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¸•Û±√fl¡ – ΔSÀ˘±fl¡… ø¬ıÊ√˚˛ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ – ø¬ıù´ ˜˝√√±¬ıœ1 ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 506 Ó¬˜ƒ Ê√ij Ê√˚˛ôLœ ά◊¬Û˘Àé¬ ΔSÀ˘±fl¡… ø¬ıÊ√˚˛ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª1 ¡Z±1± ¸•Û±ø√Ó¬ Ó¬Ô± ëfl¡Ìfl¡Ù«¬í1 ¡Z±1± õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ ¶ú‘øÓ¬¢∂Lö 22 ŒÙ¬¬ıËn∏ª±1œ, 2016
¿˜ôL ˙—fl¡1À√ª fl¡˘±Àé¬S ¬Û±?±¬ı±1œ, &ª±˝√√±È¬œ - 37
Œ¬ıÈ≈¬¬Û±Ó¬ ’—fl¡Ú ˜ÚøÊ√» ¬1±Ê√À‡±ª±
’ø1˝√√̱ Â√ 200 [≈√˙ Ȭfl¡±]
˜≈^Ì Â ˙1±˝◊√√‚±È¬ ’Ù¬ƒÀ‰¬È¬ Œõ∂Â√ ¬ı±˜≈̜՘√±˜ &ª±˝√√±È¬œ 21
. . 븗¢∂±˜ø¸—˝√√í ¶ú‘øÓ¬¢∂Lö ¸•Û±√Ú± ¸ø˜øÓ¬ ¸•Û±√fl¡ ñ ΔSÀ˘±fl¡… ø¬ıÊ√˚˛ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª ¸√¸… ñ 1] ’1+¬ÛÀÊ√…±øÓ¬ √±¸ 2] ¬ı≈ÀXù´1 1±˚˛ 3] ’øÚ˘ ¬ı˜«Ú 4] ŒÎ¬øˆ¬√ 1±˚˛ ø¬ıù´ ˜˝√√±¬ıœ1 ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 Ê√ij Ê√˚˛ôLœ ά◊ƒ√˚±¬ÛÚ ¸ø˜øÓ¬
¸ˆ¬±¬ÛøÓ¬ – fl≈¡˜±1 ¬Ûø1鬜Ӭ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª ά◊¬Û-¸ˆ¬±¬ÛøÓ¬ – ’ø1øÊ√» Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œfl“¡±ª1 fl≈¡˜±1 1±À‚À¬ıf Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª ¸•Û±√fl¡ – fl≈¡˜±1 õ∂̪¬ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª ¸√¸…¬ı‘μ 1] fl≈¡˜±1 ø√˘œ¬Û Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª 2] fl≈¡˜±1 ˙…±˜˘ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª 3] fl≈¡˜±1 ά◊¬Û±Úμ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª 4] ¸≈õ∂œ˚˛ Ú±1±˚˛Ì 5] ¬ fl≈¡˜±1 Û—fl¡Ê√ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª 6] fl≈¡˜±1 õ∂À¸ÚøÊ√» Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª 7] fl≈¡˜±1 ’Ú≈Ê√ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª 8] ά±– ø‰¬1?œ» Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª 9] fl≈¡˜±1 Œõ∂˜øÊ√» Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª 10] Œ√ª √œÀ¬Ûf Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈1œ 11] ˙1» ‰¬f ¬ı1n∏ª± 12] ø˝√√ÀÓ¬ù´1 ¬ı˜«Ú [¸ˆ¬±¬ÛøÓ¬, ’±Sê±Â≈√] 13] ¬ı≈ÀXù´1 1±˚˛ [¸ˆ¬±¬ÛøÓ¬, Œfl¡ ’±1 ø‰¬ ¤Â√] 14] 1?œÓ¬ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œfl¡±‰¬ [ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ Œ¸Ú±] 15] ≈√¬ı«±¸± Œ˜±˝√√Ú 1±˚˛ 16] ‡øÚf 1±˚˛ 17] fl¡Ì« Œ˜±˝√√Ú 1±˚˛ 18] ά◊¯∏±1±Ìœ 1±˚˛ fl¡Ú‰¬øÈ«¬˚˛±˜ ’¬ıƒ Œfl¡±‰¬ 1À˚˛˘ ŒÙ¬À˜˘œÊ√
fl¡±˚«…øÚ¬ı«±˝√√fl¡ ¸ø˜øÓ¬ Ó¬√Ô« – ¸ˆ¬±¬ÛøÓ¬ – fl≈¡˜±1 ˝◊√føÊ√Ó¬ Ú±1±˚˛ÌÀ√ª ά◊¬Û-¸ˆ¬±¬ÛøÓ¬ 1] fl≈¡˜±1 ΔSÀ˘±fl¡… ø¬ıÊ√˚˛ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª 2] ’ÚeÀ1‡± Œ√ªœ ¬ı1n∏ª±
¸•Û±√fl¡ – õ∂̪ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª ¸≈õ∂œ˚˛ Ú±1±˚˛Ì
¸√¸… – ¸˜À1f Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª ¬Ûø1øé¬Ó¬ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª ÊÀ√˚˛‰¬ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª Ê√œÀÓ¬f Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª ’ø˜Ó¬±ˆ¬ Ú±1±˚˛Ì ø√˘œ¬Û Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª ˙…±˜˘ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª ά◊¬Û±Úμ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª Œ¸Ã¬ıœ1 Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œfl“¡±ª1 ’ø1øÊ√» Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œfl“¡±ª1 ˜±˘ø¬ıfl¡± ’øÒfl¡±1œ Œ√ª ø√À¬Ûf Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈1œ ˝◊√√f±Úœ Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈1œ ’øˆ¬øÊ√» Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈1œ ¸•Û±√fl¡œ˚˛ 11 ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ – ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸1 ¬Û±Ó¬Ó¬ ¤ø1 ’˝√√± Ú±˚±˚˛ ’1+¬ÛÀÊ√…±øÓ¬ ±¸ 13 Œ¬ı˘Ó¬˘±1 1±Ê√¬Ûø1˚˛±˘ ’±1n∏ ’Ó¬œÓ¬1 fl¡Ô± ˜±Ò≈1œ Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈1œ 16 Œfl¡±‰¬¸fl¡˘1 ¬Û≈?œˆ¬”Ó¬ Œé¬±ˆ¬ Œ˝√√±À˜Ú ¬ı1À·±˝√√±ø¤û 22 ˜˝√√±Ú±˚˛fl¡ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛, ˜˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏¯∏ ¿˜ôL ˙—fl¡1À√ª ’±1n∏ Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸˜˚˛1 Δ¬ı¯ûª ¸—fl¡È¬ ά0 Œfl¡˙ª±Úμ Œ√ª Œ·±¶§±˜œ 27 Œfl¡μ≈fl¡˘±˝◊√√, Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì, ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ’±1n∏ øfl¡Â≈√ ’¬Û¬ı±√ ά±– ’˜À1f Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª 33 1ø¸fl¡ &1n∏ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ˜±˜À1 Œ‡±ª± Ó¬À1±ª±˘ ’ø•§fl¡±‰¬1Ì Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈1œ 37 ¬ıÀά±-¬ıÀάˇ±, Œfl¡±‰¬-1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ, Œ•°Â√-Œ˜‰¬ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ά– ø¡ZÀÊ√f Ú±Ô ˆ¬fl¡Ó¬ 43 √1 ¬Û”Ê√± ά– ø¬ıÊ√˚˛ ˙˜«± 49 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√1 ¸—¢∂±˜ ¬ı≈ÀXù´1 1±˚˛ 51 ø¬ıù´ ˜˝√√±¬ıœ1 ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ fl¡±À¬ı1œ √±¸ 1˚˛ 56 fl¡˜Ó¬±¬Û≈1Ó¬ ˜˝√√±¬ıœ1 ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ’±1n∏ ˜˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏¯∏ ¿˜ôL ˙—fl¡1À√ª1 ˜˝√√±ø˜˘Ú ÒÚ?˚˛ ø¸Úƒ˝√√± 57 ø‰¬√˘œ 1±Ê√…1 ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ :±ÀÚf Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈1œ 60 ¶ö±Ú, fl¡±˘, ¬Û±S Œˆ¬À√ Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ Ú±1œ ’±1í ¬Û≈1n∏À¯∏1 ¸±Ê√ Œ¬Û±¸±fl¡ ’øÚ˘ fl≈¡˜±1 ¬ı˜«Ú 63 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ø¬ıÚ≈ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª 69 ø‰¬ij˚˛ ø‰¬ôL± õ∂˙±ôL fl≈¬˜±1 √M√√, ’±˝◊√√ ø¬Û ¤Â√ 70 ENGLISH PART
A Glimpse on The History of The Koches Sibendra Narayan Koch 73
The Language and Culture of Koch Rajbonshi Koch Rajbonshi Cultural Socirty 78
The origin and development of Koch culture Dr. Nagendra Nath Sarmah 83
WHAT DOES GENETIC STUDIES ON KOCHES REVEAL? Anuj Chowdhury 87
A BRIEF HISTORY OF PANGA ROYAL FAMILY Sujit Narayan Koer 90
A royal renaissance Dr. Arijit Bishnu 93 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√
11 ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸√√1 ¬Û±Ó¬Ó¬ Œ¸±Ì±˘œ ’±‡À1À1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¸˜¸…±1 ¸˜±Ò±Ú ’±1n∏ ά◊ißøÓ¬1 ˝√√Àfl¡ fl¡±˜ ø˘ø¬Û¬ıX Δ˝√√ Ôfl¡± ˜˝√√±¬Û1±Sꘜ, õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬±˙±˘œ ¬ıœ1 fl¡ø1 Œ˚±ª±1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¤˝◊√√ ’Ú≈á¬±Ú õ∂øÓ¬:±¬ıXº ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ’ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛º ˜˝√√±¬ıœ1 ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ‡…±øÓ¬, ’¸˜ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ¸ˆ¬±1 õ∂±Mê√Ú ¸ˆ¬±¬ÛøÓ¬ ˚˙ Œfl¡ª˘ ’¸˜ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ Ú˝√√˚˛, ¸˜¢∂ ˆ¬±1Ó¬¬ı¯∏« Ó¬Ô±¬ õ∂˚˛±Ó¬ Œ¬ıÌ≈Ò1 1±Ê√À‡±ª±˝◊√√ ˝◊√√— 1926 ‰¬ÚÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ø¬ıù´Ó¬ ¸¬ı«Ê√Ú ø¬ıø√Ó¬º øfl¡c ŒÓ¬›“ ·Ï¬ˇ ø√ ΔÔ Œ˚±ª± ŒÓ¬À‡Ó¬1 ˆ¬±¯∏ÌÓ¬ Δfl¡øÂ√˘ ñ It would not ø¬ı˙±˘ Œfl¡±‰¬ ¸±•⁄±Ê√… ø¬ıøˆ¬iß 1±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ be an exaggeration to say that the õ∂À1±‰¬Ú±ÀÓ¬ ˝√√›fl¡ ¬ı± Œˆ¬ÃÀ·±ø˘fl¡ ¸±˘ ¸˘øÚÀÓ¬ whole of the ancient literatures of ˝√√›fl¡ ¸˜˚˛1 Œ¸“±Ó¬Ó¬ Œ˝√√1±˝◊√√ ˚±˚˛º Ù¬˘¶§1+À¬Û Assam is full of appreciative ref- 1±Ê√¬Ûø1˚˛±˘¸˜”˝√√ ø¬ıøÂ√¬iß Δ˝√√ Œfl¡˝◊√√¬ı±È¬±› ˆ¬±·Ó¬ erence to the benevolest Koch ˆ¬±· Δ˝√√ ¬ÛÀ1º ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ø√ª¸ ’±=ø˘fl¡ˆ¬±Àª rulers of the Past.’±˜±1 ¤˝◊√√ ¶ú‘øÓ¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß õ∂±ôLÓ¬ ά◊ƒ√˚±¬ÛÚ fl¡1± ˝√√˚˛ ˚ø√› ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸Ó¬ ¢∂Lö‡øÚÓ¬ Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√¬Ûø1˚˛±˘¸˜”˝√√1 ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸1 õ∂Ô˜¬ı±11 ¬ı±À¬ı 1±Ê√ ¬Ûø1˚˛±˘¸˜”˝√√ ¤fl¡øSÓ¬ Δ˝√√ øfl¡Â≈√˜±Ú Œ¸±Ì±˘œ ø‰¬S Òø1 1‡±1 ά◊ÀVÀ˙… ¤Àfl¡‡Ú ˜=ÀÓ¬ ˜≈Mê√ ’±fl¡±˙1 Ó¬˘Ó¬ ˜≈Mê√ ¸y±¬ı… ø√˙À¬ı±1 ¸±˜ø1 Œfl¡˝◊√√øȬ˜±Ú õ∂¬ıg ¸øißø¬ı©Ü ø‰¬ôL±Ò±1±À1 506 Ó¬˜ ˜˝√√±¬ıœ1 ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ø√ª¸ fl¡1± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√º Ó¬≈√¬Ûø1 Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ¸fl¡˘1 ά◊ƒ√˚±¬ÛÚ fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ›˘±˝◊√√ÀÂ√±º ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø√˙1 Δ¸ÀÓ¬ Ê√øάˇÓ¬ ≈√˝◊√√ ‹øÓ¬˝√√…˜˚˛ Œfl¡±‰¬ Ê√±øÓ¬1 ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ Ó¬Ô± ‰¬±ø1Ȭ±˜±Ú õ∂¬ıgÀfl¡± ¶ö±Ú ø√˚˛± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√ ’±1n∏ ˘·ÀÓ¬ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 ¸—fl¡È¬1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√ ¬Ûø1˚˛±˘1 ’±À˘±fl¡ø‰¬S ¸øißø¬ı©Ü fl¡1± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√º ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¬ıd1 ¸√¸…¸˜”˝√√ ¤fl¡øSÓ¬ Δ˝√√ Consortium of &1n∏Q ¬ı≈øÊ√ øfl¡Â≈√˜±Ú ¬Û≈1øÌ Œ˘‡± ’±ø˜ Koch royal families Ú±˜1 ¤‡Ú ¸ø˜øÓ¬ ë¶ú‘øÓ¬¢∂Löí‡øÚÓ¬ ¬Û≈Ú1±˝◊√√ õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√±º ¤˝◊√√ ·Í¬Ú fl¡À1º Œ˚±ª± ¬ıÂ√11 Œ‰¬ÀõI◊•§1 ˜±˝√√Ó¬ Œ˘‡±¸˜”˝√√1 ˚ÀÔ©Ü ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ˜”˘… ’±ÀÂ√º 1±Ê√¬Ûø1˚˛±˘1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ¸fl¡˘1 Œ¸˝◊√√¬ı±À¬ı ¬ÛϬˇ≈Õª¸fl¡À˘ Œ˘‡±¸˜≈˝√√ ˆ¬±˘ ¬Û±¬ı ¬ı≈ø˘
11 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ’±˙± fl¡ø1À˘±º Œ√ªfl¡ Œ˜±1 ’±ôLø1fl¡ fl‘¡Ó¬:Ó¬± :±¬ÛÚ fl¡ø1À˘“±º 븗¢∂±˜ø¸—˝√√í‡øÚ ¸•Û±√Ú± fl¡À1±ÀÓ¬ ˘·ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ıÈ≈¬¬Û±Ó¬‡øÚ ¸≈μ1ˆ¬±Àª ¸Ê√±˝◊√√ ¬Û1±˝◊√√ ø¬ıøˆ¬ißÊ√Ú1 ¸≈-¬Û1±˜˙« Œ˘±ª± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√º ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Õfl¡ ë¶ú‘øÓ¬¢∂Löí‡øÚ ’±È¬fl¡ Ò≈Úœ˚˛± fl¡ø1 ŒÓ¬±˘± ¬ı±À¬ı ëø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ø√ª¸í ά◊ƒ√˚±¬ÛÚ ¸ø˜øÓ¬1 ø¬ı¯∏˚˛¬¬ı¬ıœ˚˛± ’±À˘±fl¡ ø‰¬S ø˙äœ ¿˜ÚøÊ√» 1±Ê√À‡±ª±Õ˘ ’±1n∏ ¸√¸…¸fl¡˘1 Ú±˜ Ú˘íÀ˘ ˆ¬≈˘ ˝√√í¬ıº ÒÚ…¬ı±√ :±¬ÛÚ fl¡ø1À˘±º ˘·ÀÓ¬ ˙1±˝◊√√‚±È¬ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 ¬Û1± Ú±Ú± ø√˝√√±¬Û1±˜˙« Œ˘±ª± ’Ùƒ¬ÀÂ√Ȭ Œõ∂Â√1 ¶§Q±øÒfl¡±1œ ’±1n∏ Œõ∂Â√1 Δ˝√√ÀÂ√º Œ¬Û±Ú õ∂ÔÀ˜ ˜˝◊√√ Ú±˜ ˘í¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı ¿˜±Ú fl¡˜«‰¬±1œ¸fl¡˘Õ˘› fl‘¡Ó¬:Ó¬± Ê√Ú±À˘“±º ’1+¬ÛÀÊ√…±øÓ¬ √±¸1 fl¡Ô±ºŒÓ¬›“1 ’fl≈¡F ¸˝√√À˚±·1 ¸À√à Œ˙¯∏Ó¬ ë¶ú‘øÓ¬¢∂Löí1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø√˙Ó¬ ¬ı±À¬ı ¤ÀÚfl≈¡ª± ¤È¬± Ȭ±Ú fl¡±˜ ¸yª ˝√√í˘º ’Ê√±øÚÀÓ¬ Δ1 Œ˚±ª± ˆ¬≈˘-Sn∏øȬ1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¸fl¡À˘±À1 ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ÀÓ¬ ¿¬ı≈ÀXù´1 1±˚˛ ’±1n∏ ŒÎ¬øˆ¬√ 1±˚˛√1 ›‰¬1Ó¬ 鬘± ø¬ı‰¬±ø1À˘“±º ¸˝√√±˚˛1 fl¡Ô± ’ôL–fl¡1ÀÌ12 ¶§œfl¡±1 fl¡ø1ÀÂ√±º ¤˝◊√√ø‡øÚÀÓ¬ ’±˜±1 ¤˝◊√√ ¶ú‘øÓ¬ ¢∂Lö‡øÚÕ˘ ˜”˘…¬ı±Ú Œ˘‡± ’±·¬ıÀϬˇ±ª± ¸ij±Úœ˚˛ ø˘‡fl¡¸fl¡˘Õ˘ Œ˜±1 ’±ôLø1fl¡ ÒÚ…¬ı±√ :±¬ÛÚ fl¡ø1À˘±º ’±˜±1 ¬Ûø1˚˛±˘1 ŒÊ√…ᬱ ¸√¸…± Œ˜±1 Œ¬Û˝√√œ ¿˜±Ò≈1œ Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈1œ ’±1n∏ Œ˜±1 ¸≈¬Û≈S ά±– ø‰¬1ø?Ó¬ Ú±1±˚˛Ì [ ΔSÀ˘±fl¡… ø¬ıÊ√˚˛ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª]
12 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√
ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ – ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸1 ¬Û±Ó¬Ó¬ ¤ø1 ’˝√√± Ú±˚±˚˛
13 ’1+¬ÛÀÊ√…±øÓ¬ ±¸
’±øÊ√1 ¬Û1± õ∂±˚˛ ≈√¬ıÂ√1˜±Ú ’±·ÀÓ¬ ¸øg fl¡ø1 õ∂ô¶±øªÓ¬ õ∂À√˙‡Ú1 Ú±˜ Œfl¡±ø‰¬˘± 1‡± Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± ’±˜±1 ‰≈¬¬ı≈1œ˚˛± 1±©Ü™ ŒÚ¬Û±˘1 Œfl¡±‰¬ Δ˝√√ÀÂ√º ˆ¬±øªÀ˘ ’±‰¬ø1Ó¬ ˘±À· Œ˚ √øé¬Ì ¤ø‰¬˚˛±1 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ¸fl¡˘1 ’±R øÚ˚˛LaÌ1 ’øÒfl¡±11 ¤øȬ &1n∏Q¬Û”Ì« ¶§±øÒfl¡±11 ’±Àμ±˘Ú1 Ú±˜±fl¡1Ì ˙øMê√˙±˘œ ’±Àμ±˘ÚÀȬ±1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’ª·Ó¬ ’¸˜1 ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸1 ¤øȬ ‰¬ø1SÀ1 fl¡1± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√, ’Ô‰¬ Δ˝√√øÂ√À˘±, ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛± ¶§±ˆ¬±øªfl¡ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ˜Ú1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ ’±˜±1 ·˜Àfl¡ Ú±˝◊√√º ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ø√¸ª1 ¤˝◊√√ é¬ÌÓ¬ ¤fl¡ ά◊»¸≈fl¡Ó¬±1 ¸‘ø©Ü Δ˝√√øÂ√˘º ¤ÀÚ Ú˝√√˚˛ Œ˚ ’¸˜¬ı±¸œ1 ¬ı±À¬ı ˝◊√√˚˛±Ó¬Õfl¡ ’±1n∏ Œ·Ã1ª1 ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ŒÚ¬Û±˘1 Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ¸fl¡˘1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ˜˝◊√√ øfl¡ ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1º ‰¬1fl¡±1œ ¬Û‘á¬À¬Û±¯∏fl¡Ó¬± ’ø¬ı˝√√ÀÚ˝◊√√, ’ª·Ó¬ Ú±øÂ√À˘±, øfl¡c ¶§Ê√±øÓ¬1 ’øÒfl¡±1 ’±1n∏ ø‰¬¤û1-¬ı±‡1 ’ø¬ı˝√√ÀÚ˝◊√√ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ø¬ıù´√1¬ı±1Õ˘ ’±R¬Ûø1‰¬˚˛1 Œé¬SÓ¬ Œ˚ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡ ˝◊√√˜±Ú &øÂ√ ·í˘º Œ˜±1 ˚ø√ ˆ¬≈˘ Œ˝√√±ª± Ú±˝◊√√, ŒÓ¬ÀÚ˝√√íÀ˘ ’±·¬ıϬˇ± Œ¸˝◊√√ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛À˝√√ ’ª·Ó¬ Ú±øÂ√À˘±º Œ˜±1 ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ ά◊M√√1-¬Û”ª1 ¤fl¡˜±S ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ‰¬ø1S ά◊»¸≈fl¡Ó¬± ’øÒfl¡ ¬ı±øϬˇ ·í˘ Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± ·˜ ¬Û±À˘± ˚±1 õ∂ˆ¬±ª ά◊M√√1 ¬Û”ª ’øÓ¬Sêø˜ √øé¬Ì ŒÓ¬›“À˘±Àfl¡ √±¬ıœ fl¡1± õ∂ô¶±øªÓ¬ õ∂À√˙‡Ú1 Ú±˜ ¤ø‰¬˚˛±Õ˘Àfl¡ ¬ı…±5 Δ˝√√ÀÂ√º 1‡± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√ ëŒfl¡±ø‰¬˘±í õ∂À√˙º Œfl¡±ø‰¬˘± ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 Ê√ij ’±øÊ√1 ¬ı—·Ó¬ (Kochila) øfl¡˚˛∑ ëŒÙ¬‰¬¬ı≈fl¡í1 Ê√ø1˚˛ÀÓ¬ ≈√˝◊√√ [ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡±˜Ó¬±¬Û≈1Ó¬] ’±1n∏ ˜‘Ó≈¬… ·—·±1 ¤Ê√Ú ŒÚ¬Û±˘1 Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ Œ˜±1 ¬ıg≈ ¬Û±1Ó¬º ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ’¸˜Ó¬ [’±øÊ√1 Ú±˜øÚ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˜ÀÒ… Δ˝√√øÂ√˘º Ó¬±À1 ’À©Ü™ø˘˚˛±Ó¬ ’Ò…˚˛Ú1Ó¬ ’¸˜Àfl¡ Òø1 ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ’¸˜1 ’±Ú ¬ıU ’=˘ fl¡Ì« 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œfl¡ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Œ¸±Ò±Ó¬ Ê√Ú±À˘ Œ˚ ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛± fl¡±˜Ó¬±¬Û≈11 ’—˙] ŒÓ¬›“1 ’±·˜Ú 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ¸fl¡˘1 ˜”˘ ¬Ûø1‰¬˚˛ ëŒfl¡±‰¬í ’±1n∏ ø¬ıù´ ¤·1±fl¡œ ’±Sê˜Ìfl¡±1œ ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Ûº Ó¬»¸ÀQ› ˜˝√√±¬ıœ1 ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛˘1 Ú±˜1 ¬Û1± ëø‰¬˘±í ’—˙1 ø˜—ø·˜±˝√√± ¬ıμ≈˘±1 √À1 ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 Δ¸ÀÓ¬ ’±˜±1
13 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ Œ¬ı˚˛± ¶ú‘øÓ¬ Ê√øάˇÓ¬ Ú˝√√˚˛º Ó¬±1 fl¡±1Ì ˝√√í˘, ŒÓ¬›“ ø¬ÛÓ‘¬ ø¬ıqø¸—˝√√˝◊√√ Œfl¡±‰¬ ¬Ûø1‰¬˚˛ ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡ø1 1±Ê√… Ê√˚˛ fl¡1±1 ˘·ÀÓ¬, ˜±Ú≈À˝√√± Ê√˚˛ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º fl¡±˜Ó¬±¬Û≈1Ó¬ Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙1 ¬Û±Ó¬øÚ Œ˜À˘º Œfl¡±‰¬ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œfl¡ Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ Ê√±øÓ¬Ó¬ ø¬ÛÀ‰¬ ø¬ıù´ø¸—˝√√˝◊√√ ø˝√√μ≈ Ò˜« ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡1±1 Ù¬˘Ó¬ ¬Ûø1ÌÓ¬ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ’øÒfl¡ øfl¡, fl¡±˜Ó¬± 1±Ê√…1 ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ ¬Û˚«±˚˛Ó¬ ø¬ÛÓ‘¬ ¬ı—˙1 ¬Û1•Û1± ’±1y ˝√√˚˛º ø¬ıô¶±11 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ˜”˘Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“1 ”√1√ø˙«Ó¬± ’±1n∏ ¤ÀÚfl≈¡ª± Ò˜«œ˚˛ ’±1n∏ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ˚˛ ¬Ûø1¬ıÓ«¬Ú1 ¬ı…øMê√QÓ¬ ’±fl¡ø¯∏«Ó¬ Δ˝√√À˚˛˝◊√√ Œ¬ı±Ò˝√√˚˛ ’±Ú ’±Ú ˜±ÀÊ√À1 ¬Û±1 Œ˝√√±ª± ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ ø˙鬱 ¢∂˝√√Ì Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œÀ˚˛ ø¬ı¬Û≈˘ ¬Ûø1˜±ÀÌ Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ ¬ı±Ú±1¸œÓ¬º ˝√√˚˛ÀÓ¬± ¤ÀÚÀ¬ı±1 fl¡±1ÌÀÓ¬ Ú±˜1 ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œ·±È¬ÀȬ±Ó¬ ’ôL«ˆ¬≈Mê√ Δ˝√√øÂ√˘º øÚÀÊ√ ˙±Mê√ Δ˝√√À˚˛± ˙—fl¡1À√ª1 Œ˜±˘ ¬ı≈øÊ√¬ıÕ˘ Œ¸À˚˛ ˝√√˚˛ÀÓ¬±, ë˜øÚ Œfl¡±ª“1 ’±‡…±ÚíÓ¬ ø˘‡± ŒÓ¬›“ ¸é¬˜ Δ˝√√øÂ√˘, ø˚ÀȬ±Àª ά◊M√√1-¬Û”ª1 ’±ÀÂ√, ëŒfl¡±‰¬ fl¡‰¬±1œ ø˜øfl¡1 ˘±˘≈— ‰¬±ø1 Ê√±øÓ¬, ’±Ò…±øRfl¡Ó¬± ’±1n∏ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…1 ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸˝◊√√ ¸˘øÚ ˝◊√√¸ª Œfl¡±À‰¬1 ˙±‡± Ê√±øÚ¬ı±14 ¸•xøÓ¬íº ˜øÚ fl¡ø1 ø√À˘º ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Ò˜«œ˚˛ Œ·±Î¬ˇ±ø˜ Œfl¡±ª“1 ’±‡…±ÚÓ¬ ’±Àfl¡Ã Œfl¡±ª± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√, ë˜˝√√±1±Ê√ Ú±øÂ√˘º Œfl¡±ª± ˝√√˚˛ Œ˚ ŒÓ¬›“1 ˜≈Â√˘˜±Ú ¬ÛPœ› ¬ıœ1 ’±ø1˜M√√ Œfl¡±À‰¬1 ¸ôL±Ú, Ó¬±Ú ¬Û≈S ¤fl¡ ’±øÂ√˘º ’Ô‰¬ ø¬ıù´ø¸—˝√√˝◊√√ ˜‘Ó≈¬…1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ Δfl¡ ŒÊ√±„√√±˘ ¬ı˘U Ú±À˜ ·Î¬ˇíº ¤˝◊√√ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸˝◊√√ Œfl¡±‰¬ Δ·øÂ√˘ ŒÓ¬›“1 ¬ı—˙Ò1 ¸fl¡À˘ ˚±ÀÓ¬ ’fl¡˘ Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ¸fl¡˘fl¡ ’±øÊ√ õ∂·øÓ¬˙œ˘ ˝√√í¬ıÕ˘ ¬ı±Ò… fl¡‰¬±1œ Ú±1œÀ˝√√ ø¬ı¬ı±˝√√ fl¡1±˚˛√√º ¤˝◊√√ fl¡Ô± ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ fl¡1±˝◊√√ÀÂ√º fl¡‰¬±1œ 1±Ê√… Ê√˚˛ fl¡ø1 ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ øÚÊ√ ¬ı± Ú1Ú±1±˚˛ÀÌ øfl¡c ’gˆ¬±Àª ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡1± ˆ¬±Ó‘¬ Œ·±˝“√√±˝◊√√fl¡˜˘fl¡ Ó¬±À1 ˙±¸Ú fl¡Ó«¬± ¬ÛÓ¬±1 Ú±øÂ√˘º ˝◊√√˚˛±1 ’Ô« ¤˝◊√√ÀȬ± Ú˝√√˚˛ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ø¬ÛÂ√ÀÓ¬±, Ó¬Ô± Œ¸˝◊√√ ¬ı—˙˝◊√√ õ∂±˚˛ ≈√˙¬ ıÂ√1 ¬ı1±fl¡ ø¬ÛÓ‘¬ˆ¬Mê√ Ú±øÂ√˘º ˜‘Ó≈¬…˜≈‡œ ø¬ÛÓ‘¬1 ˜ÀÚ±¬ı±>± ά◊¬ÛÓ¬…fl¡±Ó¬ ˙±¸Ú fl¡1±1 ø¬ÛÂ√ÀÓ¬± øά˜±‰¬± ¬Û”1Ì1 ¬ı±À¬ı˝◊√√ ŒÓ¬›“ ’¸˜ ’øˆ¬˚±Ú ‰¬˘±˝◊√√øÂ√˘, fl¡‰¬±1œ¸fl¡˘1 Δ¸ÀÓ¬ Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ¸fl¡˘1 ø˚ ’øˆ¬˚±Ú ŒÓ¬›“1 ø¬ÛÓ‘¬À˚˛ 1‰¬√1 ’ˆ¬±ªÓ¬ ¸±—‚±øÓ¬fl¡ ˆ¬±˘ ¸•Ûfl«¡º ’±øÊ√1 Ú·±“› ’=˘1 ’±Ò±ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø1¬ı ˘·±Ó¬ ¬Ûø1øÂ√˘º ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ ¬ı≈ø˘ ¬Ûø1ø‰¬Ó¬ Œ˘±fl¡¸fl¡˘1 ¤fl¡ ’¸˜ ’øˆ¬˚±ÀÚ˝◊√√ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡ø1À˘ Œ·±˝√√“±˝◊√√fl¡˜˘ ¬ı≈Ê√Ú ’—˙ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ÀÓ¬ øά˜±‰¬± ˜”˘1º ’±øÊ√1 ’±ø˘, ø˚ ¬ÛÀÔø√ Œfl¡±‰¬ fl¡±˜Ó¬± Δ¸Ú… ’±·¬ı±øϬˇ ¤fl¡À‰¬Ó¬œ˚˛± Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ˚˛ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±¬ı±√1 ά◊O±Ú1 ’±ø˝√√øÂ√˘º Œfl¡±‰¬ ø¬ı˝√√±11 ¬Û1± Ú±1±˚˛Ì¬Û≈1Õ˘Àfl¡ ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ¸˜˚˛À‰¬±ª±Õ˘ ά◊ˆ¬øȬ Œ‰¬±ª±ÀȬ± ¬ı…±5 ø‰¬˘±1±˝◊√√1 ˆ¬±Ó‘¬ Œ·±˝“√√±˝◊√√fl¡˜À˘ ¬ıÀg±ª± ¤˝◊√√ ’Ó¬…ôL õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ Δ˝√√ ¬Ûø1ÀÂ√, ’±1n∏ Œ¸˚˛±˝◊√√ ¬ÛÀÔ˝◊√√ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ Ú±˜øÚ ’¸˜ ’±1n∏ ά◊Ê√øÚ ’¸˜1 ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ øª¸1 õ∂±¸—ø·fl¡ ø‰¬ôL± ˝√√í¬ıº ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ Œ˚±·±À˚±·1 ’±Ò±1º ’±øÊ√1 Œfl¡±‰¬ ¶§À·±á¬œ1 ά◊Ò«Ó¬ Δ· ά◊M√√1 ¬Û”ª ˆ¬±1Ó¬Ó¬ ¤‡Ú 1±©Ü™1 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ¸fl¡À˘ Œ˚ Ú±˜øÚ ’¸˜, ά◊Ê√øÚ ’¸˜ Œ¬Û±‡± Œ˜ø˘øÂ√˘º Œfl¡˝◊√√¬ı±øȬ› ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı± ’¸˜œ˚˛± ¬ı± ¬ı„√√±˘œ ¬Ûø1‰¬˚˛1 ά◊X«Ó¬ Δ· øÚÊ√Àfl¡ ¬Ûø1ªÓ«¬Ú1 ˜±ÀÊ√À1 ˚±¬ı ˘·œ˚˛±Ó¬ ¬Ûø1øÂ√˘ ¬ı±À¬ı˝◊√√ ’±À¬Û±Ú ¬ı≈ø˘ ø‰¬øÚ¬ı ¬Û±ø1ÀÂ√, Ó¬±À1± ’±Ò±1 ¤˝◊√√ ŒÓ¬›“1 ¬ı—˙ÀȬ± Δ˝√√ ¬Ûø1øÂ√˘ õ∂·øÓ¬˙œ˘º Œ·±˝“√√±˝◊√fl¡˜˘ ’±ø˘ º Œfl¡±‰¬¸fl¡˘1 ˜±Ó‘¬ ¬ı—˙1 ¬Û1•Û1± ’Ú≈¸ø1 ŒÓ¬›“1 ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ ¸‘ø©Üfl¡±1œ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ’¸˜
