Occasional Papers in Romanian Studies No 3 Moldova, Bessarabia

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Occasional Papers in Romanian Studies No 3 Moldova, Bessarabia OCCASIONAL PAPERS IN ROMANIAN STUDIES No. 3 Moldova, Bessarabia, Transnistria Edited by REBECCA HAYNES School of Slavonic and East European Studies University College London OCCASIONAL PAPERS IN ROMANIAN STUDIES No. 3 Moldova, Bessarabia, Transnistria Edited with an Historical Introduction By REBECCA HAYNES The photograph on the front cover is of a Bessarabian country church taken from Charles Upson Clark, Bessarabia: Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea, Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1927, p. 104. All attempts have been made to establish whether copyright adheres to the photograph on the front cover. The School of Slavonic and East European Studies, UCL would be grateful to learn of any such rights. OCCASIONAL PAPERS IN ROMANIAN STUDIES NO. 3 Moldova, Bessarabia, Transnistria Edited with an Historical Introduction By REBECCA HAYNES School of Slavonic and East European Studies University College London 2003 OCCASIONAL PAPERS IN ROMANIAN STUDIES, NO. 3 EDITED BY REBECCA HAYNES Occasional Papers in Romanian Studies, No. 3 © School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London,2003 SSEES Occasional Papers No. 52 ISBN: 0-903425-63-7 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any other form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, UCL. Copies of this publication and others in the School’s referred series of Occasional Papers can be obtained from the Publications Office, SSEES-UCL, Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU. Printed in Great Britain by Q3 Digital/Litho Queens Road, Loughborough, Leics. LE11 1HH Contents Notes on Contributors vii Historical Introduction 1 Rebecca Haynes The Holocaust in Transnistria: An Overview in the Light of Recent Research 143 Dennis Deletant The Moldovan Economy: From ‘Model’ to ‘Crash’? 163 Ronald J. Hill Transnistria since 1990 as seen from Chisinau 181 Natalia Gherman Security Concerns in Post-Soviet Moldova: The Roots of Instability 189 Trevor R. W. Waters The Conflict in the Transnistrian Region of the Republic of Moldova 205 Adrian Pop Index 219 Maps 1 The Principality of Moldova, Bessarabia and Bukovina, 1812 141 2 The Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic (MSSR), 1944-1991 142 v Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019 with funding from UCL School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES) https://archive.org/details/SSEES0027 Notes on Contributors Dennis Deletant is Professor in Romanian Studies at SSEES-UCL. Natalia Gherman is Ambassador of the Republic of Moldova to Austria and Head of the Moldovan Mission to the OSCE and UN Agencies in Vienna. Rebecca Haynes is Lecturer in Romanian Studies at SSEES-UCL. Ronald J. Hill is Professor of Comparative Government at Trinity College Dublin. Adrian Pop is Professor at the Faculty of Political Sciences at the ‘Dimitrie Cantemir’ Christian University in Bucharest. Trevor R. W. Waters has recently retired from his post as Senior Lecturer at the Conflict Studies Research Centre, Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst. Historical Introduction Rebecca Haynes The articles which follow are the product of a conference held at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London in 1999 on the history and contemporary affairs of Moldova, Bessarabia and Transnistria. Most of the papers deal with the Transnistrian dispute, as it developed over the course of the 1990s, but others consider economic conditions in the Republic of Moldova and Romanian policy towards the Jews during the Second World War. A common point in many of these articles is the issue of the Republic of Moldova’s relations with the Russians and Ukrainians, both inside and outside the Republic, and of Romania’s own relations with Moldova. Underlying this issue is the question of national identity. Are the Moldovans and Romanians ‘one nation’, and if so, what implications follow for statehood? Or is there a distinct ‘Moldovan’ identity, which justifies the maintenance of a separate Moldovan state? And if a distinct ‘Moldovan’ identity exists, is it connected in any way with the Moldovans’ historic ‘co-habitation’ with the Slavonic peoples both west and east of the Dnestr river? In seeking to write a historical introduction to these essays one issue becomes clear. The Moldovans’, and indeed the Romanians’, often complicated relations with the Ukrainians and Russians are not simply the product of Moldova’s incorporation within the Soviet Union after the Second World War, but stretch back to the very foundation of the prin¬ cipality of Moldova in the Middle Ages. It is for this reason appropriate to consider the issue of identity in contemporary Moldova, and the Transnistrian dispute, in a long-term historical perspective, and not simply as a product of more recent events. This historical introduction will, therefore, concentrate overwhelm¬ ingly on