.000305 12 1 0.333333 0.000189 914.4 91.44 0.9144 0.000914 36 3 1 0.000568 1609344 160934.4 1609.344 1.609344 63360 5280 1760 1
Area Units
Millimeter Centimeter Meter Inch Foot Yard square square square square square square 2 2 2 2 2 mm cm m2 in ft yd 1 0.01 0.000001 0.00155 0.000011 0.000001 100 1 0.0001 0.155 0.001076 0.00012 1000000 10000 1 1550.003 10.76391 1.19599 645.16 6.4516 0.000645 1 0.006944 0.000772 92903 929.0304 0.092903 144 1 0.111111 836127 8361.274 0.836127 1296 9 1
Volume Units
Centimeter Meter Liter Inch Foo US Imperia US barrel (oil) cube cube cub t gallons l 3 3 3 cm m3 ltr in ft US gal Imp. gal US brl 1 0.000001 0.001 0.061024 0.000035 0.000264 0.00022 0.000006 1000000 1 1000 61024 35 264 220 6.29 1000 0.001 1 61 0.035 0.264201 0.22 0.00629 16.4 0.000016 0.01638 1 0.000579 0.004329 0.003605 0.000103 28317 0.028317 28.3168 1728 1 7.481333 6.229712 0.178127 3785 0.003785 3.79 231 0.13 1 0.832701 0.02381 4545 0.004545 4.55 277 0.16 1.20 1 0.028593 158970 0.15897 159 9701 6 42 35 1 Mass Units
Grams Kilograms Metric tonnes Short ton Long ton Pounds Ounces g kg Tonne shton Lton lb oz 1 0.001 0.000001 0.000001 9.84e-07 0.002205 0.035273 1000 1 0.001 0.001102 0.000984 2.204586 35.27337 1000000 1000 1 1.102293 0.984252 2204.586 35273.37 907200 907.2 0.9072 1 0.892913 2000 32000 1016000 1016 1.016 1.119929 1 2239.859 35837.74 453.6 0.4536 0.000454 0.0005 0.000446 1 16 28 0.02835 0.000028 0.000031 0.000028 0.0625 1 vii | TOC
Initial Environmental Examination: FATA Water Resources Development Project Damano Weir Sub Project
Volumetric Liquid Flow Units
Meter Foot Foot US barrels Liter/second Liter/minute US cube/hour cube/minute cube/hour gallons/minute (oil)/day L/sec L/min M3/hr ft3/min ft3/hr gal/min US brl/d 1 60 3.6 2.119093 127.1197 15.85037 543.4783 0.016666 1 0.06 0.035317 2.118577 0.264162 9.057609 0.277778 16.6667 1 0.588637 35.31102 4.40288 150.9661 0.4719 28.31513 1.69884 1 60 7.479791 256.4674 0.007867 0.472015 0.02832 0.01667 1 0.124689 4.275326 0.06309 3.785551 0.227124 0.133694 8.019983 1 34.28804 0.00184 0.110404 0.006624 0.003899 0.2339 0.029165 1
Temperature Conversion Formulas
Degree Celsius (°C) (°F - 32) x 5/9 (K - 273.15) Degree Fahrenheit (°F) (°C x 9/5) + 32 (1.8 x K) - 459.67 Kelvin (K) (°C + 273.15) (°F + 459.67) ÷ 1.8
Currency Exchange Table
US Dollar Pakistani Rupees 01 142.38 *Note: Exchange Rate as of April 25, 2019
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Damano Weir Sub Project
List of Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank AoI Area of Influence AMSL Above Mean Sea Level APA Assistant Political Agent CO Community Organization CCA Culturable Command Area CSC Construction Supervision Consultant DG Director General EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return ESMU Environmental and Social Management Unit EMMP Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan EMP Environment Management Plan EPA Environment Protection Agency FRDP FATA Rural Development Project FWRDP FATA Water Resources Development Project FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas FGD Focus Group Discussions FIRR Financial Internal Rate of Return GIS Geographic Information System GoP Government of Pakistan GRC Grievance Redress Committee GFP Grievance Focal Point GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism HSE Health, Safety and Environment IA Implementing Agency IEE Initial Environmental Examination KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa MM Mitigation Measure MMT Main Mantle Thrust NGO Non-Governmental Organization NOC No Objection Certificate PA Political Agent PD Project Director PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act PIU Project Implementation Unit PMU Project Management Unit PPTA Project Preparatory Technical Assistance PRM Pakistan Resident Mission RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete RE Resident Engineer RoW Right of Way SDS Safety Data Sheet SPS Safeguard Policy Statement SSEMP Site Specific Environmental Management Plan ToP Terms of Partnership ToR Terms of Reference WWF World Wide Fund for Nature
i | Executive Summary
FATA Water Resources Development Project Damano Weir Sub Project Executive Summary
1. Introduction The environmental study is in compliance to the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 and Asian Development Bank`s (ADB) Environment Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 requirement and recommendations. The abstract of TOR requires that an assessment of the environmental impacts of the project (i.e. IEE or EIA), preparation of the environmental management and monitoring plans (EMMPs), inclusion of costs for implementing recommended mitigation measures, and any capacity strengthening measures in the project development costs. Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) will be operational in the federal territories at the western borders of Pakistan with Afghanistan. It focuses on increasing irrigation supplies in three agencies, namely Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur, to increase crop production and harvest water sustainably. The project is being proposed as a result of the Water Assessment Study executed under the completed ADB supported FATA Rural Development Project of FATA Secretariat. The study identified 40 watersheds where the groundwater aquifers are depleting at a high rate, even under average weather conditions due to unplanned water extraction for irrigation and other associated purposes. It recommends shifting from groundwater to surface water, which remains totally unutilized, and identified potential sites for small reservoirs and diversion weirs in the 40 watersheds of Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur Agencies of FATA. With above background, ADB financed a Project Preparatory Technical Assistance, TA 8409-PAK (PPTA) for FATA Water Resources Development Project in preparing a project for financing consideration by ADB. ADB through FATA support implemented the PPTA during 2013-2014, in which a team of national consultants prepared a feasibility study for a water resources project for FATA. Based on the findings of the PPTA and on the request of Government of Pakistan, ADB approved, on 15th December 2014, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas Water Resources Development Project (Project) contributing $42.97 million from ADB’s Special Funds. The Government will contribute $4.93 million as counterpart fund. The ADB and Government of Pakistan signed the legal agreement on 17th April 2015 and declared the loan effective on 7th August 2015. The Project implementation period ends on 31th March 2020 and loan accounts will close on 30th September 2020. Since the project is categorized as a category B project as per ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement 2009, an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) exercise is required for each sub-project.
ii | Executive Summary
FATA Water Resources Development Project Damano Weir Sub Project 2. Project Location The Damano project envisages construction of weir at coordinates 34.882806N & 71.543602E on Babukara Khwar. The Damano weir is proposed at left side tributary of Babukara Khwar. The distance from Khar is 20 km through paved road and then 2.50 km in Khwar to reach weir site. 3. Environmental Issues The Sub Project activities include construction of a weir and about 3.0 km irrigation network including channel and its three distributaries will irrigate 48 ha of Culturable Command Area (CCA). This will cause some disturbance due to construction activities on the RoW at site and the allied sites involving borrow material, camp areas, material and machinery yard, link roads and necessary facilities for the staff and labor to be engaged for the execution of the Sub Project. 4. Policy Legal and Administrative Framework This report represents in accordance to Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 and Asian Development Bank’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 requires that environmental considerations be incorporated into ADB’s funded project to ensure that the project will have minimal environmental impacts and be environmentally sound. Occupational health & safety of the local population should also be addressed as well as the project workers as stated in SPS 2009. Because this project falls in the jurisdiction of Federal EPA, therefore approval from the Federal EPA will be required. 5. Project Description It is envisaged to construct a Tyrolean weir having crest length 20 m for design flood of 50-year return period of 106 cumec. A Tyrolean part of 2 m in length is provided for conveying of design discharge to canal/irrigation conduit. It is anticipated that gross command area of about 54 ha and culturable command area of 48 ha will be irrigated at cropping intensity of 130 % and design discharge of 26 lit/sec. About 3.0 km irrigation network including channel and its three distributaries will irrigate 48 ha of CCA. The catchment area of Damano weir is 12.65 sq.km. Perennial flow exists at proposed weir site. Flow measurements have been carried out at Damano weir site. As per flow measurements 15 - 30 lit. /sec could be expected in lean period. 6. Project Alternatives Project alternatives have been considered with consideration of their ability to match immediate demand and then keep pace with emerging demand while ensuring capture of available yield in the stream. Technically there is no any other source of water or place diverting water for irrigation purposes.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Damano Weir Sub Project
The Project Area is considered as poor from an economic perspective. Subsistence farming is the economic mainstay. Water availability is scarce in area hence the proposed project will contribute positively to the project area. Therefore, no project option is not viable option. However various technical alternatives including subsurface infiltration gallery were also considered and the most viable option Tyrolean was adopted. 7. Environmental and Social Baseline The purpose of this chapter is to establish the baseline conditions for the physical, biological and the social aspects of the environment of project area. The data were collected regarding the physical environment, biological environment and social aspects of the study area from field surveys, desk studies and visits to the Government departments, other relevant agencies and discussions with the main stakeholders of the area. 8. Physical Environment Bajaur Agency, Smallest of the agencies in FATA, has a hilly terrain and covers an area of 1,290 km2 and is located between latitude 34o 30’ and 34o 59’ N and longitude 71o 14’ and 71o 48’ E. Northern part of the Agency is drained by the Bajaur stream and its tributaries, while the southern part drains into Swat River. Nawagai, Charmung, Khatai, Watalai and Babukara streams join the Bajaur stream and eventually fall into the Panjkora River. The total cultivated area of the agency is about 75,350 ha while the forest area is about 26,471 ha. The major crops grown are wheat, maize, vegetables and orchard. The elevation of Bajaur varies from 762 to 1,220 m AMSL with varying slope. The agency has extreme climate. The winter season begins in November and lasts up to March. The winters are extremely chill and cold and sometimes temperature plunges below freezing point. December, January and February are the coldest months. The mean minimum and maximum temperatures in these months are in the range of 3 to 16 degree Celsius. The summer season lasts from May to October. June, July and August are the hottest months. The mean minimum and maximum temperatures in this period are in the range of 20 to 33 degree Celsius. Soil of the study area is sandy loam, non-calcareous, non-saline and non-sodic in nature. Soil pH is slightly to medium alkaline. The soils are low in organic matter and nitrogen contents, low to medium in phosphorous while medium in potassium contents. A number of springs and streams of sweet water flow throughout the agency and serve as clean water sources for drinking and irrigation. Rud is the major stream, which drains the main Khar – Nawagai valley and flows from south west to north – east and discharges into Munda Khwar at a village called Kulala (Bajaur).
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Damano Weir Sub Project
Water samples results shows that the surface water is fit for irrigation with exception of turbidity while the drinking water quality is fit for drinking purposes as far as the chemicals concentrations are concerned however with respect to biological analyses, it requires proper treatment like chlorination etc. The air quality of the area is within the permissible limits of NEQS whereas the noise level is high i.e. 57 dB (A) which exceeds the NEQS. 9. Biological Environment Ecologically, this area falls within the main group of Dry Subtropical Broad-leaved Forest. The sub–group is Monotheca Scrubs. Generally, the vegetation is thorny evergreen shrubs, which are capable of developing into small trees, even under harsh climatic conditions and social pressure (heavy grazing /browsing). Avifauna of the area is highly diversified and colorful, which is widely dispersed in gardens, cultivated fields, streams and hill slopes. Black and grey partridges as well as quails are also commonly seen. Black Partridge (Melanoperdix niger) classified as vulnerable species in accordance to the Red list of IUCN. The hotspots for these birds and waterfowls are irrigation dams, khwars and river beds and banks. No threatened or endangered species were observed in the project area, as per IUCN red list classification of 2017. As stated earlier, there are no wildlife or forest laws enacted for FATA. However, more recently, Governor KP has issued a notification, declaring all wetlands in FATA as Community Game Reserves. Hunting shall only be allowed with joint agreement of local communities and political authorities. Moreover, a separate notification has also been issued declaring trade in body parts (pelt, skin, stuffed bodies, trophies, etc.) of all wild fauna including migratory birds as illegal. 10. Socio-Economic and Cultural Aspects Bajaur Agency is divided into Seven Tehsils, which are Barang, Nawagai, Khar, Mamund, Salarzai, Utmankhel and Chamarkand. Its border with Afghanistan's Kunar province makes it of strategic importance to Pakistan and the region. The Political Agent is the over all in charge for the agency administration, assisted by Assistant Political Agents. The agency headquarter is located at Khar.
Bajaur is inhabited almost exclusively by Tarkani (Tarkalani) Pashtuns, and there are their main sub-tribes in Bajaur: Utman, Khel, Tarkalanri, Mamund (Kakazai, Wur and Salarzai) as well as a small population of Safis. The Utman Khel are at the southeast of Bajaur, while Mamund are at the southwest, and the Tarkani are at the north of Bajaur. Total population of the Agency is about 1,093,684 persons, out of which 51% are males and 49% are female, with growth rate of 3.25%.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Damano Weir Sub Project
The sub project site, Damano, is situated in the east of Khar, within tehsil Salarzai at a distance of approximately 20 km. Total population of the area is approximately 2960 persons and 200 households. Saab Khan khel is main tribe and is further sub divided into sub tribes Hilal Khel and Saidan. Pashto is the main language of the area, with a softer form spoken in the north and a harder dialect in the south. Health indicators for FATA are incomplete and in many cases only estimates are available. The FATA region is a predominantly agrarian economy, with livelihoods predicated on agriculture and livestock. The people in the agency are not widely educated. They migrate to down districts in search of jobs or any other labor. Government services are a cherished source of livelihood for many. Tribal society is dominated by men. Cultural tradition, social practices and low female literacy have left women in a vulnerable position. They are for the most part restricted to performing household work, and are excluded from decision-making both on the domestic front and at the community level. Women’s access to education and health care is limited because such services are not available close to home. Women in the area play a dominant role in running the household, rearing and guiding children, managing household finances, and providing much of the labor for agriculture and animal husbandry. They do not normally have a public role, particularly in interactions with the broader society. 11. Public Consultation The public consultation process with various stakeholders has been carried out so as to create awareness, information dissemination and to involve them in the designing, planning and execution of Sub Project. The viewpoints of the stakeholders have been taken into account and their concerns and suggestions for possible improvements have been included where appropriate. During the field survey, significant efforts were made to identify the possible categories of stakeholders. Stakeholders at site were notified villagers, local residents, government officials, shop owners, public representative, NGO’s and general public. All those stake holders had different types of stakes according to their professions. Tribal society is dominated by men with final say in the affairs of all members of the family. Women, by comparison, play a subservient role and observe strict purdah (veiling). They are for the most part restricted to performing household work, and are excluded from decision-making both on the domestic front and at the community level. Keeping in mind the above background, women of the subproject area were not consulted.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Damano Weir Sub Project
The stakeholders were asked about the likely impacts of the proposed subproject during construction/ execution phases. Most of the people have knowledge about the subproject. 12. Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures The Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study has disclosed that the Sub Project is not likely to have any severe negative impacts on the environment and people of the area. All the potential impacts which have been identified during the present assessment are associated with the construction stage of the Sub Project, and minor to moderate in severity; and can easily be avoided (through good design and construction planning) or mitigated (through proper implementation of the EMP). No acquisition of permanent land will be involved. There is no such adverse environmental impact of the Sub Project but the construction-related impacts such as air pollution, noise and use of community resources can be well managed through proper implementation of the mitigation measures, which have been identified in this report. Also, there is no environmentally sensitive area in the vicinity of the sub project area. Women headed households have not been identified in the Sub Project area and no indigenous people impacts are involved in the proposed sub project. The other social issues like safety of general public and workers, security problems, risk of communicable diseases, vector borne diseases etc. are of temporary nature. On the other hand, the Sub Project will create job opportunities particularly for the local population during construction stage and extremely beneficial for uplift of Socio-economic condition of the local population through irrigated agriculture i.e. development of 48 ha culturable land. 13. Environmental Management Plan Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is produced as a complementary part of Detailed Design and as a free- standing document. It ensures incorporation of the relevant environmental factors into the overall Sub Project design and will identify linkages to other safeguard policies relating to the project. Based on the preliminary assessment, key mitigation measures recommended under this Environmental Management Plan (EMP). Overall responsibility for Environmental Management and Monitoring will rest with the Project Management Unit (PMU) and Project Management Consultants. 14. Conclusion and Recommendations The assessment of potential impacts of the proposed Damano weir sub project reveals that this project will generate only minor to moderate negative environmental impacts. These adverse impacts will be mostly confined to the
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Damano Weir Sub Project
construction works and will be temporary in nature. The predicted adverse impacts will be minimized and reduced by implementing the prescribed mitigation measures and will be continually monitored by implementing and updating the EMP. The overall finding is that the beneficial gains provided by Irrigation project will by far exceed the negative impacts – most of them being short-termed and without major interference to both the bio-physical and human environment. It is emphasized that the success of the EMP depends on the respective line agencies and institutions identified as key players in the implementation of the EMP. The timely and complete inclusion of the EMP’s compliance clauses in the Contractor documents is mandatory to ensure the success of all environmental safeguard measures. As the project is exclusively an irrigation system, all identified adverse environmental impacts during the rehabilitation and improvement works of the project will be of minor nature, easily to be mitigated by adequate implementation of the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans. Entire command of the project components does not include any environmentally sensitive areas. The final conclusion is that, the project is environmentally safe and socially acceptable.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Damano Weir Sub Project
INTRODUCTION
General The environmental study is in compliance to the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 and Asian Development Bank`s (ADB) Environment Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 requirement and recommendations. The abstract of TOR requires that an assessment of the environmental impacts of the project (i.e. IEE or EIA), preparation of the environmental management and monitoring plans (EMMPs), inclusion of costs for implementing recommended mitigation measures, and any capacity strengthening measures in the project development cost. Project Background The Tribal areas have scarcity of land and water resources. In spite of the land scarcity, the people are agriculturalist and livestock herders by occupation and practice agriculture where possible. Encouraged by the salutary effects of schemes in water sector, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) Secretariat has proposed to harvest the flood water in the streams by constructing Small Dams to bring more areas under irrigation and to recharge aquifer for supplementing groundwater reserve. Therefore, main focus in recent years has been the construction of dams to conserve water in order to expand and intensify irrigated agriculture. The irrigated agriculture has evolved over many centuries and today, despite the decades of civil strife, there are still thousands of hectares being irrigated by traditional systems, which are managed, operated and maintained by communities with little or no involvement of the government. However, there is considerable opportunity for increasing agricultural production by construction of major infrastructure works, like construction of small dams, diversion weirs, lining of water courses and increasing awareness about latest farm practices and cropping patterns which are beyond the technical and financial capacity of the farming communities. FATA Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) will be operational in the federal territories at the western borders of Pakistan with Afghanistan. It focuses on increasing irrigation supplies in three agencies, namely Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur, to increase crop production and harvest water sustainability. The project is being proposed as a result of the Water Assessment Study executed under the completed ADB supported FATA Rural Development Project of FATA Secretariat. The study identified 40 watersheds where the groundwater aquifers are depleting at a high rate, even under average weather conditions due to unplanned water extraction for irrigation
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Damano Weir Sub Project
and other associated purposes. It recommends shifting from groundwater to surface water, which remains totally unutilized, and identified potential sites for small reservoirs and diversion weirs in the 40 watersheds of Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur Agencies of FATA. With above background, ADB financed a Project Preparatory Technical Assistance, TA 8409-PAK (PPTA) for FATA Water Resources Development Project in preparing a project for financing consideration by ADB. ADB through FATA support implemented the PPTA during 2013-2014, in which a team of national consultants prepared a feasibility study for a water resources project for FATA. Based on the findings of the PPTA and on the request of Government of Pakistan, ADB approved, on 15th December 2014, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) contributing $42.97 million from ADB’s Special Funds. The Government will contribute $4.93 million as counterpart fund. The ADB and Government of Pakistan signed the legal agreement on 17th April 2015 and declared the loan effective on 7th August 2015. The Project implementation period ends on 31th March 2020 and loan accounts will close on 30th September 2020. The Damano project envisages construction of weir at coordinates 34.882806N & 71.543602E on Babukara Khwar. The Damano weir is proposed at left side tributary of Babukara Khwar. The distance from Khar is 20 km through paved road and then 2.50 km in Khwar to reach weir site. Project Consultants The Proponent / client, FATA Water Resources Development Project, FATA Secretariat entered into a formal contract in Oct, 2016 with design and supervision consultants for the project with joint venture, led by BAK Consulting Engineers, AGES Consultants and Rehman Habib Consultants. Purpose of This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Environmental Assessment is a systematic process for evaluating the environmental consequences of any proposed Policy, Plan or Program initiative in order to ensure that the various concerns are fully included and appropriately addressed at the earliest stage of decision making at par with the economic and social considerations. The economic, social, and environmental change is inherent to development. Whilst, development aims to bring about positive change, it can lead to conflicts. In the past, the promotion of economic growth, as the motor for increased well-being, was the main development thrust with little sensitivity towards adverse social or environmental impacts. The need to avoid adverse impacts and to ensure
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long term benefits led to the concept of sustainability. This has become accepted as an essential feature of the development, if the aim of increased well-being and greater equity in fulfilling basic needs is to be met for the present and future generations. Environment Assessment thus, has three main functions: • To predict positive and adverse impacts. • To find ways to minimize/manage adverse impacts. • To enhance positive effects. This present study relates to Initial Environment Examination (IEE) of Damano Weir Bajaur Agency. Irrigated agriculture in FATA relies predominantly on groundwater abstracted by tube wells, dug wells and open wells; surface water utilization is low. Poor water resources management has become a major challenge to increasing agriculture productivity, which undermines efforts to improve the socioeconomic condition of FATA’s inhabitants. Various factors such as poor water resource management, extensive deforestation and over grazing of rangelands have put immense pressure and stresses on FATA’s watersheds. Their degraded condition has increased runoff and resulted in high soil erosion. In the absence of proper tree and vegetation cover, the run off leads to flash floods that often destroy the productive agricultural land in the valley bottom. This steadily worsening situation has severe repercussions for the overall sustainability and viability of the resource base of the watersheds, and thereby on the region’s population, the majority of which are dependent on this resource base for their livelihoods. Increasing tree cover and the construction of check dams (where appropriate), will strengthen the watersheds, reduce land erosion and the frequency and impact of flash floods, and improve water availability through replenishment of the aquifers. Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study takes into account the natural environment (air, water, land, flora & fauna), human health and safety. This study evaluates the Sub Project’s potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence and outlines planning, designing and implementation by preventing, minimizing or mitigating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts throughout Sub Project implementation. The civil work within the Sub Project area will cause some disturbances. The activities during construction period involve; construction of weir and water channels, development of command area, borrow material, stone pitching, camping grounds, material dump, machinery yard and other necessary facilities for the staff/labor to be engaged for the construction of the Sub
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Project. There is no such adverse environmental impact of the Sub Project but the construction-related impacts such as air pollution, noise and use of community resources can be well managed through the proper implementation of the mitigation measures, which have been identified in this report. The Sub Project has been classified as environmental category B according to ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS), 2009. The Social Assessment (SA) has been conducted to evaluate the Sub Project’s potential positive and adverse effects on the affected people and to examine Sub Project alternatives where adverse effects may be significant. The width, depth and type of analysis in the social assessment are proportional to the nature of the Sub Project and scale of its potential effects, positive or adverse, on the affected people. The baseline data was developed and analyzed to identify potential environmental impacts of the Sub Project. A Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist methodology was adopted to identify the high risk activities and suggest their mitigation measures. Where possible, eliminating the risk by altering the scope or method of execution of work was preferred rather than minimizing the risk with control measures. IEE Methodology In the present study, standard methods were followed for Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. All the methods were structured for collection and organization of environmental baseline data and identification of environmental impacts using different survey tools and discussions with different stakeholders. The information, thus gathered, has been analyzed and presented in the form of a number of visual formats for easy interpretation and decision making. Study Area The study area related to IEE of the project comprised the following areas and features / aspects:
i. Directly affected area of the project
ii. Influence zone area that is the area in the region within 0.5 km from the project corridor.
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Damano Weir Sub Project
Figure 1.1: The Sub Project Location Map
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Baseline Survey Methodology A Survey was carried out in the project area for field studies including physical, biological and social impact assessment in June, 2017. A summary of the main activities undertaken during the visit have been enlisted below: i. Collected information and required data from the project area for preparation of Initial Environmental Examination report. ii. Identified site-specific issues of the proposed project. iii. Information obtained regarding existing infrastructure in and around the project area. iv. Requirements of necessary mitigation measures to be integrated into the overall plan were identified. v. Consultations with the population settled in the vicinity of the project. vi. Survey of nearby Environmental Sensitive receptors. vii. Vegetation Survey viii. Different forest classes were identified and the degraded areas and scrubs were delineated. The grasslands/ alpine pastures and agricultural areas were also identified and delineated. The non- forest land cover was also delineated. ix. Interviews of the local for the presence and relative abundance of various animal species within each locality were also taken to have firsthand information. x. Data collection was carried out on habitat condition, animal presence by direct sighting and indirect evidences.