14 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ’øˆ¬˚±ÀÚ ˚≈X1 ø¬ı¯∏¬ı±©Û ø¬ı˚˛À¬Û±ª±Ó¬Õfl¡ Δ˝√√ÀÂ√, Œ¸˝◊√√ÀȬ± ¤fl¡ ¸Ó¬…1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ ’±Ò±ø1Ó¬º ¸•xœøÓ¬1 ¬ıÓ¬1±À˝√√ ø¬ı˚˛¬Û±˝◊√√øÂ√˘º ¤˝◊√√ ’øˆ¬˚±Ú ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ˜±ÀÔ“± ¤øȬ ø√ª¸ Ú˝√√˚˛ Œ˚ ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡ø1À˘± ˚≈X ’øˆ¬˚±ÚÓ¬Õfl¡ ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ’øˆ¬˚±ÚÓ¬ ¬Ûø1ÌÓ¬ ’±1n∏ ¬Û±˝√√ø1 ·À˘±, ˜±ÀÔ±“ ¤øȬ øfl¡—¬ı√ôLœ Ú˝√√˚˛ Œ˚ Δ˝√√øÂ√˘º fl¡±˜±‡…± ˜øμ11 ¬Û”Ì–øÚ˜«±Ì ŒÓ¬›“1 Δ˙˙ªÓ¬ ’±˝◊√√Ó¬±1 ˜≈‡Ó¬ qøÚøÂ√À˘± ’±1n∏ Œ˚êÚÓ¬ ’øˆ¬˚±Ú1 Ù¬˘º ’±øÊ√ ø¬ıù´1 Œ˝√√Ê√±1 Œ˝√√Ê√±1 ¬Û±˝√√ø1 ·À˘±º ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ˜±ÀÔ“± ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸1 ¤È¬± ˆ¬Mê√˝◊√√ ø˙1 ÚÓ¬ fl¡1± ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú1 fl¡±˜±‡…± ˜øμ1 ’Ò…±˚˛ Ú˝√√˚˛ Œ˚ ¬Û1œé¬± Œ˙¯∏ ˝í√√À˘˝◊√√ Ó¬±1 ŒÓ¬Àª“˝◊√√ øÚ˜«±Ì fl¡1±º ø˙˘‰¬1Õ˘ ˚±¬ıÕ˘ ø˚ÀȬ± õ∂±¸—ø·fl¡Ó¬± ŒÚ±À˝√√±ª± ˝√√í¬ıº ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛fl¡ ’Ó¬œÓ¬Ó¬ ¬‰¬˜≈ ¬ÛÔ1 ¸g±Ú Œ¬Û±ª± Δ·ÀÂ√, Œ¸˝◊√√ÀȬ± Œ˝√√ÀÚ± ¤ø1 ΔÔ ’˝√√± Ú±˚±˚˛º Ê√±øÓ¬-Ò˜« ’±1n∏ ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ fl¡Â√±1œ 1±Ê√…Õ˘ Œ˚±ª± ¬ÛÔÀȬ±º ¤˝◊√√ ’±=ø˘fl¡Ó¬±¬ı±√1 ά◊Ò«Ó¬ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ¬ÛÔÀȬ±Àfl¡˝◊√√ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ 1+¬Û ø√˚˛±1 fl¡Ô± ˆ¬¬ı± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡Ó¬±1 õ∂Ó¬œfl¡º Œ¸À˚˛ ˝√√˚˛ÀÓ¬± ˆ¬”À¬ÛÚ ¤ÀÚ ’À˘‡ ά◊√±˝√√1Ì ’±ÀÂ√,15 ø˚À¬ı±1 ¸˜¸±˜ø˚˛fl¡ ˝√√±Ê√ø1fl¡±1 ·±ÚÀÓ¬± ëø‰¬˘±1±˚˛í ŒÒ˜±øÊ√1 ¬ı± ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸Ó¬ ø¬ı‰¬±ø1 Œ¬Û±ª± Ú±˚±˚˛º ‰¬±Î¬◊˘ÀÒ±ª± ·±“ªÀÓ¬± ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ¬ÛÔ, ά◊M√√1 ¬ı—·Ó¬ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú1 ø˚ÀȬ± ’±ø˜Ú ·“±›1 ëø‰¬˘±Àˆ¬±Ê√í, ˆ¬„√√±·Î¬ˇÓ¬ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 Ú±˜Ó¬ Ù¬±˜«±‰¬œ, ˜”øÓ«¬Àfl¡øffl¡ ˝◊√√À˜Ê√ Œ¸˝◊√√ÀȬ± fl¡äÚ±1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ ·ÀÌ˙&ø1Ó¬ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ’±È«¬ ø¬ı‰¬±ø1 Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛º ’±Ò±ø1Ó¬, øfl¡c ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ’¸˜, ά◊M√√1 ¬ı—· ’±1n∏ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛fl¡ ø¬ı‰¬±ø1 Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛ fl¡ø˝√√Ú≈11 ˜=Ó¬ Ú±˜øÚ ŒÚ¬Û±˘1 ¸˜±Ê√ Ê√œªÚÓ¬ ø˚ÀȬ± ˝◊√√À˜Ê√1 ¸‘ø©Ü ’Ô¬ı± øÚ˜«˘ ¬ı1n∏ª±1 øˆ¬øά’í Â√ø¬ıÓ¬º
15 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√
Œ¬ı˘Ó¬˘±1 1±Ê√¬Ûø1˚˛±˘ ’±1n∏ ’Ó¬œÓ¬1 fl¡Ô±
16 ˜±Ò≈1œ Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈1œ
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17 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ¬ÛÀ1º ŒÓ¬›“1 ˜‘Ó≈¬…1 ¬Û±Â√Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“1 øÚfl¡È¬Ó¬˜ ’Ú≈Ê√ ˆ¬±Ó‘¬ ‰¬f Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√Àª ¬ı‘øȬÂ√1 ¡Z±1± 1±Ê√¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ ¬Û±˝◊√√ Œ¬ı˘Ó¬˘±1 1±Ê√¬Û√ ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À1º ¤Àª“˝◊√√ Œ˜±1 ’±Ó¬± 1Ê√± ‰¬f Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ªº 1900 ‰¬ÚÓ¬ ¬¬ı‘øȬÂ√ ¸±•⁄±:œ øˆ¬À"√√±ø1˚˛±1 ˜‘Ó≈¬…1 ¬Û±Â√Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“1 ¬Û≈S ¤Î¬ª±ÀΫ¬ ëë¸5˜ ¤Î¬ª±Î«¬íí Ú±˜ Δ˘ ¬ı‘øȬÂ√ ø¸—˝√√±¸ÚÓ¬ ’±À1±˝√√Ì fl¡1±1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ 1903 ‰¬ÚÓ¬ ŒÓ¬›“1 ’øˆ¬À¯∏fl¡ ά◊ƒ√˚±ø¬ÛÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ˆ¬±1Ó¬Ó¬ Ôfl¡± ¬¬ı‘øȬÂ√ 1±Ê√õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ (Viceroy) ˘Î«¬ fl¡±Ê«√ÀÚ ˝◊√√—˘GÓ¬ Œ˝√√±ª± 18 ’øˆ¬À¯∏fl¡1 ’Ú≈fl¡1ÌÓ¬ ø√~œÓ¬ ¸•⁄±È¬1 ¤‡Ú ëÚfl¡˘ ’øˆ¬À¯∏fl¡í ˆ¬±1Ó¬œ˚˛ õ∂Ê√±1 ’ôL1Ó¬ ¸ÀôL±¯∏ ø√˚˛±1 ’ÀÔ« ¬Û±ÀÓ¬º ¤˝◊√√ ’øˆ¬À¯∏fl¡ ‡Ú fl¡±Ê«√ÀÚ Ê√±fl¡ Ê√˜fl¡ ¬ÛÀ˚˛±ˆ¬À1À1 ø√~œÓ¬ ά◊ƒ√˚±ø¬ÛÓ¬ fl¡1± ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“ Ó¬±Õ˘ ˆ¬±1Ó¬1 ¸1n∏-ά±„√√1 ¸fl¡À˘± Ò1Ì1 Œ√˙œ˚˛ 1±Ê√…1 1Ê√±fl¡ øÚ˜LaÌ fl¡À1º Œ˜±1 ’±Ó¬± ‰¬f Ú±1±˚˛ÀÌ Œ¸˝◊√√ ’øˆ¬À¯∏fl¡Ó¬ ¤Ê√Ú øÚ˜øLaÓ¬ 1Ê√± ¬ı‘øȬ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ ë‰¬±˝◊√√˜Úƒ ‰¬±˝√√±¬ıí1 ˘·Ó¬ Œ¬ı˘Ó¬˘±1 Œ˙¯∏ ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û Œ˚±·√±Ú ø√À˚˛º ¤˝◊√√‡Úfl¡ ëø√~œ √1¬ı±1í 1Ê√± 1±ÀÊ√f Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª [˜”1Ó¬ ¬Û±&1œÀ1] ’±1n∏ ŒÓ¬›“1 ˆ¬±Ó‘¬ 1±Ê√fl≈¡˜±1 õ∂¬ıœf Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ªº 1+À¬Û ˘Î«¬ fl¡±Ê«√ÀÚ ’±‡…± ø√øÂ√˘ ’±1n∏ Ó¬±Ó¬ ά◊¬Ûø¶öÓ¬ ¸˜˚˛ fl¡±˘ 1927 ‰¬Ú 1Ê√±¸fl¡À˘ ¶§fl¡œ˚˛ ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ 1+À¬Û Œ¬Û±ª± õ∂˜±Ì ¸À•§±ÒÚÓ¬ ¸fl¡À˘± Œé¬SÀÓ¬ ëŒ√˙í ¬ı≈ø˘À˝√√ ¶§1+¬Û 댘Àά˘í ’±fl¡±11 ¤Àfl¡±È¬±Õfl¡ ˜≈^± ¬Û±˝◊√√øÂ√˘º ά◊À~ø‡Ó¬ Δ˝√√ ’±ø˝√√øÂ√˘º ŒÓ¬ÀÚ ¤È¬± ˜≈^± ’±˜±1 ‚1Ó¬ Œ˜±1 ˜±Ó‘¬ õ∂±MêÚ 1Ê√± Œ˘±fl¡¬Û±˘ Ú±1±˚˛Ì1 1863 ‰¬ÚÓ¬ 1±Ìœ ¿˚≈Mê√± ˘Ñœøõ∂˚˛± Œ√ªœ1 ˝√√±Ó¬Ó¬ ’±øÂ√˘º ˜‘Ó≈¬… ˝√√˚˛º ø¬ÛÀÂ√ ¤›“ ø¬ÛÓ‘¬ø√Ú1 Ÿ¬Ì1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ øÚÊ√1 ’ªÀ˙… ¬ı‘øȬÂ√1 ‰¬Ó≈¬1 ˙±¸Ú1 Œ·±¬ÛÚ ¯∏άˇ˚La˝◊√√ ’±˜±1 fl¡1 ¬ı‘øȬÂ√fl¡ øͬfl¡˜ÀÓ¬ Œ˙±Ò±¬ı ŒÚ±ª±1±Ó¬¬ ¬ı‘øȬÀÂ√ ¤˝◊√√ 1Ê√±¸fl¡˘fl¡ fl¡˜«Í¬ Œ˝√√±ª±Ó¬Õfl¡ ø¬ı˘±ø¸Ó¬±Ó¬ ˜M√√ Œ¬ı˘Ó¬˘±1 ¸œ˜± ¸—fl≈¡ø‰¬Ó¬ fl¡ø1 Â√˚˛øSÂ√‡Ú ·±“ª1 Δ˝√√ Ôfl¡±ÀȬ±Àfl¡À˝√√ ø¬ı‰¬±ø1øÂ√˘º Ó¬Ô±ø¬ÛÀÓ¬± ¬ı—˙ ¸˜ø©Ü fl¡À1º 1Ê√± ’˜‘Ó¬ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª 1Ê√± ¬Û1•Û1± ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û ‰¬ø˘ ’˝√√± øÚ˚˛˜1 õ∂ˆ¬±Àª Œ˘±fl¡¬Û±˘1 ŒÊ√…ᬬÛ≈S ’±øÂ√˘º Œ¸À˚˛ Œ˘±fl¡¬Û±˘1 ’Ê√±øÚÀÓ¬ ˝√√íÀ˘› ¤˝◊√√ 1Ê√±¸fl¡˘fl¡ ø¬ı˘±ø¸Ó¬±1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ ’˜‘Ó¬ Ú±1±˚˛Ì 1Ê√± ˝√√˚˛º ø¬ÛÀÂ√ ŒÓ¬›“ ’ä±˚˛≈ ˜±Ê√ÀÓ¬± ¬ıUÓ¬ &Ì1 ’øÒfl¡±1œ› fl¡ø1 1±ø‡øÂ√˘ ’±øÂ√˘ ’±1n∏ ˘·ÀÓ¬ øÚ–¸ôL±ÀÚ± ’±øÂ√˘º ¬ı≈ø˘¬ı ˘±ø·¬ıº Œ¬ı˘Ó¬˘±1 ¸œ˜± ¸—fl≈¡ø‰¬Ó¬ Œ˝√√±ª±1 ¬ı±Ó¬ø1 ‡±È¬±— 1Ê√± ‰¬f Ú±1±˚˛Ì1 ˜‘Ó≈¬…1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ Œ˜±1 Œ˝√√±ª±Ó¬ Œ¸˝◊√√, ¬ı±Ó¬ø1 ¬Û±˝◊√√ ŒÓ¬›“ Œ˝√√ÀÚ± ˜‘Ó≈¬…1 ˜≈‡Ó¬ ø¬ÛÓ‘¬ 1±Ê√fl≈¡˜±1 1±ÀÊ√f Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª ’±1n∏ ŒÓ¬›“1
18 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ’±˝◊√√Ú ø˙鬱1 ¸˜±ø5 øÚÊ√Àfl¡ ά◊fl¡œ˘ ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û Ê√Ê«√ fl¡±Â√±1œÓ¬ øÚø˘«5 fl¡1±1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ fl¡ø˘fl¡Ó¬± ˝√√±˝◊√√Àfl¡±È«¬1 ˘·ÀÓ¬± øÚÊ√Àfl¡ ¸—À˚±øÊ√Ó¬ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ ˚ø√À˝√√ ’¸˜1 Ù¬±˘1 Œfl¡ÀÚ± ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ˜±˜˘± Œ˜±fl¡«√˜±1 ¸‘ø©Ü Δ˝√√øÂ√˘º ά◊2‰¬˜±Ú1 ¸≈ø˙øé¬Ó¬ ¬ı…øMê√ Œ˝√√±ª±Ó¬ Œ˜±1 ø¬ÛÓ‘¬ Œ¬ı˘Ó¬˘±1 1Ê√± Œ˝√√±ª±1 ά◊¬Ûø1› ¬ı‘øȬÂ√1 ¡Z±1±˝◊√√ ë’Ú±À11œ Œ˜øÊ√À©Ü™øÈ¬í ¬Û√Ó¬ øÚ˚≈Mê√ Δ˝√√øÂ√˘ ñ Ù¬˘Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“ Œ¬ı˘Ó¬˘±1 õ∂Ê√±1 ¸fl¡À˘± Ò1Ì1 Œfl¡‰¬- ˜±˜ƒ˘± Œ˜±fl¡√«˜± ’±ø√ ø¬ı‰¬±1 fl¡1±1 鬘Ӭ± 19 ¬Û±˝◊√√øÂ√˘º ø¬ÛÓ‘¬À˚˛ øÚÊ√1 ¸≈¶§ˆ¬±ª ’±1n∏ ¸≈ø¬ı‰¬±11 ˜±Ò…À˜À1 Ó‘¬Ó¬œ¬˚˛ √˙fl¡1 Ó¬Ô±fl¡øÔÓ¬ Œ¬ı˘Ó¬˘œ˚˛± õ∂Ê√±1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ’øÓ¬ Ê√Úøõ∂˚˛ Δ˝√√ ¬Ûø1øÂ√˘ ¬ı≈ø˘ qÚ± ¬Û±˝◊√√øÂ√À˘±º Œ¬ı˘Ó¬˘±1 ë1Ê√±í ά◊¬Û±øÒÀ1 ˆ¬”ø¯∏Ó¬ Œ¬ı˘Ó¬˘±1 1Ê√± ‰¬f Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√Àª 1903 ‰¬ÚÓ¬ ø√~œÓ¬ ’Ú≈øá¬Ó¬ 1Ê√±1 Ò±1±¬ı±ø˝√√fl¡Ó¬±1 ¬Ûø1¸˜±ø5 ø¸˜±ÚÀÓ¬ Œ˝√√±ª± ø√~œ-√1¬ı±1Ó¬ øÚ˜øLaÓ¬ ¤Ê√Ú 1Ê√± ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û ¸5˜ ‚ÀȬº õ∂±‰¬œÚ ˚≈·ÀÓ¬ ’±1y Œ˝√√±ª± ‰¬f ¬ı—˙œ˚˛ ¤Î¬ª±Î«¬1 õ∂Ó¬œfl¡ ’øˆ¬À¯∏fl¡Ó¬ ˆ¬±1Ó¬1 ’±Ú ’±Ú 1Ê√±- ˜˝√√±1Ê√±¸fl¡˘1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ Œ˚±·√±Ú ø√À˘º ¤˝◊√√ 1+¬Û1 ¬Û√fl¡øȬ 1Ê√± é¬øS˚˛ 1Ê√± Δ˝√√˝√√˚˛-¸˝√√¶⁄±Ê≈√«ÚÀ1˝◊√√ ¬ı—˙Ò1 ‰¬f Ú±1±˚˛Ìfl¡ 1±Ê√ ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ ¶§1+À¬Û ø√˚˛±1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ ¬ı1ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡•ÛÓ¬ ˜˝√√±¬ıœ1 ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ fl¡±˜1+¬ÛÓ¬ õ∂¬ı˘ õ∂Ó¬±¬Ûœ Δ˝√√ [1897] ‰¬ÚÓ¬ ’±·¬ıÀϬˇ±ª±º ŒÓ¬›“1 Ê√Úfl¡˘…±Ì Œ¸ª±1 fl¡±1ÀÌ› ά◊øͬ ¸˜˚˛1 Œ¸“±Ó¬Ó¬ ¬ı—˙Ò11 ø√ÚÕ˘ ¬Û≈Ú1 ŒÓ¬›“ Ó¬±Ó¬ ¸ij±øÚÓ¬ ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬1 ¡Z±1± ¬Û≈1¶‘®Ó¬ Δ˝√√øÂ√˘º ’ô¶ø˜Ó¬ Δ˝√√ ’¸˜Ó¬ Œ¬ı˘Ó¬˘± 1±Ê√¬Ûø1˚˛±˘Ó¬ Δ¬ı˜±S ˆ¬±Ó‘¬ 1±Ê√fl≈¡˜±1 ¬Ûø¬ıf Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª Œ˜±1 ø¬ÛÓ‘¬1 ø˙1Ó¬ ë1±Ê√ ¬Û√¬ıœíÀ1 ˆ¬”ø¯∏Ó¬ Δ˝√√ Ú±¬ı±˘fl¡ ’±øÂ√˘º Œ¸À˚˛ Œ¬ı˘Ó¬˘± ’±øÂ√˘Õ· ñ ’øÓ¬ é≈¬^ˆ¬±Àª ˝√√íÀ˘› ¬ı‘øȬÂ√1 1±Ê√¬Ûø1˚˛±˘1 &1n∏ˆ¬±1 ’±ø˝√√ 1Ê√± ‰¬f Ú±1±˚˛Ì1 ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬Ó¬º ŒÓ¬›“1 ˜‘Ó≈¬…1 ø¬ÛÂ√1 ¬Û1± 1976 ø¬ıÒª± ¬ÛPœ 1±Ìœ ’˝√√˘…± Œ√ªœ1 fl¡±gÓ¬ ¬ÛÀ1ø˝√√º ‰¬ÚÕ˘Àfl¡ Œ˜±1 ˜±Ó‘¬À˚˛ ë1±Ìœí ά◊¬Û±øÒ ¬Û±˝◊√√ Œ¸À˚˛ ˝√√˚˛ÀÓ¬± ¬ı‘øȬÂ√ ‰¬1fl¡±À1 ˚Ô± ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“1 ’±ø˝√√øÂ√˘º ˝◊√√øμ1± ·±gœ1 ø√ÚÓ¬ Œ‚±ø¯∏Ó¬ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ’Ú≈À˜±√Ú SêÀ˜ ŒÓ¬›“À1 ¶§±˜œ1 ¬ıg≈ 1±˚˛‰¬±˝√√±¬ı ’±˝◊√√Ú õ∂Ì˚˛ÚÓ¬ ˆ¬±1Ó¬Ó¬ Ôfl¡± Œ√˙œ˚˛ 1±Ê√…1 ø‰¬√±Úμ Œ‰¬ÃÒ≈1œfl¡ Œ¬ı˘Ó¬˘± ‰¬À˘±ª±1 fl¡±˜Ó¬ 1±Ê√¬Ûø1˚˛±˘À¬ı±À1 ¶§±ÒœÀÚ±M√√1 ‰¬ø˘Ó¬ øÚ˚˛˜Ó¬ ë¸1¬ı1˝√√fl¡±1í ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û øÚ˚≈øMê√ ø√À˚˛º 1901 Œ¬Û±ª± ëøõ∂øˆ¬¬Û±‰«¬í Œ˝√√1n∏ª±1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± ‰¬ÚÓ¬ Êij¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡1± Œ˜±1 ø¬ÛÓ‘¬À˚˛ 1923 ‰¬ÚÓ¬ ë1±Ê√í ά◊¬Û±øÒÀ¬ı±À1± Œ˝√√1n∏ª±˚˛, ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛±˝◊√√ Œ˜±1 ¸±¬ı±˘fl¡ Δ˝√√ Œ¬ı˘Ó¬˘±1 1±Ê√ ¬Û√Ó¬ ¬ı‘øȬÂ√1 ¬Û1± ˜±Ó‘¬À˚˛› ¶§±ˆ¬±øªfl¡ÀÓ¬ 댬ı˘Ó¬˘±1 1±Ìœí Œ¬Û±ª± 1±Ê√¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬À1 øÚ˚≈Mê√ ˝√√˚˛º Œ˜±1 ø¬ÛÓ‘¬À˚˛ ά◊¬Û±øÒ Œ˝√√1n∏ª±¬ı˘·œ˚˛± ˝√√˚˛º
19 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ Œ¬ı˘Ó¬˘± 1±Ê√¬Ûø1˚˛±˘1 ¬ı—˙±ª˘œ * [¬Û≈S] √˘¬ÛøÓ¬ [Chieftain) ˝√√±ø1˚˛± ˜G˘ [ø‰¬flƒ¡Ú±Á¡±Î¬ˇ ’±1n∏ Œfl¡±‰¬ ˝√√±ÀÊ√± ¤À˘fl¡±1]
[¬Û≈S] ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ øÒ1±Ê√ ø¬ıù´ø¸—˝√√ [fl¡±˜1+¬Û-fl¡±˜ÀÓ¬ù´1] ˜‘Ó≈¬… 1540 ‡‘– ¬Û≈S¸fl¡˘ ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì **˚≈ª1±Ê√ ¸—¢∂±˜ø¸—˝√√ Œ·±“˝√√±˝◊√√ fl¡˜˘± [fl¡±˜1+¬Û fl¡±˜ÀÓ¬ù´1] [Œ¸Ú±¬ÛøÓ¬] [fl¡±Â√±11 Œ√ª±Ú
20 ›1ÀÙ¬ ˜˝√√±¬ıœ1 ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ¬Ûø1˚˛±˘1 õ∂Ô˜] Ú1ø¸—˝√√ Œ˜‚ ˜‡ƒ≈√•ß ’±Ú ’±Ú ’±1n∏ ˆ¬”Ȭ±Ú1 õ∂Ô˜ 13 Ê√Ú ¬Û≈S øÔ•£≈¬ 1Ê√±
[¬Û≈S] ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ ˘ÑœÚ±1±˚˛Ì ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ 1‚≈À√ªÚ±1±˚˛Ì fl¡±˜1+¬Û±øÒ¬ÛøÓ¬ Œfl¡±‰¬ø¬ı˝√√±1 fl¡±˜ÀÓ¬ù´1 [¤›“ ˜‘Ó≈¬… 1603 ‡‘– [’±Ú≈˜±øÚfl¡] ¤“› Œ˜±·˘1 fl¡1Ó¬˘œ˚˛± ˝√√˚˛] ˝√√±ÀÊ√±1 ˝√√˚˛¢∂œ¬ı ˜±Òª1 ˜øμ1 øÚ˜«±Ì fl¡À1º [¬Û≈–] ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ ¬Û1œø鬻 [¬Û≈–] ¬ıø˘Óƒ¬ [›1ÀÙ¬] [¬Û≈–] ‰¬fÚ±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª Ò˜«Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª √1„√√1 õ∂Ô˜ [Œ˜±·˘1 ˘·Ó¬ ˚≈X Œé¬SÓ¬ [fl¡±˜1+¬Û±øÒ¬ÛøÓ¬ Œ˜±·˘1 Œfl¡±‰¬1Ê√± ˜‘Ó≈¬… ˝√√˚˛ ¿‚±È¬ 1ÌÓ¬] ˝√√±Ó¬Ó¬ ¬ıμœ ˝√√˚˛] 1617 ‰¬Ú ’±À˝√√±˜ ¶§·«À√ά◊ 1612 ‡‘– õ∂Ó¬±¬Ûø¸—˝√√1 ¸˜˚˛
[¬Û≈–] ø¬ıøÊ√»Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª [¬Û≈–] ˝√√1Ú±1±˚˛Ì [›1ÀÙ¬ ·Ê√Ú±1±˚˛Ì ø¬ıʃ√ڜӬ Œ˜±·˘1 ¡Z±1±˝◊√√ Œ√ª] õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ õ∂Ô˜ Œfl¡±‰¬ 1Ê√± Œ¬ı˘Ó¬˘±1 õ∂Ô˜ Œfl¡±‰¬ 1Ê√± 1617 ‰¬Ú , ¶§·«À√ά◊ õ∂Ó¬±¬Ûø¸—˝√√1 ¸˜˚˛
* √˘¬ÛøÓ¬ ˝√√±ø1˚˛± ˜G˘1 ø¬ÛÓ‘¬1 Ú±˜ ’±øÂ√˘ √˘¬ÛøÓ¬ ë√±Ú^¬ı… [›1ÀÙ¬ [ ά±˜ƒÎ¬±•§≈ [Chieftain) ** 1565 ‡‘–Ó¬ fl¡±˜±‡…± ˜øμ1 ÚªøÚø˜«Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ ˜˝√√±¬ıœ1 ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ¡Z±1±º
20 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√
[¬Û≈–] ˝√√1Ú±1±˚˛Ì [›1ÀÙ¬ ·Ê√Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª] [¬Œ¬ı˘Ó¬˘±1 õ∂Ô˜ Œfl¡±‰¬ 1Ê√± 1617 ‰¬Ú ¶§·«À√ά◊ õ∂Ó¬±¬Ûø¸—˝√√1 ¸˜˚˛]
[¬Û≈S] 1±Ê√± ø˙ÀªfÚ±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª [¬Û≈S] 1±Ê√± ·g¬ı3«Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª [’±À˝√√±˜ Œ¸Ú±¬ÛøÓ¬ fl¡ø˘˚˛±21 Œˆ¬±À˜±1±Ê√ Œ˜±·˘1 ø¬ı1n∏ÀX Δ¸Ú…-¸±˜ôL ø√ ¸˝√√±˚˛ fl¡À1º [¬Û≈S]1±Ê√± ά◊M√√˜Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª [¬Û≈S]1±Ê√± Ò√ıÊ√Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª
[¬Û≈S]1±Ê√± Ê√˚˛Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª
[1] [¬Û≈S] 1±Ê√± ˘À•§±√1Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª [˝◊√√˚˛±G±¬ı≈ ¸øg1 ¸˜˚˛º ¤›“ ¬ı‘øȬÂ√1 ˘·Ó¬ ¤fl¡ ‰≈¬øMê√ fl¡À1 1827 ‰¬ÚÓ¬]
[2] [¬Û≈S] 1±Ê√± Œ˘±fl¡¬Û±˘Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª [¤›“1 ø√ÚÓ¬ Œ¬ı˘Ó¬˘± õ∂ÔÀ˜ ë˜˝√√˘í Ó¬±1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ 댘ÃÊ√±íÕ˘ 1+¬Û±øôL1Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¤›“1 ˜‘Ó≈¬… 1863 ‰¬ÚÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º] [3] [¬Û≈] 1±Ê√± ’˜‘Ó¬Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª [4] [¬Û≈] 1±Ê√± ‰¬fÚ±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª ¤›“ øÚ–¸ôL±ÀÚ ˜‘Ó≈¬… ˝√√˚˛] [˜‘Ó≈¬… 1910 ‰¬ÚÓ¬] [5] [¬Û≈–] 1Ê√± 1±ÀÊ√f Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª [¬Û≈–] 1±Ê√fl≈¡˜±1 õ∂¬ıœf Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª
21 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√
Œfl¡±‰¬¸fl¡˘1 ¬Û≈?œˆ¬”Ó¬ Œé¬±ˆ¬
22 Œ˝√√±À˜Ú ¬ı1À·±˝√√±ø¤û
Œ¬ıøÂ√ˆ¬±· ˜±Ú≈À˝√√˝◊√√ øfl¡¬ı± ¤È¬± ‚Ȭڱ ‚øȬ ’±1n∏ ˜˝√√±¬ıœ1 ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ ’±·¬ıÀϬˇ±ª± Œ˚±ª±1 ¬Û±Â√Ó¬À˝√√ Ó¬±1 fl¡±1Ì ’±1n∏ ¬Ûø1̱˜À¬ı±1 ¬Û‘á¬À¬Û±¯∏fl¡Ó¬±º ˙—fl¡1À√ª, Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À1º ˜˝◊√√ Ó¬±1 ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ’ø¬ı˝√√ÀÚ Œfl¡ª˘ ’±À˝√√±˜ ˚≈·1 ø¬ı¬Û1œÓ¬ÀȬ± fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À1“±º ’Ô«±» øfl¡¬ı± ’¸˜œ˚˛± ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 ·ø1˜± ’±1n∏ ˜˝√√Q ¤È¬± ‚Ȭڱ ‚øȬ¬ı ¬Û±À1 ¬ı≈ø˘ ’±˙—fl¡± ¬ı± ¬Û”¬ı«±Ú≈˜±Ú ¬ıU˘±—À˙ ˘±‚ª Ú˝√√íÀÚ∑ ... øfl¡c ≈√ˆ¬«±·…1 fl¡Ô± fl¡ø1 Ó¬±1 fl¡±1ÌÀ¬ı±1 ¬ı≈øÊ√¬ıÕ˘ ˚Ô±¸±Ò… Œ‰¬©Ü± Œ˚ ¬ı‘˝√√M√√1 ’¸˜1 ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸Ó¬ Œfl¡±‰¬¸fl¡˘1 fl¡À1“±º ’¸˜œ˚˛± ˜˝√√±Ê√±øÓ¬ ·Í¬Ú fl¡1±Ó¬ Œfl¡±‰¬- Œ·Ã1ª˜˚˛ ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡±˝◊√√ ø˚˜±Úø‡øÚ ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ¸fl¡À˘ ¤È¬± ’øÓ¬ &1n∏Q¬Û”Ì« ˘±ø·øÂ√˘, ø¸˜±Úø‡øÚ Ú±¬Û±À˘º ’¸˜1 ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ø‰¬S˙±˘±Ó¬ Œfl¡±‰¬¸fl¡˘ ñ ’±À˝√√±˜¸fl¡À˘ ˚ø√ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı‘˝√√M√√1 ’¸˜1 Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ñ õ∂±˚˛ ’¬Û±—ÀMê√˚˛ 1±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øˆ¬øM√√ øÚ˜«±Ì fl¡1±Ó¬ Œ¬ıøÂ√ &1n∏Q¬Û”Ì« Δ˝√√ 1í˘º ¤˝◊√√ ά◊À¬Û鬱1 fl¡±1ÀÌ Œfl¡±‰¬¸fl¡˘1 ˜ÚÓ¬ ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡± Δ˘øÂ√˘, ŒÓ¬ÀôL Œ¸˝◊√√ ¤Àfl¡‡Ú ’¸˜1 Œ˚ ŒSê±Ò ’±1n∏ ’øˆ¬˜±Ú ¬Û≈?œˆ¬”Ó¬ Δ˝√√ÀÂ√, Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ øˆ¬øM√√ øÚ˜«±Ì fl¡1±Ó¬ ’±È¬±˝◊√√Ó¬Õfl¡ fl¡Ô± ˜˝◊√√ ¬ıUÓ¬ ¬ıÂ√11 ’±·ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ’Ú≈˜±Ú fl¡ø1¬ı &1n∏Q¬Û”Ì« ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡± Δ˘øÂ√˘ Œfl¡±‰¬¸fl¡À˘º ˜˝√√±¬ıœ1 ¬Û±ø1øÂ√À˘±º ¤ø√Ú Ú˝√√˚˛ ¤ø√Ú Œ˚ Ó¬±1 ά◊ƒ√·œ1Ì ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ¬ı˘-¬ıœ˚« ’±1n∏ ¸±˜ø1fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬± ø˚˜±Ú ˝√√í¬ı Œ¸˝◊√√ ’±˙—fl¡±› ˜˝◊√√ fl¡ø1øÂ√À˘±º 1978 ‰¬ÚÓ¬ ¶ú1Ìœ˚˛, Ó¬±ÀÓ¬±Õfl¡ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±&ÀÌ˝◊√√ fl¡˜ ¶ú1Ìœ˚˛ ˜˝◊√√ ¬Û1œé¬±˜”˘fl¡ˆ¬±Àª ¤‡Ú ŒÂ√Àfl¡G-Œ˝√√G Ú˝√√˚˛ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ˆ¬±¯∏±-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬Õ˘ ñ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Õfl¡ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û1 Œ√±fl¡±Ú ‡≈ø˘øÂ√À˘± [øˆ¬ÚÀȬÊ√ ¬ı≈ ù´¬Û]º ˜˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏¯∏ ˙—fl¡1À√ªÕ˘ ñ ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ˜±1 øÚfl¡È¬Ó¬˜ õ∂øÓ¬Àª˙œ ’±øÂ√˘ Œ¬ı˘Ó¬˘±1