the period up to the Second World War. For the Soviet Union’s involvement in Moldova in the post-war era, and the unfolding of the Transnistrian dispute, the reader can do no better than to study Charles 1 2 Occasional Papers in Romanian Studies King’s seminal book. The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture, (Hoover Institution Press, Stanford, 2000). Finally, I would like to thank those who made possible the original ‘Moldova, Bessarabia, Transnistria’ conference, as well as the publication of this volume. These include the Foreign and Commonwealth Office through whose generosity the conference took place. I would also like to thank Professor Michael Branch, former director of the School, and Professor George Kolankiewicz, the current director, who have made possible the publication of this volume. My thanks are also due to Professor Dennis Deletant and Dr Martyn Rady at the School for offering their comments on the following text. * The history of Moldova poses problems of both a practical and an intel¬ lectual nature. Amongst the former, is the lack of reliable historical data and basic information regarding Moldova. This is itself largely a result of the region’s history, which, on account of its frequent wars, changes of government and disputed sovereignty, has made accurate and continuous record keeping impossible. In addition, the country’s main centres of scholarly activity, the monasteries, have suffered themselves through war and plunder over the centuries. The historian is thus left with a number of often conflicting and incomplete accounts with which to develop his narrative. The intellectual problems confronted in writing a history of Moldova, however, pose even greater challenges. The first of these is the problem of territorial definition. Today ‘Moldova’ commonly refers to the Republic of that name which declared its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. The Republic lies between the Prut and Dnestr rivers and is bordered by the Romanian state in the west. It is otherwise surrounded entirely by Ukrainian territory. ‘Moldova’ is also, however, the name of the eastern part of the modern Romanian state. The two ‘Moldovas’ of today previously constituted the principality of Moldova which was founded in the fourteenth century and which in the nineteenth century joined with Wallachia to form the kingdom of Romania. The lands of the present-day Republic of Moldova were a part of the principality of Moldova until 1812 when they were annexed by Russia. The reader may well wonder what the relationship is between the principality of Moldova and ‘Moldavia’, a name often found in English-language histories of the area. ‘Moldavia’ is, however, simply the Latinized form of Moldova, and gained currency in Europe only from the eighteenth century onwards. There is also the frequent use in historical literature of the name Introduction 3 ‘Bessarabia’ to refer to the lands between the Prut and Dnestr rivers which were seized by Russia from the principality of Moldova in 1812. Bessarabia is the Latinized form of the Romanian Basarabia, the ety¬ mology and meaning of which we will explain further below (pp. 74-5). The area of the modern Republic of Moldova only, however, corresponds in part to the area of nineteenth-century Bessarabia. The second intellectual problem regarding the history of the Republic of Moldova is the question of national description and of language, which since the nineteenth century has been generally understood as the badge of identity. Most historians and commentators in Romania have argued that the ‘Moldovan’ language, adopted as the Republic’s official language in 1994, is a dialect of Romanian and, therefore, describe the language as ‘Romanian’ and the people of Moldova as ‘Romanians’. Many people in Moldova would concur with this view and regard themselves as being thus ‘Romanians’. Moldovan nationalists within the present-day Republic argue, how¬ ever, that although closely related to the Romanians, the Moldovans form a distinct ethnic and linguistic group, with a separate historical devel¬ opment. Complicated as they are, however, these problems of definition are by no means unique to Moldova. Throughout Eastern Europe, both historic ‘rights’ to territories and national identities are often subject to intensive scrutiny and debate. Indeed, the problems of Moldovan history are the problems of East European history writ small. The example of the Republic of Moldova’s Ukrainian neighbour, whose territory and identity are still hotly contested, is a further illustration. Not only is the territory
Recommended publications
  • Trials of the War Criminals