The section on climatology has been taken from the Project Hydrology Report made by project Hydrologists. The regional geology and seismo-tectonics of the region are discussed based on the various available data sources and reports. Particularly, the discussion on Project geology has been based on the data available in the Project Geology Report and field observations made in selective pockets of different project affected sites. Land use and land cover mapping was carried out by standard methods of analysis of remotely sensed data followed by ground truth. Forest types and plant species were recorded during the field visits and the floristic data for the catchment were sourced from the published literature. Based on the field data and available literature, frequency, density and cover of each species were calculated. Rare and endangered species were identified as per IUCN Red list, 2017.
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In order to collect the information on the fauna (mammals, avifauna, herpetofauna) in the area, primary as well as secondary sources were utilized. The Forest Working Plans of the Forest Divisions falling in the project area were referred to for secondary information on the wildlife of the area. The environmental testing (Air, Noise and Water) at site has been carried out and the results are attached as supporting documents in Annex-II. Impact Assessment Methodology Prediction of impacts has been based on a broad matrix group ‘ecosystem’ constituted by physical and biological components. The vulnerability of an ecosystem to various impacts resulting from an activity or multiple activities was identified and accordingly impacts predicted. The main theme of the ecosystem approach in visualizing impacts on various sets of environmental data revolves around the idea that natural processes and patterns are likely to be affected under impacts of a developmental activity. In natural ecosystems, the impacts would surely change the existing state of equilibrium. In managed ecosystems and human societies, impacts could be of positive as well as adverse consequence. Similarly, in case of natural ecosystems, likelihood of adverse impacts could be seen in terms of direct and/or indirect, temporary or permanent impacts. In the absence of long-term data availability on various environmental variables and also the paucity of studies on their likely responses to changes under developmental activities, it is difficult to predict impacts with a high degree of exactness and certainty. For example, it will not be possible to predict impacts of such a developmental activity on the behavioral patterns of animal and bird populations except for the fact that their habitats may come under stress. In that sense these predictive impacts could be said to have a limitation. The potential impacts at various stages of the project were predicted, identified and assessed according to their category of impact. They were classified as negligible, moderate or high. Each category is defined as under; Negligible: No adverse impact Moderate: Potential impact but can be mitigated High: Definite impact but can be mitigated significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented The moderate to high impacts were further described and mitigation measures were suggested accordingly.
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The impacts identified, in detail, were marked on the maps. Consultants utilized their own resources to carry out topographic survey of the project site. The Survey activities had been performed under the supervision and guidance of expert survey engineers. The mitigation measures and environmental monitoring have been worked out in the light of environmental impacts assessed. Interviews, field visits/surveys, scoping sessions with officials/notables and concerned stakeholders were also made for the accomplishment of the study. Report Format Chapter A: Introduction consists of the background, project needs and objectives. It also explains the methodologies adopted for carrying out different environmental and socio-economic studies. Chapter B: The legal and institutional framework section provides in detail, an overview of the government laws and rules that apply to regulate and control the environmental impacts due to project implementation, operation and maintenance, together with the relevant guidelines, legislation and policies concerning the project. Chapter C: It provides details of the project components and study of different project alternatives. This chapter also includes, route selection studies to select most viable route with maximum socio-economic benefits with minimum environmental adverse impacts. Chapter D: It describes the baseline conditions like physical, biological and socioeconomic, and surrounding area people. It also provides information about the existing amenities like education, health, infrastructure, cultural heritage, water supply/availability, electricity, etc. in the area. Chapter E: It describes the different alternative options studied for placing the weir axis and type including No Project Option. Different options were considered and evaluated on the basis of technical, economic, social and environmental parameters. It also provides the justification of current weir axis. Chapter F: It provides the project impacts, both positive and negative/adverse, on the land, land-based assets, infrastructure, crops, forest and fruit trees, existing amenities, sewage, waste material generation etc. due to the construction of the project. This section also deals with the
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mitigation of the adverse impacts identified in the shape of the compensation, rehabilitation, capacity building, provision of livelihood resources and other needed amenities etc. Chapter G: This chapter ensures that healthy and friendly environment is created during the construction, operation and maintenance of the project by adopting effective Environmental Management Plan (EMP). Chapter H: This chapter deals with consultation with different stakeholders of the project as well as the study area. Chapter I: This chapter covers the Grievance Redress Mechanism from stakeholders and general public, and also includes required actions taken on any issue raised by them during construction or operational phases of the project. Chapter J: It summaries the positive and adverse impacts, mitigation measures of the adverse impacts and main recommendations based on the studies carried out and discussions/consultations with the affected persons, other stakeholders and notables of the project area. Project Categorization According to ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 2009, projects are to be categorized into three environmental categories; A, B, or C. All the anticipated adverse environmental impacts of the project are mitigative, temporary nature and localized, except few adverse impacts those are long term and will be manage/minimize through implementation of Environment Management Plan. The REA Checklist (Attached as Annex-V) defines this in category “B” as per ADB’s guidelines for project categorization.
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POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
General This section provides an overview of the policy framework and national legislation that applies to the proposed sub-project. The project is expected to comply with all national legislation relating to environment in Pakistan and ADB`s Environment Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS) 2009. National Policy and Legal Framework NEP is the primary policy of Government of Pakistan addressing environmental issues. The broad Goal of NEP is, “to protect, conserve and restore Pakistan’s environment in order to improve the quality of life of the citizens through sustainable development”. The NEP identifies a set of sectorial and cross- sectorial guidelines to achieve its goal of sustainable development. It also suggests various policy instruments to overcome the environmental problems throughout the country. Prior to the adoption of the 18th Constitutional Amendment, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) 1997 was the governing law for environmental conservation in the country. Under PEPA 1997, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) and Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) were primarily responsible for administering PEPA 1997. After the adoption of the 18th Constitutional Amendment in 2011, the subject of environment was devolved and the provinces have been empowered for environmental protection and conservation. Regulations for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA Under Section 12 of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997, a project falling under any category specified in Schedule I (SRO 339, 10/2000) requires the proponent to file an Initial Environment Examination (IEE) report with concerned provincial or federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Projects falling under any category specified in schedule II, the proponent shall submit an EIA with the Provincial or federal Agency, in this case Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) Islamabad, as the project is located in FATA. Within 10 working days of IEE or EIA having been deposited, the concerned agency will confirm that the document submitted is complete for the purpose of review. During this time should the empowered agency require the proponent for revision, clearly citing those aspects that need further discussion the proponent will carry out necessary revision. Subsequently, the concerned agency will make every effort to complete the process for an IEE review within 45 days and an EIA within 90 days of filing and issue a “No- Objection Certificate” to the project proponent.
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Regulatory Clearances, EPA In accordance with regulatory requirements, an IEE/EIA satisfying the requirements of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act is to be submitted to Federal Environment Protection Agency for review and approval, and subsequent issuance of NOC before the commencement of construction. Guidelines for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA The Pak-EPA has published a set of environmental guidelines for conducting environmental assessments and the environmental management of different types of development projects. The guidelines that are relevant to the proposed sub-project are listed below: • Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports, Pakistan, EPA1997;
• Guidelines for Public Consultations; Pakistan EPA May 1997;
Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, (2000) The Regulation classifies projects on the basis of expected degree of adverse environmental impacts and lists them in two separate schedules. Schedule I lists projects that may not have significant environmental impacts and therefore require an IEE. Schedule II lists projects of potentially significant environmental impacts requiring preparation of an EIA. The Regulations also require that all projects located in environmentally sensitive areas require preparation of an EIA. It also lists projects not requiring either an EIA or an IEE. National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) were first promulgated in 1993 and have been amended in 1995 and 2000. They have been revised and the latest NEQS were issued in 2010.These standards are also stringent with the International NEQs Regulation. The following standards that are specified in the NEQS are relevant to the proposed Sub Project. • NEQS for Ambient Air – November, 2010 state the Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (9 parameters) in gaseous emissions from vehicle exhaust. • NEQS for Drinking Water Quality – 2010 describe the drinking water properties by outlining the defined physical and chemical parameters. • NEQS for Noise – November 2010 states the maximum allowable limit of noise arising from vehicles in decibels (dB) separately for day and night times.
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• NEQS for Waste Effluents –2000 states the Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (32 parameters) in municipal and liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment facilities and the sea. • These standards apply to the gaseous emissions and liquid effluents discharged by, campsites and construction machinery. The standards for vehicles will apply only during the construction phase of the Sub Project. Standards for ambient air quality have also been prescribed. (Reference Annex III for NEQS) Comparative Analysis of the National and International Standards 1. A comparison of applicable local and international guidelines for air quality has been provided in Table 2.1. In general, the NEQS standards for air quality are most stringent in comparison to USEPA, WHO and the World Bank standards. The only exception is the TSP parameter for the annual mean where the World Bank standard (100 ug/m3) is more stringent than the NEQS standard (360 ug/m3). Apart from this one exception, the NEQS standards will also be used for the proposed project. 2. Similar to the standards for air quality, the comparison of noise standards provided in Table 2.2 clearly shows that NEQS standards for noise in case of commercial areas are more stringent in comparison to the World Bank/IFC standards. In case of night time standards for the residential areas, the IFC/WHO standards are more stringent as compared to Pak NEQS. Apart from this one exception, the NEQS standards will be used for the proposed project.\ 3. A comparison of National Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ), Pakistan and World Health Organization (WHO) are given in Table 2.3. Maximum Allowable limits of all of the contaminates are almost same except for Lead & Arsenic. The NSDWQ will be used for the proposed project.
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Table 2.1 Comparison of International and local Air Quality Standards
USEPA1 WHO2 World Bank3 Pak. NEQS Pollutants Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Standard Standard Standard Standard Time Time Time Time 125 (Interim target-1) 24- 20 Annual 50 Annual Primary- hour 80 ug/m3 μg/m3 Mean (Interim Average 75 ppb mean 1 hr target-2) Secondary- SO2 20 0.5 ppm 3hrs (guideline) (1,300 10- 500 120 μg/m³) minute 24 hrs 3 ug/m3 mean μg/m 10 500 ug/m3 minutes Primary 35 1 hr ppm (40 mg/m³) 10 8 hrs 5 mg/m3 Primary 9 mg/m3 CO 8 hrs - - 8 hrs ppm (8.7 (10 mg/m³) ppm) 10 40 mg/m3 1 hr mg/m3 1 hr Primary & annual 40 Annual 40 40 ug/m3 Secondary- mean μg/m3 Average Annual Annual (guideline) NO2 0.053 ppm Mean Mean 200 (100 1-hour 200 3 (guideline) 24 hrs 80 ug/m μg/m³) mean μg/m3 Primary & Secondary- 0.12 ppm 1 hr (235
μg/m³) 130 O3 - - 1 hr ug/m3 Primary & 8 hrs 100 3 8 hrs Secondary- mean μg/m 0.070 ppm (140 μg/m³) Annual Annual 360 100 ug/m3 150-230 Mean Mean ug/m3 TSP 24 hrs 260 ug/m3 24 hrs ug/m3 500 24 hrs 500 ug/m3 24 hrs ug/m3 150 μg/m³ annual 20 1 year 70 Annual 120 PM10 24 hrs Primary and mean μg/m3 (Interim Mean ug/m3
1 Source- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards retrieved on 15th January, 2018. 2 Source-http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ retrieved on 15th January, 2018. 3 Source-IFC Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines-GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY, April 2007.
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USEPA1 WHO2 World Bank3 Pak. NEQS Pollutants Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Standard Standard Standard Standard Time Time Time Time Secondary target-1) 24- 50 50 hour μg/m3 24 (Interim mean hours target-2) 30 (Interim target-3) 20 (guideline)
150 150 24 hrs ug/m3 (Interim target-1) 100 (Interim target-2) 75 (Interim target-3) 50 (guideline) -Primary Annual 15 ug/m3 - 12 μg/m³ annual 10 Average 3 Annual Secondary mean μg/m 24 hrs 35 ug/m3 15 μg/m³ PM2.5 - - Annual 24- Primary & hour 25 1 hr 15 ug/m3 24 hrs Secondary mean μg/m3 35 μg/m³ Note: I ug/m3 = 0.002ppm
Table 2.2: Comparison of International and local for Noise-Limit in dB(A) Leq
NEQS (Effective form July, 2012) IFC & WHO S.No Category of Day time Night time Receptor Day time Night time Area/Zone (7-00:22- (22:00- 00) 7:00) 1 Residential Area (A) 55 55 Residential; 55 45 institutional; educational4 2 Commercial Area 65 45 Industrial; 70 70 (B) commercial 3 Industrial Area (C) 75 65 4 Silence Zone (D) 50 45
4 For acceptable indoor noise levels for residential, institutional, and educational settings refer to WHO (1999).
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Table 2.3 Comparison of International and local Standards for Drinking Water
National Standar Sr. WHO ds for Parameter Unit No. Guidelines Drinkin g Water Quality
Biological Analysis 1. Total Coliform No./100ml 0/100 ml 0 2. E Coli No /100ml 0/100 ml 0 3. Fecal E. Coli No./100ml 0/100 ml 0
Chemical Analysis 4. pH - 6 5 – 85 6 5 – 85 5. Temperature 0C - - 6. Color TCU <15 <15 7. Taste …. Not Objectionable Not Objectionable 8. Odour ouE/m³ Not Objectionable Not Objectionable 9. Turbidity NTU <5 <5 10. Electrical Conductivity µS NA NA 11. Total Hardness mg/l <500 <500 12. TDS mg/l <1000 <1000 13. TSS mg/l NA NA 14. Ammonia mg/l NA NA 15. Arsenic mg/l 0 01 <0 05 16. Iron mg/l NA NA 17. Aluminum mg/l - <02 18. Sodium mg/l NA NA 19. Chloride mg/l NA NA 20. Sulphate mg/l 0 01 <0 05 21. Fluoride mg/l <1 5 <1 5 22. Nitrate mg/l <50 <50 23. Nitrite mg/l 3 3 24. Cadmium mg/l 0 003 0 01
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National Standar Sr. WHO ds for Parameter Unit No. Guidelines Drinkin g Water Quality 25. Chromium mg/l 0 05 <0 05 26. Copper mg/l 20 20 27. Manganese mg/l 05 <05 28. Nickel mg/l 0 02 <0 02 29. Lead mg/l 0 01 <0 05 30. Zinc mg/l 30 50
NA: Not Applicable
ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 The Asian Development Bank’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 requires that environmental considerations be incorporated into ADB’s funded project to ensure that the project will have minimal environmental impacts and be environmentally sound. Occupational health & safety of the local population should also be addressed as well as the project workers as stated in SPS. All loans and investments are subject to categorization to determine environmental assessment requirements. Categorization is to be undertaken using Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklists, consisting of questions relating to (i) the sensitivity and vulnerability of environmental resources in Sub Project area, and (ii) the potential for the Sub Project to cause significant adverse environmental impacts. Projects are classified into one of the following environmental categories: Category A: A project is classified as category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area larger than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required. Category B: A project is classified as category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts are less adverse than those of category “A” projects. These impacts are site-specific, few, if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category “A” projects. An Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is required.
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Category C: A project is classified as category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. No environmental assessment is required although environmental implications need to be reviewed. Category FI: A project is classified as category FI if it involves investment of ADB funds to or through a financial intermediary (FI). As a result of the completion of the Involuntary Resettlement (IR) and Indigenous People (IP) Checklist the sub project has been placed in Category “C” while in Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist (Attached as Annex-V), the Sub Project has been placed in Category ‘‘B’’ thus a detailed and comprehensive IEE study has been prepared including the EMP. Project Categorization Under Section 12 of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997, a project falling under any category specified in Schedule I (SRO 339, 10/2000) requires the proponent to file an Initial Environment Examination (IEE) report with concerned provincial or federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Projects falling under any category specified in schedule II, the proponent shall submit an EIA with the Provincial or federal Agency, in this case Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) Islamabad, as the project is located in FATA. Within 10 working days of IEE or EIA having been deposited, the concerned agency will confirm that the document submitted is complete for the purpose of review. During this time should the empowered agency require the proponent for revision, clearly citing those aspects that need further discussion the proponent will carry out necessary revision. Subsequently, the concerned agency will make every effort to complete the process for an IEE review within 45 days and an EIA within 90 days of filing and issue a “No- Objection Certificate” to the project proponent. This project falls under schedule-I of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Review of IEE & EIA) Regulations, 2000 in water management, dams, irrigation and flood protection heading which states that dams and reservoirs with storage volume less than 50 million cubic meters of surface area less than 8 square kilometers require an IEE.
IEE/EIA Regulations 2000, Schedule I IEE Required
Dams and reservoirs with storage volume less than 50 million Yes cubic meters or surface area less than 8 square kilometers Irrigation and drainage projects serving less than 15,000 hectares Yes
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Other Environment Related Legislations The Exhibit provides a summary of all legislations, guidelines, conventions and corporate requirements.
Table 2.4: Environmental Guidelines and Legislations
Legislation/Guideline Description The Forest Act (1927) The Act empowers the provincial forest departments to declare any forest area as reserved or protected. It empowers the provincial forest departments to prohibit the clearing of forest for cultivation, grazing, hunting, removing forest produce, quarrying and felling, lopping and topping of trees, branches in reserved and protected forests The Antiquities Act It ensures the protection of Pakistan’s cultural resources. The Act (1975) defines “antiquities” as ancient products of human activity, historical sites, or sites of anthropological or cultural interest, national monuments, etc. The Act is designed to protect these antiquities from destruction, theft, negligence, unlawful excavation, trade, and export. The law prohibits new construction in the proximity of a protected antiquity and empowers the GOP to prohibit excavation in any area that may contain articles of archaeological significance. Under the Act, the project proponents are obligated to ensure that no activity is undertaken in the proximity of a protected antiquity, report to the Department of Archaeology, GOP, any archaeological discovery made during the course of the project. Pakistan Penal Code It authorizes fines, imprisonment or both for voluntary corruption or (1860) fouling of public springs or reservoirs so as to make them less fit for ordinary use. The Public Health These two laws cover the presentation and spread of human (Emergency Provision) diseases, safeguarding the public health and providing and Act 1954 read with West maintaining adequate medical services and other services essential Pakistan Epidemic to the health of the communities in the project area. Control Act 1958 Explosives Act 1884 Under the Explosives Act 1884, the Project Contractors are bound by regulation on properly and securely handling, transporting and using explosive during quarrying, blasting and other purposes.
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND CONSERVATION STRATEGIES National Conservation Before the approval of NEP, the National Conservation Strategy Strategy (NCS) was considered as the Government’s primary policy document on national environmental issues. At the moment, this strategy just exists as a national conservation program. The NCS identifies 14 core areas including conservation of biodiversity, pollution prevention and abatement, soil and water conservation and preservation of cultural heritage and recommends immediate attention to these core areas.
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Legislation/Guideline Description Biodiversity Action Plan The plan recognizes IEE/EIA as an effective tool for identifying and assessing the effects of a proposed operation on biodiversity. Environment and There is a well-established framework for environmental Conservation management in Pakistan. The Ministry of Environment deals with environment and biological resources. Within the ministry, the NCS unit established in 1992 is responsible for overseeing the implementation of the strategy. Two organizations, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) and the Pak EPA are primarily responsible for administering the provisions of the PEPA, 1997. The PEPC oversees the functioning of the Pak EPA. Its members include representatives of the government, industry, non- governmental organizations and the private sector. The Pak EPA is required to ensure compliance with the NEQS, establish monitoring and evaluation systems, and both identify the need to and institution of legislations whenever necessary. It is thus the primary implementing agency in the hierarchy. The Provincial Environmental Protection Agencies are formed by the respective provinces. ADB’s ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES Safeguard Policy ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 provides Statement (SPS), 2009 guidelines for environmental assessments of development projects. These guidelines help prospective projects identify impacts they will have on various environmental receptors. The guidelines call for carrying out EIAs or IEEs of projects based on severity of their impacts. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
The Convention on The Convention requires countries to take action to avoid Conservation of endangering migratory species. The term "migratory species" refers Migratory Species of to the species of wild animals, a significant proportion of whose Wild Animals (1981.21) members cyclically and predictably cross one or more national jurisdictional boundaries. The parties are also required to promote or cooperate with other countries in matters of research on migratory species. There are no endangered species of plant life or animal life in the vicinity of the Project.
Convention on The convention requires Pakistan to impose strict regulation International Trade in (including penalization, confiscation of the specimen) regarding Endangered Species of trade of all species threatened with extinction or that may become Wild Fauna and Flora so, in order not to endanger their survival further. (1973) International Union for Lists wildlife species experiencing various levels of threats Conservation of Nature internationally. Some of the species indicated in the IUCN red list and Natural Resources are also present in the wetlands of Pakistan. Red List (2000)
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Legislation/Guideline Description Convention on wetlands This Convention enjoins upon signatory factions to provide and of international protect the habitats of migratory waterfowl. importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat (RAMSAR 1971)
Convention on This convention came up as a follow up to RAMSAR 1971 and took Conservation of care of the specifics Migratory species of Wild Animals (Bonn 1979), as a follow up to RAMSAR 1971
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FATA Water Resources Development Project Damano Weir Sub Project
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Project Features The general layout of Damano weir project includes the main weir, irrigation intake, outlet structures and irrigation network. In locating the project features such as the topography, geology and geological technical aspects play a major role, while the weir height, its sizing, design capacity of the main canals and their alignment also have their own importance. The stream/khwar bed is covered with overburden comprising of boulders, shingle, gravel and coarse sand. Both catchments have steep gradient with scattered settlements in small pockets. The vegetative cover is moderate in the area. It is envisaged to construct a Tyrolean weir having crest length 20 m for design flood of 50-year return period of 106 cumec. A Tyrolean part of 2 m in length is provided for conveying of design discharge to canal/irrigation conduit. It is anticipated that gross command area of about 54 ha and culturable command area of 48 ha will be irrigated at cropping intensity of 130 % and design discharge of 26 lit./sec. About 3.0 km irrigation network including channel and its three distributaries will irrigate 48 ha of CCA. The project cost is estimated Rs. 31.399 Million and anticipated to take 12 months to complete. The results of the economic analysis show that the project is economically viable (EIRR 12.53 %). The financial analysis also indicates the safe investment with FIRR as 11.43 % Damano weir project on account of its construction volume would not require elaborate arrangements for construction of labour camps. Storage sheds for construction materials would be constructed in the vicinity of weir construction sites. Non-technical labour to be engaged would be of local origin and as such would not require housing. All the land required for different project components is community owned barren land which would be provided voluntarily; no land base infrastructure will be affected during construction as well as operational phases of the project. The permanent land for project components such as weir, water channels, offices, etc. as well as temporary land will be taken on lease if required. The amount of lease is part of project civil cost and is not added in Environmental Management Cost (details in Chapter G) to avoid duplication of cost. The Salient Features of the project is given in the below Table 3.1.
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Table 3.1: Salient Features of the Project
Project Features Damano Weir
Catchment Area 12.65 square kilometers
Design Flood for weir 106 cumec
Weir Crest Length 20 m
Tyrolean Part 2 m
Channel Type Precast Parabolic Section
Culturable Command Area 48 ha
Irrigation Intensity 130 %
Irrigation Channel Discharge 26 lit./sec
Length of Main Channel 2.280 km
Length of Minor Channel 0.865 m
Project Cost (Rs.) 31.399 Million
Construction Period 1 year
EIRR 12.53 %
FIRR 11.43 %
The location of the project is shown in Figure 3.1 and Google Image in Figure 3.2:
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Figure 3.1: Sub Project Location Map
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Figure 3.2: Satellite Image of the Sub Project Area
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Project Location Bajaur Agency, Smallest of the agencies in FATA, has a hilly terrain and covers an area of 1,290 km2 and is located between latitude 34o 30’ and 34o 59’ N and longitude 71o 14’ and 71o 48’ E. Bajaur Agency is divided into Seven Tehsils, which are Barang, Nawagai, Khar, Mamund, Salarzai, Utmankhel and Chamarkand. Northern part of the Agency is drained by the Bajaur stream and its tributaries, while the southern part drains into Swat River. Nawagai, Charmang, Khatai, Watalai and Babukara streams join the Bajaur stream and eventually fall into the Panjkora River. The Damano weir sub project envisages construction of weir at coordinates 34.882806N & 71.543602E on Babukara Khwar. The Damano weir is proposed at left side tributary of Babukara Khwar. The distance from Khar is 20 km through paved road and then 2.50 km in Khwar to reach weir site. It will irrigate about 48 Ha culturable command area. Project Objectives The main objective of the Damano Weir sub project is to divert perennial runoff for assured irrigation supplies to Culturable Command Area (CCA) of approximately 48 ha downstream. The present cropping intensity is 70% and 101% in rainfed and irrigated agricultural conditions respectively. Regular and dependable irrigation water availability with the construction of Damano Weir will greatly increase cropping intensity to 130% and will also increase production in the currently un-irrigated command area. Due to timely and regulated water supplies there will be substantial improvement in agriculture production. Provision of irrigation water with the construction of the weirs, will transform the below subsistence level rain-fed farming lands into productive irrigated agriculture. Construction Planning The main components of Damano weir irrigation sub project include the: i. Geotechnical Investigation ii. Foundation preparation iii. Main Weir iv. Stilling Basin v. Intake and Outlet structure vi. Irrigation system
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These components are proposed to be constructed in two stages. The Geotechnical investigation will be carried out first, while construction of civil works will be carried out after design review. The stage wise break-up of components for construction purposes is briefly described below:
Stage-I
Preparation of Foundation for Main Weir
The foundation preparation will involve excavation in stream/khwar bed and abutments, which mostly constitute of shingle gravel and weathered rock formation. Most of the excavation will be done without blasting, whereas in some places controlled blasting will be employed, avoiding shattering of rock formation. The detail of excavation involved has been shown in the cross section provided in Chapter 5 of Feasibility report.