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24 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ Œfl¡±‰¬-1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ ˆ¬±¯∏±1 ˘·Ó¬ ’¸˜1 ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ø√ª¸1 ¸ˆ¬±Ó¬ ›¬Û1Ó¬ ά◊X‘Ó¬ fl¡1± ¸fl¡À˘± ’=˘1 ˜±Ú≈˝√√ ¬Ûø1ø‰¬Ó¬ Ú˝√√í¬ı› ¬Û±À1º Ò1Ì1 Œfl¡±‰¬-1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ ˆ¬±¯∏±˝◊√√ ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡1± ˝√√í¬ı Œ¸˝◊√√ fl¡±1ÀÌ Œfl¡±‰¬-1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ ˆ¬±¯∏±1 ¤È¬± Ú˜≈Ú± ñ ø˚ÀȬ± ˆ¬±¯∏± ¬ı≈øÊ√¬ıÕ˘ Œ˜±1 ø¬ıμ≈˜±S fl¡©Ü Ó¬˘Ó¬ ø√˚˛± ˝√√í˘º øÚø‡˘ fl¡˜Ó¬±¬Û≈1 Â√±S ¸—·Í¬Ú1 Ú˝√√í¬ıº Œ˚ÀÚÕfl¡ fl¡©Ü Ú˝√√˚˛ ¬ı1À¬ÛȬ± ’=˘1 fl¡øÔÓ¬ ˜≈‡¬ÛS ëfl¡˜Ó¬± ¬ı±Ìœí1 [31 Ê√±Ú≈ª±1œ 2005] ˆ¬±¯∏± ¬ı≈ÀÊ“√±ÀÓ¬º ¬Û‘øÔªœÓ¬ ¤ÀÚ ¤È¬± ˆ¬±¯∏± Ú±˝◊√√ ¸•Û±√fl¡œ˚˛ õ∂¬ıg1 ¬Û1± ά◊X‘Ó¬ Ó¬˘1 ñ ø˚ÀȬ± ˆ¬±¯∏±Ó¬ ’±=ø˘fl¡ ø¬ıøˆ¬ißÓ¬± ’±1n∏ ¬ı±fl¡…Àfl¡˝◊√√Ȭ±˝◊√√ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ¬Û±Í¬fl¡¸fl¡˘fl¡ Œfl¡±‰¬- Δ¬ıø˙©Ü… Ú±˝◊√√º ¸≈ÚœøÓ¬fl≈¡˜±1 ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±À˚˛ ŒÓ¬›“1 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ ˆ¬±¯∏±1 ¤È¬± Ú˜≈Ú± ø√˚˛±1 ά◊¬Ûø1 ¤È¬± õ∂¬ıgÓ¬ fl¡øÔÓ¬ ¬ı±—˘± ˆ¬±¯∏±1 ‰¬±ø¬ı3˙Ȭ± Ú˜≈Ú± ’¸˜œ˚˛±¸fl¡˘1 ø¬ı1n∏ÀX ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 ˜ÚÓ¬ ά◊X‘Ó¬ fl¡ø1 ˜ôL¬ı… fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ Œ˚ Œ¸˝◊√√À¬ı±11 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ ¬Û≈?œˆ¬”Ó¬ Œ˝√√±ª± ŒSê±ÒÀ1± øfl¡Â≈√ ’±ˆ¬±¸ ø√¬ıº Œfl¡˝◊√√Ȭ±˜±Ú Ú˜≈Ú±fl¡ ¬ı±—˘± ˆ¬±¯∏± ¬ı≈ø˘ ø‰¬Ú±Mê√ fl¡1± ëfl¡˜Ó¬± Œfl¡±‰¬25 1±Ê√…˚˛ ’±øÂ√À˘fl¡ õ∂±˚˛ ’¸yª , ’Ô‰¬ õ∂øÓ¬ÀȬ± Ú˜≈Ú±˝◊√√ ¬Ûø(˜¬ı—·, ˜˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏¯∏ ¿˜ôL ˙—fl¡1À√ª1 ’ôL˘œ˘±ˆ¬”ø˜º ’¸˜ ’±1n∏ ¬ı±—˘±À√˙Ó¬ ¬ı±¸ fl¡1± ¬ı±„√√±˘œ¸fl¡˘1 ˜˝√√±1±Ê√± Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ fl¡øÔÓ¬ ˆ¬±¯∏±1 Ú˜≈Ú±º ’Ô«±» ¸fl¡À˘± ¬ı±„√√±˘œÀ˚˛ ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛1 ¬Û‘á¬À¬Û±¯∏fl¡Ó¬±Ó¬ ˜˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏¯∏Ê√Ú±˚˛ Ò˜«, ¤Àfl¡È¬± ¸¬ı«Ê√ÚÀ¬ı±Ò… ˜±Ú… ˆ¬±¯∏±Àfl¡ ø˘ø‡Ó¬ ¸˜±Ê√, ˆ¬±¯∏±, ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…, ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 Œé¬SÓ¬ ˆ¬±¯∏±1+À¬Û ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡À1 ˚ø√› ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ’=˘1 ¸—¶®±1Ò˜«œ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±ª ’±1n∏ ¸‘Ê√Úœ˙øMê√1 ¡Z±1± Œfl¡˝◊√√Ȭ±˜±Ú fl¡øÔÓ¬ ¬ı±—˘± ˆ¬±¯∏±1 1+¬Û ’±ÚÀ¬ı±1 Œ˚ø·˘± ’¬Û”¬ı« ˚≈·√Ê√˚˛œ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡ø1 Œ·˝◊√√ÀÂ√ ¬ı±„√√±˘œ1 fl¡±1ÀÌ õ∂±˚˛ √≈À¬ı«±Ò…º ¬Û‘øÔªœ1 ¸fl¡À˘± ’&˘±1 Ê√Ú…˝◊√√ ’±˝◊√√Ê√fl¡± ¬ı±ø‰¬ ’±ÀÂ√ Ó¬Ô±fl¡øÔÓ¬ ˆ¬±¯∏±1 Œé¬SÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√ fl¡Ô± õ∂À˚±Ê√…º Ú±·±À˘G1 ’¸˜œ˚˛± Ê√±øÓ¬ ’±1n∏ ˆ¬±¯∏±-¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬º ’±—·±˜œ Ú·±¸fl¡˘ ¤È¬± é≈¬^ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œº øfl¡c ’¸˜œ˚˛± Ê√±Ó¬…±øˆ¬˜±Úœ ¬ı…øMê√&˘±˚˛ Œ˜±1 Ú·± ¬ıg≈ ‰¬±˘«Â√ Œ‰¬øÂ√À˚˛ Œ˜±fl¡ Œfl¡±ª± ˜ÀÓ¬, ˙—fl¡1À√ªfl¡ ¬Û±?±À11 q˚˛±, ¬ı≈Àfl¡1 fl¡˝◊√√˘Ê√± ¤‡Ú ’±—·±˜œ ·±“ª1 ˜±Ú≈À˝√√ ’±Ú ¤‡Ú ’±—·±˜œ ¬ı≈ø˘˚˛± ˆ¬±À¬ıº øfl¡c ά◊˜1±&˘± Ê√±øÚ˚˛±› ·±“ª1 ˆ¬±¯∏± ¬ı≈øÊ√ Ú±¬Û±˚˛º øfl¡c Œ¸˝◊√√¬ı≈ø˘ ’Ê√±Ú±1 ˆ¬„√√Ó¬± ˚≈ø1 Ô±Àfl¡ ñ Œ˚Ê√Ú ŒÓ¬›“À˘±Àfl¡ Œfl¡±ÀÚ› Ú1√√˚˛ Œ˚ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡ ˜˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏¯∏fl¡ ’¸˜œ˚˛± Ê√±øÓ¬1 Ê√Úfl¡ ¬ı≈ø˘ fl¡›˚˛± ’±—·±˜œ Ú˝√√˚˛º ˝√√˚˛, ά◊˜±fl¡ ¤fl¡ ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ë¬ı1 ’¸À˜1í Œˆ¬øȬ ø¸ ø˚ øfl¡ Ú˝√√›fl¡, Œ˜±fl¡ ’±‰¬ø1Ó¬ fl¡ø1 øÚ˜«±Ó¬±1 ¬ı—˙Ò1 ¶§·«À√ά◊À˚˛ 1±Ê√…Ó¬ Ô±øfl¡ ø√ Œfl¡±‰¬-1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ Â√±S ¸øij˘Ú1 ¡Z±1± ά◊ƒ√˚±ø¬ÛÓ¬ ø¬ıÓ¬±ø1Ó¬ fl¡ø1øÂ√À˘fl¡º ø¬ıÓ¬±ø1Ó¬ fl¡1±˚˛ Ú±˝√√˚˛, ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ø√ª¸ ¬Ûø1‰¬±˘Ú± fl¡1± ˝√√í˘ ˜±Ú… &Ìœ1 &Ìí Ú±¬ı≈Ê√± ¶§·«À√ά◊À˚˛ ά◊˜±1 ά◊¬Û”1± ’¸˜œ˚˛± ˆ¬±¯∏±Ó¬º ¸ˆ¬±¬ÛøÓ¬ ø¬ıù´øÊ√» 1±˚˛fl¡ ˜˝◊√√ √±ø˚˛Q ø√øÂ√À˘fl¡ ˝√√±Ó¬œ Ò1±1 ’±1 ˝√√±Ó¬œÀ˚˛ ·Î¬ˇ fl¡íÀ˘± ñ ë˜˝◊√√ øfl¡c ˝◊√√˚˛±Ó¬ Œfl¡±‰¬-1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ ˆ¬±ø„√√ ¬Û±À˘ ˚±›˚˛±1 ’¬Û1±ÒÓ¬ ά◊˜±1 Ê√±˜±˝◊√√ ˆ¬±¯∏±Ó¬ ¬ıMê‘√Ó¬± qøÚ¬ıÕ˘ ’±˙± fl¡ø1 ’±ø˝√√øÂ√À˘±ºí ˝√√ø1fl¡ ø˙1À26√√ fl¡1øÂ√˘±fl¡ºí ‰¬1±˝◊√√À‡±˘±Õ˘ ŒÓ¬›“ ˝√√“±ø˝√√ ¤È¬± ˜±ø1 ˜≈‡1 øˆ¬Ó¬1ÀÓ¬ øfl¡¬ı± ¤È¬± ˚±›“ÀÓ¬ ˜˝◊√√ ˜ÀÚ ˜ÀÚ ˆ¬±ø¬ı Δ·øÂ√À˘± Œ˚ fl¡íÀ˘ , ˜˝◊√√ ˆ¬±˘Õfl¡ Òø1¬ı ŒÚ±ª±ø1À˘±º ≈√Ê√Ú˜±Ú
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28 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ·í˘º Ó¬±Ó¬ Ôfl¡± fl¡±˘ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¡ ڱȬfl¡œ˚˛ ‚Ȭڱ ‚ÀȬº Δ˘ ά◊Ê√±Ú 1±Ê√…Õ˘ ·í˘ ’±1n∏ 1±Ê√…1 &1n∏ˆ¬±1 ŒÂ√±È¬ Œ√ª±Ú ’Ô«±» ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ¿√±˜ Ú±˜1 ø˘ø·1± ¬Ûø1˘ ŒÂ√±È¬ ˚≈ª1±Ê√ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ›¬Û1Ó¬º ¤Ê√ÀÚ ¤ø√Ú fl≈¡¸≈•§11 ˆ¬±Ó‘¬1 ¬Û≈S 1±˜1±˚˛ ›1ÀÙ¬ ¤ø√Ú 1Ê√± ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ˜‘·˚˛±Õ˘ ˚±›“ÀÓ¬ Ê√·Ó¬±Úμ1 fl¡Ú…± fl¡˜˘øõ∂˚˛± ’±¬Ûœfl¡ Œ√‡± ¬Û±˝◊√√ ŒÓ¬›“1 ¬ÛPœ¸fl¡À˘ ˜≈‡… ¬ÛÀȬù´1œ fl¡˜˘øõ∂˚˛±fl¡ ¤øȬ ŒÓ¬›“1 1+¬Û-&Ì1 fl¡Ô± ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛fl¡ Ê√Ú±À˘º ·œÓ¬ ·±¬ıÕ˘ fl¡íÀ˘ , ŒÓ¬Àª“± ‰¬±À1—√±1Ó¬ ˙—fl¡1À√ª ˚≈ª1±Ê√ ’±fl‘¡©Ü Δ˝√√ Œ¸˝◊√√ fl¡Ú…±fl¡ ø¬ı˚˛± fl¡1±˝◊√√ ˜≈‡… 1ø‰¬Ó¬ ¬ı1·œÓ¬ ë¬Û±˜1n∏ ˜Ú 1±˜‰¬1ÀÌ ø‰¬M√√ Œ√Uí ¬ÛÀȬù´1œ ¬Û±øÓ¬¬ıÕ˘ ˜Ú fl¡ø1À˘º fl¡±˚˛¶ö fl≈¡˘Ê√ ÒÚ¿ 1±·Ó¬ ·±˝◊√√ Ôfl¡± ’ª¶ö±ÀÓ¬ ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ ’±ø˝√√ 1±˜1±À˚˛ Œfl¡±‰¬ ˚≈ª1±Ê√Õ˘ ¤ÀÚ ’¸¬ıÌ« ø¬ı¬ı±˝√√1 qøÚ ’±õ≠≈Ó¬ Δ˝√√ ¬Û≈Ú1 1±øÓ¬ ˙˚…±Ó¬ Œ·±ª±À˘º fl¡±1 õ∂ô¶±ª õ∂ÔÀ˜ ˜±øÚ ˘í¬ı Œ‡±Ê√± Ú±øÂ√˘ , øfl¡c 1‰¬Ú± ¬ı≈ø˘ Œ¸±Ò±Ó¬, ’±À˚˛ &1n∏Ê√Ú±1 Ú±˜ fl¡í˘Ó¬ ˙—fl¡1À√Àª Œ¸˝◊√√ fl¡±˘ÀÓ¬ ’¸¬ıÌ« ø¬ı¬ı±˝√√Ó¬ ¸ijøÓ¬ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ’±1n∏ ’±fl‘¡©Ü ˝√√í˘ ñ &1n∏Ê√Ú±1 õ∂øÓ¬º õ∂√±Ú fl¡ø1 ˆ¬øÓ¬Ê√± Ê√œÀ˚˛fl¡29 ˆ¬≈ªÀÚù´1œ ›1ÀÙ¬ ‰¬ø1Ó¬1 ˜ÀÓ¬, ·œÓ¬1 ¸≈1-¸= ’±1n∏ ·ˆ¬œ1 ’Ô«Ó¬ fl¡˜˘øõ∂˚˛±fl¡ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛Õ˘ ø√ ’±Ú≈ᬱøÚfl¡ˆ¬±Àª qflv¡Ò√ıÊ√ ˜øÊ√ ·í˘ ’±1n∏ øά„√√± Ú·1Õ˘ ’±ø˝√√ ø¬ı¬ı±˝√√-fl¡±˚« ¸•Ûiß fl¡À1±ª±Ó¬ ˆ¬±À˚˛fl¡fl¡ ¸ijÓ¬ ˙—fl¡1À√ªfl¡ Ó≈¬øÚ-ÚøÓ¬ fl¡ø1 ˜±øÓ¬ øÚ √˝√√ Ȭfl¡±¸˝√√ fl¡1±À˘º Ó¬±À1˝◊√√ ø‰¬Ú¶§1+À¬Û 1±˜1±˚˛ fl≈¡Í¬œ-Â√S˙±À˘ fl¡±À¬Û±1 ¤¸±Ê√ ø√ ˝√√ø¬ıÀ¯∏… Ô±øfl¡ ˙1Ì ˘íÀ˘º ’±øÊ√› ¸À·Ã1Àª Œ‚±¯∏̱ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ ñ ˙—fl¡1À√ª1 ˙—fl¡1À√ª1 Ò˜«œ˚˛ ’±√˙«1 Ê√Úøõ∂˚˛Ó¬± ά◊√±1Ó¬±, Ê√±Ó¬-¬Û±Ó¬1 ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı±Àg±Ú1 õ∂øÓ¬ ¬ı‘øX Œ˝√√±ª±1 ˘À· ˘À· ÷¯∏«±¬Û1±Ì ¤‰¬±˜ ¬ı˱p¡ÀÌ ø˙øÔ˘Ó¬±º ˝◊√√øÓ¬˜ÀÒ… ˙±øôLÊ√±Ú ¬ı±øg Œ¸˝◊√√ fl¡Ô± Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì 1Ê√± ‚”ø1 ’±ø˝√√ 1±Ê√… ˙±¸Ú fl¡1± fl¡±˘Ó¬ ¸±¬ı…ô¶ fl¡ø1 ΔÔøÂ√À˘˝◊√√º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ˝◊√√› Œ˚Ú ¤fl¡ ’ø¢ü ˙—fl¡1&1n∏1 ø¬ı¬ÛÀé¬ Ú±Ú± Œ·±‰¬1 ø√ ëÒ˜« Ú©Ü, Œ√˙ ¬Û1œé¬± ’±øÂ√˘ ñ ˙—fl¡1À√ª1 fl¡±1À̺ Œ¸˝◊√√¬ı≈ø˘ w©Üí fl¡ø1 õ∂Ê√±À1± ’ø˝√√Ó¬ ø‰¬ôL± ¬ı≈ø˘ ˘·±À˘º ¤˝◊√√ fl¡Ô± ˆ¬±ø¬ıÀ˘ ˆ¬≈˘ ˝√√í¬ı Œ˚ Δ¬ı¬ı±ø˝√√fl¡ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ¬ı±·œ˙ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚«1 ¬Û≈S ¬ı±· ‰¬SêªÓ«¬œ, ˚±√Àªf, ‚Ȭ±1 fl¡±1ÀÌÀ˝√√ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ˙—fl¡1À√Àª1 õ∂øÓ¬ ’±fl‘¡©Ü ø˝√√1±˝◊√√, Œ˜1±˝◊√√, Œfl¡À¸1± fl¡μø˘ ñ ë ¤˝◊√√ Δ˝√√ ¬Û‘á¬À¬Û±¯∏fl¡Ó¬± ’±·¬ıϬˇ±˝◊√√øÂ√˘º fl¡±1Ì Ó¬±À1± ¬Û±“À‰¬±Ê√ÀÚ˝◊√√ ˜≈‡… ’±1n∏ ’ÀÚfl¡ ¬ı±˜≈Ì, Ó¬±øLafl¡, ’±ÕϬˇ ¬ıÂ√11 ’±·ÀÓ¬ õ∂Ô˜¬ı±1 &1n∏Ê√Úfl¡ ¬ı1Ú·1Ó¬ ˙±Mê√, ˝√√ø1 ø¬ı˜≈‡œ˚˛±, ˝√√ø1ˆ¬øMê√ Ú¸˝◊√√í ’Ô«±» ¸˝√√… Œ√‡± ¬Û±˝◊√√ Œ¸˝◊√√ Ò˜« Òø1¬ı1 ˜Ú Δ˝√√øÂ√˘ , ‰¬ø1Ó¬1 Úfl¡À1º Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì 1±Ê√±Ó¬ ‡˘ ø√À˘ Œ¬ı±À˘ ˆ¬±¯∏±À1 ñ ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ ëëŒÓ¬Ê√ ˙øMê√ ÷ù´1 ˘é¬Ì ë˙—fl¡À1 fl¡±Àfl¡± Ú±˜±ÀÚ ñ Œ√ά◊-Œ√ªœ, |±X- Œ√ø‡ &1n∏ ˜±øÚ¬ı1 ø‰¬M√√ – √√±À˚˛fl¡1 ˆ¬¤ Ú˝√√í˘ºíí ø¬ıøÒ, ˜”øÓ«¬ ¬Û±ÚœÓ¬ Œ¬Û˘±˝◊√√, ˆ¬±·ªÓ¬ ˆ¬±ø„√√ ¬Û√ [ŒÂ√√ 212]º ˝◊√√˚˛±1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ ˙—fl¡1À√Àª øÚÊ√1 ˜ÀÓ¬ fl¡À1º ¬ı˱p¡Ì, ·—·± ·œÓ¬± Ó≈¬˘¸œ, ˙±˘¢∂±˜ Ò˜« õ∂‰¬±1 ’±1n∏ ¸˜±Ê√ ¸—¶®±11 fl¡±˜ fl¡ø1 ’±øÂ√˘ Ú±˜±ÀÚ, Ú≈¬Û”ÀÊ√º ¬ı˱p¡Ì, Δfl¡ªÓ«¬, Δ√ª:, Œfl¡±‰¬, ˚ø√› ¤‰¬±˜ ø¬ıÀ1±Òœ Œ˘±Àfl¡ Ú±Ú± Ò1ÀÌ ø˝√√—¸±, ˙”^¸Àª ˆ¬Ê√±˝◊√√, ¤fl¡ÀM√√ ‡±˝◊√√, fl≈¡˘˙œ˘, Ò˜«-fl¡˜«, ’¸”˚˛± fl¡ø1 Œ¸˝◊√√ fl¡±˜Ó¬ ¬ı…±‚±Ó¬ Ê√ij±˝◊√√øÂ√˘º ˝◊√√ø¬ÛÀÚ Œ¬ı√-ÚœøÓ¬ ¤ø1, ¤1n∏ª±˝◊√√ Œ√˙ Œ·√±ÀȬ ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ˙øÚ1 õ∂ˆ¬±ª1 ¬Û1± ˜≈øMê√ ¬Û±¬ıÕ˘ Δ√ª:1 ø¬ıÒ±Ú ’Ú±‰¬±1œ Δfl¡À˘, Œ¬ı√ ˆ¬±·ªÓ¬ Ò˜« w©Ü ’Ú±‰¬±1 ’Ú≈¸ø1 Ú1Ú±1±˚˛ÀÌ Œˆ¬˙Â√Ú fl¡ø1 ¸iß…±¸œ1 1+¬Û ø˚ Œ√˙Ó¬, 1±Ê√± Ú±˙, Â√Sˆ¬—·œ, ˜Laœ ˝√√±øÚº õ∂Ê√±
29 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ≈√øˆ¬«é¬- ’±fl¡±˘Ó¬ ˜±ø1-˜1fl¡, Œ·±-˙¸… ˝√√±øÚ, ˙1ÌÀ˝√√ ˘íÀ˘º ά◊¬Û±˚˛ Ú±¬Û±˚˛ 1Ê√±˝◊√√ ¬ıμœ ≈√Ê√Ú ’¬ı≈øXº 1±Ê√± qøÚ 1±ø· Œ¬ı±À˘ Œ˜±1 Œ√˙Ó¬ ˜˝◊√√ ’±1n∏ ’±˝◊√√fl¡ Œˆ¬±È¬fl¡ Œ¬ıø‰¬¬ıÕ˘ ø√À˘, Œˆ¬±ÀȬ› Ú±Ú± Ôfl¡±Ó¬ ¤ÀÚ fl¡À1 ! ¸Ê√º ·1˜ø˘ Δ· Òø1 ’±Úº ≈√·«øÓ¬ fl¡ø1 ø¬ıÙ¬˘ Δ˝√√ ‚”1±˝◊√√ ¬Ûͬ±À˘º ·1˜ø˘ ’±ø˝√√ [¶úÓ«¬¬ı… Œ˚ ¤˝◊√√ ‰¬ø1Ó¬1 ¬ıMê√± ‰¬Sê¬Û±øÌ ¬ı˱p¡Ì &1n∏Ê√Ú±fl¡ ˘· fl¡ø1À˘º &1n∏Ê√ÀÚ ’±ÕϬˇ˜±˝√√ fl¡±˘ ¤·1±fl¡œ ø¬ı‰¬é¬Ì ¬Û≈1n∏¯∏, :±Úœ, Ó¬N:º ¤›“ ›˘±˝◊√√-Œ¸±˜±˝◊√√ Ù≈¬1±Ó¬ ’±Àfl¡Ã Ô˘≈ª±-ø¬ı¬Û鬜 ≈√©Ü ÚÀ1±ª± ¸S1 1˜±fl¡±ôL ’±Ó¬±1 ø˙¯∏…º ¤˝◊√√ 1˜±fl¡±ôL ¸”‰¬fl¡ ¬ı˱p¡ÀÌ ¬Û≈Ú1 1Ê√±Ó¬ ˘·±À˘ Œ¬ı±À˘ ˆ¬±·ªÓ¬ ’¬ı˱p¡Ì, fl¡±˚˛¶ö √±À˜±√1 ’±Ó¬±1 ¬Û≈S ñ ø˚ ¬ÛÀϬˇ ¬ÛϬˇ±˝◊√√, ¬Û√ fl¡À1 ·e± ·œÓ¬±, Ó≈¬˘¸œ, ˙±˘¢∂±˜, √±À˜±√1fl¡ ‰¬Ó≈¬ˆ¬≈«Ê√ ͬ±fl≈¡À1 ¸•§gÓ¬ ˆ¬±ø·ÚœÀ˚˛fl¡ Œ¬ı√ Œ√ά◊-Œ√ªœ, ¸√±ø˙ª-˙—fl¡À1 ¤˝◊√√À¬ı±1 fl¡±Àfl¡± ˚ø√›, ’¬Û≈Sfl¡ Δ˝√√À˚˛± ¬Û≈SÀ¬ı±ÀÒ Ó≈¬ø˘ Δ˘øÂ√˘ ’±1n∏ Ú±˜±ÀÚ, Œ¬ıÃÒ˜ÀÓ¬ õ∂ªøÓ«¬ Œ·±ÀȬ˝◊√√ Œ√˙ Ú©Ü √±À˜±√À1˝◊√√ ‰¬Ó≈¬ˆ¬≈«Ê√1 øSê˚˛±-fl¡˜« fl¡ø1, ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ fl¡ø1À˘º 1Ê√±1 ‡— ά◊øͬ Œ¬ı±À˘ ø¸¬ı±1 ¬Û˘±˘, ¬Ûø1Ó¬…Mê√ ¬ı1À√±ª± ά◊X±130 fl¡ø1 ˘≈˝◊√√Ó¬1 √øé¬ÀÌ ¤˝◊√√¬ı±1 ¬Û±À˘ ˙—fl¡11 Â√±À˘À1 √±˜± ‰¬±˜, ˝√√±ÀάˇÀ1 ¬ı±ø˘Ó¬ ¸S ¬Û±øÓ¬øÂ√˘º Œ¸À˚˛ ÚÀ1±ª± ¬ı±ø˘¸S, ¬ı±˜º ¿fl¡F ø¬ı√…±ˆ¬”¯∏ÀÌ Ô˘≈ª±1 fl¡Ô±Ó¬ õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±√ ¬ı1±À√±ª±1 ¸˜œ¬ÛÀÓ¬ ά◊M√√À1 , ø˚ ¸S1 ëø‰¬S fl¡ø1 Ê√Ú±À˘ Œ˚ ŒÓ¬›“1 ˙UÀ1fl¡ 1±˜1±˜ &1n∏ ˆ¬±·ªÓ¬í ’±øÊ√ ¸¬ı«Ê√Ú ¸˜±‘√Ó¬º] ’±1n∏ ¸±é¬œ ˙—fl¡11 ¬ı—˙1 ¬Û≈À1±ø˝√√Ó¬, øSê˚˛±-fl¡˜« fl¡À1º ’±˜±Àfl¡ Ò√ıÊ√±1 ‚1º øÚ ·œÓ¬± ¬Û±Í¬ fl¡1±˚˛º [1±˜1±˜ &1n∏1 ¬ı—˙˝◊√√ ø˚ ˝√√›fl¡, 1±Ê√ ’±:±Ó¬ ¬Û“±‰¬Ê√Ú ·1˜ø˘ ÚÀ1±ª±1 ¬Û≈À1±ø˝√√Ó¬º] Δ· &1n∏Ê√Ú±fl¡ Ú±¬Û±À˘ ñ ˝√√±øÔ˚˛± √Õ˘À˚˛ ‰¬fl≈¡1 Ó¬Ô±ø¬Û Ú±˜±øÚ 1Ê√±˝◊√√ Ú˚˛Ú±Úμ ŒÏ¬±¬ÛÒ1± Í“¬±1 ø√˚˛±Ó¬ ˜±Ê√øÚ˙± Œ·±fl≈¡˘‰¬±μ ’±ÕÓ¬fl¡ Òø1 ’±1n∏ ÚÊ√Ú ·1˜ø˘fl¡ ¬Ûͬ±À˘ ˙—fl¡1fl¡ Òø1 ˘·1 Œfl¡±Ú Œfl¡±Ú ’±ÀÂ√ Œ√‡≈ª±˝◊√√ ø√¬ıÕ˘ fl¡íÀ˘º ’±øÚ¬ıÕ˘º Ú±¬Û±À˘ ˜±ÒªÀ√ª, Ú±1±˚˛Ì √±¸ Ó¬±Ó¬ fl¡±Àfl¡± Ú±¬Û±˝◊√√ ˜ÚÕÔÓ¬ ͬ±fl≈¡1 ’±Ó¬±fl¡ Òø1 ’±ø√Àfl¡ Òø1 ’±øÚ¬ıÕ˘ ’±À√˙ ø√À˘º øÚÀ˘ , ŒÓ¬1±1 ¬ÛPœ ¬ı±1¬ı±˝√√œ ’±À˚˛± ˘·ÀÓ¬ ·í˘º ¤˝◊√√ ’±À√˙1 fl¡Ô± Ê√±øÚ ¿fl¡F ø¬ı√…±ˆ¬”¯∏ÀÌ Œ‰¬Ã‡≈øȬÀÓ¬ Œfl¡›Ê√ÚÀfl¡ ¬ıμœ fl¡ø1 ÔÀ˘º 1Ê√±˝◊√√ ˝√√ø1 &1n∏¬Û≈S 1˜±Úμ ͬ±fl≈¡1fl¡ Œ·±¬ÛÀÚ ’±·Ó¬œ˚˛±Õfl¡ ·1˜ø˘fl¡ ¸≈øÒ¬ıÕ˘ ø√˚˛±Ó¬ Ú±Ê√±ÀÚ± ¬ı≈ø˘À˘º Ê√Ú±À˘º ͬ±fl≈¡À1 fl¡˜˘øõ∂˚˛± ’±˝◊√√fl¡ Ê√ÀÚ±ª±Ó¬ ’±1n∏ ˝√ø1À˚˛ 1Ê√±fl¡ Ê√ÀÚ±ª±Ó¬, 1Ê√±˝◊√√ Œ¬ı±À˘ ’Ú±‰¬±1 ’±À˚˛ õ∂±Ô«Ú± fl¡1±Ó¬ Œ√ª±ÀÚ ŒÈ¬fl¡±˝◊√√ ˜±øÊ√ Ú±˜1 Úfl¡À1 ˚ø√ ˙—fl¡1 øfl¡˚˛ ¬Û˘±˝◊√√ ˚±˚˛∑ ñ ¤À˚˛ ˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˜±øÓ¬ øÚ ¤˙ Ȭfl¡±1 ŒÈ¬±À¬Û±˘± ¬ı±øg Ó¬±fl¡ õ∂˜±Ì Ú˝√√˚˛ÀÚ∑ Œ¸˝◊√√√À1 Œfl¡±ª±Ó¬ ˝√√ø1 ¬Û≈Ú1 Δ· ø√ fl¡íÀ˘ ñ ë˙œÀ‚Ë Δ· 1Ê√±1 ·1˜ø˘ Δ· Œ¬Û±ª±1 ¸≈øÒÀ˘ øfl¡c ¤Àfl¡± fl¡Ô± ά◊ø˘˚˛±¬ı ŒÚ±ª±ø1 Ú±Ú± ’±·ÀÓ¬, 1±øÓ¬-ø√ÚÕfl¡ ˝√√íÀ˘› ˙—fl¡1fl¡ ’±øÚ Œ√ºí ˙±øô¶ fl¡ø1› ˆ¬±·ø1˘º ˝√√ø1¯∏± Ú±˜1 ¤È¬± ·1˜ø˘À˚˛ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ¤˝◊√√ ø¸X±ôL ’±1n∏ ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ Œ¬ı±À˘ ˜˝√√±1±Ê√, ˜˝◊√√ Δ¸ fl¡Ï¬ˇ±˜ ¤˝◊√√¬ı≈ø˘ Δ· ø¸› fl¡±˘Ó¬ ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡1± ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡±˝◊√√ ˙—fl¡1À√ª1 Δ¬ı¯ûª ø¬ıÙ¬˘ ˝√√í˘º ¬ı±È¬1n∏ª± Œ˘±Àfl¡ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡fl¡ ø√˚˛± ¸•x√±˚˛fl¡ Œ˚ øÚ˚«±Ó¬Ú-øڬۜάˇÚ Ó¬Ô± ’¬Û˜‘Ó≈¬…1 ‡±√…¸y±1 ά◊Õˆ¬Ú√œ ˝√√í˘, Ó¬±1 ˆ¬±· ˝√√ø1¯∏±À˚˛± ‡±˝◊√√ ¬Û1± 1鬱 fl¡ø1 Œ·±ÀȬ˝◊√√ ‘√˙…¬ÛȬÀfl¡ ¸˘±˝◊√√ Œ¬Û˘±À˘, ’ôL fl¡ø1¬ı ŒÚ±ª±ø1À˘º ˝√√ø1¯∏±˝◊√√ ͬ±fl≈¡1 ’±Ó¬±ÀÓ¬ Œ¸˝◊√√ fl¡Ô± ¸˝√√ÀÊ√˝◊√√ ’Ú≈˜±Ú fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1º ø¬ı¬Û鬜
30 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ¬ı˱p¡Ì1 ‰¬±˜ÀȬ±Àª ά◊øͬ-¬Ûø1 ˘±ø·øÂ√˘ ñ ŒÎ¬±Ç±¸˝√√ Ó¬±˜≈˘œfl¡ ¬Ûͬ±¬ıÕ˘º Œ¸˝◊√√ ’Ú≈¸ø1 ¬Ûͬ±˝◊√√ &1n∏Ê√Ú±1 ά◊√±1 ¸1˘ Ò˜«œ˚˛ ¸•x√±˚˛ÀȬ± &ø1ÀÓ¬ &1n∏1 ά±“11 ¬ı±Ó«¬± ά±“À1 Δ˘ Ô±øfl¡˘º ά◊‚±ø˘, 1±Ê√-¸±˝√√±˚…Ó¬ Ó¬±fl¡ ά◊À26√√, øÚøù6iß fl¡ø1 &1n∏Ê√Ú Δ· Œ√±¬Û√1Ó¬ ά◊øͬ ŒÓ¬±È¬fl¡ Â√μÓ¬ Œ¬Û˘±¬ıÕ˘º 1Ê√±› õ∂Ó¬…˚˛ Δ· ’±ÚÀȬ± fl¡Ô± ¬ı±À√˝◊√√, ë˜Ò≈ √±Úª √±1Ìí ŒÓ¬±È¬˚˛øȬ ·±˝◊√√ ’±·¬ı±øϬˇ˘º 1±Ê√ ˙—fl¡11 ·±1 Â√±À˘À1 √±˜± Œ‰¬±ª±˝◊√√ ˝√√±ÀάˇÀ1 Ó¬±fl¡ ’±:±Ó¬ ¬ıø˝√√ ëÚ±1±˚˛Ì fl¡±À˝√√ ˆ¬fl¡øÓ¬í ·œÓ¬øȬ ˚≈ø1À˘ ¬ıÊ√±˜ ¬ı≈ø˘ ¸—fl¡ät Δ˝√√øÂ√˘º ¤ÀÚ fl¡Àͬ±1 ø¶öøÓ¬fl¡ ’±1n∏ ëÊ√˚˛ Ê√˚˛ ˜~ Ú‘¬ÛøÓ¬ 1¸±Ê√±Úí ˆ¬øȬ˜±øȬ õ∂øÓ¬˝√√Ó¬ fl¡1±1 Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ά◊¬Û±˚˛ ’±1n∏ ’ªfl¡±˙ øÚÀ‰¬˝◊√√ ·±À˘º Ú±øÂ√˘ , øfl¡c Δ√ªSêÀ˜ ¤·1±fl¡œ &Ìœ-:±Úœ Ó¬Ô± 1Ê√± ¬Û1˜ ¸ÀôL±¯∏ Δ˝√√ ŒÓ¬›“ fl¡1± ’±Àͬ±øȬ ’±Ú1 &Ì ¬ı≈Ê√± ¬ı˱p¡Ì ¬ÛøGÓ¬1 Ó¬»¬Û1Ó¬±Ó¬ Œù≠±fl¡1 ¬ı…±‡…±-‰¬‰«¬± fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ Œfl¡±ª±Ó¬ 1Ê√± ’±‰¬ø1Ó¬ fl¡˜˘øõ∂˚˛±1 Œ˚±À· ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛› ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡1± fl¡˜«˝◊√√ ˝√√í˘º Œ˙¯∏Ó¬ 1Ê√±˝◊√√ ¸¸ij±ÀÚ Ê√Ú±À˘ ñ Œ¸˝◊√√fl¡±˘1 Δ¬ı¯ûª Ò˜«1 31Œõ∂鬱¬ÛÀȬ˝◊√√ ¸˘øÚ fl¡ø1 ˚±›fl¡Õ·, ë’±·À¬ı˘± Ú≈Ú≈1 ͬ±˝◊√√Ó¬ Ô±øfl¡¬ı, ø¬ÛÂ√À¬ı˘± Œ¬Û˘±À˘º ŒÈ¬fl¡±˝◊√√ ˜±øÊ√À˚˛ Ȭfl¡± ¬Û±˝◊√√ ¬ı≈øÒ fl¡ø1 1Ê√±1 ’±˜±1 ͬ±˝◊√√ ’˝√√± ˚±¬ıºí ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 ‰¬fl¡≈Ó¬ Ò”ø˘ ø√ &1n∏Ê√Úfl¡ Δ˘ ’±ø˝√√˘ ’±1n∏ ˝◊√√˚˛±1 ø¬ÛÂ√ÀÓ¬± ’ÀÚfl¡¬ı±1 ø¬ıÀ1±Òœ ¬ı˱p¡Ì ‚±È¬Ó¬ ˜±Ú≈˝√√fl¡ Œ√‡≈ª±˝◊√√ fl¡íÀ˘ ñ Œ¬ı±À˘ ˙—fl¡À1 ¬ÛøGÓ¬1 ˘·Ó¬ 1±Ê√¸ˆ¬±Ó¬ Ó¬fl«¡-¬ı±√, ¬ı…±‡…± ’±ø√1 Œ√ª±Úfl¡ ÒÚ ø√¬ı˘·œ˚˛± ’±ÀÂ√ ¬ı±À¬ı ¬ıμœ fl¡ø1 ’Ú± Œ˚±À· &1n∏Ê√Ú Ê√˚˛œ ˝√√˚˛ ’±1n∏ Œ˙¯∏Ó¬ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛ÀÌ Δ˝√√ÀÂ√º Œ¸˝◊√√SêÀ˜ øÚ 1±˚˛ ’±Ó¬±fl¡ ¸±‡œ fl¡ø1 ˙—fl¡1Ó¬ ˙1Ì ˘í¬ıÕ˘Àfl¡ ˜Ú fl¡À1º Œ˝√√Ú ¸˜˚˛ÀÓ¬ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛Ó¬ ‡¬ı1 ø√˚˛± ˝√√í˘ ’±1n∏ ¬ÛøÓ¬-¬ÛPœ ≈√À˚˛± &1n∏Ê√Ú Δ¬ıfl≈¡Fœ ˝√√˚˛º øÚ ˙—fl¡1fl¡ ŒÓ¬›“1 ’±|˚˛Ó¬ Œ·±¬ÛÀÚ 1±ø‡À˘Õ·º ¤˝◊√√√À1 Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ˜Ò…¶öÓ¬± 1Ê√±1 ·1˜ø˘À˚˛ Ê√Ú±À˘Õ· Œ¬ı±À˘ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ’±1n∏ Ó¬»¬Û1Ó¬±ÀÓ¬ ˙—fl¡1À√ª1 Δ¬ı¯ûª Ò˜« ¸≈1øé¬Ó¬ Œ˘±Àfl¡ ˙—fl¡1fl¡ øÚ 1±ø‡ÀÂ√º 1Ê√±˝◊√√ ˆ¬±À˚˛fl¡fl¡ ”√Ó¬1 Δ˝√√ 1í˘ , ˚≈ª1±Ê√ ŒÚ±À˝√√±ª± ˝√√íÀ˘ ’±øÊ√ ˝√√˚˛ÀÓ¬± Œ˚±À· Ê√Ú±À˘ ñ &1n∏Ê√Úfl¡ ¬Ûͬ±¬ıÕ˘º øfl¡c ¤˝◊√√ Ò˜« ø¬ı˘≈ø51 ·ˆ¬«Ó¬ ˘œÚ ˝√√í˘À˝√√“ÀÓ¬Úº Œfl¡±‰¬ ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ Ú¬Ûͬ±˚˛ ñ ˆ¬˚˛ fl¡À1, øfl¡¬ı± ’øÚ©Ü fl¡À1 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ 1Ê√±¸fl¡˘1 √À1˝◊√√ ¤øÓ¬˚˛±› Œ¸˝◊√√ ¬ı≈ø˘º Œfl¡˝◊√√¬ı±¬ı±À1± ”√Ó¬ ¬ÛÀͬ±ª±ÀÓ¬± ŒÓ¬›“ ŒÚ±ª±À1“± ¸•x√±˚˛1 Œ˘±fl¡1 ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡±, ’±¢∂˝√√ Œ√ø‡ ø¬ıø¶úÓ¬, ¬Ûͬ±¬ı Œ¬ı±˘±Ó¬ ≈√˝◊√√ fl¡fl¡±˝◊√√-ˆ¬±˝◊√√1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ˜ÀÚ±˜±ø˘Ú… ’øˆ¬ˆ¬”Ó¬ ˝√√í¬ı ˘±À·º ¸œø˜Ó¬ ¸˜˚˛ ’±1n∏ :±Ú- Δ˝√√ ≈√À˚˛±À1 ˚≈X ˘±À· Œ˚Ú ˝√√í˘º &1n∏Àª ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛fl¡ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±À1± ¸œ˜±ªXÓ¬± Œ˝√√Ó≈¬ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ÀȬ±1 ¸≈ø¬ı‰¬±1 fl¡íÀ˘ ñ Œ˜±fl¡ ¤ø1 ø√˚˛± ˚±›“ Ó¬±Õ˘º ¬ı±˜≈ÌÕ˘ fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û1±Ó¬ ¬ı…Ô« Œ˝√√±ª± ¬ı±À¬ı øÚÊ√˝◊√√ √±˚˛œ ¬ı≈ø˘ Œ˜±1 ˆ¬˚˛ Ú±˝◊√√ , 1Ê√±˝◊√√ øfl¡¬ı± ’Ú…±˚˛ fl¡À1 ¬ı≈ø˘À˝√√ ’fl¡¬ÛÀȬ ¶§œfl¡±1 fl¡À1“±º øfl¡c Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± ;˘ôL ¸±é¬œ ˆ¬˚˛º ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ Ê√Ú±À˘ ñ Œ¬ı±À˘ 1Ê√±Õ˘ ˆ¬˚˛ ¶§1+À¬Û ¬Û1•Û1± ’ªÀ˘±fl¡Ú fl¡1± ˚±˚˛, ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛± fl¡ø1¬ı Ú±˘±À·º ˜˝◊√√ ’±À“√±º ø¸ 1±Ê√… ˙±¸Ú fl¡Ô±À¬ı±À1 ˜ÚÓ¬ √Õfl¡ ¸±“‰¬ ¬ıUª±˚˛º ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛fl¡ ˘· fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ñ ø¬ÛÓ¬˘1 ˜”øÓ«¬1 √À1À˝√√º ˚≈X-ø¬ı¢∂˝√√Ó¬ Œ¬Û±ª±1 ’±·ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ &1n∏Ê√Ú±fl¡ Œfl¡±˘±˝◊√√-Œ¬ı±fl¡±˝◊√√ ˜˝◊√√À˝√√ ’±·º øfl¡c ˜˝◊√√ ¬ı±˜≉fl¡˘fl¡À˝√√ ¤Àfl¡± fl¡ø1¬ı Ó≈¬ø˘-Ó¬±ø˘ ά±„√√1-√œ‚˘ fl¡1± Ò√ıÊ√± ¬ıÚ¬ı1±1 ŒÚ±ª±À1“±º Œ¸˝◊√√ ˜ÀÓ¬ ˚≈ª1±ÀÊ√ 1Ê√±fl¡ Ê√Ú±À˘ ñ ¬ı—˙Ò1 ˝√√ø1‰¬1̬ ı1± ’±ÕÓ¬À˚˛ ’±˜±1 ¸SÓ¬ Ú±˜
31 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ˘À·±ª± Δ˝√√ õ∂¸—· fl¡1±1 fl¡Ô± Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± Œ√ø‡øÂ√À˘“±, &1n∏Ê√Ú±1 ¬ı…øMê√·Ó¬ Ê√œªÚÀÓ¬± ’±øÂ√˘ ’¸œ˜º ’˘¬Û ά±„√√1 Δ˝√√ ‰¬μ1œ ’±À˚˛ 1‡± &1n∏Ê√Ú±1 Δ˙˙ª1 ¬Û1± ¤˝◊√√ fl¡Ô±1 ŒÓ¬ÀÚÀ¬ı±1 õ∂˜±Ì1 ά◊¬Ûø1 ¬Û√Ò”˘± ’±˜±1 ¸SÀÓ¬ Ôfl¡± ¬ı≈ø˘ qøÚ, ¬ı1À√±ª± Δ¬ıfl≈¡F1 ¬ÛȬ ’“±Àfl¡±ÀÓ¬ ‚1n∏ª± ’±˘Ò1±Úœ ‰¬μ1œ &1n∏‰¬ø1Ó¬Ó¬ ¬ÛøϬˇ¬ıÕ˘ ¬Û±˝◊√√øÂ√À˘“± ’±1n∏ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡ ’±À˚˛ ‡≈“Ó¬ Œ√‡≈›ª± fl¡Ô±À˚˛± ¸±Ò±1Ì Ú±1œ1 Œfl¡±‰¬ ¸•x√±˚˛1 ¬ı≈ø˘ Ê√±øÚøÂ√À˘“±, ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛±˝◊√√ :±Ú-’øˆ¬:Ó¬±1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’ª·Ó¬ fl¡À1±ª±˚˛º ˜ÚÕ˘ Œfl¡˝◊√√¬ı±È¬±› fl¡Ô± ’±ø˝√√øÂ√˘º ŒÓ¬ÀÚ√À1 ¬ı±Î¬◊¸œ1 fl¡±¯∏1 Ú√œÓ¬ fl¡±À¬Û±1 Ò≈˝◊√√ Ô±Àfl“¡±ÀÓ¬ ¤Àfl¡ ¸•x√±˚˛À1 1‚≈¬ÛøÓ¬1 ¬Û≈S˝◊√√ ø‰¬˝ê˚±S±Ó¬ Ú±˜À‚±¯∏±1 ¤Ù¬±øfl¡ ·±˝◊√√ Ôfl¡± ‰¬μ1œ1 ˜≈‡Ó¬ qøÚÀ˚˛˝◊√√ ˆ¬±› Œ˘±ª± ’±1n∏ Œ¸˝◊√√ ¬ı—˙À1 Œ˘±fl¡ Œfl¡μ±˝◊√√ ˙—fl¡1À√ª1 ˘·Ó¬ Ó¬fl«¡ fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ’˝√√± ¬ı˱p¡Ì ¬ÛøGÓ¬ ¬Û±Í¬fl¡ ’±ÕÓ¬À˚˛› ˜øÌfl”¡È¬1 ¬ı±ø˝√√1ÀÓ¬ Ú±˜-õ∂¸—· ø¬ıˆ¬—À· ά◊ˆ¬øÓ¬ Œ˚±ª±1 fl¡±ø˝√√Úœ› ¶úÓ«¬¬ı…º ˜≈ͬÀÓ¬ fl¡±˚˛¶ö fl¡1± Œ√ø‡øÂ√À˘“± , ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛±› Ú±Ú±¬ õ∂ùü ˜ÚÓ¬ ά◊√˚˛ ˙—fl¡11 ˘·Ó¬ Œfl¡±‰¬ ¸•x√±˚˛1 ’±Õ˙˙ª ¸˝√√+√˚˛Ó¬±- Δ˝√√øÂ√˘º ’Ú… fl¡í1¬ı±Ó¬ 32Œ¸˝◊√√ ≈√·1±fl¡œ1 ¬ı—˙Ò1 ¸˝√√À˚±·1 ά◊¬Ûø1 fl¡˜˘øõ∂˚˛± ’±¬Ûœ1 Œ˚±À· ’±ÀÂ√ ŒÚ Ú±˝◊√√ Ú±Ê√±ÀÚ±, øfl¡c ¤˚˛± ‰¬ø1Ó¬Ó¬ ¬ıøÌ«Ó¬ Δ¬ı¬ı±ø˝√√fl¡ ¸”ÀS ’±ªX Œ˝√√±ª±1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ Œfl¡±‰¬ fl¡Ô±1 ˘·Ó¬ ¬Û1•Û1±1 õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¸±é¬œ Œ˚ Œfl¡±‰¬ ˚≈ª1±Ê√1 ¸˜Ô«Ú-¸˝√√À˚±· Œ˚ ¸≈‘√Ϭˇ Δ˝√√ ¬ÛÀ1, Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸•x√±˚˛1 Œ˘±fl¡¸fl¡˘1 ˆ¬”ø˜fl¡± ’ª√±Ú ø¬ı¯∏˚˛Ó¬ ¸Àμ˝√√1 Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ’ªfl¡±˙ Ú±˝◊√√º ŒÈ¬±fl¡± – ˙—fl¡1 √±¸, ’Ú≈¬Û˜ fl≈¡˜±1 ¸•Û±ø√Ó¬ ëëø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ˙—fl¡1À√ª ’±1n∏ Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸˜˚˛1 Δ¬ı¯ûª ¸—fl¡È¬íí Ú±˜1 ¢∂Lö1 ¬Û1±º