    TRIALS OF THE WAR CRIMINALS General Considerations The Fascist regime that ruled Romania between September 14, 1940, and August 23, 1944, was brought to justice in Bucharest in May 1946, and after a short trial, its principal leaders—Ion and Mihai Antonescu and two of their closest assistants—were executed, while others were sentenced to life imprisonment or long terms of detention. At that time, the trial’s verdicts seemed inevitable, as they indeed do today, derived inexorably from the defendants’ decisions and actions. The People’s Tribunals functioned for a short time only. They were disbanded on June 28, 1946,1 although some of the sentences were not pronounced until sometime later. Some 2,700 cases of suspected war criminals were examined by a commission formed of “public prosecutors,”2 but only in about half of the examined cases did the commission find sufficient evidence to prosecute, and only 668 were sentenced, many in absentia.3 There were two tribunals, one in Bucharest and one in Cluj. It is worth mentioning that the Bucharest tribunal sentenced only 187 people.4 The rest were sentenced by the tribunal in Cluj. One must also note that, in general, harsher sentences were pronounced by the Cluj tribunal (set up on June 22, 1 Marcel-Dumitru Ciucă, “Introducere” in Procesul maresalului Antonescu (Bucharest: Saeculum and Europa Nova, 1995-98), vol. 1: p. 33. 2 The public prosecutors were named by communist Minister of Justice Lucret iu Pătrăşcanu and most, if not all of them were loyal party members, some of whom were also Jews.
    [Show full text]
  • National Council on the Humanities Minutes, No. 11-15
    Office of th8 General Counsel N ational Foundation on the Aria and the Humanities MINUTES OF THE ELEVENTH MEETING OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL ON THE HUMANITIES Held Monday and Tuesday, February 17-18, 1969 U. S. Department of State Washington, D. C. Members present; Barnaby C. Keeney, Chairman Henry Haskell Jacob Avshalomov Mathilde Krim Edmund F. Ball Henry Allen Moe Robert T. Bower James Wm. Morgan *Germaine Br&e Ieoh Ming Pei Gerald F. Else Emmette W. Redford Emily Genauer Robert Ward Allan A. Glatthorn Alfred Wilhelmi Members absent: Kenneth B. Clark Charles E. Odegaard John M. Ehle Walter J. Ong Paul G. Horgan Eugene B. Power Albert William Levi John P. Roche Soia Mentschikoff Stephen J. Wright James Cuff O'Brien *Present Monday only - 2 - Guests present: *Mr. Harold Arberg, director, Arts and Humanities Program, U. S. Office of Education Dr. William Emerson, assistant to the president, Hollins College, Virginia Staff members present; Dr. James H. Blessing, director, Division of Fellowships and Stipends, and acting director, Division of Research and Publication, National Endowment for the Humanities Dr. S. Sydney Bradford, program officer, Division of Research and Publication, NEH Miss Kathleen Brady, director, Office of Grants, NEH Mr. C. Jack Conyers, director, Office of Planning and Analysis, NEH Mr. Wallace B. Edgerton, deputy chairman, NEH Mr. Gerald George, special assistant to the chairman, NEH Dr. Richard Hedrich, Director of Public Programs, NEH Dr. Herbert McArthur, Director of Education Programs, NEH Miss Nancy McCall, research assistant, Office of Planning and Analysis, NEH Mr. Richard McCarthy, assistant to the director, Office of Planning and Analysis, NEH Miss Laura Olson, Public Information Officer, NEH Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Economics the ROLE of DIMITRIE CANTEMIR
    “Dimitrie Cantemir” Christian University Knowledge Horizons - Economics Volume 6, No. 2, pp. 209–211 P-ISSN: 2069-0932, E-ISSN: 2066-1061 © 2014 Pro Universitaria www.orizonturi.ucdc.ro THE ROLE OF DIMITRIE CANTEMIR IN THE ROMANIAN PEOPLE’S CULTURE Anda -Nicoleta ONE ȚIU Lecturer, Universitary Doctor, The Faculty of International Relations, „Dimitrie Cantemir” Christian University , Bucharest, Economic, Romania, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Dimitrie Can temir, was twice Prince of Moldavia (in March -April 1693 and in 1710 -1711). He was Key words: also a prolific man of letters, philosopher, historian, composer, musicologist, linguist, etnographer Geographer, and geographer between 1711 and 1719, he wrote his most important creations. Cantemir was philosopher, historian, known as one of the greatest linguists of his time, speaking and writing eleven languages and being composer, linguist well versed in Oriental Scholarship. This oeuvre is voluminous, diverse and original; although some JEL Codes: of his scientic writings contain unconfirmed theories, his expertise, sagacity and groundbreaking. 1. Introduction Soultan’s Court, but, even if he was involved in such As a romanian chronicler (author of chronicles), Dimitrie conditions, he followed his path to learn at the Cantemir represents the most important personality of Patriarchy’s Academy, in order to complete his studies the romanian literature in the feudal era. He won the in such fields as: logics, philosophy, geography, history, respect of his contemporary intellectuals and of his medicine, chemistry and occidental languages. The descendants, he impressed by his own strong interest of the young moldavian in literature and personality as a symbol for the whole mankind, grace of occidental sciences was encouraged by the diplomats his studies concerning some fields as: history, of the occidental states and travelling through the geography, politics, music, mathematics and physics.