Main weir
The diversion weir has been located at the minimum possible width of the khwar. For the diversion of irrigation discharge Tyrolean intake is adopted at this location. The diversion weir comprises an overflow sections for flood routing and a depressed Tyrolean section to divert the flow for irrigation. The top of side walls over weir crest are 2.20 m high at Damano weir site to prevent overtopping in case of extreme flood conditions. Similarly, the side walls at upstream and downstream of the weir have been extended into the rock on both sides to control seepage and flow bypass around the weir abutments. Construction of main weir is proposed to commence from left abutment towards the middle. The RCC Pipe Conduit will be laid through weir body and irrigation channel is to be temporarily re-aligned to RCC pipe conduit for maintaining irrigation flows. Construction of intake and outlet structure will be taken up at later stage.
Stage-II
Main Weir Body
A Tyrolean section is slightly deeper portion provided in main weir, it consists trash rack at bottom and embedded channel beneath. The length of rack is provided according to design discharge to be diverted. Bars of the rack are laid parallel to flow and inclined in the direction of flow. The water, passing over the rack, is collected in the embedded channel to the limit of its capacity. The oblique arrangement of the trash rack prevents it from being clogged by bed load or floating materials, resultantly, the intake from being obstructed.
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In order to ensure the diversion of design discharge when there is blockage of the rack due wedging of stones or leaves and branches trap in the rack, length of the rack has kept 20 % more than the required for weir. Inclination angle of the rack with horizontal plane has been kept 15 degree in the direction of flow. The spacing of rack bars have been kept 10 mm, hence only the particle with less than 10 mm size could get into the embedded channel. The Net length of Damano weir crest is 20.0 m including 2 m long Tyrolean section. Due to low height of the weir, concrete apron and riprap has been proposed at downstream for energy dissipation. Construction of main weir body is proposed to commence from left abutment in layers and intake pipe would be placed near left abutment in Damano weir. Construction of Irrigation channel and outlet structure will be taken up as parallel activities of this stage.
Figure 3.3: Diversion Weir Layout Plan
Stilling Basin
Terminal structures to weir are provided to safely deliver the excess discharge to the downstream. The hydraulic jump stilling basin is one of the typical types of energy dissipaters, which has been adopted for the project. At downstream of
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the stilling basin, riprap has been proposed to protect the structure from scouring. Construction of stilling basin will be started after construction of outlet structures. The outlet may also work as diversion channel to release the inflows during construction. HDPV circular pipe is proposed at the end of embedded channel. The internal diameter of the pipe is 0.3 m. The size of an outlet pipe for a required discharge varies according to an inverse relationship with the available head.
Table 3.2: Diversion Weir Works and Quantity
Item # Description Unit Quantity 1 Excavation cu.m 532.63 2 Structural backfill cu.m 117.75 3 Cement Concrete Work cu.m 242.4 4 Steel works Tonne 15.1 Providing and Laying stone pitching/filling, dry 5 cu.m 57.58 hand packed in pitching & aprons HDPE Pipe: dia=12" 6 Rm 20.00 (Connecting Pipe)
Irrigation System
Commencement of activities for the construction of storage sump, irrigation system and on farm water management works will also take place after construction of intake structure. This activity will run parallel to other activities onwards till final completion of weir body and other appurtenant structures. Once the main Irrigation channel has been completed, the beneficiaries will be provided with design and layout of field channels falling within the proposed Chack-Bandi of weir project. The activity would be mostly carried out by the beneficiaries as part of their labour and land contribution. The personnel and equipment required to complete the construction work is given in Table 3.3 and 3.4 respectively.
Table 3.3: Personnel Requirement
Sr. No Position Nos 1 Project Manager / Project Engineer 01 2 Construction Supervisor 02 3 Site Engineer 01 4 Environmentalist 01
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5 Health and Safety Officer 01 6 Surveyor 02 7 Quantity Surveyor 01 8 Site Inspector (Environment) 01 9 Skilled Labor 05
Table 3.4: Equipment Requirements
Sr. No Equipment/Machinery Type Nos 1 Front End Loader 01 2 Excavator 01 3 Dumper 02 4 Water Tanker 02 5 Mixer 01 6 Generator 02 7 Tractor along with Trolley 01
Commissioning of Weirs
The weir and its associated structures will be commissioned on completion of Stage-II works and by starting the perennial flow diversion. Sub-Project Implementation The Project implementation would be carried out in accordance with Project Administration Manual (PAM) framed under FWRDP PPTA by ADB. It will take 12 months to complete the subproject civil works. Executing Agency The FATA Secretariat will be the executing agency. A Project Management Unit (PMU) will be established in the Planning and Development Department (P&D Department) of the FATA Secretariat. Project implementing agencies include the Directorate of Irrigation, which will be responsible for the improved irrigation infrastructure and on-farm water management components with the latter effort supported by the Department of Agriculture. The FATA Department of Forests will be responsible for the watershed management component. Design Consultant The design and residency supervision of these sub projects would be carried out by FWRDP design consultants. The consultants will carry out screening of the
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sub projects as per selection criteria. Accordingly, feasibility study of the Sub Projects fulfilling the selection criteria would be framed. FATA Development Working Party The FATA Development Working Party (FDWP) would approve the feasible Sub Projects of FWRDP. The FDWP would be delegated special powers to approve FWRDP Sub Projects costing more than the threshold approval limit of FDWP. The project will also be implemented in cooperation with local community organizations (COs) established under the FRDP and will be key partners in the new project. The COs will enter into Terms of Partnership (TOPs) with the FATA Secretariat for the preparation and implementation of all sub-projects to be financed under the project. Such TOPs were already signed with COs for the 3 pilot Sub Projects, and are the model to be followed for subsequent sub- projects. The COs also would be responsible for maintenance of completed sub- projects under the main project. Prior to the commencement of each proposed Sub Project, the FATA Secretariat and the relevant Community Organization will have entered into a TOP setting forth, among other relevant terms, the details of the preparation and implementation of such Sub Project (including information on any land to be voluntarily contributed by the community for such Sub Project) and subsequent operation and maintenance of the facilities financed under such Sub Project, which such TOP will have been approved by the Political Administration. Terms of Partnership TOP for a Sub Project involving the construction of a weir or irrigation channel will stipulate that the relevant Community Organization will be responsible for operation and maintenance of such weir or irrigation channel from such Community Organization’s own funds, provided, that, any major repairs to such facilities shall be carried out by, and at the expense of, the FATA Secretariat, through its Irrigation Department. Operation and Maintenance (O&M) The project has been designed to minimize manual operation to a minimum but the main canal can be regulated for flows through vertical steel gate. The beneficiaries have signed TOP with the Political Administration of Bajaur Agency and Irrigation Directorate, FATA. The TOP clearly states the roles and responsibilities of each stake holder. Most of the O & M activities at secondary and tertiary level would be carried out by the beneficiary through Village Organization/CO.
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DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
General The purpose of this chapter is to establish baseline conditions for the physical, biological and social aspects of the environment of project area. The data were collected regarding the physical environment, biological environment and social aspects of the study area from field surveys, desk studies and visits to the Government departments, other relevant agencies, and discussions with the main stakeholders of the area. The purpose of baseline study is to fulfill the following objectives. a. To get the data about the physical, biological and socio- economic environment of the project area. b. To understand the current situation of the area comprehensively. c. To rationalize the decisions according to the ground realities. Information sources for this IEE also include: i. Water Assessment Study & Management Plan, Bajaur, Khyber and Mohmand, published by ADB and FATA Secretariat, produced under the ADB FATA Rural Development Project (FRDP). ii. Forest Atlas of Pakistan iii. GIS Database developed by the PPTA GIS Specialist iv. Primary Surveys conducted under PPTA by Environment Specialist v. Hydraulic Design Feasibilities conducted under PPTA by Hydraulic Design Specialist vi. Agriculture and Geological Studies conducted under PPTA by Agricultural Specialist and Geologist The main environmental conditions, likely to be affected due to project execution are: a. Physical Environment b. Biological Environment c. Socio-economic Environment Baseline Survey Methodology A Survey was carried out in the project area for field studies including physical, biological and social impact assessment on June and July, 2017. The visit was made to the project area to understand the terrain, environment and social issues, and vegetation of the study area. During the visit, the preliminary interpreted data were tested and necessary corrections made after proper ground-truthing. The physiographic features
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on the satellite imagery appearing in different tones and textures were used to correlate image elements and ground features for accurate identification. The purpose of the site visits was to familiarize with the physical, biological and socioeconomic environment of the proposed project area and the areas in the vicinity. Critical areas with respect to environmental and social concerns were identified and assessment of positive as well as adverse impacts of the project on the environment was done. A summary of the main activities undertaken during the visit have been enlisted below: i. Collected information and required data from the project area for preparation of Initial Environmental Examination report. ii. Identified site-specific issues of microenvironment of the proposed project. iii. Information obtained regarding existing infrastructure in and around the project area. iv. Requirements of necessary mitigation measures to be integrated into the overall plan were identified. v. Consultations with the population settled in the vicinity of the project. vi. Survey of nearby Environmental Sensitive receptors. vii. Interviews of the local for the presence and relative abundance of various animal species within each locality were also taken to have firsthand information. viii. Data collection was carried out on habitat condition, animal presence by direct sighting and indirect evidences. Spatial data base on the physiographic features was prepared based on the various data sources including Survey map of the project and topographic sheets. These data were extracted and presented in accordance with the standard IEE methodology used for such studies. The section on climatology has been taken from the Project Hydrology Report made by project Hydrologists. The regional geology and seismo-tectonics of the region are discussed based on the various available data sources and reports. Particularly, the discussion on Project geology has been based on the data available in the Project Geology Report and field observations made in selective pockets of different project affected sites. Land use and land cover mapping was carried out by standard methods of analysis of remotely sensed data followed by ground truth. Forest types and plant species were recorded during the field visits and the floristic data for the catchment were sourced from the published literature.
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Based on the field data and available literature, frequency, density and cover of each species were calculated. Ecological status of species was identified as per IUCN Red list, 2017 and other available literature. In order to collect the information on the fauna (mammals, avifauna, herpetofauna) in the area, primary as well as secondary sources were utilized. The environmental testing (Air, Noise and Water) at site has been carried out to know the baseline conditions of the area. Study Area The studied area for this IEE was broadly the Bajaur Agency (Figure 4.1), and more specifically sub-project location including Damano settlement. The project study area primarily includes of the springs and in the immediate vicinity, which will be impacted directly or indirectly by the project. The required information/ data of a baseline study were classified into two main categories i.e. Primary data and Secondary data. The primary data was collected directly from the concerned communities and direct observation, secondary data was the information gathered through secondary sources such as census report, research publications, topographic sheets, other published data related to the project such as wildlife, livestock, fishery, forestry, agriculture, horticulture, climate etc. The project Area of influence (AoI) is referred to all those areas in the region within 0.5 km from the project corridor and which may be affected directly or indirectly by the project activities.
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Figure 4.1: Map of Bajaur Agency
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FATA has a unique governance status in Pakistan, with limited presence of state functionaries at the local level, especially line departments for environmental management. Apart from PEPA and Pakistan Trade Control of Fauna and Flora Act, 2012, none of the other laws pertaining to environmental management govern these territories. Hence, there is extremely limited information on species distribution and abundance in the region. There are no baselines for wild flora and fauna species, and secondary information is scanty and dispersed. FATA Secretariat has a Forestry Unit, which is only involved in afforestation activities, and maintains basic data of forest area in the region. However, management of the available forests and rangelands is under tribal control, as there are no state designated reserves or protected areas. The only data available on water, soil, agriculture, climate and watersheds is from the Water Assessment Study and Management Plan5. For the purpose of this IEE, detailed deliberations were held with relevant stakeholders from the state, civil society and academia. A focused primary survey was also conducted to ascertain species distribution and abundance along with a very basic hazard mapping exercise. As a result, an effort was made to establish a baseline or state of environment for the three selected agencies, with a focus on sub-project site locations. Having stated the above, there are still limitations to the accuracy and authenticity, since in numerous cases, sources for data are singular and cannot be cross verified due to paucity of reliable sources. Physical Environment Topography Bajaur Agency, smallest of the agencies in FATA, has a hilly terrain and covers an area of 1,290 km2 and is located between latitude 34o 30’ and 34o 59’ N and longitude 71o 14’ and 71o 48’ E. Northern part of the Agency is drained by the Bajaur stream and its tributaries, while the southern part drains into Swat River. Nawagai, Charmung, Khatai, Watalai and Babukara streams join the Bajaur stream and eventually fall into the Panjkora River. The total cultivated area of the agency is about 75,350 ha6, while the forest area is about 26,471 ha. The major crops grown are wheat, maize, vegetables and orchid. The elevation of Bajaur varies from 762 to 1,220 m amsl with varying slope. The sub project area near the Damano village is Piedmont alluvial plan and topographically terraced land.
5 Water Assessment Study & Management Plan, Bajaur, Khyber and Mohmand, published by ADB and FATA Secretariat, produced under the ADB FATA Rural Development Project (FRDP) 4FATA Development Statistics 2012
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Climate Bajaur Agency is located at the extreme end of the Himalayan Range which creates variations and uncertainty in the monsoon rains from month to month and year to year. Nevertheless, on account of the peculiar geographical position of the area, Bajaur does get its share of rains with winter and spring rains being more predictable than rains at other times of the year. Rabi crops have a good chance of reaching maturity, but variations in the timing and amount of precipitation create risks and lead to variable yields. The climate of the project area varies from semi-arid sub-tropical to sub- humid temperate zones. Physiographic features, especially altitudes have major impact on local climatic conditions. This is well depicted by the soils and vegetation of the area. Rainfall in the Agency is maximum on high mountains in the north and decreases towards south, and is well distributed over the year. Snow also falls in the winters on the mountains, with valleys getting frosty. 10 watersheds of the Agency fall into the Sub-humid Sub-tropical Zone, 3 fall into the Sub-Humid Temperate Zone while 2 fall within the Semi-arid Sub-tropical Zone. Damano falls in to the Babukara watershed, and is in the Sub-humid Temperate climatic zone. The Sub project area receives rainfalls in the range of 1007 mm. whereas the Bajaur Agency receives rainfalls about 1000-1300 mm rainfall. The agency has extreme climate. The winter season begins in November and lasts up to March. The winters are extremely chill and cold and sometimes temperature plunges below freezing point. December, January and February are the coldest months. The mean minimum and maximum temperatures in these months are in the range of 3 to 16 degree Celsius. The summer season lasts from May to October. June, July and August are the hottest months. The mean minimum and maximum temperatures in this period are in the range of 20 to 33 degree Celsius7. The nearest station to the project area is Saidu Sharif. The graphical presentation of mean monthly with minimum and maximum temperature for Peshawar is provided in figure 4.2 below
7 Hydrological studies Feasibility Report (Data Source: Met office Saidu Sharif)
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Figure 4.2 Mean Monthly Temperature8
Recent Droughts Primary survey revealed that droughts occur in the area, but are not very severe. The last significant drought was of four years duration, from 1999 to 2004. Nawagai area was most affected where the Nawagai Khwar dried as well. There was a drop of 30% in the agricultural yield and that was the only significant impact of drought. Hydrology The catchment area of Damano weir is 12.65 sq. km. Surface flow was not gauged in the past therefore, no flow record exists within the watershed of proposed weir site. The estimation of water availability has also been carried out indirectly by Soil Conservation Services Curve Number (SCS) method. Perennial flow in low flow season September to February and high flow in March to August is added in estimated flow. Curve number of 57, 75 and 88 for AMC-I, AMC-II and AMC-III conditions are used. As Saidu Sharif rainfall data is representing the project area rainfall, water availability is estimated without any adjustment / correction factor. Perennial flow exists at proposed weir site. Flow measurements have been carried out at Damano weir site. As per flow measurements 15 - 30 lit./sec
8 Data Source: Met office Saidu Sharif Swat
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could be expected in lean period. During site visits in March and May, 2017 observations/measurements were taken and also confirmed from locals. The perennial flow will be partially diverted and after some short distance from weir site the environmental flow will be available. Moreover, all these schemes are community based construction, where the construction of channels were made according to the local community demand, considering their other water uses, if any, like water supply etc. The fish is not present, while the use of water by other habitat will meet by irrigation water channel. Regional Geology The Bajaur Agency in which the Damano weir has been proposed lies in the region which is close to the collision zone of the Indian and Eurasian Plates; the collision process started in the late Eocene to Early Oligocene with the formation of Himalayan Ranges and this process is still going on. Relative to Eurasia, the Indian Plate is still moving northward at a rate of about 4 cm/yr. The subduction of the Indian Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate has resulted in folding and thrusting of the upper crustal layers near the collisional boundary. The thrusting has been depicted from north to south in the shape of Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT), Main Mantle Thrust (MMT), Main Central Thrust (MCT) and Salt Range Thrust (SRT). Geology of the Project Area The ultramafic rocks are also found in the area, where granite, micro granite, pegmatite and diorite have been encountered in the northern part. Various rocks types include serpentinite, pyronenites and peridotite. The ultramafic body seems to have forcefully intruded the greenish and yellowish crystalline limestone and marble. Serpentinite are light green to dark green, hard and compact but at places, aretakasic. Peridotite is of whitish green color, hard and compact and is mostly serpentinized.
Weir Site Geology
At weir axis rocks comprising granodiorite, granite and diorites are exposed at right abutment only. Left abutment of weir shall be placed on overburden material comprising angular boulders, cobbles and gravel with sand and appreciable amount of fines (ABGM). The thickness of overburden is yet to be known, however it is anticipated that rock may encounter at a shallow depth. Nullah bed material comprise alluvial material rounded to sub- rounded in shape, with little or no sand, mostly of igneous and metamorphic origin. At right abutment, a very thin cover (0.1 – 1.00 m) angular boulders and gravel with sand and appreciable amount of fines exists over igneous rocks comprising granodiorites, granites, and diorites. The Sub-Project area of Damano Weir is consists of metamorphic rocks
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such as schist whereas in rest of the agency rock out crops are consists of igneous rocks. Unconsolidated rocks constitutes the alluvial fill of the command area comprise of uppermost clayey layer, followed by gravels, boulders and sand as soil classified strata9. Soil Medium textured soils are found in all parts of the central plains of Bajaur Agency. Water torrents erode the hilly soils which deposit coarse material at the foot of the mountain's slope. The upper and middle valleys of Bajaur Agency consist of silt clay loam which is generally drainable. The upper southwestern portion of the Agency comprises of gullied land, which has been severely eroded due to the excessive slope of the mountains towards the Bajaur Khwar. Although there is a wide range of soil types, over 60 percent of the area ranges from moderately coarse to medium fine in soil texture. All these soils are suitable for irrigation from a textural standpoint and can produce very good crop yields if managed properly. Soil of the study area is sandy loam, non-calcareous, non-saline and non- sodic in nature. Soil pH is slightly to medium alkaline. The soils are low in organic matter and nitrogen contents, low to medium in phosphorous while medium in potassium contents. Profile development of the soil is the result of the action of climate and vegetation upon the parent material over a period of time as conditioned by relief. The land use by human being changes the environment and modifies the above factors. Seismology
Figure 4.3 shows the tectonic map of the area. The area falls moderate to severe seismic zone Formations in the study area are highly folded and faulted due to tectonic movement. A large variety of rocks occur together in a very disturbed manner. The country rocks are diorites, granite phyllites and amphibolites with limestone, schist and phyllites.
9 Geological Studies Section of Feasibility Report
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Figure 4.3: Tectonic Map of Pakistan10
10 Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department
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Ambient Air Quality and Noise Sources of air and noise pollution around the sub-project area are minimal. The area is predominantly rural, with no major industrial setups, apart from small scale marble cutting and polishing units. The NEQS for noise in residential areas is 55 dB (A) in the day time and 45 dB (A) at night. Traffic is low, with heavy traffic being minimal. The ambient air quality and noise at site was conducted at a 10 m distance (Figure 4.4) from the main subproject axis as most of the construction activities will be done here while the residential area is at distance of more than 500 m where the impact of all the construction activities will be minimum. The sampling location were selected keeping in view; (a) the Sensitive Receptors and (b) magnitude of construction activities. These locations will be helpful for construction phase impacts monitoring and comparison of the results with the baseline situation. The result (Table 4.1) reveals that the air quality of the area is within the permissible limits of NEQS whereas the noise level is high i.e. 57 dB (A) which exceeds the NEQS. The high noise is because of falling water striking the large boulders in the khwar/stream.
Table 4.1: Ambient Air Quality and Noise of the Project area
S. No Parameter UoM Results NEQS Method
1 Carbon Monoxide (CO) mg/m3 0 5 Electrochemical
3 2 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) µg/m 1.73 120 Electrochemical
3 Nitrogen Oxide (NO) µg/m3 7.4 40 Electrochemical
3 4 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) µg/m 1.3 80 Electrochemical
3 5 PM10 µg/m 43 150 Light Scattering
6 Noise dB(A) 57 55 Digital Sound Meter
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Figure 4.4: Environmental Testing and Sampling Map
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Water Resources A number of springs and streams of sweet water flow throughout the agency and serve as clean water sources for drinking and irrigation Rud is the major stream, which drains the main Khar – Nawagai valley and flows from south west to north – east and discharges into Munda Khwar at a village called Kulala (Bajaur). Drainage pattern plays key role in the ground water system. The seasonal Nullah on which the weir is proposed is flowing near the command area of the Sub-Project of Damano Weir. The Nullah is flowing from North to South. The Nullah finally joins Babukara Khwar leaves the Bajaur Agency through Bajaur Khwar.
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Figure 4.5: Surface Water Resources in Project Area
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Surface Water
The Water Assessment Study & Management Plan, published by FATA Secretariat and ADB in 2010 is the most detailed and reliable study conducted for water resources development and management for the three agencies of FATA. According to the Study, there are a number of streams and their tributaries in the project area of Bajaur Agency that have perennial flow from snow melt. Panjkora River is the only major river that flows through the project area of Bajaur Agency. Panjkora River originates from the mountains between Dir district and Afghanistan, and flows as a boundary river between Dir and Bajaur for a short distance. Jandul Khwar or Jandul River is the other perennial stream that joins Panjkora in Dir. There are no active irrigation canals on Panjkora River, but a large irrigation scheme is under construction namely Balambat Irrigation Scheme. This scheme will divert 124 cusecs of water to irrigate 4,400 ha of agricultural land in and around the District Dir. There are 15 watersheds in Bajaur Agency, which amount for total surface water available in a given average year as approximately 291 MCM, where 87.5 MCM is already being utilized for irrigation purposes while approximately 204.3 MCM flows out of the Agency unutilized. 63% of this outflow water is from perennial sources, while the remaining 37% is generated from rainfall. Average net surface water available in 15 watershed ranges between 39 MCM in Charmang watershed to 0.3 MCM in the Chamarkand watershed. The distribution of watersheds and their salient features are given below:
Table 4.2: Details of Watershed
Confining Coordinates S. No Watershed Area of Longitude (E) Latitude (N) Watershed Degree Degree (km2) 1. Chamarkand 71.17-71.23 34.65-34.80 17.42 2. Targao 71.63-71.77 34.65-34.75 94.39 3. Main Barang 71.55-71.67 34.70-34.75 91.23 4. Alizai 71.55-71.64 34.58-34.73 55.70 5. Hayatai Bandagai 71.61-71.79 34.74-34.80 43.67 6. Kamangara 71.23-71.33 34.67-34.79 51.36 7. Arang 71.61-71.81 34.54-34.70 90.10 8. Mandal Burthrus 71.46-71.57 34.51-34.64 55.87 9. Asil Targhao 71.53-71.65 34.66-34.77 76.02 10. Salarzai-III 71.47-71.69 34.66-34.75 194.07 11. Charmang 71.22-71.48 34.85-34.95 197.27 12. Loi Mamund 71.27-71.49 34.76-34.98 162.96 13. Wara Mamund 71.30-71.46 34.73-34.85 88.50 14. Salarzai-I 71.46-71.56 34.73-34.88 61.24 15. Salarzai-II 71.43-71.51 34.83-34.93 45.70
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Babukara Khwar/stream, where weir will be constructed, falls within the 10 Bajaur (10-B) watershed.