õ∂Ô˜ Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√ ¬Ûø1˚˛±˘1 ¸±—¸√ [1959, ˜e˘Õ√ Œ˘±fl¡¸ˆ¬± ¸˜ø©Ü] 1±Ìœ ˜?≈˘± Œ√ªœ1 ˘·Ó¬ õ∂˚˛±Ó¬ fl≈¡˜±1 øÊ√ÀÓ¬f Œ√ª [¬ı±›Ù¬±À˘] ’±1n∏ õ∂˚˛±Ó¬ ‡À·f Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª1 [Œ¸±“Ù¬±À˘] ˘·Ó¬ 1±Ê√¬Ûø1˚˛±˘1 ˜ø˝√√˘± ¸√¸…
32 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√
Œfl¡μ≈fl¡˘±˝◊√√, Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì, ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ’±1n∏ øfl¡Â≈√ ’¬Û¬ı±√
33 ά±– ’˜À1f Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª
Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 Ú±˜ ø˚¸fl¡À˘ ¸‚Ú±˝◊√√ Œ˚ fl¡±˜±‡…± ˜øμ1 √˙«Ú fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ Œ¸˝◊√√ fl¡Ô± Ê√±ÀÚ Œ¸˝◊√√¸fl¡À˘ Œfl¡μ≈fl¡˘±˝◊√√1 Ú±À˜± Ê√±ÀÚº ŒÓ¬À‡Ó¬¸fl¡À˘ fl¡±˜±‡…± Œ√ªœ ˜øμ1 √˙«Ú, ¬Û”Ê√±- fl¡±˜±‡…± Œ√ªœ ˜øμ11 ˜≈‡… ¬Û”Ê√±1œ Œfl¡μ≈fl¡˘±˝◊√√ ’‰«¬Ú± fl¡1±1 ά◊¬Ûø1› Ó¬±1 1é¬Ì±-Œ¬ıé¬Ì ’±1n∏ ¤·1±fl¡œ :±Úœ ’±1n∏ õ∂ø¸X Œ˘±fl¡ ’±øÂ√˘ ¬ı±À¬ı˝◊√√ Ó¬√±1fl¡œ1 √À1 fl¡±˜¸˜”˝√√1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ øÚ(˚˛ ˜≈‡… ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ ˜˝√√±¬ıœ1 ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ¬Û”Ê√±1œÊ√Ú1 ˘·Ó¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º fl¡±˜±‡…± ¬Û‘á¬À¬Û±¯∏fl¡Ó¬±Ó¬ Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸˜˚˛ÀÓ¬± ˆ¬±1Ó¬ ø¬ı‡…±Ó¬ Œ√ªœ ˜øμ1 ¬Û≈Ú1 øÚ˜«±Ì1 ¸íÀÓ¬ Œ˜‚˜≈fl¡√˜ Ê√øάˇÓ¬ ¬ÛøªS fl¡±˜±‡…± Œ√ªœ1 ˜øμ11 &1n∏ √±ø˚˛Q ˘±ˆ¬ ’±øÂ√˘ ˚ø√› Œ¸˚˛± ¤fl¡˜±S øÚ˜«±Ì fl¡±˚«Ó¬À˝√√º fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ¸é¬˜ Δ˝√√øÂ√˘º fl¡˘±˝◊√√·±“ª1 √À1 ’=˘1 ˜øμ1 1é¬Ì±-Œ¬ıé¬Ì1 ¬ı±À¬ı øÚ(˚˛ Ú˝√√˚˛º fl¡±˜±‡…± ¬Û1± Δ· fl¡±˜±‡…± Œ√ªœ ˜øμ11 ˜≈‡… ¬Û”Ê√±1œ1+À¬Û Œ√ªœ ˜øμ11 ά◊¬Ûø1› 1±Ê√…1 ’±Ú ¬ıUÀfl¡˝◊√√Ȭ± √±ø˚˛Q ¬Û±˝◊√√øÂ√˘ ¤fl¡˜±S ¬ı—˙·Ó¬ ¸≈Ú±˜ ’±1n∏ ˜øμ11 ¬Û≈Ú1 øÚ˜«±Ì 1±Ê√ˆ¬±Ó‘¬¡Z˚˛1 ¬Û‘á¬À¬Û±¯∏fl¡Ó¬±Ó¬ øÚÊ√1 ¬ı…øMê√Q1 ¬ı±À¬ı˝◊√√ ¤˚˛± ’±øÊ√› fl¡˘±˝◊√√·±“› Œ˜‚˜≈fl¡√À˜ ¸•Ûiß fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ’=˘1 ¬ı±À¬ı ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ ·ø1˜± ’±1n∏ fl¡˜ ¸ij±Ú1 Œ¸˝◊√√À¬ı±1 Œ¬ıÀ˘· fl¡Ô±, ’±ø˜ ¤˝◊√√ øÚªgÓ¬ fl¡Ô± Ú˝√√˚˛º Œfl¡μ≈fl¡˘±˝◊√√, ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ ˜˝√√±¬ıœ1 øfl¡ ¬Ûø1ø¶öøÓ¬Ó¬ ’±1n∏ Œfl¡ÀÚ√À1 ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 Δ¸ÀÓ¬ Ê√øάˇÓ¬ ¤øȬ õ∂¬ı±√ [’¬Û¬ı±√]1 Œfl¡μ≈fl¡˘±˝◊√√ ˜≈‡… ¬Û”Ê√±1œ1+À¬Û √±ø˚˛Q ¬Û±˝◊√√øÂ√˘ Œ¸˝◊√√ õ∂¸e √±ø„√√ Òø1¬ıÕ˘ õ∂˚˛±¸ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√“±º ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸1 ¤˙ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Ú±Ê√±øÚÀ˘› ¤˝◊√√ÀȬ± øͬfl¡ Œ˚ ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ ˙Ó¬±—˙ fl¡Ô±˝◊√√ Œ˚ ¸Ó¬… Ú˝√√˚˛ Œ¸˝◊√√ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ ˜˝√√±¬ıœ1 ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 øÚÀ‰¬˝◊√√ ›‰¬1 ’Ò…˚˛Ú fl¡1± ø˚Àfl¡±ÀÚ± Œ˘±fl¡À1 :±Ó¬º ‰¬±ø¬Û¬ı ¬Û1± Œ˘±fl¡ ’±øÂ√˘ ŒÓ¬›“º 1±Ê√ ˆ¬±Ó‘¬¡ZÀ˚˛ Œfl¡μ≈fl¡˘±À˚˛ ˜≈‡… ¬Û”Ê√±1œ Δ˝√√ fl¡±˜±‡…± Œ√ªœ1
33 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ˜øμ1Ó¬ ¬Û”Ê√±-’‰«¬Ú± fl¡1± ’±1n∏ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì, ¬ıœ˚« ¬Û1±SêÀ˜À1 1±Ê√… ø¬ıô¶±1 ’±1n∏ ˙±¸Ú fl¡ø1¬ı ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ Œ√˙ ˙±¸Ú fl¡1± ’±øÊ√ õ∂±˚˛ ¬Û±“‰¬˙ ŒÚ±ª±ø1À˘º ’±Úøfl¡ ¤È¬± ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ¬Û≈S ¬ıÂ√1À1± ’øÒfl¡ ˝√√í˘º Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 1‚≈À√ª ’±1n∏ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ ŒÓ¬›“1 ¬Û≈S Œ˚ÀÚ√À1 ¶§±ˆ¬±øªfl¡ ˜‘Ó≈¬… Δ˝√√øÂ√˘ [ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ˜‘Ó≈¬… ˘ÑœÚ±1±˚˛Ì1 ˜±Ê√1 ·‘˝√√ fl¡μÀ˘ Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙fl¡ Œ·Ãάˇ 1±Ê√… Ê√˚˛ fl¡ø1 ›ˆ¬Ó¬±1 ¬ÛÔÓ¬ ·e±1 ¬Û±1Ó¬ ¬ıU ≈√¬ı«˘ fl¡ø1 Œ¬Û˘±˝◊√√øÂ√˘º ø¬ÛÂ√Õ˘ ’±Úøfl¡ ˜±Ú- 1571 ‰¬ÚÓ¬ ’±1n∏ ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ˜˚«±√± ’±1n∏ 鬘Ӭ± ^nÓ¬·øÓ¬Ó¬ é¬˚˛ Δ˝√√øÂ√˘º ¬ı±Ò«fl¡…Ê√øÚÓ¬ fl¡±1ÌÓ¬ øÚÊ√ 1±Ê√…1 1±Ê√ұڜӬ ͬ±ª1 fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1 Œ˚ øͬfl¡ ŒÓ¬ÀÚ ¤È¬± ¶§±ˆ¬±øªfl¡ ˜‘Ó≈¬…] ŒÓ¬ÀÚ√À1 øÚ(˚˛ fl¡±˜±‡…± Œ√ªœ ¸˜˚˛ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ¸≈À˚±· ¸g±Úœ ¤‰¬±˜ Œ˘±Àfl¡ fl¡±˜±‡…± ˜øμ11 ˜≈‡… ¬Û”Ê√±1œ Œfl¡μ≈fl¡˘±˝◊√√À1± Œ√ªœ1 ˜øμ1 ’±1n∏ Ó¬±1 ¶ö±ª1-’¶ö±ª1 ¸•ÛøM√√1 ¶§±ˆ¬±øªfl¡ˆ¬±Àª ¬ı±Ò«fl¡…Ê√øÚÓ¬ fl¡±1ÌÓ¬ ˜‘Ó≈¬… Δ˝√√øÂ√˘º ˘·ÀÓ¬ Œ√ªœ1 õ∂øÓ¬ Ôfl¡± ø¬ı˙±˘ ˆ¬±1Ó¬¬ı¯∏«1 Œ˘±fl¡1 fl¡±1Ì ŒÓ¬À‡Ó¬1 Ê√œªÚ-¬ı‘M√√±ôL34 Œ¬ıÀ˘À· ’±1n∏ Œ¬Û±ª± ø¬ıù´±¸ ’±1n∏ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬…fl¡ øÚÊ√1 ¶§±Ô«Ó¬ ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 Ú±˚±˚˛º 1Ê√±-˜˝√√±1Ê√±¸fl¡˘1 √À1 ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸ fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ¬Ûø1fl¡øäÓ¬ˆ¬±Àª ¤fl¡ ’¬Û¬ı±√ ¬Û”Ê√±1œ ¤Ê√Ú1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Ó¬±Ó¬Õfl¡ ’±1n∏ Œ¬ıøÂ√ ¤Àfl¡± Ê√Ú¸±Ò±1Ì1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ õ∂‰¬±1 fl¡ø1 ø√À˘º ’±øÊ√ ø˘ø‡Ó¬ Ó¬Ô… 1±ø‡ Ú±˚±˚˛º ø¬ı:±Ú ’±1n∏ õ∂˚≈øMê√1 ˚≈·Ó¬ ¸fl¡À˘± fl¡Ô± ø¬ıÚ± Úœ˘±‰¬˘ ¬Û±˝√√±1Ó¬ fl¡±˜±‡…± ˜øμ1 øÚ˜«±Ì ¬ı±fl¡…˝◊√√ ˜±øÚ ˘í¬ıÕ˘ Ȭ±Ú Δ˝√√ÀÂ√º ˝√√˚˛, ¶§œfl¡±1 fl¡À1“± fl¡ø1 Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸1 ¤fl¡ Œ˚ ¤˙, ≈√˙ ’Ô¬ı± øÓ¬øÚ˙ ¬ıÂ√À1 ‰¬ø˘ ’˝√√± ÚøÊ√1 1±ø‡ ΔÔ ˚≈·˜œ˚˛± fl¡ø1¬ı1 ¬ı±À¬ı ≈√À˚˛±À1 õ∂ô¶1 Ê√Úõ∂¬ı±√ [’¬Û¬ı±√] ’±øÊ√ ˚≈øMê√À1 ø¬ı‰¬±1 fl¡ø1 ˜”øÓ«¬ ·Ï¬ˇ±˝◊√√ Œ¸˝◊√√ Œ‰¬Ã˝√√√Ó¬ ¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º fl¡±˜±‡…± ‰¬±¬ıÕ˘ Δ˘À“√±º Œ√ªœ1 ˜øμ1 ¬Û≈Ú1 øÚ˜«±Ì fl¡ø1 ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì õ∂¬ı±√ ’±ÀÂ√ [∑] fl¡±˜±‡…± ˜øμ11 ˜≈‡… ’±1n∏ ˚≈ª1±Ê√ ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ õ∂Ó¬…鬈¬±Àª ˜øμ1 ¬Û”Ê√±1œ Œfl¡μ≈fl¡˘±À˚˛ Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± ’±1±ÒÚ±1 ’ôLÓ¬ ¬Ûø1‰¬±˘Ú± fl¡1±ÀȬ± ¸Ó¬…º ¤˝◊√√ÀȬ±› øÚ(˚˛ ¸Ó¬… fl¡±˜±‡…± Œ√ªœfl¡ ¤fl¡˜ÀÚ ‰¬fl≈¡ ˜≈ø√ ¬Û”Ê√± fl¡ø1 Ô±Àfl¡ Œ˚ ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛± Œ˝√√ÀÚ± fl¡±˜±‡…± Œ√ªœ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¤È¬± ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ŒÓ¬À‡Ó¬¸fl¡˘1 ¬ı—˙Ò1 ¸fl¡À˘˝◊√√ Œ¸˝◊√√ ˜øμ1 ø√Ú1 ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ é¬ÌÓ¬ ¸•Û”Ì« ά◊˘e Δ˝√√ Ú±ø‰¬¬ı ÒÀ1º ¬Ûø1‰¬±˘Ú± fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ ¬ı± fl¡ø1À˘À˝√√“ÀÓ¬Úº fl¡±1Ì ¤˝◊√√ fl¡Ô± Œfl¡ÀÚ¬ı±Õfl¡ 1±Ê√ ˆ¬±Ó‘¬¡Z˚˛1 :±Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ’±1n∏ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ Ê√˚˛ fl¡1± 1±Ê√… ˆ¬±·- ˜≈‡… ¬Û”Ê√±1œfl¡ ’“±Àfl¡±1À·±Ê√ Δ˝√√ ÒÀ1 ˜± fl¡±˜±‡…±1 ¬ı±ÀȬ±ª1± fl¡ø1À˚˛˝◊√√ ˝√√›fl¡ ¬ı± Œ˚ÀÚ√À1˝◊√√ ˝√√›fl¡ Œ¸˝◊√√ ά◊˘e 1+¬Û1 Ú‘Ó¬… õ∂√˙«Ú √˙«Ú1 ¸≈ø¬ıÒ± fl¡ø1 ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ fl¡±˘Ó¬ ŒÓ¬À‡Ó¬¸fl¡˘1 ¬ı—˙Ò1 ¸fl¡À˘ ø√¬ıÕ˘º 1±Ê√√G1 ˆ¬˚˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√›fl¡ ’Ô¬ı± 1±Ê√ é¬˚˛œ˚≈Mê√ ˙±¸Ú 鬘Ӭ±À1˝◊√√ fl¡±˜±‡…± Œ√ªœ1 ˜øμÀ1± ’±Ú≈·Ó¬…ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ˝√√›fl¡ ¬Û”Ê√±1œ Œfl¡μ≈fl¡˘±À˚˛ ¬Ûø1‰¬±˘Ú± fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ ñ 1±Ê√…1 ’±Ú ’±Ú ˜øμ1 1±Ê√ˆ¬±Ó‘¬¡Z˚˛fl¡ ø√Ú, ¬ı±1 ’±1n∏ ¸˜˚˛1 fl¡Ô± Œfl¡±ª±1 ¬Ûø1‰¬±˘Ú± ¬ı± ¬Û‘á¬À¬Û±¯∏fl¡Ó¬± fl¡1± Ò1À̺ ¤˝◊√√ÀȬ± ά◊¬Ûø1› ˜øμ11 Œ¬ı1Ó¬ øÂ√^ 1±ø‡ 1±Ê√ˆ¬±Ó‘¬¡Z˚˛fl¡ øͬfl¡ Œ˚ ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ fl¡±˘Ó¬ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 fl¡±˜±‡…± Œ√ªœ1 ά◊˘e Œ√˝√√1 Ú‘Ó¬… Œ‰¬±ª±1 ¸≈ø¬ıÒ± ¬ı—˙Ò1¸fl¡˘1 Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¤Ê√Ú 1Ê√±˝◊√√ Œ¸˝◊√√ Œ˙Ã˚«- fl¡ø1 ø√øÂ√˘º Œ¸˝◊√√ ˜ÀÓ¬ ˚Ô± ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ¬Û”Ê√±1œ
34 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ Œfl¡μ≈fl¡˘±˝◊√√1 ˝◊√√øeÓ¬Ó¬ 1±Ê√ˆ¬±Ó‘¬¡ZÀ˚˛ fl¡±˜±‡…± ›¬Û1Ó¬ õ∂‰¬G ’±‚±Ó¬ ˝√√±øÚ ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¬ı±√ [’¬Û¬ı±√] Œ√ªœ1 ά◊˘e Œ√˝√√1 Ú‘Ó¬… õ∂Ó¬…é¬ fl¡À1 ’±1n∏ ŒÓ¬ÀÚ 1‰¬Ú±À1 ˆ¬œøÓ¬¢∂ô¶ fl¡ø1 ŒÓ¬À‡Ó¬¸fl¡˘fl¡ fl¡±˜±‡…± ¸˜˚˛ÀÓ¬ ¤¬Û±fl¡Ó¬ Œ√ªœ1 ‰¬fl≈¡Ó¬ 1±Ê√ˆ¬±Ó‘¬¡ZÀ˚˛ Œ¸˝◊√√ Œ√ªœ ˜øμ11 ¸fl¡À˘± fl¡Ô±1 ¬Û1±˝◊√√ ’“±Ó¬1±˝◊√√ 1‡± Ú‘Ó¬… ά◊¬ÛÀˆ¬±· fl¡ø1 Ôfl¡± Œ√ø‡ ‡„√√Ó¬ ’ø¢ü˙˜«± Δ˝√√ ˝√√í˘º ά◊M√√1±øÒfl¡±1œ ¸”ÀS ¬Û±¬ı ¬Û1± ø˚Àfl¡±ÀÚ± ˘À· ˘À· ’ôLÒ«±Ú Œ˝√√±ª±1 ά◊¬Ûø1› Œ√ª¬ı±ÌœÀ1 ’øÒfl¡±11 ¬Û1± Œ√‡À√‡Õfl¡ ’“±Ó¬1±˝◊√√ ø√˚˛± ˝√√í˘ qÚ±˝◊√√ ø√ fl¡±˚«ÀÓ¬± ’øˆ¬˙±À¬ÛÀ1 õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬˘Ú ‚Ȭ±˝◊√√ ¸fl¡À˘±Àfl¡ ˆ¬œøÓ¬¢∂ô¶ fl¡ø1º ’±Ú˝√√±ÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√ 1±Ê√ˆ¬±Ó‘¬¡Z˚˛fl¡ õ∂d1 ˜”øÓ«¬Õ˘ ¬Ûø1ªÓ«¬Ú fl¡À1 ¬ı—˙Ò1¸fl¡À˘› ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ fl¡±˘Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¬ı±√ [’Ô«±» ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ ˜˝√√±¬ıœ1 [’¬Û¬ı±√] ø¬ıÚ± ø¡ZÒ±˝◊√√ ˜±øÚ Δ˘ ¬Û1•Û1±·Ó¬ˆ¬±Àª ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛±˝◊√√ Œ√˝√√±ª¸±Ú ˝√√˚˛]º ’fl¡˘ 1鬱 fl¡ø1 Œ˚±ª±ÀȬ±À˝√√ ¬ı1 ’±‰¬ø1Ó¬ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛º ˝√√˚˛ÀÓ¬± Ó¬±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ Œ√ªœ 鬱ôL Ú±Ô±øfl¡ ˜≈‡… ¬Û”Ê√±1œ ’Ô«, 鬘Ӭ±, ˙±¸Ú ¸fl¡À˘± Œ˝√√1n∏ª±˝◊√√ ¤˝◊√√ ¬ı—˙1 Œfl¡μ≈fl¡˘±˝◊√√1 ·±˘Ó¬ ¤È¬±35 õ∂‰¬G ‰¬À1À1 ¤ÀÚ√À1 Œ˘±fl¡¸fl¡À˘ ˚≈øMê√-˚≈Mê√Ó¬± ’±1n∏ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡ø1 ’±‚±Ó¬ fl¡À1 Œ˚ Œfl¡μ≈fl¡˘±˝◊√√1 øάø„√√1 ¬Û1± ø˙1À26√√ Œ‰¬±ª±1 ¬Û1± ’“±Ó¬ø1 Ô±øfl¡ ¤fl¡˜±S Ê√œ˚˛±˝◊√√ Ôfl¡±1 Δ˝√√ ˜”1ÀȬ± ‡ø˝√√ fl¡˘±˝◊√√·±“ªÓ¬ ¬ÛÀ1º [’Ô«±» Ê√Úõ∂¬ı±√ Ó¬±Î¬ˇÚ±Ó¬ Ê√œªÚ ¸—¢∂±˜Ó¬ ¬ı…ô¶ ˝√√í˘º ‰¬Ó≈¬1 õ∂¬ı±√ 1À‰“¬±Ó¬±¸fl¡À˘ ˝◊√√˚˛±Àfl¡± Œ¬ı±Ò˝√√˚˛ fl¡í¬ı Œ‡±ÀÊ√ Œ˚ [’¬Û¬ı±√] 1À‰“¬±Ó¬±¸fl¡À˘ ”√Õ11 ¬Û1±˝◊√√ ¸fl¡À˘± Œfl¡μ≈fl¡˘±˝◊√√1 Ê√ij Œ˝√√±ª± ¬ı±À¬ı Ú˝√√˚˛ ø˙1À26√√ Δ˝√√ ˜±ÀÔ±Ú øÚ1œé¬Ì fl¡ø1 øÚÊ√ ¶§±Ô« ø¸øX fl¡ø1À˘º ¬Û1± ¶ö±Ú1 ¬ı±À¬ıÀ˝√√ ëfl¡˘±˝◊√√·“±›í Ú±˜ ˝√√˚˛]º ¤øÓ¬˚˛± ¸fl¡À˘± fl¡Ô±˝◊√√ ˚≈øMê√ ’±1n∏ ø¬ı:±Ú1 ’±À˜±√Ê√Úfl¡ fl¡Ô± ¤˝◊√√ÀȬ± Œ˚ õ∂¬ı±√ [∑ ‘√ø©ÜÀ1 Œ‰¬±ª±1 ¸˜˚˛º ø˚¸fl¡˘ Œ˘±fl¡ ˚≈øMê√ ’±1n∏ ’¬Û¬ı±√] 1‰¬±1, øfl¡Â≈√¬ıÂ√1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ øÚ(Ó¬ ˝◊√√˚˛±Àfl¡± ø¬ı:±ÚÓ¬ ø¬ıù´±¸œ ŒÓ¬À‡Ó¬¸fl¡À˘ ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¬ı±√ ¸—À˚±Ê√Ú fl¡1± ˝√√í˘ Œ˚ Œ√ªœ1 ˙±¬Û ’fl¡˘ ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ [’¬Û¬ı±√]1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ Œfl¡˝◊√√Ȭ±˜±Ú õ∂ùü ø¬ı¡Z» ¸˜±Ê√1 Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ ˜˝√√±¬ıœ1 ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ ˆ¬≈ø·À˘˝◊√√ Ú˝√√í¬ı, ’±·Ó¬ √±ø„√√ Ò1±1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ fl¡±˘Ó¬ ŒÓ¬À‡Ó¬¸fl¡˘1 ¬ı—˙1 Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ˜˝√√±¬ıœ1 ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ¬ı—˙Ò1 ¸fl¡˘fl¡ õ∂ùüÀ¬ı±1 Œ˘±Àfl¡˝◊√√ ¤˝◊√√ ˜øμ1 √˙«Ú fl¡ø1¬ı ŒÚ±ª±ø1¬ıº Ê≈√øfl¡˚˛±˝◊√√ ‰¬±˝◊√√ ¸˜˚˛1 ¸íÀÓ¬ ˜”1 √±ø„√√ Œ‡±Ê√ fl¡ø1À˘› ŒÓ¬À‡Ó¬¸fl¡˘1 ’˜eÀ˘˝◊√√ ’˜e˘ ˝√√í¬ıº fl¡±øϬˇ¬ıÕ˘ ’±˝3√√±Ú Ê√Ú±˝◊√√ÀÂ√º õ∂ùüÀfl¡˝◊√√Ȭ± ˝√√í˘ ñ ¤ÀÚ√À1˝◊√√ ¤fl¡ ’Õ¬ı:±øÚfl¡ ’˚≈øMê√1 1] ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ ˜˝√√±¬ıœ1 fl¡Ô±À1 1±Ê√ ˆ¬±Ó‘¬¡Z˚˛1 ¬Ûø1˚˛±˘1 ¸fl¡À˘±Àfl¡ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ fl¡±˜±‡…± Œ√ªœ1 ˙±¬ÛÓ¬ ˚ø√ õ∂ô¶1 ˜”øÓ«¬ fl¡±˜±‡…± √˙«Ú1 ¬Û1± ¬ıø=Ó¬ fl¡1± ˝√√í˘º Œ˚ÀÚ√À1 ’±fl¡±À1À1 ˜‘Ó≈¬… Δ˝√√øÂ√˘ ŒÓ¬ÀÚ˝√√íÀ˘ ŒÓ¬À‡Ó¬¸fl¡˘1 ¬ı≈1?œÓ¬ :±Úœ-&Ìœ ¬ı≈ø˘ ‡…±Ó¬ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì- [ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ˜‘Ó≈¬… ·e±1 ¬Û±1Ó¬ ’±1n∏ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì1 ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ˆ¬±Ó‘¬¡Z˚˛1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ ¤fl¡ 鬘±˝√√œÚ ’¬Û¬ı±√ ˜‘Ó≈¬… øÚÊ√ 1±Ê√…1 1±Ê√ұڜӬ øˆ¬iß ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ¶§±ˆ¬±øªfl¡ Ê√±ø¬Û ø√˚˛± ˝√√í˘º ¬ı≈1?œ1 ’ªÒ±ø1Ó¬ øÚ˚˛À˜À1 ’±Ú ˜‘Ó≈¬… Œfl¡˝◊√√Ȭ± øfl¡∑ ’±Ú 1±Ê√¬ı—˙1 Œ˙Ã˚«-¬ıœ˚« fl¡ø˜ Œ˚±ª±1 √À1 2] ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸ fl¡˚˛ fl¡±˜±‡…± Œ√ªœ1 ˜øμ1 Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ¬ı—˙Ò1 ¸fl¡˘À1± fl¡ø˜ õ∂±eÚÓ¬ Ôfl¡± õ∂d1 ˜”øÓ«¬ ≈√Ȭ± ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ˚±ª±Ó¬ ’±1n∏ Ó¬±1 ¸≈À˚±·ÀÓ¬ Œ·±ÀȬ˝◊√√ ¬ı—˙1 ’±1n∏ ˜˝√√±¬ıœ1 ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 øÚÀ«√˙Ó¬À˝√√ øÚø˜«Ó¬ Δ˝√√øÂ√˘º
35 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ŒÓ¬ÀôL ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¬ı±√ ¬ı± ’¬Û¬ı±√1 ’±“11 1˝√√¸… øfl¡∑ ’±1n∏ ’¸˜œ˚˛±1 õ∂±Ì ¬Û≈1n∏¯∏ ¿¿˙Ç1À√ªfl¡ 3] 鬘± Œ˝√√ÀÚ± ¶§·œ«˚˛ ¬ıdº Œ√ªœ1 ›‰¬1Ó¬ ¬Û‘á¬À¬Û±¯∏fl¡Ó¬± fl¡ø1 ’¸˜œ˚˛± ¸˜±Ê√fl¡ Œ|á¬Q √±Ú 鬘± Ú±øÂ√˘ ŒÚ∑ ŒÚÔ±øfl¡À˘› Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ fl¡1±, ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸Ó¬ ÚøÊ√1 1±ø‡¬ı ¬¬Û1± ˙±¸Úfl¡±˘ ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ fl¡1± Œ√±¯∏ ¬ı± ˆ¬≈˘1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¬ı—˙±Ú≈SêÀ˜ ˙ ’øÓ¬¬ı±ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡1± ¸—¶‘®Ó¬¬ı±Ú ’±1n∏ ΔÚøÓ¬fl¡Ó¬±1 ˙ ¬ıÂ√1Õ˘ ˙±›-¬Û±Ó¬ ‰¬ø˘À˚˛ Ô±øfl¡¬ıÀÚ∑ õ∂Ó¬œfl¡ ’¸˜ ¬ı≈1?œÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√ ≈√·1±fl¡œ ˜˝√√±Ú ¬ı…øMê√ 4] Œfl¡μ≈fl¡˘±˝◊√√, Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛fl¡ ø˜Â√± ’¬Û¬ı±À√À1 Œ˝√√˚˛ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛fl¡ Œfl¡f fl¡ø1 ø˚ õ∂¬ı±√ [’¬Û¬ı±√] ‰¬ø˘ fl¡1±1 ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ÀȬ± ˚≈øMê√À1 ø¬ı‰¬±1-ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡ø1 õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ’±ÀÂ√, Œfl¡øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı± ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ÀȬ± ø¬ı:±Ú1 ‘√ø©ÜÀ1 ’Ô¬ı± ¸Ó¬… Ê√Ú˜±Ú¸Ó¬ õ∂øӬᬱ fl¡1±º ’±Ú˝√√±ÀÓ¬ ˚≈øMê√À1 ø¬ı‰¬±1 fl¡ø1 Œ‰¬±ª± Δ˝√√øÂ√˘ÀÚ∑ ŒÚ Œ√‡±fl¡ ŒÓ¬À‡Ó¬¸fl¡˘À1˝◊√√ ¬ı—˙Ò1 ¸fl¡À˘ ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ fl¡±˘Ó¬ Œ√ø‡ ’Ô¬ı± ˆ¬˚˛ ø¬ı˝3√√˘ Δ˝√√ ¬ı—˙±Ú≈SêÀ˜ ’±È¬±À˚˛ ’˚≈øMê√fl¡1ˆ¬±Àª fl¡±˜±‡…±À√ªœ ’±1n∏ ˜øμ1 √˙«Ú øÚø¬ı«¬ı±À√ ¸fl¡À˘± ’¬Û¬ı±√-’¬Û˚˙36 ¬ı˝√√Ú fl¡ø1 Úfl¡ø1 Ôfl¡±ÀȬ± ¸˜œ‰¬œÚ ˝√√í¬ı˝◊√√ ŒÚ±ª±À1º ¤˚˛±˝◊√√ ˝√√í˘ ’±ÀÂ√∑ ’±˜±1 øÚªg1 ˜”˘ ά◊ÀV˙…º ø¬ı:±Ú1 ‘√ø©ÜÀ1 ’±1n∏ Œ˜±1 ¤˝◊√√ øÚªg1 ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ÀȬ±1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ ˚≈øMê√À1 fl¡Ô±À¬ı±1 ά◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ˚±“›ÀÓ¬ ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬ 1±ø‡¬ıÕ˘ Δ· fl¡±À1±¬ı±fl¡ Ó¬±ø26√˘… ¬ı± fl¡±À1±¬ı±1 ø¬ıù´±¸Ó¬ ˚ø√ ’±‚±Ó¬ ˘±ø·ÀÂ√ Ó¬±1 ¬ı±À¬ı ά◊¬Û˝√√±¸ fl¡1±1 ά◊ÀV˙… Ú±˝◊√√º ά◊ÀV˙… ˝√√í˘ ø˘ø‡Ó¬ øÚªg1 ’ôLÓ¬ ˜˝◊√√ Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸fl¡˘1 ›‰¬1Ó¬ 鬘± ¬ı± ¬ı≈1?œÓ¬ ¸øißø¬ı©Ü Ú˝√√íÀ˘› Ê√Úõ∂¬ı±À√À1 ’¸˜ ˜±ø·ÀÂ√“±º
