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Crisis Management and Conflict Prevention in Eastern Europe and the Balkans: Lessons for Ukraine-EU Cooperation Crisis Management and Conflict Prevention in Eastern Europe and the Balkans: Lessons for Ukraine-EU Cooperation Edited by Tetyana Malyarenko and Stefan Wolff International Association for Institutional Studies 3 International Association for Institutional Studies Moscow-Kiev-Donetsk Artema 58, Street Donetsk 83000 © Tetyana Malyarenko and Stefan Wolff for selection and editorial matter; individual contributors, their contribution This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of International Association for Institutional Studies. Crisis Management and Conflict Prevention in Eastern Europe and the Balkans: Lessons for Ukraine-EU Cooperation Edited by Tetyana Malyarenko and Stefan Wolff Jean Monnet Information and Research Activity “Ukraine-EU Cooperation in Cri- sis Management and Disaster Risk Reduc- tion: Sharing Best Practices, Building Ef- fective Capabilities” With the support of the Jean Monnet Program of the Eu- ropean Union ISBN 978-966-317-119-7 ‘Skhidniy Vidavnichiy Dom’ Publishing House 4 Contents Jean Monnet Spring Seminar on European Security Acknowledgements Introduction 11 Tetyana Malyarenko and Stefan Wolff 1 Managing a Local Conflict in a Complex 22 Regional Environment Stefan Wolff 2 Crimean Separatism in Contemporary Ukraine: 70 on the Right of Return and Unresolved Land Disputes Tetyana Malyarenko and David Galbreath 3 The Dog that Didn’t Bark: The Conditions for Conflict 88 Prevention in the Baltic States David Galbreath 4 Mass Protests and Revolutions in Weak and Failing 104 States: A Case Study of the Orange Revolution in Ukraine Tetyana Malyarenko 5 The Armed Conflict in the Republic of Macedonia in 120 2011: from the Escalation of Albanian-Macedonian Conflict to Signing the Ohrid Framework Agreement Frosina Remenski 6 ‘Like Oil and Water.’ European Disaster Response and 145 Energy Security in the Arctic Miriam Matejova and Chad Briggs 5 7 Humanitarian NGOs on the Ground: Roles for Civil 167 Society in Conflict Management Daniela Irrera 8 The Limits of EU Conflict Management 187 Stefan Wolff 9 Green-Belt Zones in Danger! 217 Nadiya Kostyuchenko and Yuriy Petrushenko Notes on contributors 231 6 Jean Monnet Spring Seminar on European Security A series of Jean Monnet Spring Seminar on European Security offers an interdisciplinary program featuring a variety of lectures, seminars, panel discussions, briefings and simulation games in the field of European Security. This annual meeting concentrates on Europe’s political and social challenges, the EU’s global role and its neighbourhoods. The concept of ‘deep’ learning and research-led teaching are methodologically are at the heart of the Spring Seminar. Jean Monnet Spring Seminar is intended to be a series of intellectual and personal development meetings designed to hone and develop new generation of leaders in Ukraine committed to such basic, yet important values as freedom, rule of law, human rights and integrity. A new series of Jean Monnet Seminar in Ukraine is con- cerned with new approaches and new challenges to security. The first group of them is being issues related to instability and inse- curity in the EU’s Southern and Eastern Neighbourhoods that constitute a security challenges to the EU. The second category of security challenges to be discussed, are issues of more immediate and direct impact on the EU, such as: illegal migration, state fail- ure, transnational organized crime, international terrorism, en- vironment, supply and transit dimensions of European Security Strategy. 7 This page is intentionally left blank 8 Acknowledgements The editors gratefully acknowledge the assistance that has made this book possible. Gratitude is owed to all participants of 2012 Jean Monnet Spring Seminar on European Security or- ganized by International Association for Institutional Studies, as well as to the Jean Monnet Program, the Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency, the European Commission, and the Higher Education Support Program of the Open Society Insti- tute, Budapest. The volume primarily addresses fellow academics and graduate students, but also interested policymakers. 