Ground Water
Unregulated abstraction of groundwater through unplanned construction of tube-wells and dug-wells has considerably lowered the water table and groundwater aquifers are under extreme stress in most of the watersheds in the project area. South of Bajaur consists of metamorphic rocks such as schist while the rest of the Agency has igneous rock formations of granodiorite and diorite. Major valleys have alluvial deposits and the lithological sequence consists of clayey top layer, underlain by gravel and sand, and a clayey bottom layer. Groundwater is usually found at a depth of 17 - 21 meters. Rainfall is the only source of recharge in the command area. The command area of the sub project area is situated on the recharge boundary of the Sub watershed 10 B in which the estimated recharge has been computed 8.13 (mcm). The above estimation is for wet year. The previous record indicates that the area under report have some ground water potential. Water Quality The surface water sample was collected 10 m upstream of weir axis while ground water sample of the sub project area was collected from the nearby settlements (Figure 4.4) to determine the baseline conditions of the water and its suitability for irrigation and drinking purposes. These samples were analyzed in the Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) Laboratory Peshawar. The result shows (Table 4.3) that the surface water is fit for irrigation with exception of turbidity while the drinking water quality is fit for drinking purposes as far as the chemicals concentrations are concerned however with respect to biological analyses, it requires proper treatment like chlorination, ozonation or passing through ultra violet rays etc. Other analytical results are within the NEQs limits.
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Table 4.3: Water Quality analysis result for Damano
S. Parameters UoM Methods NEQS Drinking Surface No Water Water Results Results
1 E.C µS/cm APHA 0 395 340
2 pH -- APHA 6.5-8.5 8.1 7.4
3 Total mg/l APHA <1000 203.39 226.32 Dissolved solids (TDS)
4 Total mg/l APHA <500 149.55 179.46 Hardness as CaCO3
5 Sodium mg/l APHA 200 6.97 16.94
6 Potassium mg/l APHA 12 0 0
7 Sulphate mg/l APHA 250 21.93 26.92
8 Chloride mg/l APHA 250 47.85 49.85
9 Alkalinity mg/l APHA <500 1.99 2.19
10 Color TCU APHA Non- Complies Complies objectionable
11 Odor APHA Non- Complies Complies objectionable
12 Taste APHA Non- Complies Complies objectionable
13 Nitrogen- mg/l APHA 50 2.49 2.39 Nitrates
14 Turbidity NTU APHA <5 4.68 10.1
15 Bicarbonate mg/l APHA -- 99.70 109.67
16 Calcium mg/l APHA -- 61.81 31.90
17 Carbonate mg/l APHA -- BDL BDL
18 Magnesium mg/l APHA -- 5.98 23.92
19 Total Coliform Cfu/100ml APHA <1/100ml 12 NT
20 E.Coli Cfu/100ml APHA <1/100ml <1 NT
Land use and Land Cover The data pertaining to land use is required to understand that how much area at present is put directly under different crops. Culturable area, cultivated and unculturable areas are also known to see the extent of increase in cropped area, which may be achieved with the provision of project conditions. Similarly,
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culturable waste and forest, if any, are also taken into considerations. Supply of irrigation water would increase the cultivated areas. Some areas may be cultivated more than one time resulting in increased cropping intensity. The statistics regarding the present land use in the study area are presented in Table 4.4.
Table 4.4 Land Use Statistics of Bajaur Agency11
Bajaur Agency Area in Hectares Total Reported Area 129035 Cultivated Area 75945 (i) Net Sown 55108 (ii) Current Fallow 20837 Cropped Area 68776 Un-Cultivated Area 53090 (i) Culturable Waste 10590 (ii) Forest 23371 (iii) Not Available for Cultivation 19129
Land use and land cover of the Damano are depicted in figure below:
11 Source: Development Statistics of FATA (2012-13 to 2014-15)
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Figure 4.6: Land use Map of Damano
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Biological Environment The natural environment of the Project area has undergone severe degradation due to intensive use of ground water resources, miss management of watershed resources, over grazing of range lands and uncontrolled cutting of forest trees 12 . The agriculture, irrigation, forest range, and forestry interventions in terms of tree plantation in the Project area will restore the lost eco-systems. Flora Ecologically, this area falls within the main group of Dry Subtropical Broad leaved Forest 13 . The sub–group is Monotheca Scrubs. Generally, the vegetation is thorny evergreen shrubs, which are capable of developing into small trees, even under harsh climatic conditions and social pressure (heavy grazing /browsing). The main tree species are, Monotheca buxifolia (Gurgura), Zizyphus nummularia (Ber), Acacia modesta (Phulai), Olea cuspidate (wild olive), prosopis spp(mesquite), tamarix spp (Farash) and Dodonaea viscose (Sanatha). Some important shrubs are, Adhatoda vasica (Bahker), Calotropis spp (ak), Rhazya spp (vena), Rumex hastatus (khatumaal), Carrisa spp (granda), and Capparis spp (karir). The common grasses are Heteropogon, Cymopogon, Saccharum clumps (munja). The ground vegetation makes appearance after the spring rains in the month of January and February. Some of the tree species, which have been planted by the forest department and local community are, eucalyptus, bakian, mulberry, shisham, and popular. No endangered species have been reported in the project area by the locals. Project area and the study area are free of forest cover. Overall natural vegetation, including shrubs, bushes and grasses can be aptly termed as potential rangelands which provide grazing habitat for livestock. Following are some species of trees and shrubs found in the project area:
12 PC-I Proforma for Fata Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) 13 (Forest Types of Pakistan by Champion, Seth and Khattak, 1965)
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Table 4.5: Common Trees Species in Project Area
Local Name Botanical Name Local Status Picture
Shisham Dalbergia sissoo Common
Karkana Zizypus Rare
Pepal Ficus religiosa Rare
Safaida Eucalyptus Common
Zeeton (wild olive) Olea cuspidate Rare
Phulai Acacia modesta Common
Ber Ziziphus Rare nummularia
Farash Tamarix spp Rare
Mesquite prosopis spp Rare
Sufidar (hybrid Populus Common poplar)
Kikar Acacia nilotica Common
Toot (Mulberry) Morus Common
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Local Name Botanical Name Local Status Picture
Arjun Terminalia arjuna Rare
Bakain (dhraik) Melia azedarach Common
Palosa Acacia Modesta Rare
Table 4.6: Common Grasses Species in the Area
Common Name Botanical Name Picture
baruwa grass Saccharum clumps (munja)
Suryalla ghass Heteropogon contortus
lemon grass Cymbopogon
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Table 4.7: Common Shrub Species in the Project Area
Local / Common Name Botanical Name Picture
Bahker Adhatoda vasica
Ak Calotropis spp
Vena Rhazya spp
Khatumaal Rumex hastatus
Granda Carrisa spp
Karir Capparis spp
Karkanrha Zizyphus
Fauna In consultation with local residents, the following animals have potential to be in the area:
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Table 4.8: Fauna of the Project Area
S No. Common Name Scientific Name 1 Mammals i) Jackals Canis aureus (LC) ii) Foxes SSP. Vulpes (LC) iii) Field rats Rattus norvegicus (LC) iv) Hare Lepus nigricollis (LC) v) Porcupine Hystrix indica (LC) vi) Hedge Hog Erinaceinae (LC) vii) Wild cat Felis chaus (LC) 2 Reptiles i) Rat eating snake Colubrinae (NE) ii) House gecko Hemidactylus frenatus (LC) 3 Amphibians i) Common Toads Bufo bufo (LC) 4 Others i) Scorpions Scorpiones (NE) ii) Spiders Araneae (NE)
*LC: Least Concern NE: Not Evaluated as per IUCN Red list, 2017.
Avifauna Avifauna of the area is highly diversified and colorful, which is widely dispersed in gardens, cultivated fields, streams and hill slopes. Common species are given in Table 4.9.
Table 4.9: Avifauna of the Project Area
S# Common Name Scientific Name 1. Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax (LC) 2. Long Legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus (LC) 3. Sparrow Hawk Accipiter nisus (LC) 4. Rose Finch Carpodacus erythrinus (LC) 5. Indian Blue Robin Luscinia brunnea (LC) 6. Red Headed Bunting Emberiza bruniceps (LC) 7. Crested Bunting Melophus lathami (LC) 8. Grey Tit Melaniparus afer (LC) 9. Blue Throated Fly Catcher Cyornis rubeculoides (LC) 10. White Throated Dipper Cinclus cinclus (LC) 11. Green Warbler Phylloscopus nitidus (LC) 12. Himalayan Tree Creeper Certhia himalayana (LC)
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S# Common Name Scientific Name 13. Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis (LC) 14. Rosy Pastor Pastor roseus (LC) 15. Common Babbler Turdoides caudata (LC) 16. Rufous Backed Shrike Lanius schach (LC) 17. Hoopoe Upupa epops (LC) 18. Red Vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer (LC) 19. White Cheeked Bulbul Pycnonotus leucotis (LC) 20. Grey Partridge Perdix perdix (LC) 21. Black Partridge Melanoperdix niger (VU) 22. See See Partridge Ammoperdix griseogularis (LC) 23. Grey Lag Goose Anser anser (LC) 24. Wigeon Mareca penelope (LC) 25. Pintail Anas acuta (LC) 26. Mallard Anas platyrhynchos (LC) 27. Grey Heron Ardea cinerea (LC) 28. Black Winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus (LC) 29. Great Egret Ardea alba (LC) 30. Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus (LC) 31. Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus (LC) 32. Curlew Numenius phaeopus (LC) 33. Red-Wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus (LC) 34. Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius (LC) 35. Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava (LC) 36. Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax (LC) 37. Little Egret Egretta garzetta (LC) 38. White Breasted King Fisher Halcyon smyrnensis (LC)
Black and grey partridges as well as quails are also commonly seen. Black Partridge (Melanoperdix niger) classified as vulnerable species in accordance to the Red list of IUCN.
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The hotspots for these birds and waterfowls are irrigation dams, khwars and river beds and banks. No threatened or endangered species were observed in the project area, as per IUCN red list classification of 2017. Protected areas / National sanctuaries As stated earlier, there are no wildlife or forest laws enacted for FATA. However, more recently, Governor KP has issued a notification, declaring all wetlands in FATA as Community Game Reserves. Hunting shall only be allowed with joint agreement of local communities and political authorities. Following map shows the protected wetlands along with proximity to the sub project, as per Governor’s notification. But it is far away from the project site. Moreover, a separate notification has also been issued declaring trade in body parts (pelt, skin, stuffed bodies, trophies, etc.) of all wild fauna including migratory birds as illegal. Both of these are attached as Annex II. As per Governor KP notification there are about 5 wetlands in Bajaur Agency but are far away from the sub project site. The nearest wetland Raghagan dam is about 10 Km distance from the project site. Socio-Economic Environment Bajaur Agency is divided into Seven Tehsils, which are Barang, Nawagai, Khar, Mamund, Salarzai, Utmankhel and Chamarkand. Its border with Afghanistan's Kunar province makes it of strategic importance to Pakistan and the region. Bajaur is about 45 miles (72 km) long by 20 miles (32 km) broad, and lies at a high level to the east of the Kunar Valley, from which it is separated by a continuous line of rugged frontier hills, forming a barrier easily passable at one or two points. Across this barrier, the old road from Kabul to Pakistan ran before the Khyber Pass was adopted as the main route. To the south of Bajaur is the wild mountain district of the Mohmands. To the east, beyond the Panjkora River, are the hills of Swat, dominated by another Pashtun group. To the north is an intervening watershed between Bajaur and the small tehsil of Dir. It is over this watershed and through the valley of Dir, there is the new road from Malakand runs to Chitral. The drainage of Bajaur flows eastwards, starting from the eastern slopes of the dividing ridge, which overlooks the Kunar and terminating in the Panjkora River, so that
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the district lies on a slope tilting gradually downwards from the Kunar ridge to the Panjkora. Nawagai is the chief town of Bajaur, and the Khan of Nawagai was previously under British protection for the purpose of safeguarding of the Chitral road14. Administrative Set Up The Political Agent is the over all in charge for the agency administration, assisted by Assistant Political Agents. The agency headquarter is located at Khar. Administratively, Bajaur Agency comprises of two sub-divisions, namely, Khar sub-division and Nawagai sub-division under two Assistant Political Agents. Khar sub-division has further been divided into three Tehsil, namely Khar, Salarzai, and Uthman khel, while Nawagai sub- division consists of four tehsils, namely Chamar kand, Nawagai, Mamund and Barang. Tehsils in the agency are under the charge of three Political Tehsildars and Political Naib Tehsildars. Demographic Profile Bajaur is inhabited almost exclusively by Tarkani (Tarkalani) Pashtuns, and there are three main sub-tribes in Bajaur: Utman Khel, Tarkalani, Mamund (Kakazai, Wur and Salarzai) as well as a small population of Safis. The Utman Khel are at the southeast of Bajaur, while Mamund are at the southwest, and the Tarkani are at the north of Bajaur15. FATA has a unique governance status, whereby all land is owned by tribes inhabiting the areas since generations. Any physical activity hence carried out needs the agreement of the locals, as well as land donation by them. Since it is an egalitarian society, chances of elite capture are minimum and major decisions are taken by Jirga, the tribal administrative and management body. The Malik (chief/elder) serves as an intermediary between the tribe and the political administration, in exchange for a regular allowance with which to meet social and leadership obligations. The more weapons at Malik’s disposal and the more men he can command to bear arms when needed, the greater is his stature within the tribe. The jirga plays an important part in tribal society as a traditional mechanism for conflict resolution. Tribal people are accustomed to managing their own resources and solving disputes without outside intervention. They act collectively to assist others in the group and help fulfill social obligations. Marriages and deaths, for
14 Holdich, Thomas Hungerford. "Bajour". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopedia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 226. 15 Historical and administrative profile of the Bajaur Agency (.fata.gov.pk)
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example, draw support from all members of the tribe, as do everyday activities such as harvesting and threshing, laying and clearing irrigation channels, carrying out flood protection, maintaining paths, cutting grass, and constructing hujras (meeting places), mosques or other buildings. Population Total population of the Agency according to 2017 census is about 1,093,684 persons, out of which 51% are males and 49% are female16, with growth rate of 3.25%. The sub project site, Damano, is situated in the east of Khar, within tehsil Salarzai at a distance of approximately 20 km. Total population of the area is approximately 2960 persons and 200 households. Saab Khan khel is main tribe and is further sub divided into sub tribes Hilal Khel and Saidan.
Table 4.10: Population Details of Bajaur Agency7
Household Population Male Female Sex Population 1998- 2017 Ratio 1998 2017 Averag e Annual Growth Rate
120,457 1,093,684 557,160 536,520 103.85 595,227 3.25
Family Size The average household consists of 9.077 individuals in the above mentioned three selected tehsils of the Agency. The male and female ratio is 103.85 males to 100 females7. The analysis of the available data shows that 22% out of male population is below 18 years old while 29% of female population is below 18 years indicating a female dominated youth population bulge. The data further reveals that one (01) out of 500 persons lives with disabilities in Bajaur Agency. The large number of youth, mostly females and significant number of physically challenged persons will further escalate the population vulnerabilities in the coming years which need to be addressed through appropriate measures17.
7http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf
16http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf
17 FATA-Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project (RLCIP)
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Dwelling Mostly the houses are made of mud throughout the agency. The houses are called Qila that is fortresses, which encompasses a number of houses inside. A house generally consists of two or three rooms with a verandah in the rear and front. Joint family system is in vogue in the agency. Every cluster of houses has a common sitting place called Hujra where the male members daily meet, discuss and share views on variety of local, national and inter-national issues with each other’s. It is a common place and is also used as a guest room. The young spend winter nights in Hujra and arrange for themselves music programmes or dishes as a pass time activity. It is an important part of Pakhtoon culture, which is unfortunately changing with the modern times as people have begun to prefer using personal gust-room. Majority of the houses (91%) of the study area have ordinary construction (Katcha structure) with timber roof and mud mortar, whereas moderate standard buildings with cement masonry (pacca structure) and dry stone masonry (semi-pacca structure) are 2% and 7% respectively. Language Pashto is the main language of the area, with a softer form spoken in the north and a harder dialect in the south.
The Family System The area has a predominant tradition of joint families with male siblings residing in one household even after marriage. New life style has motivated people towards a nuclear family system, but economic compromises and cultural values restrain them from adopting this type of family system. The family ties are still good and relatively less materialistic. As a social institution, the family is still very strong. Men are the dominant force in the household, with final say in the affairs of all members of the family. Women, by comparison, play a subservient role and observe strict pardah (veiling). Although divorces or separations are extremely rare in tribal households, a husband is free to take on additional wives. Livestock Livestock not only provides milk, meat, eggs for daily human consumption but also provides hides/skins and wool/hair and bones/blood for industrial products and manure /urine for soil fertilization. Livestock is also a source of rural transport and draft power in Agricultural farming and provides an easy source of income to majority of the rural population.
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The FATA, being mostly dry hilly terrain, has little land for crops production whereas sizeable land is available for grazing. The land-less and small holders (more than 85% of farmers) are mostly dependent on Livestock production. Livestock provides employment to 50% of the population either directly or indirectly. About 80% of the income of trans-hum ant families accrues from Livestock. There is a good enough network of Veterinary Institutions in FATA established since years, providing Veterinary services to the poor Livestock Farmers; but due to meager amount of operational funds, lack of access to appropriate know how the SDS is not up to the required level. See Table 4.11 below for the status of veterinary services in Bajaur Agency.
Table 4.11: Veterinary Service available in Bajaur Agency
Conflicts Resolution Mechanism FATA region is traditionally based on the principle of close association by tribe or kinship. The people of FATA have long been accustomed to witnessing violent conflict between the members of different tribes and clans. Inter- or intra-tribe conflict may range from minor family disputes that create tensions and uncertainty to full-blown armed clashes that result in irreparable losses. While for many generations the people have managed to build their lives in this climate of instability, today there is growing awareness that internecine conflict of this sort is a waste of resources and a major obstacle in the way of development. The tribal elder (Malik) often serves as an intermediary between people and the local administrative structures for identifying the priorities. The tribal council of elders (Jirga) is the main mechanism for decision making on behalf of the local population and is also considered the key entity for conflict resolution and providing judgment for punitive actions. The Jirga is essentially the only mechanism for out-of-court settlements over enmities that span generations. The tribe’s identity in FATA is the key to how local communities exercise their right to and ownership of natural resources and other assets. The tribal identity as depicted through the Malik and Jirga is therefore essential for access and use of resources and is often seen as the only safety net available to poorer segments of the population. This intricate community system has survived for centuries with adequate legitimacy by the political administration as well
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as acceptance by local communities as it continues to exert its influence on communal life. In more recent times, some development projects18 working in the tribal agencies have invested in forming local community based groups and indigenous organizations that have cooperated with the local Jirga as well as the political administration for implementing their programs. Religious Beliefs A primary survey was conducted as part of the Social Feasibility Study. All the respondents of the Social Assessment Primary Survey, reported to be Muslim. People generally have conservative outlook on life and are particular in observance of religious ceremonies. Majority of the respondents normally offers prayers and keep fasts during the month of Ramzan. Religious extremism was in full swing for last few years, but the situation is relatively better now. Majority of the population belong to Sunni sect of Islam. They believe in Hanfi interpretation of Shariah. Majority has a religious disposition and practice Islam according to its fundamental principles. Inheritance is divided according to the Islamic principles and daughters are given their property right accordingly. Water Supply and Sanitation Springs, streams, rivers and perennial watercourses serve as the primary source of water for drinking and domestic use. In mountainous areas, where natural surface and ground sources are not available, people rely on rain-water ponds. In the plains where surface water is scarce, shallow wells allow the people to meet their basic requirements. A combination of factors, including the large-scale movement of displaced persons from neighboring Afghanistan, has adversely affected forest reserves which are critical for watershed protection. The depletion of forest resources has reduced the water retention capacity of the soil, while ecological and climatic conditions have led to the low recharge of groundwater sources. As a result, many springs, streams and perennial watercourses have dried up, forcing people to turn to deep groundwater sources. Official records for 2004–05 show that 56 per cent of the population is covered by water supply schemes, mainly through community tanks and taps. Just 27 per cent of supply through these schemes consists of individual residential connections. Some 85 per cent of public-sector schemes rely on groundwater, while the remaining use surface sources19. The majority of groundwater schemes consist of tube
18 For example the ADB supported the FATA Rural Development Project in Khyber, Bajaur and Mohmand agencies that implemented the project interventions through Community Organizations for delivering services including drinking water supply schemes; irrigation and small dams; natural resource management e.g. raising forest nurseries; etc. 19 Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA); Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project, FATA Secretariat.
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wells, while dug wells and infiltration galleries using electric or diesel pumps are few in number. The normal water table in most parts of FATA is between 300 and 500 feet. Surface schemes are gravity-based, using slopes and gradients to carry water to distribution points. Sources developed by the works and services department are analyzed for physical and chemical properties alone, and these results show that the water is fit for human consumption. Traditionally, settlements in the tribal areas have always been widely dispersed. For reasons of security, meanwhile, communities have generally preferred to build their houses on mounds and hill-tops. In such areas, the drainage of rainwater and domestic wastewater was never a problem. Perhaps as a result, most communities failed to pay much attention to sanitation infrastructure. But as the population has grown and settlements have expanded, this arrangement is no longer safe or practicable. The physical growth of settlements without any provision for basic sanitation is degrading the living environment and polluting water sources. Commerce, trade and business activities, and related services, add to the congestion. Today, the lack of adequate sanitation infrastructure poses a serious health hazard. Children, women and the elderly are particularly vulnerable. Recent figures on sanitation coverage in FATA are not available. Results from the 1998 housing census show that 36.86 per cent of houses have “separate” latrines, 6.99 per cent have access to shared latrines and 56.15 per cent have no latrines. No details about the type of latrine (flush or pit) are given in the census report, making it difficult to assess what percentage of the population has access to hygienic sanitation facilities. Overall, it appears that just 10 per cent of the population has access to adequate sanitation in the form of toilets, sewerage, drainage and solid waste disposal. Poverty The FATA region has historically remained amongst the poorest parts of Pakistan. There are serious disparities in service provision as compared to the rest of the country. The absence of visible progress and the perceived lack of interest by both sub-national and federal governments in redressing the disparities have consequently deteriorated citizens’ trust in the ability of government institutions to meet the basic needs of the population. The general lack of basic services and weak institutional capacity to provide these have been recognized as drivers of crisis creating conducive environment for opportunistic militant groups whose economic incentives for
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potential recruits greatly outweighed the alternatives available to the people for their livelihoods. The militancy crisis in KP and FATA is a key contributor to stagnant growth and high unemployment. The ranks of the unemployed have risen with the intensification of the crisis in 2009/10, and even are likely to continue rising. These conditions have created a conducive environment for opportunistic militant groups whose economic incentives for potential recruits greatly outweigh alternative available options. Many are dependent on the black economy, drug trafficking and criminal activity for survival. Official statistics on rural income and poverty in the area are quite weak. Factors underlying the region's poverty include (i) historical, political, and social isolation; (ii) a legal system reliant on executive and judicial authority administered through civil servants preferring to maintain the status quo; (iii) poor quality and coverage of institutions responsible for the provision of basic services; (iv) social practices that preclude women’s participation in economic life; and (v) lack of effective institutions for skill training to enable the labor force to shift from low to high-productivity sectors. Poverty has to some extent made the population vulnerable to extremist tendencies and criminality. In the absence of viable options to earn a living, the lure of illicit activities such as smuggling (consumer goods, weapons) and drug trafficking is as difficult to resist as the call of extremist elements. Health facilities Health indicators for FATA are incomplete and, in many cases, only estimates are available. These highlight the poor state of the health care system. Infant mortality is estimated to be as high as 87 deaths per 1,000 live births, while maternal mortality is thought to exceed 600 deaths per 100,000 live births. Access to health services is severely limited, with just one dispensary, Basic Health Units (BHU20) or Rural Health Centre (RHCs21) reported in the year 2004 for every 50 square kilometers of area, and these facilities concentrated near the settled areas.