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38 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ˜”˘…±ÇÚ fl¡1±1 ¸˜˘ ¬Û±˝◊√√ÀÂ√º ˝◊√√— 1510 ‰¬Ú1 ¬Ûø¬ıS ˜˝√√±¬ıœ1 ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ fl¡±¯∏1œ˚˛± ‰≈¬¬ı≈1œ˚˛± 1±Ê√…¸˜”˝√√fl¡ Ê√˚˛ ˜±‚œ ¬Û”øÌ«˜± øÓ¬øÔÓ¬ Ê√ij ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡1± ¤˝◊√√ ˜˝√√±Ú fl¡ø1 øÚÊ√Àfl¡ ë’ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¬ıœ1í ¬ı≈ø˘ ¬Ûø1‰¬˚˛ ø√˚˛±1 ¬ıœ1Ê√Ú±˝◊√√ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ Ó≈¬Ù¬±Ú·?1 fl¡±¯∏ÀÓ¬ Ôfl¡± ø¬ı¬Û1œÀÓ¬ ¬Ûø(À˜ ˜±˘√±-ø√Ú±Ê√¬Û≈1-1—¬Û≈1- ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ ø¬ıù´ø¸—˝√√1 1±Ê√ ’A±ø˘fl¡±Ó¬ Œ¸±Ì1 ‰¬±˜≈‰¬ ˜˚˛Úø¸—- fl¡1ÀÓ¬±ª± Ú√œ1 ¬Û1± ¬¬Û”Àª ˙ø√˚˛±Õ˘Àfl¡ ˜≈‡Ó¬ Δ˘ Ê√ij ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡1±, Œ·Ãάˇ 1±Ê√…1 ˜±˘√˝√√1 ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ fl¡±˘1 ¬ı‘˝√√»M√√1 ’¸˜ ˆ¬”ø˜Ó¬ ¤fl¡ ˙øMê√˙±˘œ ¸≈fl¡Ú…± ¬ÛΩ±ªÓ¬œ1 ¤˝◊√√ ¸≈¬Û≈S˝◊√√ øÓ¬øÚfl≈¡ø1 ¬ıÂ√1ÀÊ√±1± ’±1n∏ ¸˜‘øX˙±˘œ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ˜˝√√±Ê√±øÓ¬1 Ê√ij1 fl¡Ô± Ê√œªV«˙± ’øÓ¬Sê˜ fl¡ø1 ˝◊√√— 1571 ‰¬Ú1 ¬ÛøªS ¬ı±À1 ¬ı±À1 ŒÓ¬›“1 ¸‘Ê√Úœ˜”˘fl¡ fl¡äÚ±À1 ·Ï¬ˇ ø√øÂ√˘º Ù¬±&ª± ά◊»¸ª ëÙ¬±&Úœ ¬Û”øÌ«˜±í øÓ¬øÔÓ¬ Œ·Ãάˇ 1±Ê√…1 Œ¸˝◊√√ ¬ı±À¬ı˝◊√√ 1±Ê√… Ê√˚˛ fl¡ø1 1±Ê√…À¬ı±1Ó¬ ¬ı¸¬ı±¸ fl¡1± ø¬ıÊ√˚˛1 ά◊»¸ª ¬Û±˘Ú1 ¸˜˚˛ÀÓ¬ Ú√œ Œ|ᬱ ·e±1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ1 Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…¬Û”Ì« õ∂Ê√±¸˜”˝√√1 ˘·Ó¬ Ó¬œ1ˆ¬”ø˜Ó¬ Δ¸Ú… ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ1 ø˙ø¬ı1ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ˝√√ͬ±ÀÓ¬ ’±Sê±ôL ¸˜i§˚˛ ’±1n∏ ¸—˝√√øÓ¬ ¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ Œ˝√√±ª± ¬ı¸ôL Œ1±·Ó¬ [¬ı139 ’±˝◊√√] ¬õ∂±Ì Ó¬…±· fl¡À1º õ∂±Ì¬ÛÀÌ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡1±1 fl¡Ô± ’±1n∏ fl¡±ø˝√√Úœ ¬ı≈1?œÀ˚˛ ¤˝◊√√ ‡ÀôLfl¡œ˚˛± Ê√œªÚÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ ø˚ ’˜1 fl¡œøÓ«¬ ¸˚Ó¬ÀÚ 1±ø‡ ΔÔÀÂ√º 1±ø‡ ·í˘ ø¸ ¸“‰¬±Õfl¡ Ê√·Ó¬Ó¬ ø¬ı1˘º fl¡˜«À˚±·œ1 Ê√œªÚ±√˙« ’ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¬ıœ11 õ∂øÓ¬ ˆ¬øMê√˚≈Mê√ ˆ¬˚˛ ø¬ıÀ√˙œ ˙Sn∏1 ¡Z±1± ’±Sê±ôL Œ˝√√±ª± ’±1n∏ ˜Ò…˚≈·1 Œfl¡±‰¬ 1Ê√± ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì1 ΔÚ¸ø·«fl¡ fl¡±1ÌÓ¬ øÚø(iß Œ˝√√±ª± ¸Ú±Ó¬Ú ø˝√√μ≈ 1±Ê√Q fl¡±˘ÀÂ√±ª± ˚≈X-ø¬ı¢∂˝√√À1˝◊√√ ¬Ûø1¬Û”Ì«º 1Ê√±1 ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±1 Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ÛLö±1 ¬Ûø¬ıS fl¡±˜±‡…± ˜øμ1ÀȬ± ’√˜… ¸±˝√√¸œ õ∂Ò±Ú Œ¸Ú±¬ÛøÓ¬ 1+À¬Û ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ ˚≈ª1±Ê√ qflv¡Ò√ıÀÊ√ ˝◊√√— ¸˜¸±˜ø˚˛fl¡ ¶§±ÒœÚ ‰≈¬¬ı≈1œ˚˛± 1±Ê√… ’±À˝√√±˜, fl¡Â√±1œ, 1565 ‰¬ÚÓ¬ ¸•Û”Ì«ˆ¬±Àª ÚÓ≈¬ÚÕfl¡ øÚ˜«±Ì fl¡À1º ¤˝◊√√ ‡±øÂ√˚˛±, Ê√˚˛ôLœ˚˛±, ˜ø̬Û≈1, øS¬Û≈1±, ø‰¬À˘È¬, øά˜1n∏ª± ˜øμ1 øÚ˜«±Ì fl¡±˚«Ó¬ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 øÚÀ«√˙Ó¬ ‰≈¬¬ı≈1œ˚˛± ’±ø√ 1±Ê√…1 Δ¸ÀÓ¬ Œ˝√√±ª± ¬ıU 1Mê√é¬˚˛œ 1Ì1 ’¸˜œ˚˛± ¶§±ÒœÚ 1±Ê√…À¬ı±1 ˚≈XÀ1 ø√ø¢´Ê√˚˛ fl¡1±1 Ù¬˘Ó¬ ¸±˝√√ø¸fl¡Ó¬± ’¬Û”¬ı« ø¬ı‰é¬ÌÓ¬± ’±1n∏ ά◊√±1 ˜±ÚªÓ¬±1 ø¬ıøÊ√Ó¬ 1±Ê√…À¬ı±11 ¬Û1± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡1± ά◊¬Û-ŒÏ¬Ãfl¡Ú1 ’—˙ ¬Ûø1‰¬˚˛ õ∂√±Ú fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ ¬ı±À¬ı˝◊√√ ¬Û1±øÊ√Ó¬ ˙Sn∏¬Û鬽◊√√À˚˛± ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¬ÛÀÚÀ1± ˝√√±Ê√±1 Œ¸±Ì1 ˜≈^±, ‰¬±ø1 ˘±‡ ¤˝◊√√Ê√Ú± ˜˝√√±¬ıœ1fl¡ ˆ¬˚˛Ó¬Õfl¡ Œ¬ıøÂ√Õfl¡ ˆ¬øMê√À˝√√ ¬ÛÀÚÀ1± ˝√√±Ê√±1 1+¬Û1 ˜≈^± ’±1n∏ ’Ú…±Ú… ˚≈X˘t fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º Ù¬˘Ó¬ ˙Sn∏¬Ûé¬1 Δ¸ÀÓ¬ Œ˝√√±ª± ˆ¬˚˛±ª˝√√ 1Ì1 ¸±˜¢∂œfl¡ fl¡±˜±‡…± ˜øμ1 øÚ˜«±ÌÓ¬-’Ô«±» Œ√ªfl¡±˚«…Ó¬ ≈√¬ı«±1 ·øÓ¬À1 Œfl¡ª˘ ø¬ıÊ√˚˛À1˝◊√√ Ò√ıÊ√± ά◊1n∏ª±˝◊√√øÂ√˘º ‡1‰¬ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√Ú… ’±1n∏ ¬Ûø1˚˛±˘1 ¬Û1±ˆ¬”Ó¬ Œ˝√√±ª± 1±Ê√Ú… ¬ı·«˝◊√√ fl¡±˜1+¬Û ›1ÀÙ¬ fl¡±˜Ó¬± ά◊¬ÛÀˆ¬±·1 ¬ı±À¬ı Œ¸˝◊√√ ÒÚ ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 Úfl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ˜øμ1 ›1ÀÙ¬ Œfl¡±‰¬ ¸±•⁄±Ê√…1 fl¡1Ó¬˘œ˚˛± 1Ê√± ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û øÚ˜«±Ì1 ø¬ıô¶‘Ó¬ ø¬ıª1Ìœ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸1 ¬Û‘ᬱӬ øÊ√ø˘øfl¡ Ôfl¡±Ó¬ ’¬Û˜±Ú Œ¬ı±Ò fl¡1± Ú±øÂ√˘, ¬ı1— Œ·Ã1ª±øi§Ó¬ ’±ÀÂ√, ˚ø√› ‰¬‰«¬±1 ’ˆ¬±ªÓ¬ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±1Ì1 :±ÚÓ¬ Δ˝√√øÂ√˘º fl¡±1Ì ø¬ı√* ¬ÛøGÓ¬ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 1±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜±˜À1 Òø1ÀÂ√º ˚≈XÓ¬ Ê√˚˛1 ¬ıÓ¬1± Δ˘À˚˛ ¬ıœ1 øÚÀ«√˙Ó¬ ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì1 ¸±¬ı«Àˆ¬Ã˜ 1±Ê√Qfl¡ ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ 鬱ôL Ôfl¡± Ú±øÂ√˘ , ø¬ıøÊ√Ó¬ 1±Ê√…1 ’±1n∏ õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡ 1±Ê√…ÀÓ¬¡˝◊√√ ’±ˆ¬…ôL1œÌ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± ¸˝√√ õ∂Ê√±1 ˜e˘1¬ı±À¬ı, ’±ôL1±øÊ√…fl¡ ’Ô«±» ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ ˚≈Mê√1±©Ü™œ˚˛ ’±ø˝√√«1 ·±“ÔøÚÀ1 (Federal type) fl¡±˘1 ¬ı‘˝√√M√√1 ’¸˜¬ı±¸œ1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ø˜˘±-õ∂œøÓ¬1, ¬ı≈Ê√±- õ∂˙±¸Ú ‰¬˘±˝◊√√øÂ√˘º ¤˝◊√√ ˚≈X ø¬ı¢∂˝√√ ¸˜”˝√√1 ˜±ÀÊ√ø√ ¬Û1±1 ’±√±Ú-õ∂√±Ú1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¬ıËp¡¬Û≈S1 ά◊M√√1 ¬Û±À1ø√
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40 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ŒÊ√ͬ± ˙U1 ¿˙—fl¡1À√ª ø¬ı1ø‰¬Ó¬ ·œÓ¬ ¬ı≈ø˘ Ê√±øÚÀ˘ ø¬ı‰¬±11 ¬ı…ª¶ö± ø˚ˆ¬±Àª ¬Ûø1‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ fl¡1±˝◊√√øÂ√˘ Ó¬±ÀÓ¬± ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ Ó¬Ô± fl¡±˜1+¬Û fl¡±˜Ó¬± ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ¬ı≈øX˜M±√√1 ¬Ûø1‰¬˚˛ Œ¬Û±ª± Δ·ÀÂ√º õ∂fl¡±˙… ¸±•⁄±Ê√…1 ˚≈ª1±Ê√ › õ∂Ò±Ú Œ¸Ú±¬ÛøÓ¬ ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ ø¬ı‰¬±1Ó¬ &1n∏Ê√Ú±1 Œ¬ı-fl¡‰≈¬1 ‡±˘±¸ Œ˝√√±ª±1 ά◊¬Ûø1› &1n∏Ê√Ú±1 ›‰¬1Ó¬ √œé¬± ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡ø1 ˜La¬Û≈Ó¬ ø˙¯∏…Q ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì1 ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¬ı…øMê√ ø˝√√‰¬±À¬ı ‡…±Ó¬ ˝√√í˘º ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ø¬ı˙±˘ fl¡±˜Ó¬± ¸±•⁄±Ê√…1 ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ ˜Ó¬¬ı±√ õ∂‰¬±1Ó¬ ˙Ç1-˜±Òª1 ø˜˘Ú ø˚√À1 ˜˝√√Q¬Û”Ì«, Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ˚ø√› ’±˝◊√√Ú·Ó¬ Ú‘¬ÛøÓ¬ ’±øÂ√˘ , ¬ı±ô¶ª ëø‰¬˘±1±˚˛-&1n∏Ê√Ú±-Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ìí ’Ô«±» ë¬ıœ1Q-:±Ú Œé¬SÓ¬ øfl¡c ŒÓ¬›“1 fl¡øÚᬠˆ¬±Ó‘¬ ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛À˝√√ ’±1n∏ 1±Ê√˙øMê√í1 ø˜˘ÀÚ± ø¸√À1 ά◊M√√1 ¬Û”ªˆ¬±1Ó¬Ó¬ 1±Ê√˙øMê√ øÚ˚˛LaÌfl¡±1œ ¤˝◊√√ Œ|ᬠ¬ı…øMê√Ê√Ú1 ¬ÛÀé¬ Δ¬ı¯ûª ˜Ó¬¬ı±√ ˆ¬±¯∏±-¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ’±1n∏ ¬ı‘˝√√M√√1 ’¸˜œ˚˛± Δ˙ª-˙±Mê√ ˜Ó¬¬ı±√1 ά◊¬Û±¸fl¡ Δ˝√√À˚˛± øˆ¬iß ˜Ó¬¬ı±√œ ˜˝√√±Ê√±øÓ¬1 ¬ÛȬˆ¬”ø˜Ó¬ 1‰¬Ú± Ó¬±Ó¬Õfl¡ ’øÒfl¡ &1n∏Ê√Ú±1 ›‰¬1Ó¬ ø˙1 ÚÓ¬ fl¡ø1 Δ¬ı¯ûª ˜Ó¬¬ı±√ &1n∏Q¬Û”Ì«º ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ ¤˝◊√√ fl¡±˚«… ¸≈-Œfl¡Ã˙À˘ ¸•Û±√Ú √œøé¬Ó¬ Œ˝√√±ª±ÀȬ± ’±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬41 ¸±Ò±1Ì fl¡Ô± Ú±øÂ√˘º Úfl¡1±À˝√√“ÀÓ¬Ú &1n∏Ê√Ú±fl¡ ’±øÊ√ ’±ø˜ ø˚ 1+¬ÛÓ¬ Œfl¡Ó¬À¬ı±1 fl¡˜«fl¡±øG ¬Û≈À1±ø˝√√Ó¬1 õ∂À1±‰¬Ú±À1 ¬Û±˝◊√√ÀÂ√± Ó¬±1 ¬Û1± ¬ıø=Ó¬ ˝√√í¬ı ˘·± ˝√√í˘À˝√√“ÀÓ¬Ú ≈√©Ü õ∂À1±ø‰¬Ó¬ Δ˝√√ Ê√Úø√À˚˛fl¡ ø¬ıõ∂¬ıÌ«1 õ∂Ê√±˝◊√√ ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ ‰¬Sê1 ¯∏άˇ˚La1 Ù¬˘Ó¬º ¤˝◊√√À˝√√Ú ¤Ê√Ú ¸≈-Œfl¡Ã˙˘œ, Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì1 ›‰¬1Ó¬ ’Ô«±» 1Ê√±1 ’±√±˘Ó¬Ó¬ ˆ¬Mê√, Œ˚±X± Ó¬Ô± ˙øMê√˙±˘œ 1±Ê√ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛± ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛fl¡ ˜˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏¯∏ ¿˙—fl¡1À√ª1 ø¬ı1n∏ÀX Œ√ªœ¬Û”Ê√±1 ¸±•xøÓ¬Àfl¡ Œ√‡± Δ·ÀÂ√ Œfl¡ª˘ Œfl¡±‰¬ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ1 ø¬ı1n∏X±‰¬1Ì fl¡1± ¬ı≈ø˘ ’±Ú≈ᬱøÚfl¡ ’øˆ¬À˚±· ø√øÂ√˘º ¤Ê√Ú ¬ıœ1 ¬ı≈ø˘À˝√√º ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ’ø¬ı˝√√ÀÚ ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ ¬ı±Ò… Δ˝√√ 1Ê√± Ú1Ú±1±˚˛ÀÌ ø¬ı‰¬±11 ¬ı±À¬ı &1n∏Ê√Ú±fl¡ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ˆ¬±¯∏±-fl‘¡ø©Ü-¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±1 ˝√√˚˛ÀÓ¬± ¬ÛȬˆ¬”ø˜À˚˛˝◊√√ ¬Û±È¬¬ı±Î¬◊¸œ1 ¬Û1± Òø1 ’±øÚ¬ıÕ˘ fl¡ÀȬ±ª±˘ Œõ∂1Ì 1ø‰¬Ó¬ Ú˝√√˘À˝√√“ÀÓ¬Úº ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú1 é≈¬^ ’¸˜› Â√˙À1± fl¡1±1 Ufl≈¡˜± Ê√±1œ fl¡À1º ¤˝◊√√ ¸—¬ı±√ Œ¬Û±ª± ˜±ÀS˝◊√√ ’øÒfl¡ ˙Ç1œ ¸S ’±1n∏ ¸S±øÒfl¡±1 ’±ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ ŒÊ√ͬ± ˙U1 ›1ÀÙ¬ &1n∏Ê√Ú±1 1é¬Ì± Œ¬ıé¬Ì ø√¬ıÕ˘ ¸SÀ¬ı±1Ó¬ õ∂øÓ¬ ¬ıÂ√À1 ˜˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏¯∏ ˙Ç1À√ª1 Ê√±fl¡- 1±Ê√ˆ¬±Ó‘¬ ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ 1Ê√±1 ŒÚÃfl¡±Ó¬Õfl¡À˚˛± ’øÒfl¡ Ê√˜fl¡Ó¬±À1 ‰¬‰«¬± ˝√√˚˛ ’±1n∏ ’¸˜œ˚˛± Ê√±øÓ¬ ·Í¬Ú1 Œ¬ı·œ Ú±›À1 ŒÒfl¡±˝◊√√ ˜±Á¡œ1 ¸˝√√±˚˛Ó¬ &1n∏Ê√Ú±fl¡ ’±˝3√√±Ú Ê√ÀÚ±ª± ˝√√˚˛º øfl¡c ˆ¬±ø¬ıÀ˘ ’±‰¬ø1Ó¬ ˘±À· Ù≈¬˘¬ı±1œÕ˘ ’±øÚ øÚÊ√1 ¬ı±¸¶ö±ÚÀÓ¬˝◊√√ Œ·±¬ÛÀÚ 1±ø‡ ¸yªÓ¬– Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¤‡Ú ¸SÀÓ¬˝◊√√ Œfl¡±‰¬ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ1 ’±|˚˛ ø√À˚˛º 1Ê√±1 Ú±› ¬Û±È¬¬ı±Î¬◊¸œ Œ¬Û±ª±1 ¸S±øÒfl¡±1 Ú±˝◊√√ ’±1n∏ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¤‡Ú ¸1n∏-¬ı1 ¸SÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ’±·ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ &1n∏Ê√Ú±fl¡ øÚ1±¬ÛM√√± õ∂√±Ú1 Œé¬SÓ¬ ˙Ç1À√ª1 ŒÊ√“±ª±À˚˛fl¡ Ó¬Ô± ¸≈À˚±·… ø˙¯∏… ˚≈ª1±Ê√ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ø¬ı‰¬é¬ÌÓ¬±, øÚˆ¬œ«fl¡Ó¬± ’±1n∏ ‰¬±ø1øSfl¡ qflv¡Ò√ıÊ√ ›1ÀÙ¬ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 Ê√ij ά◊»¸ª ¬Û±ø˘Ó¬ Ú˝√√˚˛ , ˜˝√√±Ú≈ˆ¬¬ıÓ¬±1 ά◊8˘ ø√˙ÀȬ±fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ˘é¬… ’Ô«±» ø¬ÛÓ‘¬fl¡ ¬Ûø1Ó¬…±· fl¡ø1 ¬Û≈Sfl¡ ¸±¬ıøȬ Œ˘±ª± fl¡ø1¬ı˘·œ˚˛±º ŒÊ√…ᬠˆ¬±Ó‘¬ ’±1n∏ 1±Ê√˙øMê√Ó¬Õfl¡ &1n∏ ¬ı…ª¶ö±º ’±øÊ√1 ’¸˜ 1Mê√±Mê√ ’±1n∏ ‡G-ø¬ı‡G Œ˚ Œ|ᬠӬ±Àfl¡˝◊√√ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıù´¬ıœ1 Ê√Ú±˝◊√√ fl¡±˚«Ó¬– ‘√©Ü±ôL Œ˝√√±ª±1 ¬ÛÔÓ¬º Œ¸À˚˛ ¸≈μ1œø√˚˛±1 ¿ø¬ıÊ˚˛ fl‘¡¯û ø√ÀÂ√º 1±Ê√±:± ¬Û±˘Ú1 õ∂øSê˚˛±fl¡ øÚ˚˛LaÌ fl¡ø1 Œ·±¶§±˜œ ’±1n∏ ¬ı1À¬ÛȬ±1 ¿õ∂ˆ¬±Ó¬ ‰¬f ›Ê√±˝◊√√ Δfl¡ÀÂ√ ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ ¸≈À˚±· ¬ı≈øÊ√ ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì1 ˜Ú1 ñ ë¤ÀÚ ¶ö˘Ó¬ Œ‚±1 ¸—fl¡È¬ Œ¬ı˘±Ó¬ 1é¬Ì± Œ¬ıé¬Ì ŒSê±Ò ˜±1 øÚ˚˛±˝◊√√ ¬Ûø1ø¶öøÓ¬1 ’Ú≈fl≈¡À˘ &1n∏Ê√Ú±1 ø√ Ôfl¡± ¿˙Ç1 &1n∏1 ¤fl¡øÚᬠŒ¸ªfl¡ ˜˝√√±¬ıœ1 ø¬ı1n∏ÀX Ôfl¡± fl¡˜«fl¡±øG ¬Û≈À1±ø˝√√Ó¬1 ’øˆ¬À˚±·1 1±Ê√ qflv¡Ò√ıÊ√fl¡ |X±À1 ¸≈ªø1 ˜˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏¯∏œ˚˛± ¸S ’±1n∏
41 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬ıÂ√À1 ¬ıÂ√À1 1œøÓ¬-ÚœøÓ¬À1 ŒÓ¬›“1 other and like Laksman Chilarai did [qflv¡Ò√ıÊ√1] øÓ¬øÔ ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡ø1 Ôfl¡± ¤fl¡±ôL everything for his brother as the min- ¬ı±=Úœ˚˛ºí [ëø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 Ù≈¬˘¬ı±Î¬ˇœÓ¬ ˙Ç1À√ªí ister and also the General Command- õ∂fl¡±˙fl¡ ’À˚±Ò…± ¬Û±Í¬fl¡, ¬ı1À¬ÛȬ±] ¤›“À˘±fl¡1 ing State force. Selfless Service to ’±˙± Ù¬˘ªÓ¬œ ˝√√íÀ˘ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ˜˝√√±Ê√±øÓ¬1 ¬ı±À¬ı the king and kingdom was his single øÚ(˚˛ qˆ¬ ¸=±1fl¡ ˝√√í¬ıº way of life, -'Dr. Kameswar Das ¤˝◊√√À˝√√Ú é¬ÌÊ√ij± ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ¬ıÀ1Ì… Retd. Prof. ¬ı…øMê√Ê√Ú±1 õ∂fl¡‘Ó¬ ˜”˘…±ÇÌ ˝◊√√˜±Ú ø√ÀÚ Ú˝√√í˘ ’±1n∏ („√√) 'In all question of politics ’±øÊ√› Œ˝√√±ª± Ú±˝◊√√ ˚ø√› ¬ıUÀÓ¬ ’øˆ¬˜Ó¬ ø√ÀÂ√ ’±1n∏ Chilarai possessed an overwhelming ’±Àé¬¬Û fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ – influence and he was the moving [fl¡] ëÙ¬˘Ó¬ qflv¡Ò√ıÊ√42 ›1ÀÙ¬ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ Œ˚ spirit in every adventure" - Gait ø¬ıù´1 ¤Ê√Ú Œ|ᬠ¸˜1ø¬ı√ [’±Ú«ã ȬÀ˚˛Ú1œ1 ˜ÀÓ¬ (‰¬) ' As a military prodigy øÓ¬øÚÊ√Ú Œ|á¬1 ¤Ê√Ú] Œ˝√√±ª±1 ά◊¬Ûø1› ¤Ê√Ú Ú±Ú± Chilarai had demostrated his supe- ˙±¶aÓ¬ [¸eœÓ¬ ˙±¶aÀfl¡ Òø1] ¬ÛøGÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√ fl¡Ô± rior strategic genious and the unfail- Ê√Ú¸±Ò±1Ì1 ’:±Ó¬ Δ˝√√ ’±ÀÂ√º ¬ÛøGÓ¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√› ing striking power of the koch army. ¤˝◊√√ ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±Ì1 ¬Û1± qflv¡Ò√ıÊ√1 ‰¬±ø1øSfl¡ ˜”˘…±ÇÚ The vast country bounded on the fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û1±1 ¬Û1± ¬Ûø=Ó¬ Δ˝√√ ’±ÀÂ√, ø¬ı1Ó¬ Δ˝√√ ’±ÀÂ√ºí west by the country of Mithila, on ñ ¬ÛÀ1˙‰¬f ¬ı˜«Ì [’Ò…±¬Ûfl¡ fl¡È¬Ú fl¡À˘Ê√]º the east by the extreme frontier of [‡] ëqflv¡Ò√ıÊ√ 1ÌÀé¬SÓ¬ Œ˚ÀÚÕfl¡ õ∂‰¬G Assam, on the north by the lordly Œ˚±X± fl¡˘±Àé¬SÓ¬ ŒÓ¬ÀÚÕfl¡ 1ø¸fl¡ ¬ÛøGÓ¬ºí ά– Himalayas and on the south (near ˜À˝√√ù´1 ŒÚ›·º Chittagong) by the shores of the Bay [·] ë’±øÊ√1 ’¸˜œ˚˛±1 Œ·Ã1ª1 ≈√Ȭ± õ∂Ò±Ú of Bengal, was conguered by his ¬ıd Δ˝√√ÀÂ√ fl¡±˜±‡…± ˜øμ1 ˚±1 fl¡±1ÀÌ ’¸˜-fl¡±˜1+¬Û1 powess - Dr. Nagendra nath Ú±˜ ˆ¬±1Ó¬1 ø√flƒ¡-ø√·ôL õ∂‰¬±ø1Ó¬ Δ˝√√ÀÂ√ - ˚±1 fl¡±1ÀÌ Acharyya, Retd. Reader. G.U. Ò˜«õ∂±Ì Ó¬œÔ«˚±Sœ¸fl¡À˘ ’¸˜1 ¬Û≈Ì…ˆ¬”ø˜ √˙«Ú fl¡ø1 [Â√] ‰¬SêÒ√ıÊ√ ø¸—˝√√, 1n∏^ ø¸—˝√√, 1±ÀÊ√ù´1 ˝◊√√˚˛±1 ˙±ôL, ø¶ß* Œ¸Ãμ˚«Ó¬ ˜≈* Δ˝√√ÀÂ√ , ’±1n∏ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ø¸—˝√√, ˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ ¬ı1Ù≈¬fl¡Ú, ’±Ó¬Ú ¬ı≈Ϭˇ±À·±“˝√√±˝◊√√, ¬ı√Ú ˜˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏¯∏ ˙Ç1À√ª1 ˚≈·Ó¬ 1ø‰¬Ó¬ ¢∂Lö±ª˘œ -˚±1 fl¡±1ÀÌ ¬ı1Ù≈¬fl¡Ú õ∂ˆ¬‘øÓ¬ ’±À˝√√±˜ 1±Ê√¬Û≈1n∏¯∏¸fl¡˘1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ’ø˙øé¬Ó¬ ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 ˜±Ê√ÀÓ¬± Ò˜« Œ˜±é¬ ’±1n∏ ’±ø˜ ø˚˜±Ú Œ¬ıøÂ√ Ê√±ÀÚ±, ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì, fl¡±¬ı…±˜‘Ó¬1 øSÀ¬ıÌœ ¸—·˜ Δ˝√√ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ ≈√˝◊√√ Œ·Ã1Àª˝◊√√ ¬ıœ1 ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛, ˘é¬œÚ±1±˚˛Ì, ¬Û1œøé¬Ó¬ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Δ˝√√ÀÂ√ fl¡í¬ıÕ˘ ·íÀ˘ ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ õ∂ˆ¬‘øÓ¬ Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√¬Û≈1n∏¯∏¸fl¡˘1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’±ø˜ Œ¸Ú±¬ÛøÓ¬ qflv¡Ò√ıÊ√1 ’ª√±Úºí ά– ¸”˚«…fl≈¡˜±1 ˆ¬”¤û±º ø¸˜±Ú fl¡˜ Ê√±ÀÚ±ºí ¶§·«œ˚˛ ’Ó≈¬˘ ‰¬f ˝√√±Ê√ø1fl¡±, [‚] It is not possible to say any- ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…±‰¬±˚« ’±1n∏ ’¸˜ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ¸ˆ¬±1 õ∂±Mê√Ú thing about one leaving aside the ¸ˆ¬±¬ÛøÓ¬º
42 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√
¬ıÀά±-¬ıÀάˇ±, Œfl¡±‰¬-1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ, Œ•°Â√-Œ˜‰¬ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√
43 ά– ø¡ZÀÊ√f Ú±Ô ˆ¬fl¡Ó¬
’¸˜Ó¬ øfl¡Â≈√¬ıÂ√1 Òø1 Ê√±øÓ¬ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛fl¡ Ó¬Ô… ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 Œfl¡±ÀÚ± øÚÊ√¶§ ø˘ø¬Û ø˘ø‡Ó¬ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… Δ˘ Ȭڱ ’±ÀÊ√±1±, ˝◊√√Ê√ÀÚ ø¸Ê√Úfl¡ Ó≈¬26√ Ó¬±ø26√˘…, ’±ø√ ¬Û±¬ıÕ˘ Ú±˝◊√√º fl¡±À1±¬ı±1 ˆ¬±¯∏± ’±ÀÂ√ ˚ø√› Œ¸˚˛± Œ˝√√˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬¬Ûiß1 ˜±ÀÊ√À1 ’¸˜1 ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı±Ó¬±¬ı1Ì fl¡±À1±Àª Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛º ¬ı—˙±ª˘œ ¸øͬfl¡ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ ’±ø√ ¬ı±1n∏Õfl¡ fl¡˘≈ø¯∏Ó¬ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º Ù¬˘Ó¬ ˝◊√√Ê√ÀÚ ø¸Ê√Ú1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ Ú±˝◊√√º Œ¸À˚˛ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±Àfl¡ fl¡íÓ¬ ’±øÂ√˘, øfl¡ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘, ˆ¬≈˘ ¬ı≈Ê√±¬ı≈øÊ√ ¸—‚±Ó¬ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡1± ¬Ûø1˘øé¬Ó¬ Δ˝√√ÀÂ√º fl¡í1 ¬Û1± ’±ø˝√√øÂ√˘, Œfl¡±Ú ø√À˙À1 ’±ø˝√√øÂ√˘ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Õfl¡ ¬ıÀάˇ±, Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ¸fl¡˘1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ Œ¸˝◊√√À¬ı±1 fl¡Ô± ¬ı± fl¡±ø˝√√Úœ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 ά◊M√√√1 ¬Û≈1n∏¯∏1 ‚Ȭڱ ¸˜±ÀÚ ‚øȬÀÂ√º õ∂øÓ¬ø√ÀÚ ¬ı±Ó¬ø1 fl¡±fl¡Ó¬Ó¬ ¬ı±À¬ı ø˘ø¬Û¬ıX fl¡ø1 Œ˚±ª± Ú±˝◊√√º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ øÓ¬¬ı3Ó¬¬ı˜«œfl¡ ˝◊√√Ê√ÀÚ ø¸Ê√Úfl¡ ’±Sê˜Ì õ∂Ó¬…±Sê˜Ì fl¡1± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ˜—À·±˘œ˚˛ Œ·±á¬œ1 ’Ó¬œÓ¬1 fl¡Ô± ’gfl¡±126√iß ŒÓ¬À‡Ó¬¸fl¡˘Õ˘ ’±˜±1 ¤øȬ é≈¬^ õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı√Úº fl¡±À1±¬ı±1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± øͬfl¡ øfl¡—¬ı√ôLœ, ’Ó¬œÓ¬ ¬ı± ø¸øfl¡˜ ¬Ûø(˜¬ıe1 ά◊M√√1±=˘Àfl¡ Òø1 ’¸˜ Ó¬Ô± ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ Â√±¬Û1 fl¡±ø˝√√Úœ Ô±øfl¡À˘› ¸—1é¬Ì1 ¸˜¢∂ ά◊M√√1-¬Û”¬ı« ˆ¬±1Ó¬ Œ˘±fl¡¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¬ı± Ú‘Ó¬Q1 ’ˆ¬±ªÓ¬ ¬ı—˙±Ú≈SêÀ˜ ‰¬‰«¬±1 ’ˆ¬±ªÓ¬ ’±øÊ√ ¬Û±¬ıÕ˘ ˚±≈√‚1º ˝◊√√˚˛±Ó¬ ¬ı¸¬ı±¸ fl¡1± Œ¬ıøÂ√ˆ¬±· ˜±Ú≈À˝√√˝◊√√ øÓ¬¬ı3Ó¬ ŒÚ±À˝√√±ª± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√º Ù¬˘Ó¬ ˝◊√√Ê√ÀÚ ø¸Ê√Ú1 ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ ’±ø√ ¬ı˜«œ-ˆ¬±¯∏±À·±á¬œ1º ¤›“À˘±fl¡ ¸1n∏¬ı1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ·±È¬Ó¬ Ȭڱ ’±ÀÊ√±1±À1 øÚÊ√1 ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ 1‰¬Ú±1 ø˚ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± ø¬ıˆ¬Mê√º ¤›“À˘±fl¡1 øfl¡Â≈√˜±ÀÚ ¬ı¸¬ı±¸ fl¡À1 Δˆ¬˚˛±˜Ó¬ ’¬ı…±˝√√Ó¬ 1‡± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√ Œ¸˚˛± ¸øͬfl¡ ¬ÛÔ Ú˝√√˚˛ ¬ı≈ø˘ fl¡í¬ı ’±1n∏ øfl¡Â≈√˜±ÀÚ ¬ı±¸ fl¡À1 ¬Û±¬ı«Ó¬… ’=˘À¬ı±1Ó¬º ¬Û±ø1º ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 ¸øͬfl¡ ¸—‡…± Ê√Ú± Ú±˚±˚˛º fl¡±1Ì ˆ¬±1Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…Ó¬ ’±˚«¸fl¡˘1 ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ¤›“À˘±fl¡1 ’øÒfl¡ ¸—‡…Àfl¡ øÚÊ√1 ˆ¬±¯∏± ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬, ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ’øÓ¬ ‰¬˝√√fl¡œ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 ˆ¬±¯∏±› ‰¬˝√√fl¡œº Ò˜« ’±1n∏ Ú±˜ ¸˘±˝◊√√ ’±˚« ˆ¬±¯∏± ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬Ó¬ Ê√±˝√√ Δ·ÀÂ√º ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 ¸≈ø¬ı˙±˘ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…1 ˆ¬±G±1Ó¬ Œfl¡øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı±
