Os Besteiros Do Conto Em Portugal Na Idade Média (1385-1438)

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Os Besteiros Do Conto Em Portugal Na Idade Média (1385-1438) Leandro Ribeiro Ferreira De homens-comuns a força de elite: os besteiros do conto em Portugal na Idade Média (1385-1438) Dissertação realizada no âmbito do Mestrado em Estudos Medievais, orientada pela Professora Doutora Paula Pinto Costa e coorientada pelo Professor Doutor Miguel Gomes Martins Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto Setembro de 2015 De homens-comuns a força de elite: os besteiros do conto em Portugal na Idade Média (1385-1438) Leandro Ribeiro Ferreira Dissertação realizada no âmbito do Mestrado em Estudos Medievais, orientada pela Professora Doutora Paula Pinto Costa e coorientada pelo Professor Doutor Miguel Gomes Martins Membros do Júri Professora Doutora Maria Cristina Cunha Faculdade de Letras - Universidade do Porto Professor Doutor João Gouveia Monteiro Faculdade de Letras - Universidade de Coimbra Professora Doutora Paula Pinto Costa Faculdade de Letras - Universidade do Porto Classificação obtida: 19 valores Para a Helena Pobres, fracos, humilhados, depois dos tão formosos dias de poderio e renome, que nos resta senão o passado? Lá temos os tesouros dos nossos afectos e contentamentos. Sejam as memórias da pátria, que tivemos, o anjo de Deus que nos revoque à energia social e aos santos afectos da nacionalidade. Que todos aqueles a quem o engenho e o estudo habilitam para os graves e profundos trabalhos da história se dediquem a ela. No meio de uma nação decadente, mas rica de tradições, o mister de recordar o passado é uma espécie de magistratura moral, é uma espécie de sacerdócio. Exercitem-no os que podem e sabem; porque não o fazer é um crime. Alexandre Herculano, in O Bobo. Sumário Agradecimentos.……………………………………………………………………..... 11 Resumo..………………………………………………………………………………. 14 Abstract………………………………………………….…………………………….. 15 Índice de quadros.……………………………………………………………………... 16 Índice de tabelas..……………………………………………………………………... 16 Índice de figuras..……………………………………………………………………... 16 Índice de mapas………………………..……………………………………………….16 Lista de abreviaturas ....................................................................................................... 17 Introdução ....................................................................................................................... 19 1. – O tema, a metodologia e a estrutura .................................................................... 19 2. – Estado da Arte ...................................................................................................... 22 Capítulo 1. – Os besteiros do conto: da criação à consolidação da milícia (1299-1383) 32 1.1. – Corpos de besteiros antes da criação dos besteiros do conto ............................ 32 1.2. – Criação e consolidação dos besteiros do conto: de D. Dinis a D. Afonso IV e D. Pedro I (1299-1367) .................................................................................................... 38 1.3. – A intervenção de D. Fernando (1367-1383) na expansão e organização dos besteiros do conto: a sombra das Guerras Fernandinas ............................................. 55 Capítulo 2. – Os besteiros do conto e a Coroa: a organização da milícia durante os reinados de D. João I e D. Duarte (1385-1438) – uma política comum? ....................... 73 2.1. – D. João I atua a solo: a organização dos privilégios e deveres da milícia ........ 73 2.2. – O Infante D. Duarte entra em cena: a edificação de uma política comum ....... 93 Capítulo 3. – Da teoria à prática: cadeia de comando, recrutamento e atuação de uma força de elite .......................................................................................................................... 125 3.1. – Hierarquia, apuramento e recrutamento de besteiros do conto ....................... 125 3.1.1. – A cadeia de comando ............................................................................... 125 3.1.2. – As tarefas de apuramento e recrutamento dos besteiros do conto............ 139 3.2. – De homens-comuns a força de elite: do treino à participação nos teatros de guerra .................................................................................................................................. 148 3.2.1. – Preparar a guerra ...................................................................................... 149 3.2.1.1. – Armamento ..................................................................................... 149 3.2.1.2. – O treino: o tiro à barreira ................................................................ 164 3.2.2. – A guerra .................................................................................................... 167 8 3.2.2.1. – A mobilização dos besteiros do conto para a hoste régia ............... 