20 A BHU is a first level health care facility, located at the village level. It is supposed to have a medical practitioner to provide first aid and refer cases to higher level facilities 21 RHCs function primarily at tehsil level to offer services for population ranging from 60,000 to 100,000. They are supposed to be equipped with x-ray equipment and laboratory facilities and to include some in-patient care with approximately 10 beds per center
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Social Organization Society is structured on kinship basis in the Project area. Most of the decisions are made at the household level. The rich and influential people are accepted as community leaders, especially in collective welfare and development of the area. Also, the traditional leader in the village is the “Malik”, the elder who commands respect in the community. Agriculture The FATA region is a predominantly agrarian economy, with livelihoods predicated on agriculture and livestock. While agriculture is a profitable activity with good income potential, particularly from horticulture (fruit and vegetables), given the limited water availability, agriculture is practiced in just a few valleys. The rural economy remains mainly pastoral, with low quality rangelands providing more than 70 percent of the total fodder and forage requirement. Yields are substantially lower than national averages and dependent on rainfall. The project area is dominated by small farmers with less than 5 acres (approximately 2 ha) of land and a few livestock. Many of these households experience food deficits and rely on remittances to meet their needs. Only 7 per cent of the total geographic area of FATA is cultivated, with another one percent recorded as fallow, accounting for roughly half of all potentially cultivable land. A little over 40 percent of the cultivated area in FATA is irrigated, while the remaining farmland relies exclusively on rainfall. In irrigated areas, water is provided through a combination of delivery systems, including tube wells, dug wells, lift pumps and traditional communal canals. Crops are categorized under two types, Rabi and Kharif, according to their cultivation seasons. Rabi crops are sown in winter and harvested in late winter or during early summer. Kharif crops are sown in summer and harvested in late summer or early winter. The Rabi crops include wheat (major), fodder and few vegetables. Kharif crops include maize (major), fodder and few vegetables. Occupation The people in the agency are not widely educated. They migrate to down districts in search of jobs or any other labour. Government services are a cherished source of livelihood for many. Agricultural farming, small scale business and working on daily wages basis are also major providers of job and sources employment in the agency. About 24.4% of the employed population which is predominantly male works as migrant workers in Gulf
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countries while just less than 30% of the population is reported as employed in other provinces of Pakistan22. Food Simplicity is the haul-mark of the food of the people of Bajaur. Rice is a staple dish especially for dinners23. Maize bread with local vegetable Saag and Lassi is offered to guest as a seasonal specialty in summer. Dress and Ornaments People wear the traditional Pakhtoon dress of Shalwar Kameez and head- wear. Generally, the people wear handmade Dir caps while notables wear Pugri and Kula, but this tradition is gradually fading out. Women folk wear Shalwar Kameez and Chadder/veil and for Purdah they use Burkas (veil). Historically, and particularly during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan beginning in 1979, the region was a major center for opium production and trafficking. Today, the transit trade with Afghanistan is a major source of employment for the local population. The economy operates on an informal basis and is undocumented, since few laws providing for the regulation of economic activity have been extended to the tribal areas. Mining Extensive deposits of marble are found at several places in Bajaur Agency. The marble is associated with the calcareous rocks in the malange zone. The marble is processed in different green and block colours. The marble is processed in different marble factories in KP, and in other parts of the country. Economic Features According to Primary Social Survey of the project area, 75% percent households were found to be involved in farming activities, 10 percent as daily wage laborers.. About 4% of the population reported to be small traders or vendors engaged in small scale business (shops, stores, auto workshops, hotel etc.), while 5 percent were found to be involved in trading within the village. One (1%) percent earnings were coming from abroad while 5% remittances are from other cities of Pakistan. Roads According Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)-FATA Secretariat, total coverage extends to 3,390 kilometers of blacktop and another 2,000 kilometers of shingle roads in the year 2006. Land acquisition laws in force in the rest of the country do not apply to FATA. If a proposed road or bridge
22 MICS 2007, FATA Secretariat 23 https://www.facebook.com/The-Bajaurians-Society-132388113479230/
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is to pass through qaumi (tribal) land, a ‘tribal commission’ amounting to 6.2524 per cent of the total project cost is handed over to the political agent, to be distributed among local clans and tribes according to ownership. Where roads or bridges are to pass through private land, the political administration meets with the local malik and a settlement is reached through jirga negotiations. Telephone Facilities Landline telephone facilities and Cellular networks are available in the area. Sites of Historical Significance Sikandaro is the area historically known for arrival of the Alexander the Great to this area in pursuance of his conquests. A few shrines in the agency are also historically known. These are Ghazi Baba, Sakhi Baba, Shiekh Baba and Mir Ali Baba. Besides, the tomb of sakhi Arab Khan, Governor of this area under Mughals at Naway Dhand on outskirts of Khar is also of some historical importance. No sites have been reported around the sub Project site of any cultural and social significance. Gender Issues Tribal society is dominated by men. Cultural tradition, social practices and low female literacy have left women in a vulnerable position. They are for the most part restricted to performing household work, and are excluded from decision-making both on the domestic front and at the community level. Women’s access to education and health care is limited because such services are not available close to home. Women in the area play a dominant role in running the household, rearing and guiding children, managing household finances, and providing much of the labor for agriculture and animal husbandry. They do not normally have a public role, particularly in interactions with the broader society.
24 Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA); Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project, FATA Secretariat
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PROJECT ALTERNATIVES
No Project Option Project alternatives have been considered with consideration of their ability to match immediate demand and then keep pace with emerging demand while ensuring capture of available yield in the stream. With an increased awareness of the scarcity of water as a resource, short-term supplies may be achieved through demand management strategies water use efficiency, combined with research and development programmes that reduce consumption. Agricultural demand has the potential to be met through the take up of currently unutilized, or under-utilized, water resources. Groundwater supply within the area is limited to primarily stock and domestic purposes and supplies to small towns and is not considered to be a feasible alternative supply to the Project Inability to support the Project increases inherent risk of supply from a single source. The primary objective of the Project is to increase the agricultural production. The ‘no project’ option has the potential to inhibit to increase the crop production. Limiting agricultural production in particular has the potential to adversely impact on the area economy with large scale agricultural development potentially seeking alternative locations interstate due to this water supply constraint. With the implementation of project with the Increase in agricultural yields and production, the additional generating benefits are: • Additional revenues directly from the project output. • Crop diversification. The introduction of irrigation enables farmers to diversify their crops based on local markets demand and export. • Employment opportunities: during the construction phase there will be improved employment opportunities for local people and new comers. • The project will provide water for cultivation of crop, irrigated fodder development, domestic purpose, livestock etc. • Food security further improved. In this case, the proposed small scale diversion weir irrigation will have a paramount importance in further improving the overall living conditions of the people residing in and around the project environment and will plays its own role in alleviating food shortage. • Improved forage varieties provided and increase
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• Animal productivity and production. • Increase the opportunities to nursery site • establishment, and forest seedling production and • Forest tree plantation. Water availability is scarce in area hence the proposed project will contribute positively to the project area. The no project option is not viable option. Project Siting Alternatives Technically there is no other source of water or place diverting water for irrigation purposes. Location of the Weir has been fixed, by considering the natural conditions, command area and construction difficulties including topography and geology. The weir is located on left tributary of Babukara Khwar near Damano village in Salar Zai area of Bajaur Agency. The khwar has average bedslope of 7.25 % which will result high flow velocity and ample sedimentation during floods. It has been considered during project layout that any change in Khwar regime should be avoided during flood routing. The weir is placed at the minimum possible width of the khwar. Therefore, based on simple and sediment free operation a Tyrolean Weir has been proposed for the Damano weir Project. The detailed considerations for the selection of Weir site are as follows. • Suitability of the Weir structure type • Geological and Topographic conditions • Technically most suitable site to command the irrigable area • Minimum Environmental Degradation Technological Alternatives A conventional weir at proposed location may be adopted for diversion of design discharge. However, it needs sediment removal arrangement deposited at upstream, which necessitates the flushing arrangements by means of providing Bottom outlets or undersluice section. Subsurface infiltration gallery was also considered but it is not a viable option as sedimentation may choke and thus not sustainable. The diversion weir comprises an overflow sections for flood routing and a depressed Tyrolean section to divert the flow for irrigation. The Net length of Damano weir crest is 20.0 m including 2 m long Tyrolean section. Various coefficients used for weir design have been taken from design criteria provided by GTZ.
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A Tyrolean section consists of trash rack at khwar bed and embedded channel beneath. The length of rack is provided diverted 0.028 m3/sec discharge. Bars of the rack are laid parallel to flow and inclined in the direction of flow. The water, passing over the rack, is collected in the embedded channel. Due to low height of the weir, concrete apron and riprap has been proposed at downstream for energy dissipation. Selection of the Tyrolean type has been accomplished on following basis: • Self-operated system; • Insured diversion of water during minimum flow season. • Self-creation of upstream channelization and minimize silt deposition at upstream of intake; • Ease in construction; and • Cost effectiveness;
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES
Impact Assessment - Overview The Environment Assessment study has disclosed that the sub project is not likely to have any severe negative impacts on the environment and people of the area. All the potential impacts which have been identified during the present assessment are associated with the construction stage, and minor to moderate in severity; and can easily be avoided (through good design and construction planning) or mitigated (through proper implementation of the EMP). On the other hand, the project will be beneficial particularly for the local population on creation of job opportunities and extremely beneficial for irrigation. Significant social indicators of the project benefits are mentioned below: . Construction of irrigation system in virgin lands tends to change water and land use patterns that might have potential of severe, long term permanent impacts on the environmental settings of that area. . Construction activities in general could lead to interference with local community life. . Most beneficial impacts associated with the improved canal condition, management and efficient and equitable water distribution are of long-term in nature. . After completion of the construction works, the improved canal water supplies will contribute to increased cropping intensity resulting into increased use of agricultural inputs like fertilizers and pesticides which may cause limited adverse impacts and need to be addressed. . The improved water supplies will boost the agriculture and improve the living standard of the community in the project area. . The project will also help to regulate the groundwater abstraction to neutralize the lowering trend. The project will also provide unskilled jobs during the construction phase and a limited number of jobs in operations. This will be a bonus for the people of the area, many of who are used to having to travel down country for employment.
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Impact Area The project impact area mainly comprises of weir site, water channel, irrigation command area, borrow/query areas and labor camps. Exhibit below demonstrates the location of the weir and the command area that will be developed by using the irrigation water. The area as can be observed is vegetated, the weir sites are however located in and around shrub lands, hence no felling of trees is involved.
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Figure 5.1: Project Impact Area
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Table 5.1 considers the potential impacts at various stages of the project, and assesses the category of the impact, classifying them as negligible, moderate or high. Each category is defined as under: Negligible: No adverse impact Moderate: Potential impact but can be mitigated High: Definite impact but can be mitigated significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented The section further goes on to explain the table, by describing those impacts that have moderate to high impact, but can be mitigated.
Table 5.1 Screening of Environmental Impacts; Construction and Post Construction Stages
Potential Environmental Impacts Project Stage Impact Categorization N=Negligible M=Moderate H=High 1. Land resources 1.1 Excavation Construction M 1.2 Blasting Construction M 1.3 Waste generation and disposal Construction N 1.4 Labor camps, storage, approach roads Construction M 1.5 Soil pollution due to fuel and oil spillage Construction N (related to construction machinery) 1.6 Agriculture land damage Construction N 1.7 Earth Borrow Site Construction N 1.8 Installation of cement mixing plants Construction N 1.9 changes in Soil Characteristics due to labour Construction N camps, and machinery yards 1.10 Leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil Post Construction N characteristics 1.11 Soil pollution due to excessive application of Post Construction M fertilizers and pesticides 2. Hydrology and Water Resources 2.1 Contamination of surface water due to washing Construction N (machinery and other related materials) 2.2 Drinking water supply Construction N 2.3 Municipal waste disposed into the stream Construction N 2.4 Water quality & sedimentation load Post Construction N 2.7 Excessive use of irrigation water for cultivating Post Construction M high delta crops 2.8 Contamination of water due to farm runoff Post Construction N 3. Air Quality and Noise Pollution 3.1 Dust and smoke and other Construction N pollutants from plants and equipment 3.2 Smoke from burning of waste or firewood Construction N 3.3 Noise control from use of old and/or outdated Construction N machinery
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3.4 Dust Emission from Stone quarrying and Construction N transportation 4. Biological Resources 4.1 Damage to flora and fauna Construction N 4.2 Habitat fragmentation Post Construction N 4.3 Aquatic Life, especially fish Construction and N post construction 5. Socioeconomic and Cultural Issues 5.1 Tribal tensions and rivalries All stages M 5.2 Impact on civic infrastructure (education, Construction N health, roads, water supply, electricity) 5.3 Community safety risks due to both accidental Construction and M and natural hazards Post Construction 5.4 Health and safety of labor and employees at Construction H construction site 5.5 Aesthetic/scenic value Post Construction N 5.6 Employment of alien labor Construction N
Negligible: No adverse impact, Moderate: Potential impact but can be mitigated, High: Definite impact but can be mitigated Impacts on Land Resources Excavation and Blasting Being located in a hilly terrain, the weir will require excavation and likely be blasting for alignment of abutments and land leveling. The estimated amount of excavated material is 532.63 m3. Such physical work has the propensity to alter the landscape, due to cutting of trees and/or leveling mounds and hills, and also create dust pollution. Moreover, use of dynamite also poses risks to the safety of the workers as well as general public as a whole. In case of Damano Weir, the site does not have extensive vegetation in terms of trees. Any excavation work during the construction activities, whether permanent or temporary, may lead to loss of soil. Erosion of soil can also occur from removal of vegetation cover, runoff from unprotected excavated areas, etc. Excavations on slopes would also decrease its stability. It is expected that minor level of short-term risk is associated with the type of construction activities that are likely to take place. The current land formation is fairly stable sandstone therefore no major impact is associated with regards to slope stability. The duration of the risk is expected to be short and the spatial scale of risk is small because the excavation effects are not likely to affect areas further than 200 meters from the Project facilities. Mitigation Vegetation loss will be avoided as much as possible and limited to demarcated construction area. Slope stabilization measures will be adopted such as adequate vertical and horizontal drains, cross drainage etc. Slope movements will be monitored around excavation work areas. Top six inches
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soil should be protected before excavation and should be placed back after completion of construction work. The excavated material will be reused after approval from the quality control engineer and location of the dumping site should be provided in the contractor’s SSEMP. Blasting may be done where it is absolutely necessary, use safety measures in handling explosives, prepare blasting schedules along with warning sirens, and ensure minimum damage to the landscape. In compliance to the IFC standards, the Contractor will be strictly advised for controlled blasting like use of explosives for relatively hard rock in order to shatter and break the rock. These blasting activities are for a short time period and anticipated are
disturbing the ambient air level in particular the Emissions of NO2, CO, and NO are generated during the explosions. However; the Contractor will be strictly advised to implement the following pollution prevention and control techniques: • Alternatives to blasting, such as hydraulic hammers or other mechanical methods will be preferred wherever applicable; • The correct burning of the explosive, • A consistent blasting schedule by Contractor, minimizing blast-time changes; specific warning to alert all workers and third parties in the surrounding areas (e.g. local communities). • Trained personnel shall be handling explosives and safety management has been considered; • Blasting-permit procedures shall be followed; and, • Blasting sites should be checked post-blast by qualified personnel of Contractor for malfunctions and unexploded blasting agents, prior to resumption of work.
Waste Generation and Disposal During the construction phase, most of the waste generated will be related to construction. Construction waste will involve debris due to cutting of stones and blasting, residual RCC material and other associated waste. The estimated quantity of excavated material is 532.63 m3 most of which will be reused after approval from quality control engineer while just less than 1 cubic meter/day will be generated from the camp area.
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Mitigation To minimize environmental impacts and avoid any need for disposal of earthwork materials or the importation and unnecessary storage of earth, the project will maximize the reuse of excavated materials. All of the construction activity will be contained inside construction area. Solid waste generation should be reduced and should be reused and recycled. Any residual spoil will have to be disposed in environment friendly manner, where it will be leveled and landscaped. To be made contractor’s obligation through contract document, as an SSEMP will be prepared by the contractor and waste management plan will be a part of it. This is a significant Impact but can be mitigated. Labour Camps, Storage and approach roads Because of availability of ample community owned barren land, location, material yards, equipment yards and approach roads will not cause any serious problem. So, this is a matter of moderate significance and can be easily mitigated and managed through proper mitigation measure. Mitigation The contractor will, in consultation with RE, resolve the exact location of all these facilities within the barren land owned by the local community that will be provided by the community temporarily and free of cost. The location of these facilities will be at least 500 m away. Soil pollution due to fuel and oil spillage from Construction machinery At places, it may be inevitable and may exceed to the maximum permissible limit. In case it is allowed to be as per rule rather than an exception, the dumping of oil will permanently create contamination along with allied physical, biological and social losses. This can be mitigated through effective application of the maximum spill regulations. “Guidelines for Oil Spill Waste Minimization and Management issued by International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association25 are as follows: - Soil contaminated by minor spills/ leakages (defined as leaks from vehicles, machinery, equipment or storage containers such that the area and depth of contaminated soil is less than 10 sq. ft. and 3 inches respectively) is to scraped and disposed of accordingly in environmentally friendly manner to ensure protection of water sources.
25 http://www.ipieca.org/resources/good-practice/oil-spill-waste-minimization-and-management/
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Moderate spills defined as spills of volume less than or equal to 200 liters is to be contained and controlled using shovels, sands and native soil. These equipment’s and materials are to be made available at camp sites during the operation. The contaminated soil is to be excavated and stored in a burn area lined with an impermeable base. Depending on the volume, the contaminated soil is either disposed-off through by specialized treatment such as bioremediation or through approved contractor. Major spills (defined as spills of volume much greater than 200 liters) require initiation of Emergency Response Procedures and Oil Spill Contingency Plan. These spills are to be handled and controlled according to the Plan and require special treatment such as bioremediation and through approved contractors. Mitigation Strict rules will be imposed on workers and labours to ensure that no such spills are caused. If the spills take place, it must be followed by treatment prescribed above as per the degree of spill. Specific mitigation measures to be part of Contractors site specific environmental management plan are: • Spill prevention trays will be provided and used at refueling locations • On-site maintenance of construction vehicles and equipment will be avoided, as far as possible. • Regular inspections will be carried out to detect leakages in construction vehicles and equipment. • Fuels and lubricants will be stored in covered and dyked areas, underlain with impervious lining. • Spill control kit (shovels, plastic bags and absorbent materials) will be available near fuel and oil storage areas. • Contaminated soil will be removed from the site and disposed in a manner to ensure protection of water sources • Emergency plan for spill management will be prepared and inducted to the staff for any incident of spill. • The bottom of any soak pit or septic tank will be constructed at least 100 meters away from springs and water bores • Record of spills and Volume of removed contaminated soil will be maintained. • Record of remedial measures taken will be maintained. • Use silt traps to prevent contamination of river and streams.
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Agriculture Land Damage Land leveling, construction of access road, excavation and construction of channels may cause damage to agricultural land. In case of this sub project there will be no agricultural land damage as cultivated area is away from the project site. Mitigation Contractor’s obligation not to cause such damage. If such damage occurs to crops and agricultural land compensation will be paid to the affected person, top six inches soil will be protected and land will be restored to its previous condition after completion of construction works. Impact of taking borrow material from earth borrow site There is likelihood for obtaining the earth fill material. Excavation and cutting activities could cause adverse environmental impacts including sliding, soil erosion and drainage on the surrounding areas. Mitigation • No private land will be acquired for the borrow areas. • The Contractor will ensure that selected borrow areas on irrigation land are clearly demarcated and approved by the engineer including the allowed depth of the excavation before starting excavation. • The borrow areas will be leveled. The Contractor will not leave the borrow pits in such a condition that they are unsuitably filled with rain water and cause the problem for the community. • If the borrow area is near to the settlements, then it should be fenced completely. • If agriculture land needs to be used as borrowing area, then the Contractor will adopt the following methods during the digging process. o Fix the location of excavation. o Remove thirty centimeters of the top soil and keep it on reserved site for re-spreading in the field. o Excavate up to one meter depth. o Maintain the slope as far as possible. o Place the top soil back during the restoration process. o Pay compensation for any damages/ crop losses.
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Changes in Soil Characteristics due to labour camps, and machinery yards The human and mechanical activity normally compacts the soil and turns it nonproductive which leads to the social impact and is manageable. Mitigation Contractors before handing the site back will apply such measures as to mitigate the impact of compaction and leave the site almost in the same state in which it was occupied. Pictures of the area should be taken before handing it over to contactor which will help the RE to ensure an acceptable state of soil while getting the area back from the contractor. Soil pollution due to excessive application of Pesticides and fertilizers Pesticides and herbicides are applied to agricultural land to control pests that disrupt crop production. Soil contamination can occur when pesticides persist and accumulate in soils, which can alter microbial processes, increase plant uptake of the chemical, and also cause toxicity to soil organisms. Pesticide leaching occurs when pesticides mix with water and move through the soil, ultimately contaminating groundwater. The amount of leaching is correlated with particular soil type and pesticide characteristics and the degree of rainfall and irrigation. Only a fraction of the nitrogen-based fertilizers is converted to produce and other plant matter. The remainder accumulates in the soil or lost as runoff. High application rates of nitrogen-containing fertilizers combined with the high water-solubility of nitrate leads to increased runoff into surface water as well as leaching into groundwater, thereby causing groundwater pollution. The excessive use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers (be they synthetic or natural) is particularly damaging, as much of the nitrogen that is not taken up by plants is transformed into nitrate which is easily leached. Mitigation FATA Agriculture Directorate shall introduce Agriculture extension programs targeting use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), green manure, and limiting use of pesticides/ fertilizers to required levels only will target farmer communities to inform and train them. In general in FATA area the farmer use mostly the Farm yard manure or green manure. The pesticide use is also rare, because of less vegetables and fruit production.
Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources Contamination of surface water due to washing
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There is a tendency to wash construction machinery and equipment using the stream water, eventually draining the same into the stream. Contaminants like motor oil, diesel and other such materials pollute the water body in the short run, causing harm to aquatic life, and affecting the overall water quality. Mitigation Contractor will demarcate a washing area for all sorts of washing activities, with running water facility connected to a dedicated drain flowing into the septic tanks. There would be restriction on servicing/ washing of vehicles and equipment at site. Drinking water supply Since the site and adjacent area is away from settlements, there is no connection available to a water supply scheme. There are springs in the catchment of the weir, but they can be far off. Stream water will need to be tested and used for drinking purposes. Mitigation Contractor, under the guidance of Environment Specialist, will get stream water tested for chemical and biological contaminants, and assist in providing filtration to make water drinkable. There are numerous cost- effective water treatment models available in order to mitigate chemical and/or biological contamination. Sand filtration, UV treatment and oxidation are a few such methods. Municipal waste disposed into the stream Municipal waste generated due to human activity is a concern if it is disposed and drained into the stream. Mitigation Solid waste bins will be placed at labor eating and resting areas. Latrines and washing areas with septic tanks will be erected by the contractor at the construction site. Rubbishes from the subprojects construction area and office area shall be classified and collected and then treated by burial in a centralized manner. The landfill site will be arranged by mainly considering the natural gully and shall be closed after completing the construction. The landfill site area shall be equipped with seepage control system, leachate drainage system, gas conduction system, peripheral water drainage and interception, flood drainage and leachate collection processing facilities, etc. All these provisions will be incorporated in site specific EMP for construction. Water quality and sedimentation load
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The soil texture at the sub project area is of medium quality with medium organic load. Due to the sand formation upstream, there is a likelihood of sedimentation load filling up the weir. Mitigation Quarterly water sampling and testing will be conducted in order to ascertain water quality during different seasons. A sample at locations, downstream of the weir, will be drawn for testing. Use of additional irrigation water for cultivating high delta crops With additional guaranteed supply of irrigation water, there is strong likelihood that the farmers will cultivate high delta crops. Such practices will not be sustainable in longer term, since the water inflow into the reservoir is dependent limit the irrigation capacity of the weir. In such a situation, high water demand crops will consume maximum share of irrigation water supply, and leave the farmers unattended for future cropping seasons. Water balance models for the area will need to take heed of this factor, and cropping pattern will have to be developed. Mitigation Cultivation of high delta crops will be strictly discouraged keeping in mind the appropriate use of the water for maximum are under cropping, and the water balance model 26 . Cropping pattern in accordance with the water balance model will be suggested and promoted with the help of the FATA Agriculture Department. Impact on Air Quality and Noise Pollution Dust from construction and smoke from plants and equipment Due to nature of the construction, involving excavation, land leveling and clearing, a lot of dust will be produced. Heavy machinery will be used to carry out these activities which will result in vehicular emissions as well as other exhaust fumes. Dust or other pollution from stored material is also inevitable, moderately significant and mitigative.
