1.3 Igreja Católica E Ciência – Algumas Considerações

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1.3 Igreja Católica E Ciência – Algumas Considerações UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL ELIANA CRISTINA ZEQUIM Ideias sobre o começo: Igreja Católica e a cosmologia contemporânea (1936-2014) Dissertação de Mestrado Versão corrigida São Paulo 2018 ELIANA CRISTINA ZEQUIM Ideias sobre o começo: Igreja Católica e a cosmologia contemporânea (1936-2014) Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social do Departamento de História da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para a obtenção do título de Mestre em História Área de concentração: História Social Orientador: Prof. Dr. Gildo Magalhães dos Santos Filho Versão corrigida São Paulo 2018 Autorizo a reprodução total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Catalogação da publicação Serviço de biblioteca e documentação Faculdade Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo Nome: ZEQUIM, Eliana Cristina Título: Ideias sobre o começo: Igreja Católica e a cosmologia contemporânea (1936-2014) Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social do Departamento de História da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para a obtenção do título de Mestre em História Área de concentração: História Social Aprovado em: ____________________ Orientador: Prof. Dr. Gildo Magalhães dos Santos Filho - Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas – USP Ass. ______________________________ Julgamento: ______________________________ Banca examinadora: Prof. Dr. Amâncio César Santos Friaça - Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas – USP Ass. ______________________________ Julgamento: ______________________________ Profª Drª Cristina Meneguello – Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas - Unicamp Ass. ______________________________ Julgamento: ______________________________ Profª. Drª. Maria Amélia Mascarenhas Dantes - Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas – USP Ass. ______________________________ Julgamento: ______________________________ Este trabalho é dedicado a meus alunos, que inspiram em mim o desejo de aprender sempre, e compartilhar o que aprendo. AGRADECIMENTOS Penso que qualquer pessoa que se veja às voltas com o término de um trabalho tão extenso e complexo quanto uma dissertação de Mestrado deva sentir uma mistura de sensações: entre o sentimento do dever cumprido e o vazio pelo fim de um processo que demandou bastante tempo e esforço, podemos enxergar tantas pessoas que contribuíram para que tal empreitada fosse possível, que parece improvável agradecê-las sem ser injusto ao esquecer de alguém. Na tentativa de organizar minhas lembranças, opto então pela ordem cronológica em que recebi contribuições para que este caminho fosse possível. Primeiramente, não poderia deixar de agradecer minha família pela valorização do estudo que desde cedo incutiu em mim. Neste sentido, agradeço especialmente a meu pai, João Roberto Zequim, de quem herdei o gosto profundo pela leitura, e meu tio Pedro Joel Zequim, por me ofertar o conjunto lindíssimo de livros sobre mitologia grega que atiçaram as chamas do gosto pela História. Nestes mais de 30 anos, minha coleção de livros cresceu muito, mas as três obras encadernadas em capa dura e repletas de pinturas renascentistas gozam de carinho especial. Agradecimentos especiais teço também aos professores que tive que, mesmo sem saber, cultivaram em mim o gosto pelo conhecimento e inspiraram o desejo de seguir esta profissão. Eles são muitos, e a professora que sou hoje é um pouco de todos eles. Em especial, sou grata ao professor Francisco de Assis Queiroz, com quem cursei na graduação a disciplina História da Ciência, da Técnica e do Trabalho, e que me apresentou todo um campo do saber histórico que eu não tinha ideia de que fosse tão fascinante. Neste ponto, também não posso deixar de mencionar meus alunos, especialmente dois deles: Gabriel Pichi Levada e Gabriel Demarchi Pellegrini, que estiveram comigo entre 2013 e 2015 e me lançaram as perguntas cujas respostas percebi serem caminhos interessantes de investigação. A paixão por estar com meus alunos é um dos motores mais importantes de minha existência, e as discussões que levantam ainda alimentam minha curiosidade e a vontade de aprender mais, e compartilhar o que aprendo. Um agradecimento muito especial dirijo a meu orientador, Gildo Magalhães dos Santos Filho. Agradeço profundamente a confiança em meu trabalho, e a generosidade de compartilhar seu conhecimento. O acompanhamento pronto e atento da construção de minha pesquisa foi essencial para que ela ganhasse foco e corpo, além da condução ao possível do que foi