    [Show full text]
  • European Influences in Moldova Page 2
    Master Thesis Human Geography Name : Marieke van Seeters Specialization : Europe; Borders, Governance and Identities University : Radboud University, Nijmegen Supervisor : Dr. M.M.E.M. Rutten Date : March 2010, Nijmegen Marieke van Seeters European influences in Moldova Page 2 Summary The past decades the European continent faced several major changes. Geographical changes but also political, economical and social-cultural shifts. One of the most debated topics is the European Union and its impact on and outside the continent. This thesis is about the external influence of the EU, on one of the countries which borders the EU directly; Moldova. Before its independency from the Soviet Union in 1991, it never existed as a sovereign state. Moldova was one of the countries which were carved out of history by the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact in 1940 as it became a Soviet State. The Soviet ideology was based on the creation of a separate Moldovan republic formed by an artificial Moldovan nation. Although the territory of the Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic was a former part of the Romanian province Bessarabia, the Soviets emphasized the unique and distinct culture of the Moldovans. To underline this uniqueness they changed the Moldovan writing from Latin to Cyrillic to make Moldovans more distinct from Romanians. When Moldova became independent in 1991, the country struggled with questions about its national identity, including its continued existence as a separate nation. In the 1990s some Moldovan politicians focussed on the option of reintegration in a Greater Romania. However this did not work out as expected, or at least hoped for, because the many years under Soviet rule and delinkage from Romania had changed Moldovan society deeply.
    [Show full text]
  • Scientific Exorcisms? the Memory of the Communist Security Apparatus
    285 Stefano Bottoni PhD University of Florence, Italy ORCID: 0000-0002-2533-2250 SCIENTIFIC EXORCISMS? ARTICLES THE MEMORY OF THE COMMUNIST SECURITY APPARATUS AND ITS STUDY IN ROMANIA AFTER 1989 Abstract This article discusses the institutional attempts to deal with the archival legacy of the Romanian communist security police, Securitate (1945–1989), during the democratic transition in post-communist Romania. The first part draws a short outline of Securitate’s history and activities as one of the main power instruments of the communist dictatorship. The second part of the article shows the development of political attitudes towards institutional attempts to deal with the communist past in the post-communist Romania. This paper describes the reluctant attitude of the ruling circles in the 1990s towards the opening of the Securitate archives and the lustration attempts. The formation of the National Council for the Study of Securitate Archives (Consiliul Național pentru Studierea Arhivelor Securității, CNSAS, legally established 1999) hardly changed the general situation: the archives of the Securitate were transferred to CNSAS with significant delays, and the 2008 ruling of the constitutional court limited its lustration competences. The establishment of the Institute for the Investigation of Communist Crimes and the Memory of the Romanian Exile (Institutul de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului şi Memoria Exilului Românesc, IICCMER, established 2005) and formation in 2006 of the Presidential Commission for the Analysis of the Communist Dictatorship Institute of National Remembrance 2/2020 286 in Romania led by renowned political scientist Vladimir Tismăneanu together with the research and legal activities of CNSAS contributed to a broader evaluation of the communist regime (although its impact seems to be limited).