167 3.2.2.2. – A atuação de uma força de elite nos teatros de operações ............. 173 Conclusões .................................................................................................................... 195 Fontes e Bibliografia .................................................................................................... 201 1. – Fontes Inéditas ................................................................................................... 201 2. – Fontes Impressas ................................................................................................ 201 3. – Bibliografia citada .............................................................................................. 203 9 Agradecimentos A redação de uma dissertação de mestrado é uma tarefa morosa, desgastante e obrigatoriamente minuciosa. Portanto, ao longo destas páginas, é necessário destacar todo o apoio (tanto intelectual, como emocional) que me foi destinado durante um período de total compenetração e de investigação compulsiva. Este é o espaço onde é perpetuado um cunho mais pessoal ao autor, enquanto este tenta colocar um pouco de justiça naqueles que concederam uma preciosa ajuda ao longo da edificação da sua obra. No caso da presente dissertação, esta ocorrência não constituirá uma exceção; este espaço é dedicado àqueles que contribuíram – direta ou indiretamente – para o resultado final deste projeto: com eles partilho todas as qualidades e potencialidades desta dissertação, enquanto assumo a responsabilidade de todos os seus defeitos e insuficiências. Em primeiro lugar, devo reconhecer o apoio prestado pelos meus incansáveis orientadores. À Professora Doutora Paula Pinto Costa, minha orientadora desde os tempos do Seminário de Investigação de Licenciatura, reconheço e, acima de tudo, agradeço toda a importância que teve no meu ainda curto percurso académico e científico. Desde o primeiro dia em que iniciámos este périplo mostrou uma invulgar e permanente disponibilidade para me orientar sempre que era necessário, esclarecendo as minhas dúvidas infindáveis com amabilidade, simpatia e, sobretudo, com amizade. Por sua vez, sou igualmente grato ao Professor Doutor Miguel Gomes Martins, meu coorientador, que em boa hora aceitou participar desta guerra, mesmo encontrando-se ciente das evidentes limitações que envolviam esta orientação: mais concretamente cerca de 300km de distância! Agradeço-lhe não só por todo o conhecimento que me transmitiu sobre história militar, mas também pela boa-disposição e amizade que sempre partilhou comigo. A ambos agradeço pela paciência, pelas sugestões, pelos ensinamentos e sobretudo pelos exemplos sobre como se deve fazer história: com rigor, metodologia, ambição e, acima de tudo, paixão pela sua escrita. Sou grato ao Dr. Miguel Nogueira e à Oficina do Mapa, cuja batalha para levar a cartografia temática à investigação histórica tem merecido a minha especial atenção. Os seus importantes conselhos cartográficos levaram-me a olhar a história através de novas 10 perspetivas, cujas interpretações enriqueceram garantidamente o trabalho final que apresento; e, claro está, «modéstia à parte, com mapas fica sempre mais bonito». Agradeço também a todos os professores do Mestrado em Estudos Medievais da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto pelas suas importantes lições, as quais nos permitiram aprofundar conhecimentos sobre aquele período da história. Sou grato, sobretudo, pela forma entusiasmante com que nos possibilitaram, nas suas aulas, vivenciar os tempos medievais através de uma janela entreaberta. Agradeço, portanto, ao Professor Doutor Armando Luís de Carvalho Homem, ao Professor Doutor José Augusto de Sottomayor-Pizarro, ao Professor Doutor José Carlos Miranda, ao Professor Doutor José Francisco Meirinhos, ao Professor Doutor Luís Carlos Amaral, ao Professor Doutor Luís Miguel Duarte, à Professora Doutora Maria Cristina Cunha e, evidentemente, à Professora Doutora Paula Pinto Costa, a orientadora deste trabalho. Devo igualmente uma palavra de agradecimento ao Professor Doutor Mário Jorge Barroca, da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto, que sugeriu, no contexto do VII Workshop de Estudos Medievais, alguns percursos de investigação que tive oportunidade de desenvolver nesta dissertação, nomeadamente no que diz respeito ao armamento dos besteiros do conto. Fora do contexto da Universidade do Porto, encontrei também algum apoio que se mostrou importante para a construção deste projeto. Como tal, agradeço aos Professores Matthew Strickland, da Universidade de Glasgow, e Anne Curry, da Universidade de Southampton, que, oportunamente, me forneceram importantes pistas para comparar o fenómeno dos besteiros do conto com a realidade além-fronteiras. Para além disso, é meu dever agradecer ao Centro de Estudos Históricos (CEH) pela amabilidade em disponibilizar
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