Mitigation
26 Water balance models were prepared as part of the Water Assessment Study and Management Plan, 2010
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Contractor’s contractual obligation to keep the dust and smoke low by using machinery which is well maintained and is almost noise less and all Katcha roads and paths are sprinkled with water after regular intervals. The contractor must avoid/ control the dust and smoke by carefully storing and distributing the construction material so as to cause minimum dust which again will be within the acceptable limits. Smoke from burning of waste and firewood Labor will burn waste material and wood for various purposes, including cooking and heating, which will cause smoke, and in some weather conditions smog in the area. Mitigation Contractor shall strictly ban burning of waste or of wood, especially extracted from nearby shrubs and bushes. Contractor must provide clean fuel to the labor to use for their daily purposes. Noise from use of old/and or out dated machinery Old and poorly maintained machinery generates higher decibels of noise and cause noise pollution for workers in the close vicinity of heavy machinery. Mitigation Contractor’s contractual obligation to use new, well maintained and low noise machinery preferably during day time. The drivers, operators and workers working on or near the heavy machinery must be provided ear plugs. The contractor will ensure use of newer, well maintained machinery that creates minimum noise and emissions, as per National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS 2000). Environment Specialist will ensure that this clause is added into the bids and contracts. Night time construction activities will be strictly discouraged, and only be carried out in exceptional cases, with prior permission of Resident Engineer. Noise monitoring will be carried out near sensitive receptors on a monthly basis. The NEQS for noise residential areas is 55 dB (A) in the day time and 45 dB (A) at night. It is recommended that noise levels close to sensitive receptors do not exceed 55 dB (A) during the day time as required by the NEQS.
Dust Emission from Stone quarrying and Transportation
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This will not cause any impact on the immediate project area except that the vehicles carrying the stone shall exert additional traffic load on the roads leading to the project. Crushed stone will fall on roads. Mitigation Contractor shall use the road network carefully and repair any damages immediately. During transportation, covering of vehicle with sheet will be done. Unloading of vehicles will be done on designated sites. Impact on biological resources Flora, Fauna (Biota) No major change is expected in the habitat of the natural flora or fauna. There will be no tree to cut for the project construction. Small readjustment of place may be made by some birds and rodents. Similarly, negligible impact on aquatic life is anticipated. Mitigation Environment Specialist together with FATA line departments will ascertain the status of the site area in terms of occurrence of wildlife species, flora and fisheries. And in accordance, recommend a watch and ward system that will be based on partnership between communities, wildlife, forest & fisheries departments and political administration. Each partner’s roles will be specified at the onset, and responsibilities assigned. Till the completion of the survey, contractor will ensure no extraction takes place from the surrounding vegetation for fuel wood or hunting of any birds by the labor employed. If such a case is witnessed, it will be brought to the notice of the project management as well as the concerned APA. Contractor’s obligation to strictly respect the limits of construction site. Cutting of trees will be strictly prohibited and if no alternate is available plantation of trees will be done in case any tree is cut for project activities. Continuous inspection of the area jointly with other agencies involved in maintenance of protected areas. As per Environmental Safeguard policy of the project, sufficient amount has been allocated for tree plantation for better environment. For this purpose, a tree plantation plan will be prepared by Watershed Management Specialist in consultation with District Forest Officer (DFO) including the type of species, location for plantation and other necessary information. This plan will also compensate any unlikely tree cutting involved during project implementation.
Impact on Aquatic Life
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The construction of water retention structure can create serious modifications to riverine habitats and, as a consequence, affect aquatic populations and other biota in stream. Stream channelization and the destruction of riparian and submerged vegetation are some of the main reasons for the decline of some fresh water populations.
Sedimentation of stream water
During constructions of intakes and weirs the removal of bank/ in stream soil and vegetation clearing will cause sedimentation affecting aquatic invertebrates sensitive to changes in the water quality parameters such as, increased turbidity, changes in temperature etc. Aquatic organisms are unlikely to live and breed well in such modified areas. In addition, sediment eroded from stream banks may be carried further downstream where it is deposited, smothering eggs and invertebrates. Moreover, extreme (too high) flow variations will increase sediment load from the project site, which inhibits percolation and lowers available oxygen. Sediment in the flow scours spawning beds for breeding species. Mitigation
• Monitor water flow during construction and maintain the minimum ecological requirement for stream to ensure water is available downstream all the time.
• Maintain the desired hydrological connectivity in the system (upstream- downstream and maintain low water temperature necessary for survival of the moderately flow-sensitive species found at this site;
• Ensure riverine protection through observing the 6-30m away from the river banks and planting of indigenous riparian trees to reduce sedimentation.
• Provide compensation and sediment channels in the weir as well as physical removal of sediment.
Reduced water flow
Instances of reduced stream are anticipated from diversions and retention at points during construction. These may destroy delicate microhabitats within the river and may result in loss of aquatic fauna particularly during the dry season. For example, when there is no water flowing, species adapted to micro-habitats are lost or forced to the pool areas.
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However, the impacts will be localized only and may affect minor stretches of rivers. Mitigation
• Shorten the periods of temporary diversions as far as feasible.
Water contamination from Oil Spills and Leaks
To some extent discharge of toxic substances such as oil in the project construction site and their condensation in food chain may affect sensitive animals immediately; all living organisms may expire when the stream becomes unable to recover itself. Mitigation
• Ensure adequate waste management plan is in place and in use from the onset of construction; and
• Oil spill containment and clean-up equipment should always be available at the construction site with trained response team.
Modification of stream habitats
Some loss of breeding and nursery grounds for invertebrates may occur. These prolonged disturbances may cause stress to the animals. Mitigation
• Systematic search, capture and safe release of species inhabiting the right of way (for the weir structure). Impacts on Socioeconomic, Cultural and Archaeological Issues Tribal Tension and Rivalries Since the project will benefit a certain number of beneficiaries and their agricultural land, a tendency of rivalry exists which can cause tensions amongst neighboring tribal households. Although terms of partnership have been signed with the intended beneficiaries, the risk will still remain. Other socio economic cultural and archaeological impacts can be: • Disturbance to existing services: education, health, electricity, water supply or signboards. • Aggravation of any disputes on land ownership. • Any need for land acquisition. • Access to other construction materials. • Adverse effects on known archaeological sites.
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• Dealing with chance finds. • Problems to Health and Safety of labour and employees on construction work and provision of safety equipment to workers on site. • Employment of locals on the project. • Possibility of spread of HIV/AIDS amongst the project labour and adjoining population. • Rise in prices of essential commodities. • Gender Issues. • Recreational facilities for public. • Any spots of religious significance e.g. Mosques, Tombs and Shrines etc. • Discovery of Antiquities Mitigation
For matters pertaining to social obligation and benefits of the communities, if needed, a social Framework Agreement shall be signed by the RE with communities to ensure their participation and full satisfaction in matters pertaining to them. All matters where contractor is involved, these should be made as his contractual obligations. Project Team along with the Social Development Specialist will ensure continuous liaison with the communities throughout the construction phase of the project, so as to identify any such incident in time. Relevant political authorities will be kept abreast of the progress, as well as any such issue if in making. If, during the execution of the activities or excavation, any material is discovered onsite, which may be considered of historical or cultural interest, such as evidence of prior settlements, native or historical activities, evidence of any existence on a site, which may be of cultural significance, all work shall stop and the supervising contracting officer shall be notified immediately. The area in which the material was discovered shall be marked and the evidence preserved for examination. Impact on Civic Infrastructure This will cause additional wear and tear of roads and cross drainage. Such situation can arise through carelessness of the heavy machinery drivers / operators. A considerable damage to paths, roads and drainages may occur if the drivers/operators are not made aware, trained and bound to be
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careful. It is a concern of slight significance but can be mitigated through care and regulation. Mitigation
Contractor’s contractual obligations to impose strict control over operators and drivers of all types of vehicles/machinery. Awareness may be given to them. The position of infrastructure and underground installation should be precisely located to avoid any damage. Should the damage take place, the contractor must be bound to carry out repair immediately. Community safety risks due to accidental or natural hazards Although there are no settlements near the construction site, but there is always some risk involved with construction activities. Also, since the area is prone to natural hazards including floods, earthquakes and drought, the construction team will pay heed to this risk as well. Mitigation
The contractor will ensure proper signage and fencing in order to limit public access to the construction site. Especially during activities such as blasting and excavation, access will be strictly restricted. Construction site will have a first aid facility with certain staff trained to handle emergencies. The design of the weir has been tested for a 38 years flood return period, but at the same time, an emergency response plan will be prepared by project in order to respond to any hazard caused naturally or otherwise. Health and safety of labour at construction site Since the project is being constructed at a remote site in the tribal areas, safety of labor will be of prime concern. In addition, adequate measures related to Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) will have to be provided for the labor employed. Mitigation
The contractor will ensure that proper HSE protocols are in place, including protective gear, drinking water, sanitation, energy supply and overall safety for the labor. Evacuation plans in case of fire or any other accidents will also be prepared, and drills carried out to ensure the labor is aware of responding to such a situation.
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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)
General This Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is produced as a complementary part of Detailed Design, as a free-standing document. It ensures incorporation of the relevant environmental factors into the overall project design and will identify linkages to other safeguard policies relating to the project.
Mitigation Measures Based on the preliminary assessment, key mitigation measures recommended under this EMP are listed as follows: a. Identify and locate on project plans any sensitive natural resources in the project area including but not limited to patches of natural habitat, bird colonies, and wet lands, unique plant communities etc. (consult with local nature protection authorities). b. Identify local access routes through and around cultivated land and pasture. c. Minimize requirements for temporary or permanent alteration of lands. d. Provide zones for preliminary accumulation of wastes that will cause no damage to the vegetation cover and other components of the environment. e. Transport and disposal of construction concrete rubble, debris and spoils in approved paths and landfills/ dumpsites. f. Delineate access roads/ work areas carefully and prevent their expansion. g. Rehabilitate access roads and work areas after work completion (scratch soil with special engine, put fertile topsoil in place, etc.). h. Use closed/covered trucks for transportation of construction materials. i. Clean the surrounding area from dust by water sprinkling, removal of excess materials and cleaning of sites upon completion of activities. j. Restoration to original conditions of landscape after completion of construction and rehabilitation works. k. Arrange necessary preservation measures (establish protection zones, by-pass these areas during transportation and other). l. Cease the works at once, historical and cultural monuments are encountered during earthworks and provide relevant information
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to the State Agency for Historical and Cultural Monuments Protection. m. Conduct mid-term and end-of-project inspections to the sites during construction works. The parameters, mitigation, monitoring and responsibility will be discussed in detail in the EMP. Residual Impact Residual impacts are defined as those impacts that remain following the implementation of the mitigation measures proposed. Residual impacts refer to those environmental effects predicted to remain after the application of mitigation outlined in this IEE. The predicted residual effects are considered for each Project phase (Construction, Post Construction, Pre- Operations and Operation, as per the Impact screening presented in Table 5.1, the significance has been determined for each residual adverse effect. Institutional Arrangements Management Responsibilities The FATA Secretariat is the project’s executing agency (EA). It established a Project Management Unit (PMU) in the Planning and Development Department of the FATA Secretariat. The PMU will; (i) be responsible for sub-project preparation including feasibility studies; (ii) monitor implementation of all project activities; (iii) undertake all procurement activities; (iv) coordinate and monitor the required civil works and project facilities; (v) undertake financial accounting and reporting; and (vi) ensure the project is implemented in compliance with ADB Safeguard policies and procedures. Project implementation units (PIU) is established in each of the three Agencies for execution of the project at agency level. The three PIUs will have core staff comprised of a project manager assisted by account and administration officer, monitoring and evaluation coordinator, and social organizers. Project implementing agencies include the Directorate of Irrigation, which will be responsible for the improved irrigation infrastructure and on-farm management components with the latter effort supported by the Department of Agriculture, and the Department of Forests, which will be responsible for the watershed management component. The IAs will coordinate with the PMU and PIUs to ensure project activities are reflected
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in their annual work plans, along with requisite financial and human resources.
Environment and Social Management Unit
For an effective compliance of an EMP, roles and responsibilities need to be defined at the onset, with relevant professionals hired as project team members at the executing or implementing agency (E/IA) levels. Moreover, these professionals are to be placed in the project hierarchy in such a way whereby they cannot be influenced by the operational teams (engineers, procurement, contractors, etc.) in order to lessen their compliance monitoring responsibilities. For the Project, an Environmental and Social Management Unit (ESMU) is proposed to be set up within the Project Director’s (PD) Office at the E/IA level, with direct reporting line to the PD. An Environment Specialist and a Social Development Specialist will need to be a part of the ESMU so as to ensure compliance to both parts of the EMP. The responsibilities of ESMU will be the following, but not limited to: o Ensure effective compliance of EMP as per ADB Safeguards Policy requirements o Provide technical assistance to the Project Team, in matters related to EMP in particular, and to environmental and social safeguards as a whole o Put in place reporting mechanism and monitoring regimes for project staff as well as contractors o Ensure that EMP related clauses specifically, and environment related clauses in general, are part of all the tender/bid/RFP documents. o Ensure that EMP implementation costs are made part of BoQs o Provide technical input to the various training programs proposed as a part of the EMP. o Ensure that all regulatory clearances (e.g. clearance from Pak EPA) have been obtained before starting civil works for the subproject.
o Conduct on site spot checks to monitor the compliance level, as well as for any outstanding issue not being covered by the EMP.
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o Regularly report to PD as well as ADB and EPA on progress related to EMP Compliance. o Immediately report any unanticipated environmental impact to ADB.
The Consultant
The Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) will ensure the implementation and regular monitoring of the EMP in true letter and spirit during execution of the civil works and shall submit periodic reports to ESMU of IA regarding the EMP implementation status. The Consultant will engage qualified Environmental Specialist and Social Specialist who will be responsible for EMP implementation and reporting any non-compliance to the Engineer of the Project and the ESMU. a. The Contractor
The contractor will be responsible for on-site implementation of the EMP of the sub-project environmental protection liabilities. They will be responsible for compliance of EMP provisions under contractual obligations. The contractor will train their crew/ staff in implementation of the EMP though capacity building interventions. The EMP will be an integral part of the contract document. The bid should include a detailed environmental mitigation budget as part of the engineering costs of the respective works. Contractor will engage social and environmental managers to realize the above requirements. A site-specific environmental management plan (SSEMP) will be prepared and submitted/approved to CSC by the contractor at least 10 days before the commencement of civil work. b. Environmental Management Plan
The mitigation plan, being a key component of EMP includes measures to mitigate potential negative impacts and enhance its positive impacts during construction phase of the sub-project. The contractor is responsible for implementation of EMP with the co-operation of executing and implementing agencies, client staff, socio-environmental consultants and local community of the project. The Environmental management plan, shown in Table 6.1, which also covers monitoring, will therefore form the basis of the environmental and social protection measures implemented by EMU and Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) contractor that will be employed. The implementation of the EMP ensures that environmental, health and safety
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(EHS) and social performance is in accordance with national (PAK-EPA) and international (ADB Safeguard Policies) standards and best practice. The Table 6.1 states the environmental management plan for the impacts along with mitigation plan, as well as the institutional responsibility.
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Table 6.1: Environmental Management (Mitigation) Plan (Construction & Operation)
Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Impact Responsibility Responsibility
Assure compliance • Acquire construction permit. Before the construction of the Minimization and EPC Contractor ESMU/ CSC with relevant • Acquire Environmental approval project activities. • Number of reported continued construction field • Provide Water management guidelines if projects non-compliances improvement in legislation. are executed near surface watercourse. number of reported noncompliance’s
Impacts on Land Resources Excavation and • Blasting may be done where it is absolutely During Construction • Implementation of Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC necessary SSEMP before start of Blasting (Minimal) • Use safety measures in handling explosives works Target = zero • Annual reports and • Prepare blasting schedules along with warning Threshold 1, with documentation of sirens, and ensure minimum damage to the agreed mitigation landscape. safety inspection • Protects Top six inch soil before excavation • Workforce • Alternatives to blasting, such as hydraulic hammers /Community or other mechanical methods will be preferred complaints wherever applicable; • The correct burning of the explosive, • A consistent blasting schedule by Contractor, minimizing blast-time changes; specific warning to alert all workers and third parties in the surrounding areas (e.g. local communities). • Trained personnel shall be handling explosives and safety management has been considered; • Blasting-permit procedures shall be followed; and, • Blasting sites should be checked post-blast by qualified personnel of Contractor for malfunctions and unexploded blasting agents, prior to resumption of work.
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Impact Responsibility Responsibility
Waste Management • Proper Waste Management at Construction sites During designing stage no • EPC’s Site officer and Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC and Labour Camps. EHS officer in place later than pre-qualification or (Minimal) • Waste should be classified before disposal tender negotiations • SSEMP including • Solid waste generated should be reduced, reused Waste Management and recycled. Plan • Excavated Material should be reused • Zero Complaints from • Rubbishes from the project construction area and Community & Workers office area shall be classified and collected and • Internal auditing and then treated by burial in a centralized manner. reporting by EPC • Solid waste bins will be placed at labor eating and resting areas. Latrines and washing areas with septic tanks will be erected by the contractor at the construction site. Rubbishes from the subprojects construction area and office area shall be classified and collected and then treated by burial in a centralized manner. The landfill site will be arranged by mainly considering the natural gully and shall be closed after completing the construction. The landfill site area shall be equipped with seepage control system, leachate drainage system, gas conduction system, peripheral water drainage and interception, flood drainage and leachate collection processing facilities, etc. All these provisions will be incorporated in site specific EMP for construction. Labor camps and Contractor will During construction • Monthly Reports Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC • Locate the labor camps and stores, at least 500 m (EPC) material storage (Minimal) away from the site and local population at a secure • Supervision by location. Consultant • Sanitation system along with solid and liquid waste • EHS officer management system will be put in place implementing SSEMP • Latrines with septic tanks and land fill site for solid Information Events for waste will be identified and constructed. work force
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Impact Responsibility Responsibility
Soil pollution due to • Avoid servicing and re-fueling at the site. Because the area can be Spill contingency plan is Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC • Use protective foils and spill prevention trays during oils and lubricants / subject to un seasonal heavy available at site (Minimal) possible vehicle re-fueling and maintenance at the equipment poor rain plan before and during Properly paved/cemented construction site. maintenance and construction (cut and fill, land mechanical workshop repairs / refueling at • Regular inspection will be carried out to detect reclamation etc.) while No water bodies near the the construction site. leakages in construction vehicles and equipment. considering the climatic • Fuels and lubricants will be stored in covered and conditions. working area
dyked areas, underlain with impervious lining. Staff Training over oil • Spill control kit (shovels, plastic bags and absorbent spillage materials) will be available near fuel and oil storage All the vehicles and areas. machinery seals are intact • Contaminated soil will be removed from the site and Containers are available disposed in a manner to ensure protection of water for used oil resources. • Use silt traps to prevent contamination of river and streams. • Provide absorbing material in case of fuel spills. • Used oil/ oily materials and agents should be managed in line with the Waste management plan. • Procedure in place for actions in case of incidental oil and lubrication spills. • Prepare and implement the Construction Site Organization Plan that incorporates good construction practice measures, measures from water management documents and measures from the Water management plan. Agriculture Land • Crops and cultivated area is away from site so, the Construction and post • Monthly Reports Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC project will likely not to cause any damage to (EPC) Damage construction (Minimal) agriculture crops. • Supervision by • Top six inches soil will protected and will be spread Consultant back after completion of construction work • EHS officer • Compensation will be paid to the affected person implementing SSEMP for agricultural land/crops damage Information Events for work force
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Impact Responsibility Responsibility
Earth borrow site • No private land will be acquired for the borrow Construction and post Top soil management Minor Contractor ESMU/ CSC areas. construction Government approved site \Reduced • The Contractor will ensure that selected borrow areas on irrigation land are clearly demarcated and Approval for any other site approved by the engineer including the allowed by RE and Government depth of the excavation before starting excavation. Borrow area management • The borrow areas will be leveled. The Contractor generated and will not leave the borrow pits in such a condition implemented that they are unsuitably filled with rain water and Agreement in case of cause the problem for the community. private land owner • If the borrow area is near to the settlements, then it Grievance redress should be fenced completely. Mechanism • If agriculture land needs to be used as borrowing area, then the Contractor will adopt the following Leveling of Borrow Area methods during the digging process. • Fix the location of excavation. • Remove thirty centimeters of the top soil and keep it on reserved site for re-spreading in the field. • Maintain the slope as far as possible. • Place the top soil back during the restoration • Pay compensation for any damages/ crop losses.
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Impact Responsibility Responsibility
Change in Soil • Restrict vehicle speeds to 30km/h.; During construction • Monthly Reports Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC • Restriction on repair of vehicles and equipment in (EPC) characteristics e.g. (Minimal) soil erosion, the field. • Supervision by contamination and • The compacted soil will be reversed to its original Consultant compaction state in which it was occupied. • EHS officer • Pictures of the area should be taken prior to implementing SSEMP handing it over to contractor • Information Events for work force Soil pollution due to • Agriculture extension programs targeting use of Post Construction • Agriculture extension Minor FATA Agriculture FATA excessive Integrated Pest Management (IPM), green manure, program developed Directorate Secretariat application of and limiting use of pesticides to required levels only before completion of fertilizers and will target farmer communities to inform and train construction pesticides them Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources Water quality and • quarterly water sampling and testing will be During Construction and Post • Plan to be developed Not Significant Contractor /FATA ESMU/ CSC/ conducted to ascertain water quality during before completion of sedimentation load Construction (Minimal) Irrigation FATA different seasons. construction Department Secretariat • Samples at location downstream of the sub • Monthly Water project will be collected for testing Monitoring Reports by EPA certified Laboratory
Use of irrigation • Cultivation of high delta crops will be strictly Post construction • Agriculture extension Not Significant FATA Agriculture FATA discouraged. program developed water for cultivating (Minimal) Department Secretariat high delta crops • Cropping pattern in accordance with the water before completion of balance model will be suggested and promoted. construction
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Impact Responsibility Responsibility
Surface water • Contractor will demarcate a washing area for all During construction • EPC’s Monthly Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC sorts of washing activities, with running water Reports contamination due to (Minimal) washing etc. facility connected to a dedicated drain flowing into • Record of Water the septic tanks consumption • Restriction on servicing of vehicles and equipment • Monthly Water at site Monitoring Reports by • Construction works should be executed in a way EPA certified that surface and natural contents outside the Laboratory project are not damaged and that works are performed so that watercourses are not unnecessarily made turbid and watercourses discontinued. • Works should be executed in dry weather. • Prepare and implement a construction site organization Drinking Water • Contractor will get stream water tested for chemical Before construction and • Documentation of Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC and biological contaminants, and assist in providing audit and remedial supply during the project activities. (Minimal) filtration to make water drinkable. actions where
• The contractor to make his own arrangements for necessary water required for construction ensuring that water • Grievance’s record availability and supply to nearby communities (Target=0, Threshold remain unaffected like new water well, sufficient 1 with agreed yield available in existing water wells, etc.). mitigation) • Prior approval to be obtained from Project Engineer for water usage • Maintain record of water consumption
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Impact Responsibility Responsibility
Municipal solid and • Contractor will ensure solid waste bins are placed During construction • Implementation of Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC at labor eating and resting areas. SSEMP liquid Waste (Minimal) • Installation of field toilets for workers with septic • Site auditing
tanks • Grievance’s record (Target=0, Threshold 1 with agreed mitigation)
Impacts on Air Quality and Noise Pollution
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Impact Responsibility Responsibility
Dust/smoke • Compact deposited earth material. During Construction. Water • Water sprinkling Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC • Sprinkle dust sources with water in order to reduce Records Emission from plants sprinkling to be done on (Minimal) and equipment impacts on the surrounding population and regular/daily basis. • Monthly reports EPC vegetation. • Site Inspection and • Control the speed of vehicles in order to reduce Audits dust rising. • Monthly Monitoring • Prepare and implement a plan for the construction Reports by EPA site organization that includes good construction certified Laboratory management practices. • The stock piles should be covered or kept moist in dry weather and to be located in such a distance, so that the communities are not affected by upwind of the stockpiles. • Use earth material with the approval of the Engineer. • Procure shingle/ stone from quarry site approved by the Engineer. • Regular inspection, tuning, and maintenance of transport vehicles. • Material transport in closed containers or covered with canvas (Tarpal) sheets. • Regular equipment maintenance. • The contractor is obliged to submit evidence of vehicle roadworthiness in line with the regulations on the hazardous gases emission. • Prepare and implement the construction site organization plan that incorporates good construction practice measures. Smoke from burning • Contractor shall strictly ban burning of waste or of During construction • EPC’s Site officer and Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC wood, especially extracted from nearby shrubs and EHS officer in place of waste or firewood (Minimal) bushes. • SSEMP
• He must provide clean fuel to the labor to use for Implementation their daily purposes i.e LPG gas cylinders • Internal auditing and reporting by EPC
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Impact Responsibility Responsibility
Noise in the • Observe law-defined working hours at the Maximum allowable noise • EPC Site Manager Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC construction site. and EHS Officer in operation of heavy levels should be below 80 dB (Minimal) mechanization and • Make the generator casings sound proof if they are (A) LEQ at the boundary of Place generators. located near residential units. the construction site. To be • Audit and Inspection record of heavy • Ensure mufflers for heavy machinery. monitored once a month. mechanization and • Prepare and implement the construction site organization plan that incorporates good generators. construction practice measures. • Monthly Noise level Regular inspection of equipment and machineries Monitoring Reports by EPA certified
Laboratory
• No. of Grievance’s (Target=0)
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Impact Responsibility Responsibility
Dust Emission from • Using trucks with awning and special vehicles During construction. • Recording of Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC depending on the type of materials. violations and Stone quarrying and (Minimal) Transportation of • During the transportation of soil, the trucks must be corrective measures material covered with Tarpaulin. • Performance of • Use earth material with the approval of the Regular Driver Engineer Training (target 100% • Procure shingle/ stone from quarry site approved by participation of the Engineer. drivers) • Regular inspection, tuning, and maintenance of • Instruction and transport vehicles. Information Events for • Material transport in closed containers or covered workforce with canvas (Tarpal) sheets. • No. of accidents • Avoid night time activity. (Target=0) • Maintain liaison with communities; Repair of damaged roads/ other infrastructure. • Transportation of material during off peak hours.