    [Show full text]
  • The Republic of Budjak: Next in Line?
    (https://neweasterneurope.eu/) The Republic of Budjak: Next in line? The idea of the Republic of Budjak appeared at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s within the process of a national awakening triggered by perestroika. The republic was supposed to include the localities where Gagauzians and Bulgarians lived in southern Moldova and, in another variant, were also in the neighboring southern part of the Ukrainian Odesa region. No such scenario was realised, however Gagauzians from Moldova managed to create their (separatist) republic that existed till 1994 when their region was granted autonomous status within a unitary state. From time to time, the idea of the Republic of Budjak had returned. January 2, 2015 - Marcin Kosienkowski (https://neweasterneurope.eu/post-author/marcin-kosienkowski/) - Articles and Commentary (https://neweasterneurope.eu/category/articles-and-commentary-50/) Crucially, it was highlighted in a November 2014 report (http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21637415-little-known-place- interests-both-ukraine-and-russia-towards-unknown-region?fsrc=scn/tw_ec/towards_the_unknown_region) by Kyiv-based “Da Vinci AG” Analytic Group because of the Russian-Ukrainian conict, attracting the attention of some mainstream newspapers such as Nezavisimaya gazeta (http://www.ng.ru/cis/2014-11-27/1_kiev.html) and The Economist (http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21637415-little-known-place-interests-both-ukraine-and-russia-towards-unknown-region? fsrc=scn/tw_ec/towards_the_unknown_region). Bessarabia spring of 2015 The “Da Vinci AG” Analytic Group warns in its report that the Republic of Budjak could be established in the spring of 2015. It would be rather called the Bessarabian People’s Republic, alluding to the already existing peoples’ republics of Donetsk and Luhansk, and it would not be limited just to Gagauzians and Bulgarians, encompassing the whole southern part of the Odesa region.
    [Show full text]
  • Romania Redivivus
    alexander clapp ROMANIA REDIVIVUS nce the badlands of neoliberal Europe, Romania has become its bustling frontier. A post-communist mafia state that was cast to the bottom of the European heap by opinion- makers sixteen years ago is now billed as the success story Oof eu expansion.1 Its growth rate at nearly 6 per cent is the highest on the continent, albeit boosted by fiscal largesse.2 In Bucharest more politicians have been put in jail for corruption over the past decade than have been convicted in the rest of Eastern Europe put together. Romania causes Brussels and Berlin almost none of the headaches inflicted by the Visegrád Group—Czechia, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia— which in 1993 declined to accept Romania as a peer and collectively entered the European Union three years before it. Romanians con- sistently rank among the most Europhile people in the Union.3 An anti-eu party has never appeared on a Romanian ballot, much less in the parliament. Scattered political appeals to unsavoury interwar traditions—Legionnairism, Greater Romanianism—attract fewer voters than do far-right movements across most of Western Europe. The two million Magyars of Transylvania, one of Europe’s largest minorities, have become a model for inter-ethnic relations after a time when the park benches of Cluj were gilded in the Romanian tricolore to remind every- one where they were. Indeed, perhaps the aptest symbol of Romania’s place in Europe today is the man who sits in the Presidential Palace of Cotroceni in Bucharest. Klaus Iohannis—a former physics teacher at a high school in Sibiu, once Hermannstadt—is an ethnic German head- ing a state that, a generation ago, was shipping hundreds of thousands of its ‘Saxons’ ‘back’ to Bonn at 4,000–10,000 Deutschmarks a head.