9 10 Introduction Tetyana Malyarenko Stefan Wolff Since the drafting of the European Security Strategy in 2003, the European Union has been devoting even more attention to the various crises and emergencies that affect the safety of its citizens and the security of its member states. Today, natural and man-made disasters, terrorism and disruption of civilian lives re- quire policy response at all levels of government. They often call into question traditional barriers between policy arenas at national and EU levels and require cooperation between the EU and the states in its neighbourhood. Regional and international coopera- tion in the area of crisis management is gaining more and more importance. In view of the new risks, the separation between means and instruments for mastering international and national crises is no longer tenable. Rather, a holistic approach is neces- sary in order to be able to manage the new risks effectively. “Crisis Management and Conflict Prevention in Eastern Europe and the Balkans: Lessons for Ukraine-EU Coopera- tion” contributes to the debate on reinforcing the European Un- ion’s crisis management and emergency response capabilities, of- fering a genuinely comparative approach and focusing on the evolving ability of the Union to respond to emergencies and dis- asters through more effective institutional and cross border cooperation. Drawing on a series of case studies conducted by the par- ticipants of the 2012 Jean Monnet Seminar “Ukraine-EU Coop- eration in Crisis Management and Disaster Risk Reduction: Shar- ing Best Practices, Building Effective Capabilities”, this book aims at reinforcing the conflict prevention and disaster risk reduc- 11 tion agenda as an important subfield of EU security studies and integrate it with the study of other security challenges. The European Union’s latest declaration of its intent to play a greater role as an international security actor and bring to bear the whole range of its capabilities for crisis management states that “The aim of preserving peace, preventing conflicts from erupting into violence and strengthening international security is an important element of the external action of the European Un- ion as laid down in the Lisbon Treaty” (Union, 2011). For more than a decade, the European Union’s sole experi- ence of managing disaster, crisis and conflict was in the EU and in the Western Balkans. While the road to stability and security was clearly not without obstacles in the road, the EU, for the most part, seemed to have gained sufficient control and self-confidence in managing crises and conflicts in its immediate neighbourhood to give rise to a modicum of success. The development of the EU’s activities as a crisis manager has taken place against the background of the development and elaboration of the notion of the comprehensive approach to secu- rity. The development of the comprehensive approach has been a guiding idea central to international organizations and individual states in refining conceptions of security and how to manage their security needs. As we indicate in this volume, providing security across all dimensions is a fundamental ambition of the EU, yet at the same time essential to its success as a global security actor, not least in its role as a conflict manager. The Eastern Partnership is a relatively new project of the European Union. The four platforms of the Eastern Partnership– democracy, good governance and stability; economic integration and convergence with EU policies; energy security; and contact between people have are based on a new understanding of the challenges for European security. The concrete programs that have been implemented under the Eastern Partnership platforms are logically linked both with the European Security Strategy (2003) and the Human Security Doctrine for Europe (2004). 12 In the framework of the Eastern Partnership the political dialogue between the EU and Ukraine covers four main groups of topics: democracy and human rights, including media and press freedom; regional and international issues; horizontal security threats such as terrorism; and disarmament and non-proliferation. The EU and Ukraine have been intensifying their dialogue and cooperation on foreign and security policy issues, including on crisis management. Ukraine has been participating in the EU’s police mission (EUPM) in Bosnia and Herzegovina and partici- pated in the EUPM in Macedonia. The EU and Ukraine have in- tensified their dialogue on issues related to the fight against ter- rorism, the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and arms export control (the EU-Ukraine Action Plan). ‘The Agreement between the European Union and Ukraine’ establishing a framework for the participation of Ukraine in the European Union crisis management operations’ was signed on July 13, 2005. The Agreement established legal regulations and conditions for participation of Ukraine in CIVILIAN CRISIS MANAGEMENT and MILITARY CRISIS MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS. The European Council at Seville on June 21 and 22, 2002 further agreed arrangements for consultation and coop- eration between the European Union and Ukraine on crisis man- agement. In accordance with ‘The Agreement’, ‘Ukraine shall as- sociate itself with the Joint Action
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