43 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ fl¡±ø‰¬»À˝√√ ˜Àe±˘œ˚˛¡ øÓ¬¬ı3Ó¬¬ı˜«œÀ˘±fl¡¸fl¡˘1 ά◊À~‡ Bodo. Some of them however, re- Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ ά◊À~‡ÚÀ¬ı±À1± ’±Àfl¡Ã øÚμ± ¬ı± tain the name of the particular por- ’¬ı:±¸”‰¬fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ÀÚÀ1 ø¬ıˆ¬”ø¯∏Ó¬ Œ˝√√±ª±Ó¬ Œ¸˝◊√√À¬ı±11 tion of the country from which they ’Ô« ά◊ø˘›ª±ÀȬ± Œfl¡øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı± fl¡©Ü¸±Ò… Δ˝√√ ¬ÛÀ1º ˚±1 arrived at a later date. (1948 :15) Ù¬˘Ó¬ ¬ÛøGÓ¬¸fl¡˘1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ˜Ó¬Àˆ¬√ ŒÚ±À˝√√±ª± Ú˝√√˚˛º ά– fl¡±À˜ù´1 ¬ıËp¡ Œ√ª1 ˜ÀÓ¬, The ’±øÊ√ ’±ø˜ ø˚ø‡øÚ fl¡Ô± ˜Àe±˘œ˚˛ ¬ı± øÓ¬¬ı3Ó¬Ò˜«œ Bodos are the race of the Mongolian ˜±Úª Œ·±á¬œ1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Ê√±øÚ¬ıÕ˘ ¸é¬˜ Δ˝√√ÀÂ√± Œ¸˚˛± people Who are described as the in ha- ’±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ ¬ı‘øȬÂ√ ¸fl¡˘À1 ’ª√±Úº ¬ı‘øȬÂ√ õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ bitants of a country north of the ø¬ı¯∏˚˛±, ¸±ø˝√√øÓ¬…fl¡ ¬ı≈1?œø¬ı√ ¬Û≈1±Ó¬±øQfl¡, Ú‘ø¬ı:±Úœ Himalayas and west of china. This is ’±ø√1 ø˘‡øÚ1 ¬Û1±˝◊√√ ’±ø˜ Ê√±øÚ¬ı ¬Û±ø1ÀÂ√±º Known as Bod. The Word Bod is sup- posed to mean a hom land. It is also said ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 ’±·˜Ú ¬ıUÓ¬44 ¬Û1˜Õfl¡ Œ˝√√±ª±Ó¬ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˜ÀÒ… that there were many parts of the coun- ¬ıUÓ¬ Ó¬Ô… Œ˝√√1±˝◊√√ Œ˚±ª±ÀȬ±Àª ¶§±ˆ¬±øªfl¡º try known as Hae Bod, Kur Bod etc ¸˜±Ê√ ¬Ûø1ªÓ«¬Ú˙œ˘º ¸˜±Ê√ ¬Û±øÓ¬ ¬ı¸¬ı±¸ (2004:01) fl¡1±1 ’±·ÀÓ¬ Ê√œøªfl¡±1 Ó¬±Î¬ˇÚ±Ó¬ Œfl¡±Ú Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ ’±Ú ¤Ê√Ú ¬ÛøGÓ¬ ά◊À¬Ûf Ú±Ô &˝√√ Œ√ª1 Œfl¡øÓ¬˚˛± Œfl¡±ÚÙ¬±À˘ fl¡í1 ¬Û1± ’±ø˝√√ Œfl¡±Ú Œ·±È¬Ó¬ ˜ÀÓ¬, derives the word 'Bodocha' from ø˜ø˘ Δ·ÀÂ√ ¬ı± ø˜˘±˝◊√√ Δ˘ øÚÊ√1 fl¡ø1 Δ˘ÀÂ√ Œfl¡±ÀÚ Buddha-cha. By Bodocha, he means the Œfl¡øÓ¬˚˛± fl¡±fl¡ øÚÊ√1 ¬ˆ¬±¯∏± ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ø√ ¬ı± ¬ıÊ«√Ú fl¡ø1 childern of Buddha or Buddhism. ’±Ú1 ˆ¬±¯∏± ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡ø1 ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ˆ¬±Àª øÚÊ√Àfl¡ ά◊M√√1Ì ¤˝◊√√ øÓ¬øÚÊ√Ú ¬ÛøGÓ¬1 ’øˆ¬˜Ó¬Ó¬ ¤È¬± fl¡ø1¬ı ø¬ı‰¬±ø1ÀÂ√ Ó¬±1 ¸øͬfl¡ ø˝√√‰¬±¬Û Œfl¡±ÀÚ› ø√¬ı fl¡Ô± ¬Ûø1©®±1 Œ˚ ¬ıάˇ ¬ı± ¬ıÀάˇ± Ú±˜1 ¤‡Ú Œ√˙ ’±øÂ√˘ ŒÚ±ª±À1º ¬ÛøGÓ¬¸fl¡À˘ øfl¡Â≈√˜±Ú Ò±1̱À˝√√ ’±˜±fl¡ Ó¬±1 ¬ı±ø¸μ± ¬ı± ¸ôL±Ú¸fl¡˘fl¡ ¬ıÀά± ¬ı≈ø˘ Œfl¡±ª± ø√ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ Œé¬SÓ¬ ’±ø˜ ¬ıÀά±, ¬ıÀάˇ±, Œfl¡±‰¬- Δ˝√√øÂ√˘º ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ Œ¸˝◊√√À√˙1 øfl¡Â≈√˜±ÚÀ˘±Àfl¡ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ, Œ•°Â√-Œ˜‰¬ ¸fl¡˘1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ øfl¡ Ó¬Ô… ¬¬Û±›“ ¬ıÀάˇ± Ú±À˜À1 øÚÊ√Àfl¡ ¬Ûø1‰¬˚˛ ø√¬ıÕ˘ ˘˚˛ ø˚¸fl¡À˘ Ó¬±1 ¤øȬ ¬Û˚«±À˘±‰¬Ú± √±ø„√√ Òø1¬ıÕ˘ ˚P fl¡ø1À˘“±º ¸¬ı«˙¯∏Ó¬ Œ¸˝◊√√‡Ú Œ√˙1 ¬Û1± ’±ø˝√√øÂ√˘º ’Ô¬ı± ¬õ∂Ô˜ÀÓ¬ ¬ıÀά± ’±1n∏ ¬ıÀάˇ± ¬ı± ¬ıÀ1±º ¬ıÀ√± ¬ı± ¬ıÀά± ¬ıÀά±Â√± ˙sÀȬ±˝◊√√ ¬ı≈XÒ˜«œ øfl¡Â≈√À˘±fl¡fl¡ ¬ı≈ÀÊ√±ª± ¤˝◊√√ ’ø¬ıÒ±ÀȬ± ¬ÛøGÓ¬¸fl¡À˘ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò1ÀÌ ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 Δ˝√√øÂ√˘º fl¡1± Œ√ø‡ÀÂ√±º 1±Ê√À˜±˝√√ Ú±Ô Œ√ª1 ˜ÀÓ¬ ëë The ˝◊√√˚˛±À1 ’±“Ó¬ Òø1 øfl¡Â≈√˜±Ú ¬ÛøGÀÓ¬ øÓ¬¬ı3Ó¬ inhabitants of various parts of the Ò˜«œÀ˘±fl¡fl¡ ¬ı‘˝√√» ¬ıÀάˇ±À·±á¬œ1 Œ˘±fl¡ ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û ¬ıËp¡¬Û≈S Bod (Yibel) country were known as ά◊¬ÛÓ¬…fl¡±1 ·±À1±, fl¡Â√±1œ, ‰≈¬È¬œ˚˛±, 1±ˆ¬±, Œfl¡±‰¬, Boddo - Ficha or Bodo-cho ˘±˘≈—, Œ˜‰¬, ˝√√±Ê√—, Œ˝√√±Ê√±˝◊√√, øά˜±Â√± ’±ø√ (Ficha-che children) or the children Œ˘±fl¡¸fl¡˘fl¡ ¬ı≈Ê√±¬ı ‡≈øÊ√ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ Ó¬±ø˘fl¡±Ó¬ ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ of the Bod country and were later ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ¬ıÀάˇ± ˆ¬±¯∏± ¬ı± Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û ø¬ıfl¡±˙ ˘±ˆ¬ known simply as the boodo or the fl¡1± Œ˘±fl¡¸fl¡˘1 Ú±˜ Ú±˝◊√√º ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ ¬ıUÓ¬ ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬À˝√√
44 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¶§Ó¬La ¤øȬ ¬ıÀάˇ± Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ ’±1n∏ ˆ¬±¯∏± Œõ∂鬱¬ÛȬӬ ˝◊√√˚˛±Àfl¡ fl¡í¬ı ¬Û±À1± Œ˚ ¬ÛøGÓ¬¸fl¡˘À1± ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û ’±øª©®±1 fl¡À1 ø¬ı ¤˝◊√√‰¬ ˝√√ά‰¬Ú ‰¬±˝√√±À¬ıº 'The øÚ1À¬Ûé¬ ’±1n∏ ‰¬±ø˘Ê√±ø1 Œ‰¬±ª±1 ‘√ø©Üˆ¬—·œ Ôfl¡± Maches are popularly known as Bodo õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº ’±Ú˝√√±ÀÓ¬ øfl¡Â≈√˜±Ú ¬ıÀάˇ± ¬ÛøGÀÓ¬ ø˚√À1 or Boro. It was B. H. Hodgson who first ¸•x¸±1̬ı±√ ÚœøÓ¬À1 ¬ıÀάˇ± ˆ¬±¯∏± ’±1n∏ Ê√±øÓ¬1 Ó¬Ô… dicoverd the word Bodosou the meches ˆ¬≈˘ ÚœøÓ¬À1 ’±Ú1 Ó¬Ô… ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Õfl¡ Œfl¡±‰¬ of Darjeeling district in 1846 where 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ¸fl¡˘1 Ó¬Ô… ø¬ıfl‘¡Ó¬ fl¡ø1 øÚÊ√1 ˆ¬“1±˘ ‰¬˝√√fl¡œ writting about them. Since them the fl¡ø1¬ı ‡≈øÊ√ÀÂ√ Œ¸˚˛± ¸øͬfl¡ Δ˝√√ÀÂ√ ¬ı≈ø˘ fl¡í¬ı ŒÚ±ª±ø1º word Bodo has been used as a generic ¬ıÀά± Ú±˜ ›¬Û1Ó¬ Œfl¡±ª±1 √À1 ¤È¬±fl¡ tern to denote the different branches of the Mech language. (1903:111:11) fl¡›“ÀÓ¬ ’±ÚÀȬ±1 ¬ı≈Ê√±˚˛ Ó¬±1 øfl¡Â≈√˜±Ú ά◊√±˝√√1Ì ø√À˘ ¤˝◊√√ Œé¬SÓ¬ ¶§Ó¬La Œ·±á¬œ ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û ø¬ıfl¡±˙ fl¡Ô±ÀȬ± ¬Ûø1©®±1 ˝√√í¬ı ά– ¬ı±Ìœfl¡±ôL fl¡±fl¡øÓ¬1 45 ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡1± ·±À1±, ‰≈¬È¬œ˚˛±, 1±ˆ¬±, Œfl¡±‰¬, ˘±˘≈— [øÓ¬ª±], ø˘ø‡øÚÓ¬ ¬Û±›“ ñëëAmong the tibeto Bur- ˝√√±Ê√— ’±ø√ Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬À¬ı±1fl¡ ¬ıÀάˇ± ¬ı≈ø˘ Œfl¡±ª±1 ˚≈øMê√ man People the Bodos were most pow- fl¡íÓ¬∑ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡ ¬ı‘˝√√» ¬ıÀάˇ± ¬ı± ¬ıÀ√± ¬Ûø1˚˛±˘1 erful. They built strong Kingdoms un- ˝√√À˘› ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡ ¬ıÀάˇ± Ú˝√√˚˛º ’±øÊ√ øfl¡Â≈√˜±Ú der different names, the chutiyas, the Ó¬Ô±fl¡øÔÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ıÓ¬ ·Ê√± ¬ÛøGÓ¬ Ú±˜Ò±1œÀ˘±Àfl¡ ¬ıÀάˇ± kacharies, the koches etc. The Bodo Folks who live to the west of kamrup ˜± ¬ıÀ√±1 ˆ¬≈˘ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡ø1 ’Ú…±Ú… Œ˘±fl¡¸fl¡˘fl¡ District are called Mech. Those who ¬ıÀάˇ± ¸Ê√±¬ı ‡≈øÊ√ÀÂ√º ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Õfl¡ Œfl¡±‰¬¸fl¡˘1 ¶§Ó¬La lived in and to the east of Kamrup Dis- Ê√±øÓ¬¸Q± ’±1n∏ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸fl¡ ά◊¬Û˘≈„√√± fl¡ø1 Ú¸…±» fl¡ø1 trict are called Kacha or Kacharies. Œfl¡±‰¬ 1Ê√± Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛Àfl¡± ¬ıÀάˇ± ¬¸Ê√±˝◊√√ (1940: 42) ¸Ó¬…1 ’¬Û˘±¬Û fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ’±Ú ¤·1±fl¡œ ¬ÛøGÓ¬ ά– ø¬ıø1ø= fl≈¡˜±1 ˝√√ά√‰¬Ú1 Ú±˜Àfl¡ ’Ú≈¸1Ì fl¡ø1 ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ ¬ı1n∏ª± Œ√ª1 ˜ÀÓ¬, The important group of ˆ¬±¯∏±ø¬ı√ ø¢∂˚˛±1Â√Ú, ¸≈ÚœøÓ¬ fl≈¡˜±1 ‰¬ÀA±¬ÛÒ…±À˚˛ the tribes of the Tibeto, Barman were øÓ¬¬ı3Ó¬¬ı˜«œ ˆ¬±¯∏±1 ’¸˜ Ò˜«œ ˙±‡±ÀȬ±1 Ú±˜fl¡1Ì known as Bodos forms the numerous fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ ñ ¬ıÀάˇ±º ˝◊√√˚˛±1 ’ôL·«Ó¬ fl¡Â√±1œ ¬ıÀάˇ±, ˘±˘≈—, and important section of the non aryan øά˜±Â√±, ·±À1±, Œfl¡±‰¬, 1±ˆ¬±, øS¬Û≈1±, ‰≈¬È¬œ˚˛± ’±1n∏ people of Assam. The Bodo group of the tribes includes the koch, the kochari, ˜1±Ì ’±ø√ ˆ¬±¯∏±À¬ı±1 Òø1ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ ¸≈À˚±·ÀÓ¬ ’±˜±1 the lalung, the Garo, the Rabha, the Ó¬Ô±fl¡øÔÓ¬ ¬ÛøGÓ¬¸fl¡À˘ ¬ıÀάˇ±, Œfl¡±‰¬, 1±ˆ¬±, Tippara, the chutiya and the Maran. The øS¬Û≈1±fl¡ ¤fl¡±fl¡±1 fl¡ø1 ¬ıÀάˇ±1 ¬Û±~± ˆ¬±1œ fl¡ø1À˘, Bodo group of people who live to the øfl¡c ŒÓ¬›“À˘±Àfl¡ ·ø˜ Ú±¬Û±À˘ ’¸˜ Ò˜«œ ˙±‡±ÀȬ±1 west of the present kamrup District are ’±Ú ¤øȬ Ú±˜ ’±ÀÂ√ Œ¸˚˛± Œ˘±ø˝Ó¬ ’Ô«±» ˘≈˝◊√√Ó¬ called Mech. Those of them who live ¬Û1œ˚˛± ˆ¬±¯∏±º ¤˝◊√√ Ú±˜ÀȬ± ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡ø1À˘ øÚ(˚˛ in and to the east of District Kamrup ¤ÀÚ ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡1 ¸‘ø©Ü Ú˝√√í˘À˝√√ÀÓ¬Úº ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ’±øÊ√1 are called Kachari (1969:7)
45 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ›¬Û11 ≈√À˚˛±·1±fl¡œ ¬ÛøGÓ¬1 ά◊øMê√Ó¬ 1ø˝√√√±¸ ˜G˘fl¡ Œ˜‰¬ ¸Ê√±˝◊√√ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸1 ’¬Û¬ı…±‡…± Œfl¡˝◊√√Ȭ±˜±Ú fl¡Ô± ¶Û©ÜΔfl¡ õ∂fl¡±˙ Δ˝√√ÀÂ√ õ∂Ô˜ÀÓ¬ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ ’±1n∏ fl¡ø1 ’±ÀÂ√º ’±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ fl¡±1ÌÀȬ± fl¡±fl¡øÓ¬À˚˛ fl¡À˘ Œ˚ ñ ¬ıÀάˇ±¸fl¡˘ ‰≈¬È¬œ˚˛±, fl¡Â√±1œ, øfl¡∑ ¤¸˜˚˛Ó¬ øÓ¬¬ı3Ó¬-¬ı˜«œ¸fl¡˘1 Œ|Ìœ·Ó¬ Ú±˜ Œfl¡±‰¬ ’±ø√ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ú±˜Ó¬ ˙øMê√˙±˘œ 1±Ê√…¶ö±¬ÛÚ ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û ¬ıÀάˇ± ’±1n∏ Œ˜‰¬ fl¡Â√±1œ¸fl¡˘Àfl¡± Œfl¡±ª± fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ ’±1n∏ øÓ¬¬ı3Ó¬Ò˜«œ Œ˘±fl¡¸fl¡˘1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ Δ˝√√øÂ√˘º ’Ô«±» ¬ıÀάˇ± ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û øÓ¬¬ı3Ó¬Ò˜«œ ¸fl¡˘Àfl¡± ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡ ’øÒfl¡ ˙øMê√˙±˘œº ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ÀÓ¬ ŒÓ¬›“ ¬ıÀάˇ± ¬ı≈ø˘ Œfl¡±ª± Δ˝√√øÂ√˘ Ù¬˘Ó¬ ¸fl¡À˘±Àfl¡ ¤fl¡±fl¡±1 Δfl¡ÀÂ√ ¬ıÀάˇ±¸fl¡˘ fl¡±˜1+¬Û1 ¬Ûø(˜Ó¬ Œ˜‰¬ ’±1n∏ ¬Û”¬ı«Ó¬ fl¡ø1 Œ¬ÛÀ˘±ª±Ó¬ ’±øÊ√ ¤ÀÚ ¸—fl¡È¬1 ¸‘ø©Ü Δ˝√√ÀÂ√ ’±1n∏ fl¡Â√±1œ ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û ¬Ûø1ø‰¬Ó¬º Ϭ±˘ ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û ¬ÛøGÓ¬¸fl¡˘1 ά◊øMê√À¬ı±1 ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡ø1 ¤Àfl¡ø‡øÚ fl¡Ô±Àfl¡ ø¬ıø1ø= fl≈¡˜±1 ˆ¬≈˘ ¬ı±‡…± ø√ÀÂ√º ¬ı1n∏ª±À√ª1 ά◊øMê√Ó¬ ¬Û±˝◊√√ÀÂ√± ’˘¬Û øˆ¬iß ˆ¬±À¬ıº Œ˚ÀÚ ø¢∂˚˛±1‰¬Ú1 ’±Ú ¤øȬ ά◊øMê√ ‰¬±›fl¡ ñ 46 ŒÓ¬›“ Δfl¡ÀÂ√ ñ øÓ¬¬ı3Ó¬ Ò˜«œ Œ˘±fl¡¸fl¡˘1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ 'Bodo or Bara is the name by which ¬ıÀάˇ±¸fl¡˘ ˝√√í˘ ¤øȬ &1n∏Q¬Û”Ì« ˙±‡± ’±1n∏ ’¸˜1 Mech or mes and the kachari calles ’Ú±˚« Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ ¸—‡…±øÒfl¡… Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬º themselves. The Bodo Folk who live to ¬ıÀάˇ± Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ Œfl¡±‰¬, fl¡Â√±1œ, ˘±˘≈—, the west of kamrup district are called ·±À1±, 1±ˆ¬±, øS¬Û≈1œ, ‰≈¬È¬œ˚˛± ’±1n∏ ˜1±Ì ¬ı≈ø˘ Δfl¡ Mech. Those of Boro who live in and to the east of the District Kamrup are fl¡±˜1+¬Û1 ¬Ûø(˜Ó¬ Œ˜‰¬ ’±1n∏ ¬Û”¬ıÓ¬ ŒÓ¬›““À˘±fl¡ called Kacharis. ’Ô«±» ¬ıÀάˇ±¬ ¬ı± ¬ıÀ1± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√ fl¡Â√±1œ ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û ¬Ûø1ø‰¬Ó¬ ¬ı≈ø˘ Δfl¡ÀÂ√º ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 Ú±˜ ø˚ Ú±À˜À1 Œ˜‰¬ ’±1n∏ fl¡Â√±1œ¸fl¡À˘ ¤øÓ¬˚˛± õ∂ùü ˝√√í˘ Î¬◊¬Û11 ≈√·1±fl¡œ ¬ı1Ì… øÚÊ√Àfl¡ fl¡˚˛º ø˚¸fl¡˘ ¬ıÀάˇ± fl¡±˜1+¬Û øÊ√˘±1 ¬ÛøGÓ¬1 Œ˘‡± ¬Û˚«±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1À˘ ’Ô¬ı± ¬ı±ô¶ª ¬Ûø(˜Ó¬ Ô±Àfl¡ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡fl¡ Œfl¡±ª± ˝√√˚˛ Œ˜‰¬ Œõ∂鬱¬ÛȬӬ ø¬ı‰¬±1 fl¡ø1À˘ Œ¸˚˛± ¸“‰¬± Ê√±ÀÚ±∑ ’Ô«±» ø˚¸fl¡˘¡ ¬ıÀάˇ± fl¡±˜1+¬Û øÊ√˘± ’±1n∏ Ó¬±1 ¬Û”ªÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡ ’¸˜Ó¬ ¬ı¸¬ı±¸ fl¡1± ·±À1±, Œfl¡±‰¬, 1±ˆ¬±, øS¬Û≈1œ, ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡fl¡ ¬fl¡˚˛ fl¡Â√±1œº ¢∂œ˚˛±‰«¬Ú ¬ıMê√¬ı… ˝√√ά√‰¬Ú1 ˘±˘≈—, ‰≈¬È¬œ˚˛± ’±1n∏ ˜1±Ì¸fl¡˘ fl¡±˜1+¬Û1 ¬Ûø(˜Ó¬ ’Ú≈1+¬Ûº ø¬ÛÀÂ√ ¤È¬± fl¡Ô± ø√Ú1 Œ¬Û±˝√√11 √À1 ¸Ó¬… Œ˜‰¬ ’±1n∏ ¬Û”¬ıÓ¬ fl¡Â√±1œ ¬ı≈ø˘ ¬Ûø1ø‰¬Ó¬ Ê√±ÀÚ±∑ ’Ô¬ı± ˝√√í˘ Œ˚, 1±ˆ¬±, ·±À1±, Œfl¡±‰¬, ˘±˘≈—, ‰≈¬Ó¬œ˚˛±, ˜1±Ì ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡ ¬ıÀάˇ± ŒÚ∑ ’Ô¬ı± ¤˝◊√√ ≈√·1±fl¡œ ¬ÛøGÀÓ¬ ’±1n∏ øS¬Û≈1œ¸fl¡˘ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±ø√ÀÚ ¬Ûø(˜Ó¬ Œ˜Â√ ’±1n∏ ˆ¬≈˘ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ ŒÚøfl¡∑ ’±øÊ√ øfl¡Â≈√˜±Ú ¬ÛøGÓ¬ Ú±˜Ò±1œ ¬Û”¬ıÓ¬ fl¡Â√±1œ ¬ı≈ø˘ ¬Ûø1ø‰¬Ó¬ Ú±øÂ√˘º ’¬ÛøGÓ¬ ¬ı…øMê√À˚˛ ¤˝◊√√ ≈√·1±fl¡œ ¬ÛøGÓ¬1 ά◊øMê√À1 Ú˝√√˚˛ ˝√√ά√‰¬ÀÚ øά˜±Â√± fl¡Â√±1œ¸fl¡˘Àfl¡± ¬ıÀάˇ±1 ’±Ú Œfl¡˝◊√√Ê√Ú˜±Ú ¬ÛøGÓ¬ ˚Ô± ˝√√ά√‰¬Ú, ¢∂œ˚˛±1Â√Ú, Ú±˜Ó¬ ’ôLˆ¬≈Mê«√ fl¡1±1 fl¡±1ÀÌ ŒÓ¬›“1 Œ˘‡±Ó¬¬ ¬Û”¬ı ¸≈ÚœøÓ¬fl≈¡˜±1 ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛1 ά◊øMê√ ά◊O±¬ÛÚ fl¡ø1 Ó¬±1 ’±1n∏ √øé¬ÌÓ¬ fl¡Â√±1œ ¬ı≈ø˘ ¬Ûø1ø‰¬Ó¬ ’±øÂ√˘ ¬ı≈ø˘ Œ¬Û±ª± ’¬Û¬ı…±‡…± ’±1n∏ ’¬Ûõ∂À˚˛±· fl¡ø1 ¸fl¡À˘± ˚±˚˛º ’±Ú˝√√±ÀÓ¬ ¢∂œ˚˛±1Â√ÀÚ øά˜±Â√±¸fl¡˘fl¡ øÚÊ√Àfl¡ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œÀfl¡ ¬ıÀάˇ±, Œ˜‰¬, fl¡Â√±1œ ’±ø√1 ’ôLˆ«≈¬Mê√ fl¡Â√±1œ ¬ı± ¬ıÀάˇ± ¬ı≈ø˘ Œfl¡±ª± fl¡Ô± Œ¬Û±ª± Ú±˚±˚˛º fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ’fl¡˘ Œ¸˚˛±˝◊√√ Ú˝√√˚˛ Œfl¡±“‰¬ 1Ê√± Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì, ¤˝◊√√ø‡øÚÀÓ¬ ’Ú≈˜±Ú fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1 Œ˚ ά– ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ’±1n∏ ŒÓ¬›“1 ø¬ÛÓ‘¬fl¡ ˝√√±ø1˚˛± ˜G˘ ›1ÀÙ¬ fl¡±fl¡øÓ¬ ¬ı± ø¢∂˚˛±1Â√Ú ’±ø√ ¬ÛøGÓ¬¸fl¡À˘ ’±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬
46 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ øfl¡ fl¡í¬ı ø¬ı‰¬±ø1ÀÂ√ Œ¸˝◊√√ÀȬ± ˆ¬±˘√À1 ø¬ı‰¬±1 Úfl¡ø1 Œ˜‰¬- ø¢∂˚˛±1‰¬√ÀÚ ˝√√ά√¸Ú1 ¬ıÀάˇ± Ú±˜ÀȬ± ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡1±1 Ù¬˘Ó¬ fl¡Â√±1œ ¬ıÀάˇ±¸fl¡˘ fl¡±˜1+¬Û1 ¬Ûø(˜Ó¬ Œ˜‰¬ ’±1n∏ ¤˝◊√√ Œ‡ø˘À˜ø˘ ˝√√í˘º Ù¬˘Ó¬ ¬ıUÓ¬ ¸≈ø¬ıÒ±¬ı±√œ Ó¬±1¬ ¬Û”¬ıÓ¬ fl¡Â√±1œ ¬ı≈ø˘ ’øˆ¬ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¢∂œ˚˛±1Â√ÀÚ ¬ÛøGÀÓ¬ ˝◊√√˚˛±À1 ¸≈À˚±· ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡ø1 Œfl¡±‰¬, 1±ˆ¬±, ≈√ø¬ıÒ ¬ıÀάˇ±1 Œfl¡±Úø¬ıÒ ¬ıÀάˇ±1 fl¡Ô± Δfl¡ÀÂ√ Œ¸˝◊√√ÀȬ± ·±À1±, øS¬Û≈1œ ’±ø√ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œÀ¬ı±1fl¡ Œ˜‰¬ ¬ı± ¬ıÀάˇ± ø‰¬ôL± Úfl¡ø1 ’Ú± fl¡Â√±1œ ¬ıÀάˇ±fl¡ ¬Ûø(˜Ó¬ Œ˜‰¬ ’±1n∏ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œˆ¬≈Mê√ fl¡ø1 fl¡±øÊ√˚˛±1 ¸”S¬Û±Ó¬ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¬Û”¬ıÓ¬ fl¡Â√±1œ ¬ı≈ø˘ Δfl¡ÀÂ√º ’±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ Œ˜‰¬-fl¡Â√±1œfl¡ ¤øÓ¬˚˛± ’±ø˝√√ÀÂ√± Œfl¡±‰¬-1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ¸fl¡˘1 ¬ı≈Ê√±¬ı1 fl¡±1ÀÌ ¬ı…ª˝√√+Ó¬ ’ø¬ıÒ± ¬ıÀάˇ± ’±1n∏ øÓ¬¬ı3Ó¬ fl¡Ô±Õ˘º ¬ı‘øȬÂ√ ‰¬1fl¡±11 ’±À˜±˘Ó¬ Œ˝√√±ª± Œ˘±fl¡ ¬ı˜«œfl¡ ¬ı≈Ê√±¬ı1 fl¡±1ÀÌ õ∂À˚˛±· fl¡1± ¬ıÀάˇ±1 1+¬Û ’±1n∏ ø¬Û˚˛˘À¬ı±11 õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı√ÚÓ¬ ’±ø˜ Œfl¡±‰¬¸fl¡˘1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˝◊√√—1±Ê√œ ¬ı±Ú±Ú ø˚À˝√√Ó≈¬ ¤Àfl¡ Ó¬±1 fl¡±1ÀÌ ¤ÀÚ Ú±˜ ¬Û±›“º 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ, Œfl¡±‰¬1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ, ˜øÓ¬w˜ ‚øȬÀÂ√º Œfl¡±‰¬1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ-é¬øS˚˛, ¬Û±ø˘˚˛±, øȬ˜±1±, Œ√˙œ˚˛± ’±øÊ√ ’¸˜147 øÓ¬¬ı3Ó¬ ¬ı˜œ«¸fl¡˘ ’±ø√ Ú±À˜À1 ¬Ûø1‰¬˚˛ ø√˚˛± Œ˘±fl¡À¬ı±1fl¡ fl‘¡øS˜ˆ¬±Àª ¬ıÀάˇ± fl¡±1Ì ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 ˆ¬±¯∏±1 ¬ÛøGÓ¬¸fl¡À˘ ’±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ Œfl¡±‰¬ ¬ı≈ø˘ ͬ±ª1 fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º Œ|Ìœ·Ó¬ Ú±˜ ¬ıÀάˇ±, øfl¡c ˆ¬±¯∏±1 Ú±˜ ¬ıÀάˇ± Œ˝√√±ª±1 ’±Ú˝√√±ÀÓ¬ Œfl¡±‰¬¸fl¡˘1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ·Àª¯∏̱ fl¡1± ¤Ê√Ú ’Ô« ¤˝◊√√ÀȬ± Ú˝√√˚˛ Œ˚ ˜±Ú≈˝√√ ø¬ı˘±Àfl¡± ¬ıÀάˇ± Œfl¡±‰¬º ¬ÛøGÓ¬ ø˙Àªf Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œfl¡±‰¬ Œ√Àª Ÿ¬·Àª√, ¬ı˱p¡Ì, ’¸˜ ¬ı˜œ ˆ¬±¯∏± Œ·±á¬œ Œ˘±fl¡¸fl¡˘1 Œ|Ìœ·Ó¬ Ú±˜ ¬Û≈1±Ì ˜˝√√±fl¡±¬ı…Àfl¡ Òø1 ’Ú…±Ú… ¸—¶‘®Ó¬ ¢∂Lö ’±1n∏ ¬ıÀάˇ± ø√˚˛±1 ˜”˘ÀÓ¬ ’±øÂ√˘ ˝◊√√˚˛±1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ Ôfl¡± ¸±‘√˙… ά◊Úø¬ı—˙-ø¬ı—˙ ˙øÓ¬fl¡±1 õ∂±‰¬… ¬Û±(±Ó¬… ¬ı± ø˜˘º Œ¸À˚˛ ˝√√˚˛ÀÓ¬± ¤À?˘‰¬ ’±1n∏ ¤G±1«√Ú ’±ø√ ¬ÛøGÓ¬¸fl¡˘1 ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì Ò˜«œ Ȭœfl¡± øȬmøÚ1 ¬Û1± ¬ÛøGÓ¬¸fl¡À˘ ·±À1± ‰≈¬Ó¬œ˚˛± Œfl¡±‰¬, øS¬Û≈1œ ’±ø√ Œ¸±Ó¬1Ȭ± Ú±À˜À1 Œfl¡±‰¬¸fl¡˘ ¬Ûø1ø‰¬Ó¬ ’±øÂ√˘ ¬ı≈ø˘ ˆ¬±¯∏±fl¡ ¬ıÀάˇ± ˆ¬±¯∏±1 ’ôL·«Ó¬ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¸•xøÓ¬ ¬ıÀάˇ±, Ê√Ú±˝◊√√ÀÂ√º Ó¬±1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ Œfl¡±‰¬¸fl¡˘fl¡ ¬ı≈Ê√±¬ıÕ˘ ·±À1±, Œfl¡±‰¬, øS¬Û≈1œ ’±ø√ ¬ıÀάˇ±˜”˘œ˚˛ ˝√√À˘› fl≈¡¬ı±‰¬, fl¡˚˛À¬ı±, fl¡¬ı¸ [fl¡¬ı‰¬] fl¡À•§±Ê√, ¬Û±øÚ, ¤Àfl¡±È¬±Õfl¡ ¶§Ó¬La ˆ¬±¯∏± ’±1n∏ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œº ø˚√À1 ¬Û±øÚÀfl¡±‰¬, ¬Û±ø˘fl¡± ·±ø˘˚˛±, Œfl¡±‰¬Ú, fl≈¡Ê√˘±Àfl¡±‰¬, ¬ı±—˘± ’±1n∏ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ˆ¬±¯∏± ¬ıUÓ¬Àé¬SÓ¬ ¸±‘√˙… Ú…±¸…, øȬ˚˛±1±, Œ√˙œ ¬ı± √±ªœ, Œ·±1±˜œ, ŒÒ˚˛±Ú, Œ‡Ú Ô±øfl¡À˘› ¤Àfl¡ ˜±·Òœ õ∂±fl‘¡Ó¬ ˜”˘œ˚˛ ¤Àfl¡±È¬±Õfl¡ ¬‡…±Ú ’±ø√ ά◊À~‡À˚±·…º Œfl¡±‰¬¸fl¡À˘˝◊√√ ¶§Ó¬La ˆ¬±¯∏± ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û ø¬ıfl¡±˙ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ¬Ûø(˜ ’¸˜, ά◊M√√1 ¬ıe, 1—¬Û≈1 ›¬Û11 ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±1 ¬Û1± ¤È¬± fl¡Ô± ¶Û©Ü [¬ı±—˘±À√˙], ŒÚ¬Û±˘1 Á¡±¬Û±, ˜1—, ø¬ı˝√√±11 õ∂±‰¬œÌ Œ˚ ¬ıÀάˇ± ˝√√í˘ Œ˜‰¬-fl¡Â√±1œ¸fl¡˘1 ¤È¬± Ú±˜º ¬Û”øÌ«˜± ’±ø√ øÊ√˘±Ó¬ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ Ú±À˜À1 ¬Ûø1‰¬˚˛ ˘±ˆ¬ ’±Ú˝√√±ÀÓ¬, øÓ¬¬ı3Ó¬¬ı˜«œ ’¸˜ ˙±‡± ¬ı± ’¸˜¬ı˜«œ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡ ’±˚«…ˆ¬±¯∏± ’±1n∏ ø˝√√μ≈ Ò˜«œÀ˘±fl¡ ˆ¬±ø¯∏fl¡ Œ·±á¬œÀ1± Œ|Ìœ·Ó¬ Ú±˜ ¬ıÀάˇ±º ¤˝◊√√ ≈√À˚˛±È¬± ¬ı≈ø˘ õ∂øӬᬱ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º Ú±˜ ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡1± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√ ά◊Úø¬ı—˙ ˙øÓ¬fl¡±Ó¬º øfl¡c Œfl¡±‰¬¸fl¡˘ Δ¬ıø√fl¡ ˚≈·1 ¬Û1±˝◊√√ õ∂ø¸X Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ’¸˜ ¬˜—À·±˘œ˚˛¸fl¡˘1 Ú±˜ ’±øÂ√˘ ¸≈õ∂±‰¬œÚ Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬º ŒÓ¬›“À˘±Àfl¡ õ∂±‰¬œÚ fl¡±˘1 ¬Û1± Œ˘±ø˝√√øÓ¬√√fl¡º ø¢∂˚˛±1Â√±Ú ¤˝◊√√ Œ˘±ø˝√√Ó¬fl¡ ˙sÀȬ±1 ’Ô« ˆ¬±1Ó¬Ó¬ Ôfl¡±1 õ∂˜±Ì Œ¬ı√ ¬ı˱p¡Ì, ¬Û≈1±Ì, Ó¬La, fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ ’¸˜¬ı±¸œ ¬ı≈ø˘º ˆ¬±1Ó¬œ˚˛ ˆ¬±¯∏± ø¬Û˚˛˘ ¢∂LöÓ¬ ˜˝√√±fl¡±¬ı…, ΔÊ√Ú ’±1n∏ Œ¬ıÃX ¢∂LöÀ¬ı±À1 ø√À˚˛ ¬ıÀάˇ±