    [Show full text]
  • Materials of the Riga 3Rd International Conference on Hellenic Studies
    Materials of the Riga 3rd International Conference on Hellenic Studies Latvijas Universitāte Humanitāro zinātņu fakultāte Klasiskās filoloģijas katedra Hellēnistikas centrs HELLĒŅU DIMENSIJA Rīgas 3. starptautiskās hellēnistikas konferences materiāli Sastādītāji: Brigita Aleksejeva Ojārs Lāms Ilze Rūmniece Latvijas Universitāte University of Latvia Faculty of Humanities Chair of Classical Philology Centre for Hellenic Studies HELLENIC DIMENSION Materials of the Riga 3rd International Conference on Hellenic Studies Editors: Brigita Aleksejeva Ojārs Lāms Ilze Rūmniece University of Latvia UDK 930(063) He 396 The book is financially supported by the Hellenic Republic Ministry of Culture and Tourism and the University of Latvia Grāmata izdota ar Grieķijas Republikas Kultūras un tūrisma ministrijas un Latvijas Universitātes atbalstu Support for Conference Proceedings by ERAF Project Support for the international cooperation projects and other international cooperation activities in research and technology at the University of Latvia No. 2010/0202/2DP/2.1.1.2.0/10/APIA/VIAA/013 IEGULDĪJUMS TAVĀ NĀKOTNĒ Editorial board: Gunnar de Boel (Belgium) Igor Surikov (Russia) Thanassis Agathos (Greece) Kateřina Loudová (The Czech Republic) Valda Čakare (Latvia) Ojārs Lāms (Latvia) Ilze Rūmniece (Latvia) Nijolė Juchnevičienė (Lithuania) Tudor Dinu (Romania) Language editing Normunds Titāns Translating Rasma Mozere Cover design: Agris Dzilna Layout: Andra Liepiņa © Brigita Aleksejeva, Ojārs Lāms, Ilze Rūmniece, editors, 2012 © University of Latvia, 2012 ISBN 978-9984-45-469-6 CONTENTS / SATURS Introduction 8 Ievads 10 I ANCIENT TIMES SENLAIKI 11 Vassilis Patronis ECONOMIC IDEAS OF ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHERS: ASSESSING THEIR IMPACT ON THE FORMATION OF THE WORLD ECONOMIC THOUGHT 12 Sengrieķu filozofu idejas par ekonomiku: izvērtējot ietekmi uz pasaules ekonomiskās domas veidošanos Nijolė Juchnevičienė HISTORIOGRAPHIC SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE AND THE TRADITION OF GEOGRAPHY 22 Zinātniski historiogrāfiskais diskurss un ģeogrāfijas tradīcija Igor E.
    [Show full text]
  • Dositheos Notaras, the Patriarch of Jerusalem (1669-1707), Confronts the Challenges of Modernity
    IN SEARCH OF A CONFESSIONAL IDENTITY: DOSITHEOS NOTARAS, THE PATRIARCH OF JERUSALEM (1669-1707), CONFRONTS THE CHALLENGES OF MODERNITY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Christopher George Rene IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Adviser Theofanis G. Stavrou SEPTEMBER 2020 © Christopher G Rene, September 2020 i Acknowledgements Without the steadfast support of my teachers, family and friends this dissertation would not have been possible, and I am pleased to have the opportunity to express my deep debt of gratitude and thank them all. I would like to thank the members of my dissertation committee, who together guided me through to the completion of this dissertation. My adviser Professor Theofanis G. Stavrou provided a resourceful outlet by helping me navigate through administrative channels and stay on course academically. Moreover, he fostered an inviting space for parrhesia with vigorous dialogue and intellectual tenacity on the ideas of identity, modernity, and the role of Patriarch Dositheos. It was in fact Professor Stavrou who many years ago at a Slavic conference broached the idea of an Orthodox Commonwealth that inspired other academics and myself to pursue the topic. Professor Carla Phillips impressed upon me the significance of daily life among the people of Europe during the early modern period (1450-1800). As Professor Phillips’ teaching assistant for a number of years, I witnessed lectures that animated the historical narrative and inspired students to question their own unique sense of historical continuity and discontinuities. Thank you, Professor Phillips, for such a pedagogical example.