meu projeto inicial. É muito fácil para mim perceber o quanto cresci graças a ele, e almejo um dia me tornar a professora generosa que ele é. De todos os meus professores, sem dúvida é o mais marcante e meu melhor espelho. Aos colegas do GEPTEC, da USP, agradeço as inúmeras colaborações, dicas e trocas de experiências e de angústias que tornaram meu fardo mais leve. Nossos encontros, sempre estimulantes, fazem parte do que quero manter por muito tempo em minha vida. Aos colegas das Escolas Padre Anchieta, de Jundiaí-SP, agradeço o incentivo à candidatura ao Mestrado e a não desistir de avançar em minha formação. Em especial, agradeço muito a meu amigo de trabalho, Hildon Vital de Melo, cujos apontamentos, sempre pertinentes, colaboraram tanto para a formação de meu projeto de pesquisa. Não posso deixar aqui de agradecer ao companheiro já de tantos anos, Renato Faustino Gomides, que muito mais do que um cônjuge paciente, é o parceiro que trilha meu caminho a meu lado desde antes da graduação, e me deu o suporte que precisei quando, de novo, a Universidade pediu tanto de minha vida. A ele, meu mais sincero obrigada. Por fim, tenho muito a agradecer à Universidade de São Paulo, que me ofereceu a estrutura e as pessoas que me permitiram percorrer esta jornada desde a graduação. E, através dela, agradeço ao povo de meu Estado e país, que a mantém a ao qual ela deve sempre retornar. A todos os mencionados, um sincero obrigada por me colocarem na jornada de conhecimento mais divertida e desafiadora que vivi até hoje. Decerto, mesmo que a história fosse julgada incapaz de outros serviços, restaria dizer, a seu favor, que ela entretém. [...] Pessoalmente, do mais remoto que me lembre, ela sempre me pareceu divertida. Marc Bloch Resumo ZEQUIM, Eliana C. Ideias sobre o começo: Igreja Católica e cosmologia contemporânea (1936-2014). Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2018. Em 2014, uma carta dirigida pelo papa Francisco à Pontifícia Academia de Ciências em que ele declarava que as teorias do Big Bang e da evolução não contradiziam o Gênesis foi noticiada em tom de surpresa por diferentes veículos de comunicação, refletindo a ideia solidificada no senso comum de que há um conflito necessário entre Igreja e ciência. Com o objetivo de contribuirmos para a desmistificação desta ideia, ao menos no que tange à cosmologia, analisamos o histórico da relação entre a Igreja Católica, a astronomia e a cosmologia desde a antiguidade até o século XXI, além do histórico de como ciência e religião se constituíram em campos diversos do saber humano. Indo de encontro à posição defendida nas últimas décadas pela historiografia das ciências, de que não há um conflito necessário entre ciência e religião, notamos que a tendência da Igreja Católica é a de posicionar-se favoravelmente aos paradigmas dominantes em cada época. Percebendo-se que a Igreja se posicionou favoravelmente à teoria do Big Bang enquanto esta ainda não tinha se consolidado como paradigma e concorria com teorias rivais, como a do Estado Estacionário, traçamos um panorama do desenvolvimento da cosmologia europeia, dos antigos gregos ao século XXI, na tentativa de compreender não só o desenvolvimento desta ciência, mas de que maneira o Big Bang acabou por se tornar o paradigma do campo e por que se mostrou uma teoria interessante para a Igreja Católica. Analisamos então o histórico, os regimentos, as publicações e as biografias dos membros da Pontifícia Academia de Ciências e do Observatório do Vaticano, além dos pronunciamentos papais feitos a esta Academia, na tentativa de entender de que maneira os cientistas destas instituições influenciam os posicionamentos dos papas sobre cosmologia entre 1936 (ano de fundação da Academia) e 2014, percebendo que as discussões promovidas nos encontros destes estudiosos contribuem para oferecer legitimidade às falas papais sobre ciência, bem como aos posicionamentos da Igreja sobre o assunto. Percebemos também que, no último século, a Igreja Católica se esforçou por reforçar, por meio de seus canais oficiais, a ideia de que mantém relação harmônica com a ciência e contribui para seu desenvolvimento, e investe na Academia e no Observatório como meio de reforçar tais posições, num contexto de laicização do mundo político e acadêmico ocidental, em que sua posição de autoridade moral e política é constantemente questionada e precisa ser defendida. Palavras-chave: História da ciência. Cosmologia. Religião. Abstract ZEQUIM, Eliana C. Ideas on the beginning: Catholic Church and contemporaneous cosmology (1936-2014). Faculty of Philosophy, Languages and Human Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 2018. In 2014, a letter written
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