47 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ fl¡Â√±1œ1 ά◊À~‡ 13˙ ˙øÓ¬fl¡±Ó¬ ø˜Ú˝√√±Ê√±1 ¬ı≈1?œÓ¬ fl¡øͬ˚˛±, Œ·1±¬ı, Œ˜‡±, Δ¬ı˙±&, Ê√·±˝◊√√, &ø1fl¡È¬± Œ˜‰¬ (Raverty Tabaquat 1 Nasiri) ’±1n∏ ’±1n∏ ά‡±1n∏ ¬ıgڜӬ ¤˝◊√√ ’±È¬±˝◊√√À¬ı±1 ¬ıÀάˇ± Ú±˜ ’±À˝√√±˜ ¬ı≈1?œÓ¬ øÓ¬˜±Â√± ¬ı± øά˜±Â√± fl¡Â√±1œ ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û ¬ı≈ø˘ ά◊À~‡ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛º Gait History of Assamº ¤øÓ¬˚˛± õ∂ùü ˝√√í˘ ñ ˝√√±ø1˚˛± ˜G˘ Œ˜‰¬ Œ¸˝◊√√ø‡øÚ ¸˜˚˛ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¡±—˙˝◊√√ Œfl¡±‰¬ Œ˜‰¬ ¬ı± fl¡Â√±1œ ¬¬ı≈ø˘ ¬ı± Œfl¡±‰¬ ¬ı≈ø˘ Œ·˝◊√√ÀȬ Δfl¡ÀÂ√ Ê√±ÀÚ±∑ ’±Ú˝√√±ÀÓ¬ ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û ¬Ûø1‰¬˚˛ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ¤˝◊√√ fl¡Ô± ά– ˘±Ô±˜1 ¬ı±1Ê√Ú Œ˜‰¬1 ˘·Ó¬ ˝√√±ø1˚˛±1 Ú±˜ fl¡íÓ¬∑ ˝√√±ø1˚˛±1 ¬ıMê√¬ı…˝◊√√ ¸˜Ô«Ú fl¡À1º ˘±Ô±˜1 ˜ÀÓ¬ ¬ıÀάˇ±, ·±À1±, Ú±˜ ¸—À˚±· fl¡ø1À˘ ŒÓ¬1Ê√Ú Œ˜‰¬ Ú˝√√í¬ı Ê√±ÀÚ±º Œfl¡±‰¬, ø¬ı˙±˘ ’±ø√ ¤Àfl¡ ˜”˘1 ¬Û1± ’±ø˝√√ÀÂ√ ’±1n∏ ›¬Û11 fl¡Ô±ø‡øÚÓ¬ ˝√√±ø1˚˛±fl¡ ¬ı±1Ê√Ú Œ˜‰¬1 ’Ó¬œÓ¬Ó¬ ¸fl¡À˘±Àª Œfl¡±‰¬Ú±À˜À1 ¬Ûø1ø‰¬Ó¬ ’±øÂ√˘º ˜≈‡œ˚˛±˘ ¬ı≈ø˘À˝√√ Œfl¡±ª± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√ Œ˜‰¬ ¬ı≈ø˘ Œfl¡±ª± Œ˝√√±ª± ’±Ú˝√√±ÀÓ¬ øfl¡Â≈√˜±Ú Ó¬Ô± fl¡øÔÓ¬ Œ˘‡Àfl¡ Ú±˝◊√√ ¤˝◊√√ fl¡Ô± ø√Ú1 Œ¬Û±˝√√11 √À1 ¶Û©Üº ˝√√±ø1˚˛±1 Œfl¡±‰¬ ¸±•⁄±Ê√…1 õ∂øӬᬱӬ±48 ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ ø¬ıù´ø¸—˝√√1 ø¬ÛÓ‘¬ ¬Û≈S ø¬ıù´ø¸—˝√√ ŒÓ¬›“1 ¬Û≈S Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ˝√√±ø1˚˛± ˜G˘fl¡ Œ˜‰¬ ¬ı≈ø˘ Δfl¡ U˘¶ö≥˘ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ ’±ø√Àfl¡ Òø1 ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ õ∂±˚˛À¬ı±1 ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸Àfl¡ Œé¬SÓ¬ ’¸˜ ¬ı≈1?œ1 Œ˘‡fl¡ Œ·˝◊√√Ȭ ‰¬±˝√√±À¬ı øfl¡ fl¡˚˛ Œfl¡±‰¬1Ê√± ¬ı≈ø˘ õ∂øӬᬱ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ŒÓ¬ÀÚÀé¬SÓ¬ ‰¬±›fl¡ ñThe progenitor of the koch king ÚÓ≈¬ÚÕfl¡ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛fl¡ ˝√√±ø1˚˛± Œ˜‰¬1 Ú±øÓ¬ was a Moch or koch – it is not certain ¬ı≈ø˘ ø˚¸fl¡˘ Œ˘‡Àfl¡ õ∂øӬᬱ fl¡ø1¬ı ‡≈øÊ√ÀÂ√ Œ¸˚˛± which named Harya Mandal a resident Œ˚ ¬ı±Ó≈¬˘Ó¬± ¤˝◊√√ fl¡Ô± øÚ(˚˛ ¸fl¡À˘±Àª ¬ı≈øÊ√ ¬Û±¬ıº of chiknagram, a village in the Œ¸˝◊√√√À1 ’±˚«… ¬ÛøGÓ¬¸fl¡À˘ øÓ¬¬ı3Ó¬¬ı˜«œ khuntaghat paragana of the Goalpara ˆ¬±¯∏œÀ˘±fl¡¸fl¡˘1 ¸˜±Ú Œ˜v26√ ¬ı≈ø˘ ά◊À~‡ fl¡1± District. He was recognized head of Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º Œfl¡øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı± ’±˚«¸fl¡À˘ ’Ú±˚« twelve leading families of Moches (or Œ˘±fl¡¸fl¡˘fl¡ √±Ú¬ı, ’¸≈1, √¸≈… ’øˆ¬Ò±À1 koches) living in the Paragana. ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ Œ‰¬ÀÚ˝√√œ Œ¬ı·À˜ ˝◊√√˚˛±1 ’Ú≈¬ı±√ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√ ¤˝◊√√√À1 ñ ’øÓ¬¬ı±ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√º ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ ¸—¶‘®Ó¬ Œ•°26√ Œfl¡±¸fl¡˘1 ¬Û”¬ı«¬Û≈1n∏¯∏ Œfl¡±‰¬ ŒÚ Œ˜‰¬ ’±øÂ√˘ Ê√Ú± ˙sÀȬ±1 õ∂±fl‘¡Ó¬ 1+¬Û ˝√√í˘ Œ˜±Â√± ¬ı± Œ˜‰¬º ˚±1 Ú±˚±˚˛º ŒÓ¬›“1 Ú±˜ ’±øÂ√˘ ˝√√±ø1˚˛± ˜G˘º ŒÓ¬›“1 ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ 1+¬Û Œ˜‰¬ ¬ı± Ê√±øÓ¬ ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û SÀ˚˛±√˙ ¬ı±¸¶ö±Ú ’±øÂ√˘ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú Œ·±ª±˘¬Û±1± øÊ√˘±1 ˙øÓ¬fl¡±1 ø˘‡øÚÓ¬À˝√√ ¬Û±˝◊√√ÀÂ√±º Ó¬±1 ¬Û”¬ı«Ó¬ Œ˜‰¬ ‡≈∞I◊±‚±È¬ ¬Û1·±Ì±1 ø‰¬fl¡Ì¢∂±˜º ¤˝◊√√ ¬Û1·Ú±Ó¬ ¬ı±¸ ˙sÀȬ± ¬Û±¬ıÕ˘ Ú±˝◊√√º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ Œ¸˝◊√√¸˜˚˛Ó¬ Œfl¡±‰¬, fl¡1± ¬ı±1Ȭ± Œ˜‰¬ [¬ı± Œfl¡±‰¬] ¬Ûø1˚˛±˘1 ŒÓ¬›“ Œ˜‰¬ ’±1n∏ ¸˜±ôL1±˘ˆ¬±Àª øÓ¬øÚȬ± Ê√±øÓ¬¸”‰¬fl¡ Ú±˜ ˜≈‡œ˚˛±˘ ’±øÂ√˘º ¬ı±fl¡…ÀȬ± Œ˙¯∏ Œ˝√√±ª±1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ ¤øȬ ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 Δ˝√√ÀÂ√º ŒÓ¬ÀÚÀé¬SÓ¬ Œ˜‰¬¸fl¡À˘ Œfl¡±‰¬ ¬ı≈ø˘ Ó¬1± ø‰¬˝ê ø√ Œ·˝◊√√Ȭ ‰¬±˝√√±À¬ı ¬ı±1Ê√Ú ˜≈‡œ˚˛±˘ ¬ı…øMê√1 Œfl¡±ª±1 ˚≈øMê√ fl¡íÓ¬∑ Ú±˜ ø√ÀÂ√ ¬Û±Ì¬ı1, ŒÙ¬À√˘±, ŒÙ¬√ÀÙ¬√±, ¬ı±Î¬ˇœ˝√√±Ú±, Œ˘‡fl¡1 ŒÙ¬±Ú ñ 9435029835
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√1 ¬Û”Ê√± 49 ά– ø¬ıÊ√˚˛ ˙˜«±
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49 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ø¸1±˝◊√√ ø¸1±˝◊√√ Ó¬5 1n∏øÒ1 õ∂¬ı±ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡ø1 Δ¸Ú… ¬Û”¬ı«¬Û≈1n∏¯∏1 √À1 1Ì ˚±S± fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ ’±1n∏ 1Ì ˚±S±1 ¸fl¡˘fl¡ ˚≈X1 ¬ı±À¬ı õ∂dÓ¬ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ¤ÀÚÒ1Ì1 ¬Û”À¬ı« √1-¬Û”Ê√± fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º 1Ì˚±S± ’õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ Δ˝√√ Δ¸Ú… ¸±˜ôLÀ1 ë˙øMê√˙±˘œ Œ˘±Àfl¡ fl¡±øÓ¬ ¬ı± ‰¬íÓ¬ ¬Û1±1 ˘À· ˘À· √1-¬Û”Ê√± ø¬ı˘≈ø51 ¬ÛÔÓ¬ ˜±˝√√Ó¬ ˙Sn∏1 Œ√˙Õ˘ ’øˆ¬˚±Ú fl¡1± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ ’±Ú ’±·¬ı±øϬˇÀÂ√ ˚ø√› ø¬ıÊ√˚˛± √˙˜œ1 ø√Ú± ˝√√±Î¬◊˘œ ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ Ú˝√√˚˛ºí Œ˜±˝√√Ú¬Û≈11 √1„√√œ 1Ê√±1 ¬ı—˙Ò1¸fl¡À˘ 1̉¬Gœ ¬Û”Ê√±1¬¡Z±1± Δ¸Ú… ¬Û”¬ı«¬Û≈1n∏¯∏¸fl¡˘1 ¬Û1•Û1± 1鬱 fl¡ø1 ¬Û1˜ Œ¸Ú±¬ÛøÓ¬¸fl¡À˘ Œ√ªœ1 ¬Û1± ˙øMê√ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡ø1 ˙Sn∏ ’±ôLø1fl¡Ó¬± ’±1n∏ |X±À1 √1¬Û”Ê√± fl¡ø1 ’±ø˝√√ÀÂ√º Δ¸Ú…1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ¸La±¸1 ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ ¬ı±À¬ı› ¤˝◊√√ Œfl¡±‰¬ 1Ê√±¸fl¡À˘ ¬Û”À¬ı« fl¡1± √1¬Û”Ê√±1 Δ¬ıø˙©Ü… ¬Û”Ê√±fl¡ √1 ¬Û”Ê√± Œ¬ı±˘± Δ˝√√øÂ√˘º ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú1 √1-¬Û”Ê√±Ó¬ ’¬ı…±˝√√Ó¬ ’ª¶ö±Ó¬ Ôfl¡± Ú±˝◊√√ ˜”1±À√›1 ˜øμ1Ó¬ ≈√‡Ú ¬ıø˘ fl¡È¬± √± ’±1n∏ ˚ø√› √˙˜œ-ø¬ıø˝√√Ó¬ ¬Û”Ê√± ¸˜±¬ÛÚ1 ¬ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ Œ√ªœfl¡ ¤‡Ú ø˙˘1 ˙±˘ ’±ÀÂ√º50 ¬ı˝√√±· ˜±˝√√1 õ∂Ô˜ ø√Ú± ø¬ı¸Ê«√Ú ø√˚˛±1 ’±·˜≈˝√√”Ó«¬Ó¬ ø¬ıøÒ¬Û”¬ı«fl¡ √1-¬Û”Ê√± ø˙˘1 ˙±˘‡Ú ¬Û±ÚœÀ1 Ò≈˝◊√√ ¬Ûø1©®±1 fl¡À1º √± ’Ú≈øá¬Ó¬ fl¡1± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º Ó¬±˝√√±øÚ ¤˝◊√√ ¬Û”Ê√±Ó¬ ˜í˝√√, Œfl¡˝◊√√‡ÀÚ± ¬Ûø1©®±1 fl¡ø1 Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ øÚ˚˛À˜À1 ¬Û”Ê√± Â√±·˘œ, ˝√√±“˝√√, ¬Û±1, ‰¬1±˝◊√√ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ¬ıø˘ ø√˚˛± Δ˝√√øÂ√˘º fl¡1±1 ¬Û1•Û1± ’Ò≈Ú±› õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬º √± ’±1n∏ ¬ıø˘ √1¬Û”Ê√±1 ά◊ÀV˙… ˙øMê√ ¸=˚˛º 1±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˙±˘1 ¤˝◊√√ ¬Û”Ê√±fl¡ √1 ¬Û”Ê√± Œ¬ı±À˘º ¬ı˝√√±·1 õ∂Ô˜ ¬Ûø1Àª˙ ¸˘øÚ Œ˝√√±ª±1 ˘À· ˘À· 1Ê√±‚11 ˙øMê√ ø√Ú±1 ¬Û1±˝◊√√ ά◊Mê√ ˜øμ1Ó¬ ¬ıø˘fl¡È¬± ’±1y ˝√√˚˛º ¸=˚˛1 õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛Ó¬± ŒÚ±À˝√√±ª± ˝√√í˘º ŒÓ¬ÀÚ ¬ıø˘1 1n∏øÒÀ1 ·±“ª1 ¸˜‘øX fl¡øϬˇ˚˛±˝◊√√ ’±ÀÚº ¬ıø˘ ’ª¶ö±Ó¬ √1 ¬Û”Ê√±1 &1n∏Q ˝}√√±¸ Œ¬Û±ª±ÀȬ± ø√›ÀÓ¬ ˚ø√ ¤Àfl¡ ‚±À¬Û ¬ıø˘ fl¡È¬± Ú±˚±˚˛ ¶§±ˆ¬±øªfl¡, Ó¬Ô±ø¬ÛÀÓ¬± Œ√ª-Œ√ªœfl¡ ¬Û”Ê√± ’‰«¬Ú± ŒÓ¬ÀÚ˝√√íÀ˘ 1±˝◊√√Ê√ ’Ô¬ı± Œ√ά◊1œ1 ’˜—·˘ fl¡À1±ÀÓ¬ √±˚˛-Œ√±¯∏ ˘·±1 ˆ¬˚˛Ó¬, ˘·ÀÓ¬ ¬Û”Ê√±1 øÚø(Ó¬º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ¬ıø˘ fl¡È¬± Ê√Ú Î¬◊¬Û¬ı±À¸ Ô±øfl¡ ¸±˜¢∂œ1 ˚±ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬˚˛ Úfl¡1±Õfl¡ ˚Ô±ø¬ıø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡±˚« qXø‰¬M√√ fl¡ø1À˝√√ ¬ıø˘fl¡È¬±Ó¬ õ∂¬ı‘M√√ ˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¸—·Ó¬ ¸•Û±√Ú fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±À1 Œ¸˝◊√√ ά◊ÀV˙… ˜≈1±À√› ¬ıø˘ fl¡È¬± √±-‡ÚÓ¬ ˙øMê√ ¸—À˚±· fl¡1± ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±Àª ˜øμ1Ó¬ ¤øÓ¬˚˛±› √1¬Û”Ê√± ¬Û1•Û1±·Ó¬ˆ¬±Àª õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ Δ˝√√ ¬ÛÀ1, fl¡±1Ì ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ’¬Û ’Ú≈øá¬Ó¬ Δ˝√√ ’±ø˝√√ÀÂ√º ˙øMê√À˚˛ √±‡Ú1 ˙øMê√ ¸—fl≈¡ø‰¬Ó¬ fl¡À1º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ø‰¬fl¡±1Ê√œªœ ’±ø√˜ ˜±Úª1 ‘√ø©ÜÓ¬ ø‰¬fl¡±11 √±‡Úfl¡ ˆ¬˚˛ 1ø˝√√Ó¬ ’Ô¬ı± ˙øMê√¬ı±Ú fl¡1±1 ά◊ÀVÀ˙… ¸“Ê≈√ø˘ ¸˜”˝√√ ’±øÂ√˘ ’¬ı…Ô« ˙øMê√1 ’±fl¡1º ø‰¬fl¡±1Õ˘ ¬ıÂ√11 õ∂Ô˜ ø√Ú±˝◊√√ √1¬Û”Ê√± ’Ú≈øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º Œ˚±ª±1 ’±·˜≈˝√√”Ó«¬Ó¬ Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸Ê≈√ø˘À¬ı±1fl¡ ¬Û”Ê√± fl¡ø1À˘ √1„√√œ 1±Ê√… ¬ı‘˝√√» Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√…1 ’—˙ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Ó¬±Ó¬ d¬Ûœfl‘¡Ó¬ Δ˝√√ ˙øMê√ Ê√±¢∂Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¤ÀÚ ¤È¬± ˚±≈√˜”˘fl¡ ˜±ÀÔ±Úº ø¬ıù´ø¸—˝√√1 ¬ı—À˙±æ”√Ó¬ 1Ê√±¸fl¡À˘ √1„√√œ ø¬ıù´±¸1 ’±Ò±1ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ Œ˚ √1 ¬Û”Ê√±1 ¬Û1•Û1±˝◊√√ Ê√ij ˘±ˆ¬ 1±Ê√…Ó¬ 1±Ê√Q fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ¤˝◊√√ 1Ê√± ¸fl¡À˘˝◊√√ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ Ó¬±Ó¬ ¸Àμ˝√√ Ú±˝◊√√º
50 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√
¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√1 ¸—¢∂±˜
51 ¬ı≈ÀXù´1 1±˚˛
˜Àe±˘œ˚˛ ΔÙ¬√1 ¬Û1± SêÀ˜ Ú·±, Œfl¡±‰¬, ’—˙Ó¬ ¶§±ÒœÚˆ¬±Àª ¬ı¸¬ı±¸ fl¡ø1 ’±øÂ√˘ ¬ı1±˝√√œ, øά√˜±‰¬±, ·±À1±, 1±ˆ¬±, ‰≈¬È¬œ˚˛±, ˆ¬≈øȬ˚˛±, ˘±˘≈— ¬ı± ˜1±Ì ’±1n∏ fl¡Â√±1œ Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬1 Œ˘±fl¡¸fl¡˘º øÓ¬ª±, ˝√√±Ê√—, øȬõ∂±, fl¡±Â√±1œ, ˜1±Ì, ˜È¬fl¡ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ¬ıËp¡¬Û≈S1 √øé¬Ì ¬Û±À1 fl¡˘— ’±1n∏ ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ ’=˘ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œÀ¬ı±11 ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œÀ¬ı±À1˝◊√√ Ó¬Ô± ÒÚø˙ø1 ά◊¬ÛÓ¬…fl¡±1 ¬Û1± ά◊M√√1 fl¡±Â√±1Õ˘ ά◊M√√1-¬Û”¬ı ˆ¬±1Ó¬1 ˆ¬”ø˜¬Û≈S Ó¬Ô± ø‡˘?œ˚˛±º ˚≈· øά˜±‰¬±, fl¡Â√±1œ¸fl¡À˘ 1±Ê√Q fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º fl¡Â√±1œ ’±1n∏ ¸˜˚˛1 ø¬ıªÓ«¬ÚÓ¬ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 ¬ı±ø˝√√À1› 1±Ê√…1 ¬Ûø(˜ ’±1n∏ ά◊M√√À1 ’±øÂ√˘ ˆ¬”¤û±¸fl¡˘º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ1 Œ˘±fl¡¸fl¡˘ ά◊M√√1-¬Û”¬ı ˆ¬±1Ó¬1 ¬ıËp¡¬Û≈S1 ά◊M√√1 ¬Û±À1 ¬˝√√±¬ı≈¬ı≈ ’±1n∏ √øé¬ÀÌ ø√À‡Ã õ∂Àª˙ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º Ó¬±À1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ ’©Ü˜ ˙øÓ¬fl¡±1 ˜≈‡ Ó¬Ô± ø˙˜˘≈&ø1Õ˘ ’±øÂ√˘ SÀ˚˛±√˙ ˙øÓ¬fl¡±1 ¬Û1± ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ fl¡±˘Ó¬ õ∂Àª˙ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ ’±˚«¸fl¡˘º õ∂Ô˜ √˙fl¡Ó¬ ¬ıËp¡¬Û≈S ά◊¬ÛÓ¬…fl¡±Ó¬ õ∂Àª˙ fl¡1± SÀ˚˛±√˙ ˙øÓ¬fl¡±Ó¬ õ∂Àª˙ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ SêÀ˜ ’±À˝√√±˜ ’±À˝√√±˜ ¸fl¡˘1 1±Ê√…º ¬Û1ªÓ«¬œ fl¡Â√±1œ, ¬ı1±˝√√œ, ’±1n∏ ˜≈Â√˘˜±Ú¸fl¡˘º ˜1±Ì, ‰≈¬È¬œ˚˛± 1±Ê√…1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ øȬ¬Ûø˜˚˛±, ‡±˜-Ê√±— ¤ÀÚ õ∂øSê˚˛±1 ˜±Ê√ÀÓ¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ê√±øÓ¬ ’±˝◊√√Ó¬±Ú¸fl¡˘ ’±À˝√√±˜ 1±Ê√…1 ’ÒœÚ ˝√√˚˛º ά◊¬Û-Ê√±øÓ¬ ¸Q±¸˜”À˝√√ ’‡G fl¡±˜1+¬Û 1±Ê√…1 ø¬ÛÂ√Õ˘ ¬Û”Àª ˙ø√˚˛±1 ¬Û1± ¬Ûø(À˜ fl¡˘— ΔÚÕ˘ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Í¬±˝◊√√Ó¬ 1±Ê√… õ∂øӬᬱ fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ õ∂˚˛±¸ fl¡ø1 ’±À˝√√±˜ 1±Ê√…1 ¸œ˜± øÚÌ«˚˛ ˝√√˚˛º ¸Ù¬˘ Δ˝√√øÂ√˘º Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸fl¡˘1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ ά◊À~‡À˚±·… Œ¸˝◊√√√À1 ¬Û”À¬ı fl¡˘— ΔÚ, ¬Ûø(À˜ Œfl¡±ø‰¬ ˝√√í˘ ŒÓ¬1˙ ˙øÓ¬fl¡±Ó¬ ’ø¬ıˆ¬Mê√ ’¸˜1 ¬Û”¬ı ø√À˙ ΔÚ, ά◊M√√À1 ø˝√√˜±˘˚˛1 ¬Û1± √øé¬ÀÌ Δ˜˜Úø¸—, Ó¬Ô± Œ¸±ªÌø˙ø11 ¬Û”Àª øά‰¬±„√√1 ’±À˙ ¬Û±À˙ 1—¬Û≈1 Ó¬Ô± ¬ıe¬Û¸±·1Õ˘ Ôfl¡± ø¬ı˙±˘ ˆ¬”- ‰≈¬È¬œ˚˛± ¸fl¡˘1 1±Ê√…º ˝◊√√˚˛±1 √øé¬Ì-¬Ûø(˜1 ¤È¬± ‡G‡ÀÚ˝◊√√ ’±øÂ√˘ ¸˜¢∂ ά◊M√√1 ¬Û”¬ı ˆ¬±1Ó¬1
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53 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ¸fl¡À˘±À1 ά◊ißøÓ¬1 ˝√√Àfl¡ fl¡±˜ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ’±À˝√√±˜ 1±˜ø¬ıÊ√˚˛ ڱȬ 1‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√…Õ˘ ø˚ 1±Ê√…, fl¡Â√±1œ 1±Ê√…, ‡±Â√œ 1±Ê√…, Ê√˚˛ôLœ˚˛± 1±Ê√…, ¸˜˚˛ÀÂ√±ª±Ó¬ ˙—fl¡1À√ª1 ’±·˜Ì Δ˝√√øÂ√˘ Œ¸˝◊√√ ¿˝√√A ¬ı± ø‰¬À˘È¬, ·±À1±, ˜ø̬Û≈1, øS¬Û≈1±, ¸˜˚˛ÀÂ√±ª±˝◊√√ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ˆ¬±¯∏±-¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ Δ˜˜Úø¸—, øά˜1œ˚˛± ’±ø√Àfl¡± ¬Û√±ÚÓ¬ fl¡ø1 ’‡G ’±1n∏ ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±1 ¸À¬ı3«±;˘ Œ¸±Ì±˘œ ’Ò…±˚˛º Œfl¡±‰¬ fl¡±˜1+¬Û ¤À˘fl¡± ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ ά◊X±1 fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ¸é¬˜ 1±Ê√…Ó¬ ≈√˝◊√√ √˙fl¡À1± ’øÒfl¡ fl¡±˘ ¤fl¡±Ò±À1 Δ˝√√øÂ√˘º ’øÓ¬¬ı±ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡1± ˙—fl¡1À√Àª ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ’±1n∏ Œfl¡ª˘ Œ¸˚˛±˝◊√√ Ú˝√√˚˛ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ’±øÂ√˘ ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬1 Ê√·Ó¬Ó¬ ø˚ Δ¬ı¯ûª ÚªÊ√±·1Ì ø¬ı:±Ú ’±1n∏ fl¡˘±1 ¬Û‘á¬À¬Û±¯∏fl¡º ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ ’±øÚøÂ√˘ Œ¸˚˛± ˜”˘Ó¬ ¸yª Δ˝√√øÂ√˘ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ’±1n∏ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ ¸˜¢∂ ˆ¬±1Ó¬1 ¬ÛøGÓ¬, Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì1 ¬ı±À¬ıº Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 fl¡ø¬ı, ¸—·œÓ¬:¸fl¡˘fl¡ 1±Ê√… ¸ˆ¬±Ó¬ ’±˜LaÌ fl¡ø1 ˙±¸Ú fl¡±˘ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ˆ¬±¯∏± ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ’±øÚ Î¬◊2‰¬±¸Ú ø√˚˛±˝◊√√ õ∂˜±Ì54 fl¡À1 Œ˚ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬À˚˛ ά◊2‰¬ ø˙‡1Ó¬ ’±À1±˝√√Ì fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º :±Ú ’±1n∏ fl¡˘±1 ¬Û‘á¬À¬Û±¯∏fl¡ ’±øÂ√˘º ø˚ ¸fl¡˘ ά◊À~‡À˚±·… Œ˚ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ ¬ÛøGÀÓ¬ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì1 1±Ê√ ¸ˆ¬±Ó¬ ά◊2‰¬±¸Ú ˙—fl¡1À√ªfl¡ ’±À˝√√±˜ 1Ê√± ’±1n∏ ¬¬ı˱p¡Ì ¬Û±˝◊√√øÂ√˘ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡ ˚Ô±SêÀ˜ 1±˜ ¸1¶§Ó¬œ, ¬ÛøGÓ¬¸fl¡˘1 Œfl¡±¬Û ‘√ø©Ü1 ¬Û1± 1é¬Ì±-Œ¬ıé¬Ì ø√ ’ÚôL fl¡μ˘œ, ¬Û≈1n∏À¯∏±M√√˜ ø¬ı√…±¬ı±ø·˙, Œ√¬ıÚ±Ô øÚ1±¬ÛM√√± õ∂√±Ú fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì1 1±Ê√ ͬ±fl≈¡1, ø¬ÛÓ¬±•§1 ø¸X±ôL ¬ı±·œ˙, fl¡Ì«¬Û≈1, ¿Ò1 ¸ˆ¬±Ó¬ ø˚¸fl¡˘ ¬ÛøGÀÓ¬ ’±¸Ú ¬Û±˝◊√√øÂ√˘ Δ√¬ı:, ¬ıfl≈¡˘ fl¡±˚˛¶ö, Œfl¡μ≈fl¡˘±˝◊√√ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º Œ¸˝◊√√¸fl¡˘1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ ˙—fl¡1À√ª1 ’±¸Ú ’±øÂ√˘ Œ¸˝◊√√¬ı±À¬ı Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì1 1±Ê√ ¸ˆ¬±‡Ú ø¬ıS꘱ø√Ó¬…1 ¸À¬ı«±2‰¬º Œfl¡±‰¬ 1Ê√± Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ ˚≈ª1±Ê√ 1±Ê√ ¸ˆ¬±1 ˘·Ó¬ Ó≈¬˘Ú± fl¡1± ˝√√˚˛º ά◊Mê√ ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ ˙—fl¡1 ˜±Òªfl¡ 1é¬Ì± Œ¬ıé¬Ì øÚø√˚˛± ¬ÛøGÓ¬¸fl¡À˘ 1‰¬Ú± fl¡1± ¢∂Lö¸˜”˝√√1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ ˝√√íÀ˘ ’±øÊ√1 ’¸˜Ó¬ ˙—fl¡1À√ª1 õ∂±¸—ø·fl¡Ó¬±˝◊√√ ά◊À~‡À˚±·… ¢∂Lö¸˜”˝√√ ˝√√í˘ SêÀ˜ õ∂˚˛±·1 1P˜±˘± Ú±Ô±øfl¡À˘À˝√√ÀÓ¬Úº ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬Û”À¬ı« ˙—fl¡1À√ª1 ’øÓ¬ ¬ı…±fl¡1Ì, ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±1Ó¬1 ’Ú≈¬ı±√, fl≈¡˘±‰¬˘ ¬ıÒ, ˜1˜1 ˆ¬Úœ ŒÊ√±ª±˝◊√√ ˝√√ø1fl¡ ’±À˝√√±˜ 1Ê√±˝◊√√ ¬ıfl¡±¸≈1 ¬ıÒ, ¬ı…±¸|˜, ’—fl¡, ˆ¬±·ªÓ¬ √˙˜ ¶§g, ø˙1À(√√ fl¡ø1 ˝√√Ó¬…± fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ˜±ÒªÀ√ª1 Δ¸ÀÓ¬ ¸Ó¬œ1 ‰¬ø1Sº Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√…Ó¬ Ôfl¡± ¸˜˚˛ÀÂ√±ª±Ó¬ ˝√√ø1fl¡ ’±À˝√√±˜ 1Ê√±˝◊√√ ¬ıμœ fl¡ø1 ¬ŒÛ±Ó¬±˙±˘Ó¬ ˜˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏¯∏ ˙—fl¡1ÀÀ√ª ’¸˜1 ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… fl¡˜«1±Ê√œ ¬1‡±1 ά◊¬Ûø1› ˝√√±Ó¬œ ¬Û˝√√1±1 fl¡±˜Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡fl ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º Œ¸˝◊√√À¬ı±1 ˝√í˘ ñ fl¡œÓ«¬Ú Œ‚±¯∏±, øÚÀ˚˛±øÊ√Ó¬¡ fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ fl≈¡F±À¬ı±Ò fl¡1± Ú±øÂ√˘º ¤È¬± 1n∏ø%Úœ1 Œõ∂˜ fl¡˘˝√√ ’±1n∏ ˆ¬‘&¬Û1œé¬±, ˆ¬±·ªÓ¬ ˝√√±Ó¬œ ¬Û˘±˝◊√√ Œ˚±ª±1 ’¬Û1±ÒÓ¬ ˝√√ø1fl¡ ø˙1À(√√ ’Ú±ø√¬ÛÓ¬Ú, ¬ıø˘‰¬˘Ú √˙˜, fl≈¡1n∏Àé¬S, fl‘¡¯û fl¡1± Δ˝√√øÂ√˘º ŒÓ¬ÀÚ ¤fl¡ ˜≈˝√√”Ó«¬Ó¬ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ ¬õ∂˚˛±Ì, ¬Û±Gª-øÚÊ«√Ú, ø¸X-¸•§±√, ά◊M√√1±fl¡±G ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√…Ó¬ ˙—fl¡1-˜±Òªfl¡ 1é¬Ì± 1±˜±˚˛Ì, ˆ¬øMê√1 ’±fl¡1, fl¡±ø˘˚˛± √˜Ú ڱȬ, Œ¬ıé¬Ì ø√ ¸±ø˝√Ó¬… ’±1n∏ ÚªÕ¬ı¯ûª Ò˜« õ∂‰¬±1Ó¬ fl‘¡¯û&̘±˘±, ¸œÓ¬± ¸˚˛•§1, ¬ı1·œÓ¬, ˆ¬øȬ˜± ά◊»¸±˝√√ Œ˚±·±˝◊√√øÂ√˘º ¤ÀÚ Œõ∂鬱¬ÛȬӬ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ’Ú≈À1±ÒÓ¬ ˙—fl¡1À√Àª ’±1n∏ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛1 ’ª√±Ú ’¸˜Ó¬ øfl¡˜±Ú Ó¬±1
54 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ˜”˘…±˚˛Ú fl¡1± ’¸˜1 ¬ÛøGÓ¬, ¬ı≈øXÊ√œªœ ’±1n∏ ’±øÂ√˘º Ó¬±˝√√±øÚ1 ˚≈·ÀÓ¬ ŒÓ¬›“ ‰¬1±˝◊√√ ø‰¬ø1fl¡øÓ¬, 1±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡1 ’±øÊ√ ¸˜˚˛ Ú±˝◊√√º Ê√œ√ª-Ê√cÀ¬ı±11 1鬱ÀÔ« Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√…1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬±Ô«Ó¬ ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ¤Ê√Ú Ò˜« øÚ1À¬Ûé¬ ¶ö±ÚÓ¬ ¬Ûq ø‰¬øfl¡»¸±˘˚˛ øÚ˜«±Ì fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ¬ı…øMê√ ’±øÂ√˘º 1565 ‡Ëœ©Ü±sÓ¬ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì1 õ∂±fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡ ˆ¬±1¸±˜… Ó¬Ô± ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ά◊ißøÓ¬ fl¡Àä øÚÀ«√˙ ’Ú≈¸ø1 ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ fl¡±˜±‡…± ˜øμ1 ¬Û≈Ú– Œ‡øÓ¬˚˛fl¡ ¸fl¡˘fl¡ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ù¬˘-˜”˘1 ¬ı‘é¬À1±¬ÛÌ øÚ˜«±Ì fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ø¬ıù´ø¸—˝√√˝◊√√ øÚ˜«±Ì fl¡1± ’±1n∏ fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ά◊√·øÚ ø˚˛±1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ øÚÊ√ 1±Ê√…1 Œ·Ãάˇ Œ√˙1 Œ¸Ú±¬ÛøÓ¬ fl¡±˘±¬Û±˝√√±À1 ˆ¬„√√±˝◊√√ ø√˚˛± ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Í¬±˝◊√√Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ fl¡±˚«… øÚÀÊ√ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º fl¡±˜±‡…± ˜øμ1ÀȬ± ¬Û≈Ú– øÚ˜«±Ì1 Œé¬SÓ¬ Ó¬±À1±¬Ûø1 ¬ı≈øX˜±Ú ¬ÛøGÓ¬¸fl¡˘1 ¬ı±À¬ı› ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ 1±Ê√… Ê√˚˛ fl¡ø1 ¬Û1±øÊ√Ó¬ 1Ê√±¸fl¡˘1 ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ ¬ı‘øM√√1 ¬ı…ª¶ö± fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ŒÓ¬›“ ˚≈X ¬Û1± õ∂±5 ά◊¬Û˝√√±1 ’±1n∏ Œ¸±Ì1 ˜≈^±À¬ı±1 øÚÊ√1 ¬ıμœ¸fl¡˘fl¡ ˆ¬”ø˜√±Ú ’±1n∏ ’Ú…±Ú… ¸•ÛøM√√ ø√ Œˆ¬±·¡ ø¬ı˘±¸Ó¬ ‡1‰¬ Úfl¡ø155 fl¡±˜±‡…± ˜øμ1ÀȬ± ¸≈μ1 Ê√œªÚ ˚±¬ÛÚ fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ¸—¶ö±¬ÛÚ ø√øÂ√˘º øÚ˜«±Ì1 ¬ı±À¬ı ‡1‰¬ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º fl¡±˜±‡…± ˜øμ1ÀȬ± ˝√√±ÀÊ√± ’=˘1 Ê√Ú¸±Ò±1Ì1 ˜—·˘±ÀÔ« ŒÓ¬›“ øÚÊ√ øÚ˜«±Ì1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¤fl¡±Ò±À1 ¬ı±1 ¬ıÂ√1 ¸˜˚˛ ˘±ø·øÂ√˘º Δ¸Ú…1 ¡Z±1± ¬ıËp¡¬Û≈S1 ·øÓ¬ ¬ÛÔÀfl¡˝◊√√ ¸˘øÚ fl¡ø1 ’±øÊ√ Œ¸˝◊√√ fl¡±˜±‡…± ˜øμ1ÀȬ± ’¸˜1 ¤È¬± ø√øÂ√˘º ˚±fl¡ ’±øÊ√› ‡·«-Œ¶⁄±Ó¬ Ú±À˜À1 Ê√Ú±Ê√±Ó¬º ’±ôLÊ«√±øÓ¬fl¡ ¸•Û√º ¸˜¢∂ ø¬ıù´1 ˜±Ú≈À˝√√ ’±øÊ√ ά◊À~‡À˚±·… Œ˚ ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ ¸±Ò±1Ì õ∂Ê√±¸fl¡˘fl¡ fl¡±˜±‡…± ˜øμ1 √˙«Ú1 ¬ı±À¬ı ά◊¡Z±Î¬◊˘º ˜øμ1ÀȬ± ø˙鬱 :±Ú ‰¬‰«¬± fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ¸√±˚˛ ά◊√·øÚ Ê√·±˝◊√√øÂ√˘º ˙«Ú fl¡ø1 øÚÊ√Àfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ıS fl¡1±1 ’±fl¡±—鬱 ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì ’±1n∏ ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ ’Ú≈Ò±ªÚ ’±øÊ√› ø¬ı√…˜±Ú ¸˜¢∂ ø¬ıù´ ˜±Úª1º Œfl¡ª˘ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ Œ˚ 1±Ê√ ¸ˆ¬±1 ¬ÛøGÓ¬¸fl¡À˘ ¸—¶‘®Ó¬ fl¡±˜±‡…± ˜øμ1ÀȬ±Àfl¡ ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ øÚ˜«±Ì fl¡1± ˆ¬±¯∏±À1 ø˙øé¬Ó¬ Ó¬Ô± ¬ÛøGÓ¬ ’±øÂ√˘º ŒÓ¬›“À˘±Àfl¡ Ú±øÂ√˘º ŒÓ¬›“ ’Ú…±Ú… ˜øμ1 øÚ˜«±Ì fl¡1±1 ¸—¶‘®Ó¬ ˆ¬±¯∏±1 ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… 1‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1À˘ ¸¬ı«¸±Ò±1ÀÌ Î¬◊¬Ûø1› Œ·±˘fl¡·?1 Â√S˙±˘Ó¬ Ôfl¡± 1±˜1±˚˛ ¤Àfl¡± ¬ı≈øÊ√ Ú±¬Û±˚˛º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡ ø˙鬱 fl≈¡øͬ ¸S‡Ú øÚ˜«±Ì fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º Ó¬±1ά◊¬Ûø1 ’±1n∏ :±Ú ‰¬‰«¬±1 ¬Û1± ¸•Û”Ì« ¬ıø=Ó¬º Œ¸À˚˛À˝√√ ˙—fl¡1À√ªfl¡ √±˝√√Ú fl¡1± ¶ö±Ú Ó¬Ô± Œfl¡±‰¬ø¬ı˝√√±1 ¬ÛøGÓ¬¸fl¡˘fl¡ ¸—¶‘®Ó¬1 ¸˘øÚ ¸±Ò±1Ì õ∂Ê√±1 Ó¬1Â√± ΔÚ1 ¬Û±1Ó¬ Ôfl¡± Œˆ¬˘±√±—·± ¸S ‡ÀÚ± ˆ¬±¯∏±Ó¬ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ¬Û1±˜˙« ø√øÂ√˘º Œ¸˝◊√√ ø‰¬˘±1±À˚˛ øÚ˜«±Ì fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º Œfl¡±‰¬ 1Ê√±1 1±Ê√Q1 ˆ¬±¯∏± ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…˝◊√√ Ó¬Ô±fl¡øÔÓ¬ ¬ÛøGÓ¬¸fl¡˘1 ˜ÀÓ¬ ¸˜˚˛À‰¬±ª±Ó¬ Œfl¡±‰¬, fl¡Â√±1œ, ¬ı˱p¡Ì, Δ√¬ı:, q^, õ∂±‰¬œÚ ’¸˜œ˚˛± ˆ¬±¯∏± ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…1 øÚ√˙«Úº Δ¬ı˙… Ê√±Ó¬, ¬Û±Ó¬1, Œˆ¬√±Àˆ¬√ ¬Ûø1˝√√±1 fl¡ø1 õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬±Ô«Ó¬ Œ¸˝◊√√ ˆ¬±¯∏± ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…˝◊√√ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ ˆ¬±¯∏± ¤Àfl¡˘À· ¬ı¸¬ı±¸ fl¡1±1 ¬Ûø1Àª˙ ’±øÂ√˘º ¸˜±Ê√ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…º ’Ô«±» 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ ˆ¬±¯∏± ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…˝◊√√ ’¸˜œ˚˛± fl¡˜«œ ø˝√√‰¬±À¬Û› ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ ¤Ê√Ú ˜˝√√±Ú ¬ı…øMê√ ˆ¬±¯∏±1 ˜”˘ Œˆ¬øȬº