Impacts on Biological Resources
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Impact Responsibility Responsibility
Damage to Flora and • No cutting or removal of trees. Rerouting and site • EPC internal Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC Fauna • As per Environmental Safeguard policy of the identification during design monitoring and (Minimal) project, sufficient amount has been allocated for monthly reports stage and other matters during tree plantation for better environment. For this • Site auditing during construction of construction purpose, a tree plantation plan will be prepared relevant activities • Photographic record phase including the type of species, location for plantation of pre and post project and other necessary information. This plan will also • Implementation of compensate any unlikely tree cutting involved Environmental Beneficial in long during project implementation. Enhancement terms with the • Selection of borrow area with least vegetation Program implementation of cover. Soft start for allowing time to reptiles to move Environmental away from the project site Enhancement • Restriction and prohibition on hunting, shooting, Program trapping, and poaching of wild species • Construction during non-migratory season • No night time activity • Photographs of pre and post project
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Impact Responsibility Responsibility
Impact on aquatic • Monitor water flow during construction and Construction and Post • Artificially Minimal Contractor ESMU/ CSC maintain the minimum ecological requirement life construction extreme low for all rivers to ensure water is available flows or downstream all the time. extended low • Maintain the desired hydrological connectivity flows. in the system (upstream-downstream and maintain low water temperature necessary for • Reduction in survival of the moderately flow-sensitive widths, depths, species found at this site; velocities. • Ensure riverine protection through observing • River continuity the 6-30m away from the river banks and for fish spawning planting of indigenous riparian trees to reduce reduced or sedimentation. interrupted. • Provide compensation and sediment channels • Increased in the weir as well as physical removal of likelihood of sediment. temperature & • Minimize activities to areas of construction and oxygen level initiate habitat restoration immediately after extremes construction works are through; and • Restore disturbed areas to near-to-nature to blend with the immediate environment. • Shorten the periods of temporary diversions as far as feasible. • Oil spill containment and clean-up equipment should always be available at the construction site with trained response team. • Systematic search, capture and safe release of species inhabiting the right of way (for the weir structures).
Impacts on Socioeconomic and Cultural Issues
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Impact Responsibility Responsibility
Tribal tensions and • Ensure continuous liaison with the communities Before and During • Continued Community Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC throughout the construction of the project, so as to Consultation Records rivalries construction (Minimal) identify any such incident in time. • Implementation of • Relevant political authorities will be kept abreast of Community Liaison the progress, as well as any such issue if in Plan by EPC making. • No. Of Grievance’s (Target=0) Impact on the • Precisely situate the position of infrastructure and Before the construction of the • Continued Community Not Significant Contractor in ESMU/ CSC underground installations at the local works in Consultation Records existing civil weir and all other structures, (Minimal) cooperation with infrastructure and cooperation with the relevant institutions at all the APs should be given • No. Of Grievance’s concerned facilities, especially levels of authority. sufficient time and (Target=0) Department. underground • Close liaison with local relevant authorities compensation to satisfy them. • Monthly Reports on installations (water Information activities supply and and response from sewerage pipeline community etc.) which cause • Liaison Records with obstacles in the local relevant provision of services authorities to consumers.
Increased possibility • Prioritize qualified local population in employment. At the time of commencement • Job Posting and Highly Beneficial Contractor ESMU/ CSC of employment and of project. Complaints of APs information in local income in the local to be solved as soon as communities community. possible. • Transparency of employment procedures and records • Monthly Reports on Information activities and response from community • Up to date information on employment opportunities
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Impact Responsibility Responsibility
Conflict due to use of • Establishment of camp on community owned Before the construction of the • Approval (NOC) of Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC barren leveled land/RoW away from population at camp site before privately owned project, the APs should be (Minimal) agriculture land for least 500m away. given sufficient time and construction. camp construction • Approval of camp site from the Engineer will be compensation to satisfy them. obtained. Social conflicts due • Establishment of camp on community owned During the construction • Up to date information Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC barren land away from population at least 500m on employment to influx of external activities. (Minimal) workforce away. opportunities • . Contractor need to obtain approval from the • Job Posting Records
Engineer. • Information Events • Hiring of work force from local communities; Record Awareness raising of residents for safety protection. • EPC Monthly Reports • Awareness raising of labor to ensure respect for • Site Audit Reports local customs and norms. • Child labor will be prohibited at sub-project sites. • Maintain record of all resources usage like water, fuel, manpower, machinery, equipment, etc. Conflicts arising due • Preference to provide jobs to local job seekers. Before and during the • Up to date information Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC • Motivation/Trainings to the workers for a peaceful on employment to construction of project. (Minimal) work environment. opportunities Mixing of local and • Job Posting Records migratory job seekers. • Information Events Record • EPC Monthly Reports • Site Audit Reports
Reduced possibility • Plan the relocation of equipment at time when daily Necessary evacuations to be • Implementation of Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC traffic is not jammed; provide alternative passage Construction Site through the area done as when necessary if (Minimal) where the works are for pedestrians and vehicles in cooperation with construction impacts are of Organization Plan executed. local authorities or provide a safe passage through significant duration and close • Health and safety the construction site. to APs. Plans in Place and • Avoid roads through inhabited areas especially Implemented near schools and hospitals. • Site Audit • Prepare and implement the Construction Site Organization Plan that incorporates good construction practice measures.
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Impact Responsibility Responsibility
Population at • Assure adequate warning signs, lighting, protective Prior to and throughout the • Implementation of Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC fencing etc. SSEMP, Traffic increased risks of construction. (Minimal) traffic accidents and • Observe traffic rules. Management Plant construction works. • Clean construction waste form the construction site • Accident/Incident Short term during both in the construction phase and after works Record construction completion, when closing the construction site. • Implementation of stage • Assure medical supplies and aid through Construction Site institutional and administrative arrangements with Organization Plan municipal hospitals at the construction site. • Site Audits & Inspection Risk of injuries at • Demand from all workers to abide by the Protection Prior to commencement and • Site Inspection Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC at work measures. • Monthly EPC Reports work during construction (Minimal) • Provide protective equipment; install warning signs • PPEs issuance at the construction site. records • Prepare and implement the Construction site • Health and safety Organization Plan and Protection at work measures Plans in Place and plan. Implemented • Implementation of Construction Site Organization Plan
Accident risks • Preparation and implementation of HSE Plan. Prior to commencement and • Monthly EPC Reports Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC • Provision of PPEs. • PPEs issuance during construction (Minimal) • Provision of first aid kits and emergency vehicle. records • Emergency response teams. • Health and safety • Preparation of emergency response plans Plans in Place and Implemented • Implementation of Construction Site Organization Plan • Accident/Incident Record
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Impact Responsibility Responsibility
Health risks due to • Preparation and implementation of HSE Plan. During construction • Workplace Risk Contractor ESMU/ CSC unsafe and Safety measures taken by the contractor such as Assessment before unhygienic living installation of firefighting equipment, safe storage of start of works environment. hazardous material, fencing, provision of first aid • Health and safety facilities etc.; Contingency measures in case of Plans in Place and
accidents; Obligatory insurance of contractor’s staff Implemented and laborers against accidents; Provision of adequate sanitation, washing, lighting, cooking and dormitory facilities. HSE trainings to construction and camp staff.
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Impact Responsibility Responsibility
EHS Training • Arrange training, guidelines and brushers in Urdu to During construction • EHS Trainings and Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC staff and laborers about the Environment, Health Events Record (Minimal) and Safety.
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Impact Responsibility Responsibility
Construction • All shivers and material that remain after the Completion of Construction • Site Inspection Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC closure of temporary construction sites are to be • Implementation of material leftovers of (Minimal) after the closure of removed from the location and re-used/re-cycled Environmental temporary where possible. Enhancement Short term during construction sites • All remains are to be disposed of in a manner that Program construction will not be harmful to environment. phase
Beneficial in long terms with the implementation of Environmental Enhancement Program
Operation and Maintenance (O&M)
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Impact Responsibility Responsibility
• Change in land • Restoration and Environmental enhancement plan Pre Operations • Implementation of Not Significant Contractor ESMU/ CSC use pattern to be prepared. Environmental (Minimal) • Soil erosion. • Use of borrow areas with Engineer’s approval at enhancement plan • Visual sores in specified depth. • EPC Construction Short term during landscape. • Limited movement of machinery. Completion Report construction • Public health • Documentation of area. • Site Inspection phase risks due to • Ensuring areas under crops are not used as borrow mosquito- areas. Beneficial in long breeding places. • Leveling and dressing of borrow areas; Water terms with the sprinkling. implementation of • Rescue of any encountered species. Environmental Enhancement Program
Strategies that An ‘Operation Environmental Action Plan’ (OEAP) Pre Operations Implementation Operation Beneficial in long Consultant & ESMU/ CSC require development. needs to be prepared demonstrating the manner in Environmental Action terms with the EMU which the Contractor/Operator will comply with the Plan’ (OEAP) implementation of requirements of management plans proposed in EMP. Operation The following strategies and procedures will be Environmental developed prior to the commencement of Project Action Plan’ operations: (OEAP) Project specific security and public access control strategy; Project specific waste management strategy Project specific air and noise control strategy; Project specific traffic control strategy;
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Problem / Activity Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM Performance Indicator Residual Impact Implementation Supervision Impact Responsibility Responsibility
Monitoring The following monitoring programmes will be developed Operational stage Site Inspection Beneficial in long FATA Irrigation FATA Department Secretariat programmes prior to the commencement of Project operations: Monitoring Reports terms with the
Landslide monitoring; implementation of Operation Water quality monitoring Environmental Watershed and flood telemetry monitoring Action Plan’ (OEAP) The following educational programmes will be Operational stage Implementation of Highly Beneficial FATA Irrigation FATA Department Secretariat Training/ educational developed prior to the commencement of Project Training Events and programmes. operations: Programs • Employee induction programme on environmental
awareness; • Employee code of conduct; • Health and Safety training programme MM: Mitigation Measures
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Monitoring Activities For each of the environmental components, the monitoring plan specifies the parameters to be monitored; location of the monitoring sites and duration of monitoring. The monitoring plan also specifies the applicable standards, implementation and supervising responsibilities. In addition to the critical locations selected during design stage, the environmental monitoring will also be done at the construction camp site and any other plant site as determined relevant during rehabilitation works stage. Performance Indicators
A key aspect of monitoring is defining relevant indicators. A Performance Indicator is a measurable value that demonstrates how effectively the EMP is achieving its key objectives, evaluated against the criteria defined in environmental management Plan
Table 6.2 Environmental Monitoring
Sr. Test Frequency Parameters Location of Number of No. Monitoring samples 1 Water Quarterly pH Surface 02 (surface Quality water and Ground Colour sample to water) Odour be collected 10 m Electrical Conductivity downstream Turbidity of the weir. Alkalinity Drinking water Bicarbonate sample from Carbonate Labour camp Calcium Sodium Potassium Hardness Sulphate Nitrates TDS Total Coliforms & E-Coli 2 Air Quarterly Carbon Monoxide (CO) 10 m from 01 Quality the main Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) construction Nitrogen Oxide (NO) site Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
PM10 Suspended Particulate
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Matter (SPM)
3 Noise Quarterly Quarterly and whenever 10 m from 02 Quality required in an construction emergency or exceeding site the NEQS limits Project Enhancement Plans Restoration Plan If during construction, further material is required or contractor needs to borrow material from any other site, then the contractor can acquire private land in accordance with the lease agreement with the land owner. Photographic record will be kept before and after the land use as borrowing area. The contractor will not leave borrowing pit in such a condition that they are unusable and could be filled with rain water and provide breeding place for mosquitoes or cause any health and safety issues. Agricultural land should be restored such that it can be re-used for the agricultural purpose. The topsoil of agricultural land, if used as borrow area, should be removed up to 6 inches and kept separate on site for its re-spread back on the leveled borrow area. After removal of top soil, excavation may be done up to maximum 3 feet. Then the site area should be leveled for placing the topsoil back. Reports The Environmental Specialist of the Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) shall produce periodical reports as well as inspection notes based upon the visits to the Sub Project site. This information shall make a basis for Project Implementation Unit (PIU) for their further reporting or visiting the site. All reports shall be location and activity specific. The reports shall especially identify areas of contractor’s noncompliance with the EMP and provide guiding remarks on actions to be taken. The significance of the non-compliance shall also be noted. Copies of these reports shall be sent to the Resident Engineer (RE) who shall forward them to the team leader, Head PIU and the contractor for their action(s). The RE will include in routine reports a summary status of activities relating to the EMP. Supplemental reports on issues should also be prepared as and when required. The consultant’s environmental team will produce daily, monthly reports, as well as a final report of the project based on the information collected. The Table of Contents (TOC) is annexed. The list of distribution reports is given in Table 6.3.
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Table 6.3: Distribution of Reports
Report Prepared by Reviewed by Distribution
Weekly Contractor’s Contractor`s Environment Resident Engineer Checklist HSE/Environment officer Officer and Consultant’s Environment Specialist
Monthly Environment team of the PMU`s Environment Project Director Design & Construction Specialist Supervision Consultants
Effects Environment team of the PMU`s Environment Project Director Monitoring Design & Construction Specialist Supervision Consultants
Change Environment team of the PMU`s Environment Project Director Management Design & Construction Specialist Supervision Consultants
Bi-annual Environment team of the PMU`s Environment ADB through Project Design & Construction Specialist Director Supervision Consultants
Final Environment team of the Reviewed by ESU of EMU ADB through Project Design & Construction Director Supervision Consultants
Training Schedule Environmental training will form part of the Environment Management Plan. The training will be conducted for all personnel involved in the project works. The key objective of training program is to ensure that the requirements of the EMP are clearly understood and followed throughout the Sub Project. The trainings to the staff will help in communicating environmental related restrictions specified in the EMP. The contractors will be primarily responsible for providing environmental training to all project personnel on potential environmental issues of the Sub Project. Responsibility of trainings related to public safety lies with PIU. In addition to the training specified in the training log, special/ additional trainings will be provided during the Sub Project activity. Implementation Estimated Budget Contractor will be responsible for the implementation for environmental mitigation plan. Most of the mitigation measures are covered in the engineering costs of the respective works. However, cost for some of the mitigation and monitoring activities are estimated below in Table 6.4 27
27 Note: All the budgets are calculated in 2017 without any escalation rates and taxes. Actual budget will be provided by the Contractor at the time of implementation.
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while the Environmental Manager cost is included as part of the Contractor key personnel covered under the bid documents (Key Personnel Requirements). Major civil works are main Weir and irrigation channel and the subproject entails no large labor force and the PPEs like safety shoes, helmets, gloves and masks will be covered under the Contractors cost. The EHS training component is given to Project Design and Supervision Consultants expert who is responsible to conduct regular EMP envisaged trainings for the contractor’s crews and staff.
Table 6.4: Implementation Estimated Budget
Item No Item Parameters Frequency Rate As per Contract Description (Rs) Amount Quantity Amount 1 Air Testing at 1. Carbon Monoxide Quarterly 8000 4/year 32000 site (CO) 2. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 3. Nitric Oxide (NO) 4. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 5. PM10 6. PM2.5 2 Noise 1. Noise Quarterly 1000 4/year 4000 Testing at site 3 Water 1. Total Coli form Quarterly 11000 8/year 88000 Testing in 2. E. coli Lab 3. pH 4. Total Dissolved solids (TDS) 5. Total Hardness as CaCO3 6. Sodium 7. Potassium 8. Sulphate 9. Chloride 10. Alkalinity 11. Color 12. Odor 13. Taste 14. Nitrogen-Nitrates 15. TSS Total 1,24,000 Contingency 6200 Cost @5% Grand Total 1,30,200
Third Party Monitoring The purpose of third-party monitoring is to ensure that the project is implemented with the due concern for Environment and Social Safeguards according to ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS) 2009, and specifically to ensure that these issues are adequately addressed in compliance with the approved EIA/IEE reports and Environment Management plan (EMP). The third-party monitoring consultant will check / validate these reports during the construction phase of the project to ADB and also the Project Completion Report.
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As per TOR of the Contract the Third Party Consultant will perform the following key tasks. i. review the sub-project's environmental performance to ensure that it complies with the national environmental legislation, requirements under Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, ADB's environmental safeguards as stipulated in Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) and relevant environmental documents (IEE, EIA, Site specific EMP, Environmental Assessment and Review Framework); ii. monitor and participate in selected sub-projects' design and construction stage consultations; iii. monitor the performance of consultants in delivering the services and the performance of EA/PMU/PIUs and IAs in delivering their roles and responsibilities so that the project stay compliant with ADB environmental safeguards; iv. monitor on sample basis EMP compliance at a construction site; v. in the case of unpredicted environmental impacts occurring during project implementation, provide guidance on the preparation of a corrective action plan, and monitor its implementation; vi. support the PMU in information sharing and disclosure of environmental safeguard documents, training on environmental management, and health and safety aspects to project staff; vii. if required, participate in the ADB project review missions to assist in due diligence reviews and analyses; viii. identify implementation capacities gaps, recommend improvements and troubleshooting to address bottlenecks and emerging issues that affect project management; The Consultant will deliver (a) third party monitoring detailed plan in consultation with the EA, PMU, PIU and IAs; (b) biannual external environment safeguards monitoring report; and (c) collate and provide input to the final TA report. The Consultant will report to ADB Project Team Lead in PRM Islamabad.
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Public Consultation
General Public Consultation is a process to disclose project information to the local communities and other concerned stakeholders and record feedback regarding the proposed Sub Project and preference. It brings new ideas and information in a dynamic and integrated way. It also educates the community towards type and objectives of the Sub Project and persuades them to be rational to participate in the Sub Project activities. The public consultation process was commenced in the initial feasibility stages (prior to construction) in order to disclose the project information to the stakeholders. The stakeholders involved in the process, were the population likely to be impacted, the village leaders and relevant departments. Prior to the implementation of the Sub Project, the consultations have been carried out to support this EMMP. The focus of attention has been the population near the Sub Project area that may be affected by the Sub Project. The level of engagement varied from the stakeholder to stakeholder with some registering no major comment but it is noted that none registered any outright opposition to Sub Project. The disclosure of the Sub Project intervention and subsequent consultation with stakeholders is imperative for the environmental assessment and mitigation of impacts. Public consultation can also provide a conduit for the improvement of the Sub Project implementation to better serve the stakeholders. In this EMMP, the consultation process was performed to achieve the objective of ADB Safe guard’s policy statement 2009. The main objectives of public participation and consultation are to achieve the following: • Ensure public and community participation in the Sub Project environmental policy objectives and decision making. • Ensure public confidence in the administration of the environment by demonstrating the role of government to enforce the environmental stewardship of government agencies and organs, corporate citizens and elite organizations; • Grant the citizenry access to environmental information and data, thereby promoting the quality of environmental management and compliance monitoring. • Provide key project information and create awareness among various stakeholders about project intervention;
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• Have interaction for primary and secondary data collection with project affectees and other stakeholders; • Begin establishing communication and an evolving mechanism for the resolution of social and environmental problems at local and project level; • Involve project stakeholders in an inclusive manner; and • Receive feedback from primary stakeholders on mitigation and enhancement measures for environmental and social impacts. Community engagement provides a valuable link between the stakeholders of the Sub Project and serves by; • Enabling the community to be better informed • Reducing the level of misconception/ misinterpretation or deception • Ensuring commitment and greater ownership of the final decision by the community • Strengthening relationships between project cycle and the community • Encouraging the community to put forward ideas • Assembling better understanding of local needs
• Helping to identify issues which may not otherwise have been considered Identification of Stakeholders Stakeholders are persons or groups who are directly or indirectly affected by a project as well as those who may have interests in a project and/or the ability to influence its outcome, either positively or negatively. Stakeholders of the Sub Project include locally affected communities, local government authorities, and civil society organizations, groups with special interests, the academic community, or businesses. (Figure 7.1). During the field survey, different stakeholders identified, were the villagers, local residents, government officials, farmers, public representative, NGO’s and general public. All those stakeholders had different types of stakes according to their professions. Two types of the stakeholders were identified: the primary stakeholders, who would be directly affected by the sub project; and the secondary stakeholders, who would be indirectly affected by the sub project.
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Figure 7.1: Identification of Stakeholders
These stakeholders were contacted by the consultants in June, 2017. Their views and reservations/ concerns about the sub project were taken into consideration. Consultants also interacted with the community-based organizations that can support the community during the execution of the Sub Project. Tribal society is dominated by men with final say in the affairs of all members of the family. Women, by comparison, play a subservient role and observe strict purdah (veiling). They are for the most part restricted to performing household work, and are excluded from decision-making both on the domestic front and at the community level. Keeping in mind the above background, women of the subproject area were not consulted. Methodology To carry out stakeholder consultations, the survey team adopted a strategic and flexible approach, where influential were earlier briefed and taken into
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confidence for holding community level meetings and followed by candid meetings with residents and small group meetings with locals. A number of comprehensive consultations were carried out with the Sub Project stakeholders at various locations during the preparation of environmental and social impact assessment. These consultations were carried out during March, 2017. The consultation and scoping sessions were designed specifically to provide Sub Project information to the public. These sessions were informal so as to encourage friendly social environment in which participants may feel comfortable in raising questions, expressing their opinion and concerns about the Sub Project besides seeking clarification regarding their concerns. The focus group discussions were instrumental in the process, whereas one-to- one meetings were also held with the institutions. The Sub Project survey was carried out to cover socio-economic condition of the area and to assess the farmer community’s demands and difficulties with the consideration of the following protocols: The meeting was freely formatted so as to avoid any uneasiness of local farmers and to provide them maximum freedom of speech. • Survey team has highlighted the potential benefits of project implementation and noticing any aspects which would need to be covered in greater detail during execution stage. • Discussions were also made regarding the proposed rehabilitation of irrigation system and feedback /suggestions based on historical knowledge of area were recorded. • Preliminary assessment of community’s willingness was assessed to contribute to project implementation in the form of local labour with the Civil Works Contractor. Agenda of Consultative Session The agenda for the consultative session with local farmers was prepared after investigating all existing irrigation infrastructure in the area. Similarly, an informal interview guide was used to obtain views of key informants on the issues of irrigation in the project area. Data obtained helped the facilitator in drafting and adopting the following agenda for the community meetings. To assess the apprehensions and aspirations of the local farmers regarding improvements to the existing irrigation infrastructure;
To assess indigenous knowledge of potential improvements in irrigation system
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Knowledge and experience of any similar works undertaken by government agencies, NGOs and other technical institutions.
Local Farmer Views The local farmers openly expressed their views that farmers understood fully that improved and ensured surface water supply is the only way to improve agriculture and rural livelihood. The improved surface water supplies will contribute to minimize reliance on ground water abstraction thus, resulting into improved income and regulated ground water regime. The peoples told that the tail end users will not receive water, as experience of surrounding irrigated area. Farmers termed the uncertain and unreliable supply of the canal water. No one has directly or indirectly indicated any negative feelings towards the proposed intervention. Table 7.1 shows the farmers views for dissatisfaction with canal system.
