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Application of Remote Sensing for Gold Exploration in the Nuba

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Application of Remote Sensing for Gold Exploration in the Nuba APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING FOR GOLD EXPLORATION IN THE NUBA MOUNTAINS, SUDAN Cosmas Pitia Kujjo A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May 2010 Committee: Robert Vincent, Advisor Charles Onasch Sheila Roberts ii ABSTRACT Robert Vincent, Advisor Gold exploration in the Sudan has been known since Pharaonic times (3,000 years), but the sparse population and inhospitable climate caused the prospecting to be sporadic and ephemeral in manner. Despite the earlier exploration for minerals in the Sudan, there still are no proper estimates of reserves and many mineral occurrences remain unexploited due to inappropriate prospecting methods (GRAS, 1990). The proper use of mineral exploration methods was delayed until the 1970’s, during which the Sudanese Geological Survey located more than 50 gold-producing sites. Subsequently, joint ventures between Sudan and foreign companies in the 1980’s have provided opportunities for the application of modern technologies to gold exploration. Consequently, substantial discoveries of gold deposits in the Red Sea Hills encouraged the search for gold, not only in areas of quartz veins, but also in rocks associated with gossans. The present study is aimed at utilizing remote sensing technology for gold exploration through an approach of establishing a relationship between the known deposits in the Red Sea Hills and similar occurrences in the Nuba Mountains, Sudan. The multispectral remotely sensing datasets that have been used in this research are comprised of the LANDSAT Enhanced Thematic Mapping (ETM+) and the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). The applied enhancements iii techniques included color composite, band ratioing, principal components analysis (PCA), and spatial filtering. Multispectral remote sensing (LANDSAT+ and ASTER) image enhancement and interpretation proved to be useful in identification, detection, and delineation of lithological rock units, hydrothermal alterations, and geologic structures associated with auriferous sulphides deposits in the research area of the Nuba Mountains, Sudan. The results indicated matching of hydrothermal alteration zones with the locations of known base metals (Cu, Zn, and Ni) in the area, which were mostly located in the vicinity of Jebel Kurun in the SE, Jebel Tumluk , Jebel Umm Takatik, Jebel Uru, and along the flanks of a domal feature that was identified by mapping of geologic lineaments in the study area. iv This work is dedicated to my beloved parents and community. v ACKNOWLEDEMENTS My thanks and appreciations are due to Dr. R. Vincent, for his expert guidance and supervision. I acknowledge the significant contributions made to this research by Dr. C. Onasch and Dr. S. Roberts. I would like to express my thanks and gratitude to the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) for providing the data necessary for the accomplishment of this work. Particular thanks are due to the administration, staff, and technician of the Geology Department at Bowling Green State University (BGSU) for their continuous assistance during my study. The moral support of my family and their patience and consistent encouragement throughout the course of this study are gratefully acknowledged. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION -----------------------------------------------------------------1 1.1 General ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.2 Location of the study area -------------------------------------------------------- 2 1.3 Physiography ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 1.4 Previous Work --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 1.5 Objectives of the present studies ------------------------------------------------ 5 CHAPTER 2 GEOLOGICAL SETTING ------------------------------------------------------ 6 2.1 Regional Geology ----------------------------------------------------------------- 6 2.2 Geology of the study area -------------------------------------------------------- 7 2.2.1 Volcano-sedimentary series ------------------------------------------------------ 7 2.2.2 Ophiolite Series ------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 2.2.3 Non-Ophiolite Igneous Rocks --------------------------------------------------- 10 2.2.4 Post-Basement Complex Formations ------------------------------------------- 11 2.3 Geologic Structural Setting ------------------------------------------------------ 11 2.4 Gold Mineralization --------------------------------------------------------------- 12 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGIES --------------------------------------------------------------15 3.1 Remote Sensing Data and Software ---------------------------------------------15 3.2 Processing Techniques ------------------------------------------------------------ 17 3.2.1 Color Composite Images --------------------------------------------------------- 18 3.2.2 Band Ratioing (BR) --------------------------------------------------------------- 20 3.2.3 Principal Component Analysis PCA -------------------------------------------- 24 vii 3.3 Spatial Filtering -------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND INTERPRETATIONS --------------------------------------- 27 4.1 General ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 27 4.2 Single Band Combination -------------------------------------------------------- 27 4.3 Principal Component Analysis PCA -------------------------------------------- 31 4.3.1 Feature-Oriented Principal Component Selection (FPCS) ------------------- 32 4.4 Band Ratioing (BR) --------------------------------------------------------------- 40 4.5 Mapping Lithologic units ---------------------------------------------------------41 4.6 Mapping Hydrothermal Alteration ---------------------------------------------- 50 4.7 Mapping Geologic Structures ---------------------------------------------------- 57 4.8 Validation of Results -------------------------------------------------------------- 64 4.9 Mapping Ophiolites with ASTER (TIR) bands ------------------------------- 69 4.10 Comparison between the applied image enhancement methods ----------- 73 4.11 Updating the geological map of the study area -------------------------------- 75 4.12 Mineral potential map -------------------------------------------------------------78 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUTION AND RECOMMENDATIONS --------------------------- 82 5.1 Conclusion --------------------------------------------------------------------------82 5.2 Recommendations ----------------------------------------------------------------- 83 REFERENCE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 84 APPENDICES ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 86 viii List of figures Figure Page 1. Location of the study area (after GRAS, 2004)------------------------------------------------------ 3 2. Geological map of the study area (after BGR, 1986) ---------------------------------------------- 9 3. Locations of gold occurrences in the Sudan (after GRAS, 1990) -------------------------------- 14 4. LANDSAT TM and ASTER bands(after Kalinowski and Oliver, 2004) ----------------------- 16 5. Reflectance spectra of the iron oxide and iron hydroxide (after Clark et al., 1993) ----------- 22 6. Reflectance spectra of Kaolinite (1.6 – 6.0 µm plot) ---------------------------------------------- 23 7. Correlation between LANDSAT TM bands, Nuba Mountains ----------------------------- 29 8. Correlation between ASTER bands, Nuba Mountains -------------------------------------------- 31 9. LANDSAT TM image showing FPCS for Ferric oxide minerals(PC3) as bright pixels ----- 34 10. LANDSAT TM image showing FPCS for Clay minerals (PC3) as bright pixels ------------- 35 11. ASTER image showing FPCS for Ferric oxide minerals (PC3) as bright pixels.-------------- 38 12. ASTER image showing FPCS for clay minerals (PC4) as bright pixels ------------------------ 40 13. Vegetation cover appears red in LANDSAT TM image of bands 4-3-2 (RGB) --------------- 41 14. ASTER bands 3-2-1 (RGB) showing vegetation cover as red, specially the Mango orchards along Khor Tandik ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42 15. LADSAT TM bands 3-2-1 (RGB) which is a true color composite image, Nuba Mountains ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43 16. LADSAT TM bands 6-4-1 (RGB) false color composite FCC of the study area ------------- 44 17. LADSAT TM bands 4-5-1 (RGB) FCC image clearly discriminates lithologies and defines drainage patterns as well. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 45 18. ASTER image for bands 7-3-2 (RGB) of the Nuba Mountains. The image reveals vegetation in light green, granitoids in pink, the ultramafic rocks in a variety of brown colors, the graphitic schist in grayish or navy blue, and the quartz-mica-chlorite schist in a variety of dark green colors. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 46 ix 19. PC3 of ASTER bands 1-9, showing iron-bearing rocks as bright pixels ----------------------- 47 20. LANDSAT TM image of band ratios R (3, 1), R (5, 4), and R (5, 7) as RGB
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