    [Show full text]
  • 1768-1830S a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate
    A PLAGUE ON BOTH HOUSES?: POPULATION MOVEMENTS AND THE SPREAD OF DISEASE ACROSS THE OTTOMAN-RUSSIAN BLACK SEA FRONTIER, 1768-1830S A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History By Andrew Robarts, M.S.F.S. Washington, DC December 17, 2010 Copyright 2010 by Andrew Robarts All Rights Reserved ii A PLAGUE ON BOTH HOUSES?: POPULATION MOVEMENTS AND THE SPREAD OF DISEASE ACROSS THE OTTOMAN-RUSSIAN BLACK SEA FRONTIER, 1768-1830S Andrew Robarts, M.S.F.S. Dissertation Advisor: Catherine Evtuhov, Ph. D. ABSTRACT Based upon a reading of Ottoman, Russian, and Bulgarian archival documents, this dissertation examines the response by the Ottoman and Russian states to the accelerated pace of migration and spread of disease in the Black Sea region from the outbreak of the Russo-Ottoman War of 1768-1774 to the signing of the Treaty of Hünkar Iskelesi in 1833. Building upon introductory chapters on the Russian-Ottoman Black Sea frontier and a case study of Bulgarian population movements between the Russian and Ottoman Empires, this dissertation analyzes Russian and Ottoman migration and settlement policies, the spread of epidemic diseases (plague and cholera) in the Black Sea region, the construction of quarantines and the implementation of travel document regimes. The role and position of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia as the “middle ground” between the Ottoman and Russian Empires
    [Show full text]
  • Annals of the University of Craiova for Journalism, Communication and Management
    University of Craiova Department of Communication, Journalism and Education Science ANNALS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CRAIOVA FOR JOURNALISM, COMMUNICATION AND MANAGEMENT Volume 6, 2020 ISSN: 2501-3513 Editorial Board Director Associate Professor PhD Xenia Negrea, University of Craiova, Romania Chief editor Associate Professor PhD Dan Valeriu Voinea, University of Craiova, Romania Members: Associate Professor PhD Alexandra Iorgulescu, University of Craiova, Romania Associate Professor PhD Mihaela Marcu, University of Craiova, Romania Associate Professor PhD Alina Ț enescu, University of Craiova, Romania Associate Professor PhD Davian Vlad, University of Craiova, Romania International Advisory Board Professor PhD Antonio Sandu, Ț tefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania Professor PhD Carmen Salgado Santamaría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain Professor PhD César Viana Teixeira, PUC Goiás, PACC/UFRJ and Laicom/UAB, Brazil Professor PhD Florentin Smarandache, University of New Mexico, United States of America Professor PhD Ioan Constantin Dima, ”Valachia” University of TârgoviȚ te, Romania Professor PhD Janusz K. Grabara, Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland Professor PhD Mariana Man, University of PetroȚ ani, Romania Professor PhD Michal Balog, Technical University of Kosice, Slovakia Professor PhD Michal Kolcun, Technical University of Kosice, Slovakia Professor PhD Nicu Panea, University of Craiova, Romania Professor PhD Sebastian Kot, Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland Professor PhD Sorin Mihai Radu, University
    [Show full text]
  • The Poetry, a Christian Resistance Support in Romanian Prisons
    The poetry, a christian resistance support in Romanian prisons Ana NECHITA Abstract: Documents of special importance for their content, giving the voice of a tumultuous and broken destiny, which marked the young generation of the 1960’s, the poems of communist prisons are a significant sound of experiences had in suffering by those who wrote them. Pages written with blood, these poems by their testimonial value, require from us not to ignore their long sacrificial experience, using the freedom, stolen to these authors, for the rebuilding of the nation and the reconstruction of historical truth. The prison poetry, being between the fighting weapons of spiritual resistance, is located near the divine, tending to transfiguration, thing which is happening not few times. Thus, poetry of the prisons becomes a direct way of communicating of the one behind the bars with God. Endowed with the talent of rhyme and having the conscience of fight for truth, for a Romanian creed, these „angels of pain”, as they were called poets of communist prisons in Romania, assured their spiritual survival by sacrificing the best of them on the country altar, replacing the moments of indignation with life in spirit, and here pain is receiving a salvation sense. The lyrics of the imprisoned poets, springing out from pain and completed through pain, formed bright candles from the overflowing of their hearts for all those which was facing the same situation. In the shadow of the cell, under the lightless Professor of Romanian language and literature at “Ion Holban” Technical College, Iaşi. Romania Ana NECHITA vault of the lead mines, along with prayer, the poetry was a saving word, a flasher that lightened and assuaged in the darkness.
    [Show full text]