Table 7.1: Farmer Reasons for Dissatisfaction with Canal Systems
Grievances % Farmer views
Katcha water-courses 25%
Poor timing management 7%
Water theft 25%
Inadequate supply 35%
Water wastage 2%
Mogha Problems 6%
Relations between farmers and Irrigation Department officers are generally poor. Rural farmers have little trust in government generally and in the Irrigation Department in particular. Therefore, the proposed weir will be supervised by the farmer community. The irrigation Department will arrange only the major repair in future. When asked whether a Farmers’ Organization (FO) would be useful or not, respondent answers were largely in favor (90%). Farmers want FOs to share the resolution of issues like water theft, cementing of watercourse etc, agricultural issues (e.g. marketing) and credit etc. The participants were in complete agreement about the benefits of the project and expressed full support to the project. Qualitative assessment during the field survey indicates that the community is willing to contribute to sub-project implementation by working as unskilled labour. The preference is to work during
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the agricultural off-season. Training in labour-based construction works will be needed in order to implement the project efficiently. This will also result in necessary basic skills transfer for future maintenance of the scheme. Consultation with Other Stakeholders and Their Response The potential stakeholders were inhabitants, field staff of FATA Irrigation Department (FID) and other relevant departments working in the Sub Project area. During the consultation, maximum information about the Sub Project was shared. A list of Government official consulted is enlisted in Table 7.2 and local Notables/beneficiaries farmers are in Table 7.3. All the stakeholders including the local community were consulted about the proposed subproject. Salient features of the subproject and requirement of ADB SPS were discussed. Subproject does not require land acquisition and no resettlement of the people is involved. There is no major issue related to the RoW of the subproject, which was provided by Irrigation Department. Public consultation was also made with the local people residing in the adjacent and surveyed villages in the subproject area. The discussion was focused on the impacts of the proposed subproject. The people were pleased to know about the proposed subproject. They appreciated the efforts of taking-up the subproject for providing benefits to the public. The stakeholders were asked about the likely impacts of the proposed subproject during construction/ execution phases. Most of the people have knowledge about the subproject. People of the area were demanding some basic facilities like drinking water supply, electricity, Schools and Basic Health Units (BHU) etc however they were told that the project focuses only on improving irrigation and efficient use of water resources. They also demanded for flood protection wall. Their concerns were noted and were shared with the line department and their queries about the subproject were answered to their satisfaction. Suggestions were also sought from the locals for incorporating mitigation measures in the EMP.
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Table 7.2: List of Government Official Contacted
S. No Name Designation Contact No Department
1 M. Ismail Agriculture Officer 0301-5028860(0942- Agriculture 220445)
2 Abdurahman XEN 03009065647(0942- Irrigation 220393) 3 Hayat ali DFO 0303-9292900(0942- Forest 221290)
Table 7.3: List of Community Consultation Participants
S. No. Name CNIC NO Cell No
1 Syed Rahman 21106-2267370-1 0301-8185140
2 Kashar Khan 21106-1295770-9 0300-2750795
3 Fateh Mohmmad 21106-2267279-7 0300-5024735
4 Aman Ullah Khan 21106-2261821-3 0300-5024684
5 Muhammad Zair Khan 21106-3547626-5 0300-2434728
6 Sher Bahadur 21106-2543450-3 0300-8908637
7 Sultan 21106-2262083-3 0304-9792186
8 Muhammad Ayan 21106-2267357-9 0308-8027932
9 Abdul Hayan 21106-2778209-1 0300-8341952
10 Shah Zareen Khan 21106-2268758-1 0300-5327983
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Figure 7.2: Community Meetings at Damano
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GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM
General A Grievance redress mechanism (GRM), consisted with the requirements of ADB safeguard policies will be established to prevent and redress community concerns, reduce risks, and assist the project to maximize social and environmental benefits, in addition to serving as a platform to resolve grievances, for this purpose a public complaint Centre with public complaint committee will be established in all concerned Agencies where the project activities are in progress. Generally, all project staff, management staff involved in the project, and government administrators will take on grievance handling as a responsibility. The GRM members should be qualified, experienced, and competent personnel who can win the respect and confidence of the affected communities. Criteria for selecting members of GRM could include the following knowledge of the project, its objectives, and outcomes; technical knowledge and expertise, e.g., irrigation, engineering, environmental, geological; understanding of the social, economic, and cultural environments and the dynamics of the communities; capacity to absorb the issues dealt with and to contribute actively to decision-making processes; social recognition and standing; and an equitable representation of the community. Composition of following committee members are being proposed for public complaint Centers at concerned Agencies where project activities are prevailing, 1. Chairperson, Project Director-FWRDP. 2. Member, community elder/Malak, Religious leader. 3. Member, Social Development Officer/ Resettlement officer - FWRDP. 4. Member, Environment Officer - FWRDP 5. Member from village organization (one for Executive body and one for general body) 6. Member, PIU (Project Manager, Monitoring officer and Social organizer) 7. Member from Contractor/Environment Specialist/Manager 8. Member PA Representative 9. Member from Line Department
Objectives of Grievance Redress Mechanism The main objective of establishing GRM is to resolve problems in an efficient, timely and cost-effective manner in a cordial environment with the participation of all stakeholders including affected parties. Under the GRM, it shall describe the options available to the project for grievance redress. Any environmental or
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social impacts that would be adversely affecting the general public in the project area should be resolved at the GRC. The PIU shall indicate how these would be disseminated and accessible to affected parties in a way that should be clear and comprehensible to the Implementing Agency (IA) also. The grievance redress mechanism should also have an in-built monitoring mechanism to check on responsiveness to complaints or grievances lodged. The different forms of receiving the complaints should be clearly described together with the different stages of going through the process. In addition, the redress mechanism shall indicate alternatives, in case the proposed mechanism, for any reason, does not respond to all grievances and complaints. GRM should be able to provide benefits to both the project and affected parties by setting up following objectives,
• Provide a forum for redressing grievance and disputes at the lowest level. • To build up productive relationship among the all stakeholders including affected parties. • Provide access to affected parties to negotiate and influence the decisions and policies of the project which might be adversely affected to them. • Mitigates or prevents adverse impacts of the project on communities and produces appropriate corrective or preventive action. • To harmonize both project and affected parties activities. • open channels for affective communication, including the identification of new social and environmental issues of concern arising from the project: • The GRM will be accessible to diverse members of community, including more vulnerable groups such as women and youth • Opportunities for confidentialities and privacy for complainants are to be
honored where this is seen as important
Awareness of GRM GRM should be widely publicized among stakeholder groups such as the affected Communities, government agencies, and Community organizations. Lack of knowledge about GRM results in people not approaching and using them, and they eventually lose the importance and the validity of the purpose for which they were created. People should also be informed about their options, depending on the types of complaints, but should not be encouraged to submit
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false claims. Criteria for eligibility need to be communicated. An effective awareness campaign should be launched to give publicity to the roles and functions of the GRM and should include the following components: • How complaints can be reported to those GRMs and to whom, e.g., phone, postal address and email addresses, of the GRMs as well as information that should be included in a complaint; procedures and time frames for initiating and concluding the grievance redress process; boundaries and limits of GRMs in handling grievances; and Roles of different agencies such as project implementers and funding agencies. A variety of methods can be adopted for communicating information to the relevant Stakeholders: • Display of posters in public places such as in government offices, project offices, Community centers, etc.; distribution of brochures; • P.O BOX number should be established to receive the grievance of the affected community through mail in all concern agencies
• Community-based organizations; and print and electronic media, including radio. Implementation of GRM Stage 1:
When a grievance arises, (Social & Environment/Any) the affected person may contact directly with the contractor/operator and the project manager to resolve the issue of concern, if the issue is successfully resolved, no further follow up is required. Stage 2:
If no ad hoc solution to be found the affected person/s will submit an oral or written complaint to the Public Complaint Centre (PCC) by themselves, for an oral complaint the PCC must make a written record, for each complaint PCC must investigate the complaint, assess its eligibility and identify an appropriate solution, it will provide a clear response in five working days to the complainant, the PCC will instruct the contractor to take corrective action. The PCC will review the contractor response and undertake additional monitoring, during the complaint investigation, the PCC will work in close consultation with the contractors and the supervising engineer (during construction). The contractor
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during construction and the IA during operation should convey the outcome to the PCC within seven working days. Stage 3:
If no solution can be identified by the PCC or if the complainant is not satisfied with the suggested solutions under stage 2, the PCC will organize within two weeks a multi stakeholders meeting under the auspices of the Fata irrigation department, where all relevant stakeholder (i.e. the complainant, IA, contractor/operator, relevant local government offices) will be invited. The meeting should result in solution acceptable to all, and identify responsibility and action plan. The contractor during construction and IA during operation should implement the agreed upon redress solution and convey the outcome to the PCC within seven working days. Stage 4;
If the multi stakeholder hearing process is not successful, the PCC will inform Project Steering Committee (PSC), A project steering committee headed by additional chief secretary, FATA Secretariat, will provide policy guidelines for smooth running of the project activities, the Members of PSC include the secretary, P&D. Secretary finance FATA Secretariat, Director General projects, FATA Secretariat, Representative of SAFRON Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Representative of Planning & Development Division Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Political Agents of Khyber, Bajaur, Mohmand Agency and representatives of all concerned line departments. The Project Director will participate as PSC member cum Secretary. The PSC will meet at least twice a year or more frequently, whenever issues requiring resolution are submitted for its consideration. The PSC will organize special meetings to address the problem and identify its solution. Stage 5:
If the affected people are still not satisfied with the reply in stage 4, he or she can go through local judicial proceedings. i.e. Jirga
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Figure 8.1: Proposed GRM
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CONCLUSION, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Findings and Recommendations The assessment of potential impacts of the proposed Damano weir project reveals that this project will generate only minor to moderate negative environmental impacts. These adverse impacts will be mostly confined to the construction works and will be temporary in nature. The predicted adverse impacts will be minimized and reduced by implementing the prescribed mitigation measures and will be continually monitored by implementing and updating the EMP. The overall finding is that the beneficial gains provided by Irrigation project will by far exceed the negative impacts – most of them being short-termed and without major interference to both the bio-physical and human environment. All mitigation measures proposed in the Environmental Management Plan are deemed to be appropriate. The Environmental Monitoring Plan represents the basic verificationtool for ensuring the effectiveness of the proposed measures. It is emphasized that the success of the EMP depends on the respective line agencies and institutions identified as key players in the implementation of the EMP. The timely and complete inclusion of the EMP’s compliance clauses in the Contractor documents is mandatory to ensure the success of all environmental safeguard measures. Conclusions As the project is exclusively an irrigation system, all identified adverse environmental impacts during the rehabilitation and improvement works of the project will be of minor to moderate in nature, easily to be mitigated by adequate implementation of the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans. Entire command of the project components does not include any environmentally sensitive areas. The measures taken to adequately mitigate negative impact in the construction phase will be the most important task. Implementation of proposed mitigation measures are deemed to be sufficient for negating the potentially identified impacts. The supervision of the mitigation measures provided in the contractor’s documents is the key for completing this project in an environmentally sound manner. The final conclusion is that, the project is environmentally safe and socially acceptable project. A few, essentially minor, negative residual impacts identified in the Impact Assessment during the feasibility study design are all unavoidable and there are
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no technically or economically feasible alternatives which would remove them altogether.
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ANNEXURES
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ANNEX – I Photo Log
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ANNEX – II Supporting Documents
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ANNEX III - NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS (NEQS)
Table 1: Effluent Discharge Standards (NEQS 2000) Applicable to the Works
Sr. No. Determinant NEQS 1 Temperature 40 OC =≤3 deg. 2 pH 6 – 9 3 BOD5 80 mg/l 4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 150 mg/l 5 Total Suspended Solid (TSS) 200 mg/l 6 Total Dissolved Solids 3500 mg/l 7 Grease and Oil 10 mg/l 8 Phenolic compounds (as phenol) 0.1 mg/l 9 Ammonia 40 mg/l 10 Chlorine 1.0 mg/l 11 Chloride 1000.0 mg/l 12 Sulphate 600 mg/l 13 Manganese 1.5 mg/l 14 Fluoride 10 mg/l 15 Cyanide (as CN’) total 1.0 mg/l 16 An-ionic detergents (as MB As) 20 mg/l 17 Sulphide (S-2) 1.0 mg/l 18 Pesticides 0.15 mg/l 19 Cadmium 0.1 mg/l 20 Chromium trivalent and hexavalent 1.0 mg/l 21 Copper 1.0 mg/l 22 Lead 0.5 mg/l 23 Mercury 0.01 mg/l 24 Selenium 0.5 mg/l 25 Nickel 1.0 mg/l 26 Silver 1.0 mg/l 27 Total Toxic metals 2.0 mg/l 28 Zinc 5.0 mg/l 29 Arsenic 1.0 mg/l 30 Barium 1.5 mg/l 31 Iron 8.0 mg/l 32 Boron 6.0 mg/l
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Table 2: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) for Gaseous Emission (mg/Nm3, Unless Otherwise Defined)
Sr. Existing Revised Parameter Source of Emission No. Standards Standards 1 2 3 4 5 40% or 2 40% or 2 Ringlemann 1. Smoke Smoke Opacity not to exceed Ringlemann Scale Scale or equivalent smoke number (a) Boilers and Furnaces (i) Oil fired (ii) Coal fired (iii) Cement Kilns 300 300 Particulate 500 500 2. Matter (b) Grinding, crushing, clinker 200 200 (I) coolers and Related processes, Metallurgical Processes, 500 500 converter, blast furnaces and cupolas. Hydrogen 3. Any 400 400 Chloride 4. Chlorine Any 150 150 Hydrogen 5. Any 150 150 Fluoride Hydrogen 6. Any 10 10 Sulphide Sulfuric acid/ Sulphonic acid
plants Sulphur Oxide 7. (2) (3) Other plants except power plants 400 1700 operating on oil and coal Carbon 8. Any 800 800 Monoxide 9. Lead Any 50 50 10. Mercury Any 10 10 11. Cadmium Any 20 20 12. Arsenic Any 20 20 13. Copper Any 50 50 14. Antimony Any 20 20 15. Zinc Any 200 200 Nitric acid manufacturing unit. Other plants except power plants Oxides of operating on oil or coal: 16. Nitrogen Gas fired 400 400 (3) Oil fired - 600 Coal fired - 1200
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Explanations:- 1. Based on the assumption that the size of the particulate is 10 micron or more. 2. Based on 1 percent sulphur content in fuel. Higher content of Sulphur will case standards to be pro-rated. 3. In respect of emissions of sulphur dioxide Nitrogen oxides, the power plants operating on oil and coal as fuel shall in addition to National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) specified above, comply with the following standards.
Table 3: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2009) for Vehicular Emission
Sr. Standard (Maximum Parameter Measuring Method Applicability No. permissible Limit) 40% or 2 on the To be compared with Immediate 1 Smoke Ringlemann Scale during Ringlemann Chart at a distance effect engine acceleration mode. of 6 meters or more Carbon Under idling condition: Non- 2 Monoxide 6% dispersive infrared detection (CO) through gas analyzer. Sound Meter at 7.5 meters from 3 Noise 85 dB(A) the source
Table 4: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2010) for Noise
Effective from 1st July, Effective from 1st July, 2010 Sr. Category of Area / 2013 No. Zone Limit in dB (A) Leq* Daytime Night-time Daytime Night-time 1 Residential Area (A) 65 50 55 45
2 Commercial Area (B) 70 60 65 55 3 Industrial Area (C) 80 75 75 65 4 Silence Zone (D) 55 45 50 45 Note: 1. Daytime hours: 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. 2. Night-time hours: 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. 3. Silence Zone: Zones which are declared as such by the competent authority. An area comprising not less than 100 meters round hospitals, educational institutions and courts. 4. Mixed categories of areas may be decided as one of the four above mentioned categories by the competent authority. *dB (A) Leq: Time weighted average of the level of sound in scale “A” which is relatable to human hearing.
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Table 5: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2010) for Drinking Water
Sr. Standard Values Properties/Parameters WHO Standards Remarks No. for Pakistan BACTERIAL All water is intended for Must not be Must not be Most Asian Countries drinking (E.Coli or 1 detectable in any detectable in any also follow WHO Thermotolerant Coliform 100ml sample 100ml sample Standards bacteria) Treated water entering the Must not be Must not be Most Asian Countries distribution system (E.Coli 2 detectable in any detectable in any also follow WHO or Thermotolerant Coliform 100ml sample 100ml sample Standards and total Coliform bacteria) Must not be Must not be detectable in any detectable in any 100ml sample. In 100ml sample. In case of large case of large Treated water entering the supplies, where supplies, where Most Asian Countries distribution system (E.Coli sufficient samples sufficient samples 3 also follow WHO or Thermotolerant Coliform are examined, must are examined, must Standards and total Coliform bacteria) not be present in not be present in 95% of the samples 95% of the samples taken throughout taken throughout any 12-month any 12-month period. period. PHYSICAL 4 Colour ≤15 TCU ≤15 TCU Non Non 5 Taste Objectionable/ Objectionable/ Acceptable Acceptable Non Non 6 Odour Objectionable/ Objectionable/ Acceptable Acceptable 7 Turbidity <5 NTU <5 NTU
8 Total hardness as CaCO3 <500mg/l --- 9 TDS <1000 <1000 10 pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 RADIOACTIVE 11 Alpha Emitters bq/L or pCi 0.1 0.1 12 Beta Emitters 01 01 CHEMICAL Essential Inorganics mg/litre mg/litre 13 Aluminum (Al) mg/l ≤0.2 0.02 14 Antimony (Sb) ≤0.005 0.02 15 Arsenic (As) ≤0.05 0.01 Standard for Pakistan
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Sr. Standard Values Properties/Parameters WHO Standards Remarks No. for Pakistan similar to most Asian developing Countries 16 Barium (Ba) 0.7 0.7 17 Boron (B) 0.3 0.3 Standard for Pakistan 18 Cadmium (Cd) 0.01 0.003 similar to most Asian developing Countries 19 Chloride (Cl) <250 250 20 Chromium (Cr) ≤0.05 0.05 21 Copper (Cu) 2 2 Toxic Inorganics mg/litre mg/litre Standard for Pakistan 22 Cyanide (CN) ≤0.05 0.07 similar to most Asian developing Countries 23 Fluoride (F) ≤1.5 1.5 Standard for Pakistan 24 Lead (Pb) ≤0.05 0.01 similar to most Asian developing Countries 25 Manganese (Mn) ≤0.5 0.5 26 Mercury (Hg) ≤0.001 0.001 27 Nickel (Ni) ≤0.02 0.02
28 Nitrate (NO3) ≤50 50
29 Nitrite (NO2) ≤3 3 30 Selenium (Se) 0.01 0.01 0.2-0.5 at consumer 31 Residual Chlorine end 0.5-1.5 at --- source Standard for Pakistan 32 Zinc (Zn) 5.0 3 similar to most Asian developing Countries Organics PSQCA No. 4629- 2004, Page No.4, Pesticides 33 --- Table No. 3, Serial Annex-II mg/L No. 20-58 may be consulted Phenolic Compounds (as 34 --- ≤0.002 Phenols) mg/L Poly nuclear aromatic 0.01 (By GC/MS 35 hydrocarbons (as PAH) g/L method) ***PSQCA: Pakistan Standards Quality Control Authority
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Table 6: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2010) for Ambient Air
Concentration in Ambient Air Time-weighted Method of Pollutants Effective from Effective from average Measurement 1st July 2010 1st January 2013 Sulphur Annual Average* 80µg/m3 80µg/m3 Ultraviolet
Dioxide (SO2) 24 hours** 120µg/m3 120µg/m3 Fluorescence Method Oxides of Annual Average* 40µg/m3 40µg/m3 Gas Phase Chemi Nitrogen as 24 hours** 40µg/m3 40µg/m3 luminescence (NO) Oxides of Annual Average* 40µg/m3 40µg/m3 Gas Phase Chemi Nitrogen as 24 hours** 80µg/m3 80µg/m3 luminescence (NO2)
3 3 Non disperse UV Ozone (O3) 1 hour 180µg/m 130µg/m absorption method High Volume Suspended Sampling, (Average Particulate Annual Average* 400µg/m3 360µg/m3 flow rate not less than Matter (SPM) 1.1m3/minute)
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ANNEX-IV Table of Content Environmental Compliance Monitoring
Monthly Progress Report
CONTENTS OF MONTHLY ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT
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CONTENTS
Part I Introduction ......
Description of the Subprojects …………………………………………….…………….…………...
Environmental Monitoring………….…………………………………………………..……………...
Part II Environmental Monitoring ......
Environmental Monitoring Summary......
Environmental Trainings……………………………………………………………………………….
Noise and Vibration ......
Water Quality ......
Air Quality ......
Flora and Fauna Monitoring ......
Fuel Consumption ......
Water Consumption ......
Solid Waste Management ……………………………………………………………………………
Part III Environmental Management ......
Site Inspections and Audits ......
Non-Compliances Notices, Corrective Action Plans ......
Table
Table-I Oustanding Issues ......
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Annexure
Weekly Monitoring Checklist
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ANNEX-V Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist
The projects are screened through Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist to determine environmental categorization. The environmental and social rapid screening depicts that: (i) the subproject will not require any land acquisition; (ii) the subproject will not involve any involuntary resettlement; and (iii) the subproject does not fall in any protected area.
Screening Questions Yes No Remarks A PROJECT SITING
IS THE PROJECT AREA ADJACENT TO OR WITHIN ANY OF THE FOLLOWING ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS? . PROTECTED AREA . WETLAND . MANGROVE . ESTUARINE . BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED AREA . SPECIAL AREA FOR PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY B POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
WILL THE PROJECT CAUSE… . loss of precious ecological values (e.g. result of encroachment into forests/swamplands or historical/cultural buildings/areas, disruption of hydrology of natural waterways, regional flooding, and drainage hazards)? . conflicts in water supply rights and related social conflicts? . impediments to movements of people and animals? . potential ecological problems due to increased soil erosion and siltation, leading to decreased stream capacity? . Insufficient drainage leading to salinity intrusion . Over pumping of groundwater, leading Limited use of water for sub- to salinization and ground subsidence? project activities which will not be significant . Impairment of downstream water quality and therefore, impairment of downstream beneficial uses of water? . Dislocation or involuntary resettlement No dislocation or involuntary of people? resettlement of people will occur
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Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable groups? . Potential social conflicts arising from No land acquisition will be land tenure and land use issues? required . Soil erosion before compaction and N.A
lining of canals? . Noise from construction equipment? It will be managed through mitigation measures and will be documented in EMP . dust during construction? It has moderate Impact for labors during construction, but It will be managed by water sprinkling and wet earth. Dust generated will be managed through sound planning and good management practices with implementation of EMP . Waterlogging and soil salinization due to inadequate drainage and farm management? . Leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil characteristics due to excessive application of irrigation water? . Reduction of downstream water supply during peak seasons? . Soil pollution, polluted farm runoff and groundwater, and public health risks due to excessive application of fertilizers and pesticides? . Soil erosion (furrow, surface)? . Scouring of canals? . Clogging of canals by sediments? . Clogging of canals by weeds? . Seawater intrusion into downstream freshwater systems? . Introduction of increase in incidence of waterborne or water related diseases? . Dangers to a safe and healthy working The subproject does not have environment due to physical, chemical usage of any hazardous and biological hazards during project chemicals during construction. construction and operation? However, health and safety measures for laborers will be taken to implement HSE Plan that will be developed and documented in EMP . Large population influx during project Local people will be employed construction and operation that causes as much as possible from close increased burden on social by villages/ towns and the same infrastructure and services (such as will be documented in EMP water supply and sanitation systems)?
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Screening Questions Yes No Remarks . Social conflicts if workers from other Priority will be given to local for regions or countries are hired? employment and the same will be documented in EMP . Risks to community health and safety Earth work will not lead to any due to the transport, storage, and use risk for community during and/or disposal of materials such as construction time, however, explosives, fuel and other chemicals Health and safety Plan and during construction and operation? Emergency response procedures will be prepared and implemented. The same will be documented in EMP. . Community safety risks due to both Safety measures for community accidental and natural hazards, will be taken to avoid any risk especially where the structural and consequence. It will be elements or components of the project documented in EMP. However, it (e.g., irrigation dams) are accessible to has major positive impact, members of the affected community or because the construction of the where their failure could result in injury new weir will save to the community throughout project community/infrastructure from construction, operation and flood threat if any. decommissioning?
Climate Change and Disaster Risk Questions The following questions are not for Yes No Remarks environmental categorization. They are included in this checklist to help identify potential climate and disaster risks. • Is the Project area subject to hazards such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, tropical cyclone winds, storm surges, tsunami or volcanic eruptions and climate changes? . Could changes in temperature, precipitation, or extreme events patterns over the Project lifespan affect technical or financial sustainability (e.g., increased glacial melt affect delivery volumes of irrigated water; sea level rise increases salinity gradient such that source water cannot be used for some or all of the year)? . Are there any demographic or socio- economic aspects of the Project area that are already vulnerable (e.g., high incidence of marginalized populations, rural-urban migrants, illegal settlements, ethnic minorities, women or children)?
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. Could the Project potentially increase the climate or disaster vulnerability of the surrounding area (e.g., by diverting water in rivers that further increases salinity upstream, or encouraging settlement in earthquake zones)? Note: Hazards are potentially damaging physical events.
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