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ø‰¬√˘œ ˆ¬”Ȭ±Ú 1±Ê√…1 Ú±˜øÚ1 ¤‡Ú ’e 1±Ê√… [ø¬ıÊ√˚˛¬Û≈1n∏¯∏] ø‰¬√˘œ 1±Ê√…1 1Ê√± ˝√√˚˛º 1±Ê√Ò±Úœ ¬Û±ÀÓ¬ ’±øÂ√˘º ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì1 ø¬ı˙±˘ Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√… ø‰¬fl¡Ì±Á¡±1Ó¬º ø‰¬fl¡Ì±Á¡±1Ó¬ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ø‰¬√˘œ1 ¬Ûø(˜Ó¬ ˜≈Â√˘˜±Ú1 ¡Z±1± ’±Sê±ôL Œ˝√√±ª±1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ 1±Ê√…Ó¬ 40˚45 øfl¡– ø˜– ”√1Ó¬ ˆ¬”Ȭ±Ú1 Œ·À˘—Ù≈¬1 ›‰¬1Ó¬ ¤fl¡õ∂fl¡±1 ø¬ı˙‘∫˘1 ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛º Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸˜˚˛ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬œ˜± Á¡±1øÚ1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬º ¬Û±È¬ø·ø1 Ú±˜1 ¤Ê√Ú ˙øMê√˙±˘œ Œfl¡±‰¬ ˜±Ú≈À˝√√ Œ¸˝◊√√ ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ ø‰¬fl¡Ì Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ Ó¬˘Ó¬ ¸≈À˚±·ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬œ˜ ø¸— Ú±˜ ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡ø1 ˆ¬”Ȭ±Ú 1±Ê√…1 ø˘‡± ø‰¬√˘œ 1±Ê√…1 1Ê√±¸fl¡À˘ 1±Ê√Q fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ ñ ˙±¸Úfl¡Ó«¬± Œ√ª1±Ê√1 ¸˝√√±˚˛Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ 1±Ê√…‡Ú ¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¡À1º ˜˝√√±1Ê√± ¸…±˜fl¡ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª, ø¬ıù´ ø¸—˝√√ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª, ¤˝◊√√ ˆ¬œ˜ ø¸— ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ ø¬ıù´ ø¸—˝√√¡1 ø¬ı˜±Ó‘¬ ˝√√œ1± Œ√ªœ1 ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ ¸˜≈^ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª, ˆ¬”Ê√… Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª, ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ ¬ı—˙1 ¬ı≈ø˘ Ê√Ú±Ê√±Ó¬º ˆ¬œ˜ ø¸—˝√√˝◊√√ Úª ”√·«±1 ¬Û”Ê√±- ø˙y≈ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª, ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ ˜˝√√» Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª, ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ ¬Û±Ó¬˘ fl¡ø1øÂ√˘º ¤˝◊√√ Úª-”√·«±1 ˙øMê√ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ fl¡øÔÓ¬ ¸≈μ1 Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª, ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ ˘é¬œ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª, ’±ÀÂ√ Œ˚, ˚ø√ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ˆ¬Mê√˝◊√√ øÚᬱ ’±1n∏ ˆ¬øMê√À1 Œ√ªœ1 ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ ά◊√˚˛ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª, ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ ¸”˚«… Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ªº ›‰¬1Ó¬ õ∂±Ô«Ú± fl¡À1, ŒÓ¬ÀôL Œ√ªœÀ˚˛ Ó¬±1 ˜Ú¶®±˜Ú± ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ ¸”˚« Ú±1±˚˛ÀÌ ø¬ıÊ√Úœ1 1±Ê√fl¡Ú…± ‰¬Àfù´1œfl¡ ¬Û”Ì« fl¡À1º ˆ¬œ˜ ø¸—˝√√˝◊√√ 1±Ê√… ¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¡1±1 ¸øͬfl¡ ‰¬Ú- ø¬ı˚˛± fl¡1±˝◊√√øÂ√˘ [’±Ú ¤È¬± Ú±˜ &À^ù´1œ] ’±1n∏ Ó¬±ø1‡ Ê√Ú± Ú±˚±˚˛ ˚ø√› ’Ú≈˜±øÚfl¡ fl¡˜Ó¬± 1±Ê√…1 ˜˝√√±1±Ê√1 ˜‘Ó≈¬…1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ 1±ÌœÀ˚˛ 1±Ê√…1 ˙±¸Úˆ¬±1 ¢∂˝√√Ì ¸˜¸±˜ø˚˛fl¡ ˝√√í¬ıº ˆ¬œ˜ ø¸—˝√√1 ¬ı—˙1 1Ê√±¸fl¡˘1 fl¡À1 ø‰¬√˘œ 1±Ê√…1º ¤›“1 1±Ê√Q1 ¸˜˚˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬«√±1 ’±1n∏ 1±Ê√Qfl¡±˘ ¬ÛÓ¬Ú Œ˝√√±ª±1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬, ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ¬ı—˙1 ≈√ÒÚ±À‡±ª± Ú±À˜À1 ≈√Ê√Ú ø¬ıù´±¸-‚±Ó¬fl¡À˘±Àfl¡ ’±ø√¬Û≈1n∏¯∏ ø‰¬fl¡Ì Ú±1±˚˛Ì Ú±˜1 ¤Ê√Ú é¬˜Ó¬±øõ∂˚˛ ˆ¬”øȬ˚˛±¸fl¡˘1 ˘·Ó¬ ¯∏άˇ˚La fl¡ø1 ø‰¬√˘œ 1±Ê√… ˝√√ô¶·Ó¬ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ ˜±Ú≈À˝√√ ¸±Ò±1Ì ’ª¶ö±1 ¬Û1± Ú-1Ê√±1 fl¡1±1 Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À1º Œ¸˝◊√√ ¯∏άˇ˚LaÓ¬ ˜˝√√±1±Ìœ &À^ù´1œÀ˚˛ Œ|̜Ӭ ά◊Àͬ ’±1n∏ ø‰¬fl¡Ì Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª Ú±˜ Δ˘ õ∂øÓ¬:± fl¡À1 Œ˚ ŒÓ¬›“ ø¬ıù´±¸‚±Ó¬fl¡ ≈√·1±fl¡œ1 ˜”1
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61 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ¸—1é¬Ì±ÒœÚ 1Ê√± ˝√√˚˛º ŒÓ¬›“ ’±Ê√˜œ1Ó¬ ø˙鬱 ¢∂˝√√Ì ¸±Ó¬È¬± ‡G ’±ÀÂ√º fl¡ø1 ’±øÂ√˘ ’±1n∏ ά◊ˆ¬øÓ¬ ’±ø˝√√ ø‰¬√˘œ 1±Ê√…1 ¸±˜±Ú… õ∂Ô˜ ‡G ø‰¬√˘œ – ñ ’±È≈¬·±“›, ŒÈ¬e±˝◊√√·±“›, ά±—Ó¬˘ ’—˙À˝√√ ‚”1±˝◊√√ ¬Û±˚˛º ˜˝√√±1±Ê√± ø¬ı¯≈û Ú±1±˚˛Ì1 ≈√·1±fl¡œ ’±1n∏ ø¬ı√…±¬Û≈1 ’=˘ 1±Ìœ ’±øÂ√˘º ≈√À¬ı«ù´1œ ’±1n∏ ¬ÛÀΩù´1œº 1±Ìœ ≈√À¬ı«ù´1œ1 ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ‡G ø‰¬√˘œ – ñ Ó¬±fl¡Ó¬±1±, Î≈¬˘œ·±“›, ¬Û≈ÀÓ¬fl¡ ˜˝√√±1Ê√± ’ˆ¬˚˛ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª1 Ê√ij 1290 ‰¬ÚÓ¬ Ϭ±˘œ·±“› ’±1n∏ fl≈¡fl≈¡1˜±1œ ’=˘º Ú˜˘¬Û≈1 1±Ê√ұڜӬº ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ ’ˆ¬˚˛ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ªÀ1± Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ‡G ø‰¬√˘œ ¬Û”¬ı3«±—˙ – ñ ø‰¬√˘œ Œ¬ı—Ó¬˘, ≈√·1±fl¡œ 1±Ìœ ’±øÂ√˘º ¬ıÚ˘Ó¬± Œ√ªœ ’±1n∏ 1±Ìœ ¬ı±1œ·±1± ’±1n∏ ˝√√±¶⁄±›¬ı±1œ ’=˘º ≈√À·«ù´1œ Œ√ªœº Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª1 ˜‘Ó≈¬… ˝√√˚˛ 1370 ‰¬ÚÓ¬º ‰¬Ó≈¬Ô« ‡G ø‰¬√˘œ ¬Ûø(˜±—˙ – fl¡±˙œfl¡È¬1±, ·1n∏ˆ¬±¯∏±, ’ˆ¬˚˛ Ú±1±˚˛Ì1 ¬Û≈S 1±Ê√± ’øÊ√Ó¬ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª ’±1n∏ ˝◊√√øÂ√˘±‡±Ó¬± ’±1n∏ 1n∏Ìœ‡±Ó¬± ’=˘º fl≈¡˜±1 Δ˙À˘f Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ªº 1±Ê√± ’øÊ√Ó¬ Ú±1±˚˛Ì ¬Û=˜ ‡G ø‰¬√˘œ – fl¡±øϬˇ·±“›, ¬ı±˘±Ê√±Ú ’±1n∏ Œ√Àª ¬Û±È¬Ú±1 ¬ı±fl¡œ¬Û≈1 øõ∂k62 fl¡À˘Ê√1 ¬Û1± ø˙鬱 ˘±ˆ¬ ¬Û±È¬·±›“ ’=˘º fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ ’±1n∏ ¤˜ ¤ ø¬ı ¤˘ øά¢∂œÒ±1œ 1Ê√± ’±øÂ√˘º ¯∏ᬠ‡G ø‰¬√˘œ – Œ¸1Ù¬±—&1œ ’±1n∏ 1±˜Ù¬˘ø¬ı˘ ø‰¬√˘œ 1±Ê√…1 1Ê√± ’øÊ√Ó¬ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√Àª˝◊√√ Œ˙¯∏ 1Ê√±º ’=˘º ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ ø¬ı¯≈û Ú±1±˚˛ÀÌ Ú˜˘¬Û≈1Ó¬ 1±Ê√Ò±Úœ Ôfl¡±ÀȬ± ¸5˜ ‡G ø‰¬√˘œ – ¬Û±È¬±fl¡±È¬± ’=˘º øÚ1±¬Û√ ŒÚÀ√ø‡ ø¬ı√…±¬Û≈11 ‰¬•Û± Ú√œ1 fl¡±¯∏Ó¬ Ôfl¡± 1952 ˝◊√√— ‰¬ÚÓ¬ 1±Ê√± ’øÊ√Ó¬ Ú±1±˚˛Ì ø¬ı¯≈û¬Û≈1 Ú±˜1 ͬ±˝◊√√Õ˘ 1±Ê√Ò±Úœ ¶ö±Ú±ôLø1Ó¬ fl¡À1º ¤˝◊√√ Œ√ª ø¬ı˘±¸œ¬Û±1± ø¬ıÒ±Ú ¸ˆ¬±1 ¸˜ø©Ü1 ¬Û1± ø¬ı¯≈û¬Û≈À1˝◊√√ ø¬ÛÂ√Õ˘ ø¬ı√…±¬Û≈1 Ú±˜ ¬Û±˚˛º ¬ı‘øȬÂ√1 ’ÒœÚÓ¬ ø¬ıÒ±˚˛fl¡ øÚ¬ı«±ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ’±1n∏ ø¬ı√…±¬Û≈1 1±Ê√¬ı±1œÓ¬ ˜˝√√±1±Ê√¬ ø¬ı¯≈û Ú±1±˚˛ÀÌ ø‰¬√˘œ 1±Ê√…1 1Ê√± ø˝√√‰¬±À¬ı Œ©ÜȬ1 õ∂Ò±Ú fl¡±˚«±˘˚˛ ¬Û±øÓ¬ Œ√ª±Ú ¬ı±˝√√±≈√11 ¡Z±1± ˙±¸Ú fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ¸ijÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ı√…±¬Û≈1 1±Ê√…‰¬˘±˚˛º ’=˘ ’Ȭ¬ı… ˝√√±ø¬ı-¬ıÚøÚÀ1 ˆ¬1¬Û≈1 ’±øÂ√˘º õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬1 ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ø‰¬√˘œ ’øÙ¬‰¬, Ô±Ú±, ά±Mê√1‡±Ú±, 1˜…ˆ¬”ø˜ ¤˝◊√√ ’1Ì… ’=˘Ó¬ ¬ıUø¬ıÒ ¬ıÚ…õ∂±ÌœÀ˚˛ ¬ıvfl¡ ’øÙ¬‰¬, ά±fl¡ ¬ı„√√˘± ’±ø√ Ú˜˘¬Û≈1 1±Ê√˝√√ ·±“ªÓ¬ ˜≈Mê√ˆ¬±Àª ø¬ı‰¬1Ì fl¡ø1øÂ√˘ Ê√Ú¬ı¸øÓ¬ ’±øÂ√˘ ’øÓ¬ ’ªø¶öÓ¬º ø‰¬√˘œ ά±fl¡¬ı„√√˘±1 √øé¬ÀÌ Œ¸À1„√√±º ¤fl¡±˘1 ø¬ı‡…±Ó¬ fl¡±Úœˆ¬”1 ά◊¬ÛÕÚ ˆ¬”Ȭ±Ú1 Ú˘¬ı±1œ·±“›‡ÀÚ˝◊√√ ø‰¬√˘œ 1±Ê√˝√√ ·±“›º 31 Ú— ¬Û1± ›˘±˝◊√√ ’±ø˝√√ ø‰¬√˘œ 1±Ê√…1 ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ 1±Ê√Ò±Úœ 1±©Ü™œ˚˛ ¬ÛÔÀȬ±Àª ’±øÂ√˘ Œfl¡±‰¬ 1Ê√± ˜˝√√±1±Ê√ Ú˜˘¬Û≈11 [ø‰¬√˘œ] fl¡±À¯∏À1 Δ¬ı ’±ø˝√√ ˝◊√√˚˛±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ Ú1Ú±1±˚˛Ì1 ˆ¬±˝◊√√ Œ·“±˝√√±˝◊√√fl¡˜À˘ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡1± ‰¬•Û±ªÓ¬œ Ú√œ1 ˘·Ó¬ ø˜ø˘ÀÂ√º ›‰¬1ÀÓ¬ Ôfl¡± ˘±Í¬1œ 댷“±˝√√±˝◊√√ fl¡˜˘ ’±˘œºí ¤˝◊√√ ¬ÛÔÀȬ± Œfl¡±‰¬ø¬ı˝√√±11 ¬Û±˝√√±À1 ͬ±˝◊√√‡Ú1 Œ¸Ãμ˚« ¬ıϬˇ±˝◊√√ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ ¬Û±˝√√±1Ó¬ ¬Û1± ά◊M√√1 ˘é¬œ˜¬Û≈1Õ˘ 500 øfl¡– ø˜– √œ‚˘º Œ˘—øȬ˚˛±1œ ˜±1 Ô±Ú ’±ÀÂ√º ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú1 ø‰¬1˘œ 31 Ú— 1±©Ü™œ˚˛ ¬ÛÔ1 ¬ı±Â√ Œ©ÜG1 1±Ê√± ’øÊ√Ó¬ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√Àª ¬Û±È¬Ú±1 ¬Û1± ͬ±˝◊√√ø‡øÚÀÓ¬ ø‰¬√˘œ 1±Ê√…1 1±Ê√Ò±Úœ1 ‚1-≈√ª±1 ø˙鬱 ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡ø1 ’±ø˝√√ 1948 ˝◊√√— ‰¬ÚÓ¬ ø‰¬√˘œ 1±Ê√…1 ’±øÂ√˘º 1±Ê√Ò±Úœ1 ¬Û”¬ıø¬ÛÀÚ fl¡±Úœˆ¬”1 ά◊¬ÛÕÚ 1Ê√± ˝√√˚˛º ˜±^±Â√1 ø¬Ûͬ±¬Û≈1˜ ˜˝√√±1±Ê√1 fl¡Ú…± 1±Ê√fl≈¡˜±1œ ¬Ûø(˜ø¬ÛÀÚ ¬ıSê Ú±˜1 ¤‡Ú ¸1n∏ ΔÚº ˜?≈˘± Œ√ªœfl¡ ø¬ı˚˛± fl¡1±˚˛º ’±1n∏ ø‰¬√˘œ Œ©ÜȬ1 1±Ê√± ’øÊ√Ó¬ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√Àª øÚÊ√ 1±Ê√… ˙±¸Úˆ¬±1 ¬ı‘øȬÂ√ ·ˆ¬Ì«À˜∞I◊1 ¬Û1± Δ˘ ¬ı‘øȬÂ√1 Ó¬˘Ó¬ Œfl¡˝◊√√¬ıÂ√1˜±Ú ‰¬À˘±ª±1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ ˆ¬±1Ó¬ ‰¬1fl¡±À1 øÚÊ√ Œ©ÜȬ‡Ú ‰¬˘±¬ıÕ˘ ˘˚˛ 1952 ˝◊√√—Ó¬º ø‰¬√˘œ Œ©ÜȬ1 ø‰¬√˘œ 1±Ê√… ¬Û≈Ú1 ’øÒ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À1º 62 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√
Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ‹øÓ¬˝√√…-Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ ¸±Ê√À¬Û±¸±fl¡ ¶ö±Ú, fl¡±˘, ¬Û±S Œˆ¬À√ Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ Ú±1œ ’±1í63 ¬Û≈1n∏À¯∏1 ¸±Ê√ Œ¬Û±¸±fl¡ ’øÚ˘ fl≈¡˜±1 ¬ı˜«Ú
Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ‹øÓ¬˝√√… – Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ˜±ÀÚ ¬ıÀÚ ’±ÀÂ√º ’±¸À˘ Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü… øÔ1±— fl¡1±È¬± Ê√—‚À˘ ¬ı±¸ fl¡1± Ú±¬ı≈Ê√±˚˛º ˆ¬±1ÀÓ¬1 ’ÀÚfl¡ ≈√¶®1 fl¡±˚«…º Ó¬¬ı≈› fl¡À˚˛fl¡ &˘±Ú Δ¬ıø˙©Üfl¡ Œ˜±È¬± Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Œ˘±fl¡ ¬ı±Ú-¬ı± Ê√—‚˘Ó¬ ¬ı±¸ Ú±fl¡À1º ˜≈øȬ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬1 ˘é¬Ú øÚ1n∏¬ÛÌ fl¡˝◊√√1ÀÂ√º ˝◊√√—1±Ê√œÓ¬ (Tribe) ¬∏C±˝◊√√¬ı ˙s1 Ô±øfl¡ ëÊ√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬í [1] Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ Œ˘±Àfl¡1 Œ·±È¬ ˆ¬≈Mê√ ˜±Úø¯∏ ˙s ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡1± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√º Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬1 ¬ı≈…»¬ÛøM√√·Ó¬ ø·˘±ÀÚ1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ¬Û1¶Û1 øÚˆ¬«1˙œ˘Ó¬± ’À¬Û鬱fl‘¡Ó¬ ’Ô«fl¡ Œˆ¬√ ˆ¬±„√√±˝◊√√À˘ ¤˝◊√√Ȭ± ˝◊√√—1±Ê√œ ¬∏C±˝◊√√¬ı¬˙s1 ¤Àfl¡ fl¡˜º ’Ú… ¬Û±Àfl¡ Ê√±øÓ¬-ˆ¬”Mê√ Œ˘±Àfl¡1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ ’Ô«õ∂fl¡±˙ Ú±¬Û±˚˛º Ó¬¬ı≈› ’¸˜œ˚˛± ˆ¬±¯∏±1 ˙Às1 ¬Û1¶Û1 øÚˆ¬«1˙œ˘Ó¬± ά◊¸±1 øÚÓ¬… fl¡±˚«…¬ı˘œÓ¬ ’ˆ¬±ª Ê√øÚÓ¬ fl¡±1ÚÓ¬ ¬∏C±˝◊√√¬ı ˙s1 õ∂øÓ¬˙s ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ¬Û√ø˙«Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬ ˙s ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 ˝√√˚˛± ’±¸ÀÂ√º ¤˘± Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬ [2] ø¬ıø˙©Ü ¤Àfl¡±È¬± Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬ ¬ı± (Tribe) ¬∏C±˝◊√√¬ı øfl¡∑ ¬ıÀÚ Ê√—‚À˘ ¬ı±¸fl¡1±À1± ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ˆ¬±Àª ¬Û±Â√ ¬Û1±, ’Ú…fl¡Ô±Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬1 fl≈¡ÀÚ± ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Q Ú±˝√√˚˛º Δ˝√√À˘ Œ¬ÛÃ1±øÚfl¡ Œ˘±fl¡ø·˘±Ú ¬ı±Ê√±1˜≈‡œ ÒÚ ø¬ıøÚ˜À˚˛1 ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ’±ø√˜ Ò˜« ø¬ıù´±¸œ &˘±Ú ¬ı± Œõ∂Ó¬ ¬Û”Ê√fl¡ ¬ı± Ú±fl¡À1º ø˙鬱1 ’ˆ¬±ªÓ¬ õ∂±fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡ ¸•Û√ø·˘±Ú ŒÈ¬ÃÀȬø˜ø©Üfl¡ &˘±Ú Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬ Ú±øfl¡∑ ‡‰ƒ¬À1˚˛± ¸—¢∂À˝√√1 fl≈¡ÀÚ± Δ¬ı:±øÚfl¡ õ∂Ô±1 Œ˜±ÀȬ˝◊√√ ø·˚˛±Ú ‰¬±˝◊√√À˘ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ ˆ¬±1Ó¬ ¬ı¯∏«Ó¬ Ú±Ú±Ú ˆ¬”Ó¬-Œõ∂Ó¬, Ú±øÂ√˘º ’1 ά◊¬Û≈1±› Ê√œªÚ Ò±1ÀÚ1 ¬ı±À√ ά◊¸± ¸±¬Û-ø˙˘± ‡G ’±1í ¬ı‘é¬ ¬Û”Ê√Àfl¡1 ¬Û±1±˚˛ ¬ı± Œ¸˝◊√√ &˘±ÀÚ1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ’ÀÚfl¡ ¬ÛLö± ’ª˘•§Ú fl¡1± Œ√‡± &˘±ÀÚ1 ’æ”√Ó¬ ’˙1œø1 øSê˚˛±-õ∂øSê˚˛±Ó¬ ø¬ıù´±¸œ ˚±˚˛º Œ˚˜≈Ú-ø˙fl¡±1, ˜±Â√ Ò1±, fl‘¡ø¯∏ fl¡˜« - ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º &˘±Úfl¡ øÚ˚˛± Ú±Ú± ’gø¬ıù´±¸œ Ó¬Ô± fl¡øÔÓ¬ ά◊2‰¬ [3] Ê√±Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Œ˘±fl¡ ˜≈‡…Ó¬ ’Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬ ¬ı·«œ˚˛ Œ˘±fl¡ &˘±Ú ’Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬ 1+À¬Û ø¬ı1±Ê√ fl¡ø1˚˛± Œ˘±Àfl¡1 Œ·±È¬ ø·˘±ÀÚ1 Ô±øfl¡˚˛± ¬Û±1± ¬Ûé¬Ó¬
63 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ Œˆ¬Ã·ø˘fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ø¬ıø26√iß Ê√œªÚ ˚±¬ÛÚÓ¬ ’ˆ¬…±¸·Ó¬ Ò±1̱1 øfl¡Â≈√ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü ˚≈Mê√ ¤fl¡È¬± Œ·±È¬ ˜±Sº ά◊¬Û≈1±Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬˘øÓ¬ Ò1± Œ¸Ã· &˘±Ú Δ¬ıø˙©Ü1 ¸˜œfl¡1Ì Œfl¡±‰¬- [4] Œ¸Ã· Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬1 ¤Àfl¡±È¬± fl¡øÔÓ¬ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ Œ˘±Àfl¡1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ Ô±fl¡±1 ΔÊ√Ú… ά◊¬Ûˆ¬±¯∏± Ô±Àfl¡º 1996 ‰¬ÚÓ¬ ’±¸±À˜1 Œfl¡±‰¬-1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œfl¡ [5] Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬ Œ˘±fl¡ ø·˘±Ú õ∂±˚˛ Œ¸Ã· ’¶ö±˚˛œˆ¬±Àª 1±©Ü™¬ÛøÓ¬1 ’Ò…±À√À˙1 Œ˚±À·ø√˚˛± Ù¬±˘ø√˚˛± ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ 1±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı± ’Ú…±Ú… ø√À˙1 Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬ ø˝√√‰¬±À¬ı ’Ú≈¸≈ø‰¬Ó¬ fl¡˝◊√√1øÂ√˘º øfl¡c Œfl¡fœ˚˛ ¬Ûø1¬ıM«√√ÀÚ1 ø√˙Ó¬ õ∂±˚˛ ά◊√±¸œÚ ¬ı± ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± Œ¬ıÃÒ ‰¬1fl¡±À11 ‰¬±Ó≈¬1±ø˘ ’±À˜±˘± Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¯∏άˇ˚ÀLa1 ΔÊ√Ú… Úfl¡À1º Úά◊Ó¬Ú fl¡ø1˚˛± ’Ú≈¸”ø‰¬Ó¬ fl¡1± Œfl¡±‰¬-1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ [6] ’±¸±À˜1 Œ¸Ã· Ê√Ú-Ê√±øÓ¬À˚˛˝◊√√ ’±ø˜¯∏ ø·˘±ÀÚ1 ¬ı±À√ ¸—1é¬ÀÚ1 ¬ı…ª¶ö± Ú±fl¡1±1 Ù¬À˘ Œˆ¬±Ê√œº Δ¬ıø√fl¡ Ô±øfl¡˚˛± ˆ¬±1ÀÓ¬1 Ú±Ú±Ú Ê√±·±Ó¬ ’±À·1 Ô±øfl¡˚˛± ¸—1øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛± Ô±fl¡± Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬ Œ˘±fl¡ ά◊2‰¬ ¬ıÀÌ«1 ø˝√√μ≈ &˘±Ú64 ˜±Â√-˜±—¸ Ú±‡±˚˛, øfl¡c ø·˘±ÀÚ1 ‰¬fl≈¡1 fl¡±È¬± ’±1í √“±ÀÓ¬1 ˙±˘Ó¬ ¬Ûø1ÌÓ¬ ’±¸±À˜1 Œ¸Ã· Ê√±ÀÓ¬1 ˜±Úø¯∏À˚˛ ˜±Â-˜±—¸ ‡±˚˛º ˝√√˚˛º Œ¬Û±1± ˜±Â√, q"√√± ˜±Â√, ¬ı“±À˙1 ·±Ê√±, fl¡˘±1 ˜±Ê√±, Œfl¡±‰¬-1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ ø·˘±Ú ’±¸±À˜1 ˜”˘ ˜√ Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ˜±Úø¯∏ &˘±1 õ∂Ò±Ú ‡±√…º ’±¸±˜Ó¬ ¸≈øÓ¬Ó¬ ø˜˘± ø˜˙± ’±1í Ò˜«±ôLfl¡1Ì È¬±˚˛ ˆ¬±1Ó¬œ˚˛ ’±˚«… ’Ú±˚«… Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬ ’Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬ Œ˘±fl¡1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ¸—ø¬ıÒ±ÚÓ¬ ’¬Û1±Ò ¬ı≈ø˘˚˛± Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œÈ¬±1 ά◊ißøÓ¬1 &ª± ¬Û±ÀÚ1 ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 ¸·±À1 ¸˜±Úº ¤1 ά◊¬Û≈1±› ¬ı±À¬ı ’Ú≈¸≈ø‰¬Ó¬ Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬Ó¬ ’ôLˆ¬”øMê√Ó¬ ’ôL1±˚˛ ά◊»¸¬ı ¬Û±¬ı«¬ıÚ Î¬◊¬Û˘Àé¬ ¸·±˚˛ ø˜ø˘ ˜±Â√Ò1± [¬ı±À˝√√±] Δ˝√√˘º Œ¸˝◊√√¬ı±À¬ı√ Œfl¡±“‰¬ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ Œ˘±fl¡ ø·˘±ÀÚ1 fl¡±˜ fl¡±ÀÊ√1 ·±Ó¬± Ò1± Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬Ó¬ ¬Û±À1º ˜”˘ øfl¡ ¤ÀÓ¬ ¬’õ∂±¸øefl¡ Δ˝√√À˘› Ó¬±1 ¸˜…fl¡ Ò±1̱ [7] ¸±Ê√À¬Û±¸±fl¡ – ¸±Ê√ Œ¬Û±¸±Àfl¡1 Ó¬˘ƒøÓ¬ Ò1± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√º Œé¬SÓ¬ ¤fl¡È¬± Ú±˜œ fl¡Ô± Δ˝√√˘ ¸¬ı«ˆ¬±1Ó¬œ˚˛ Ú±1œ1 Œfl¡±‰¬-1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ ˜”˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Ûø1Ò±Ú ˙±1œ ¤Àfl¡ ‡±Ú fl¡±¬Û≈À11 ¬ı¶a øfl¡c ˜Àe±˘œ˚˛ ά◊»¸1 – Â√±1 ¤Î¬ª±Î«¬ Œ·˝◊√√Ȭ ‰¬±˝√√±À¬ı1 ’±¸±À˜1 Œ¸Ã· Ô˘≈ª± Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ1 Ú±1œÀ˚˛ ≈√˝◊√√‡±Ú ˜ôL¬ı…Ó¬ ¬Û±›ª± ˚±˚˛, ’±¸±À˜1 ˜”˘ ˆ¬≈‡GÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√Ȭ± fl¡±¬Û≈1 ’Ô«±» Œ˜À‡˘± ø1˝√√± [‰¬±ÀV±1] ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 [Œfl¡±‰¬] ø˝√√μ≈ &˘±ÀÚ1 ¤fl¡È¬± Ú±˜, Œ˚Ȭ±˝◊√√ fl¡±Â√±1œ, fl¡˝◊√√1øÂ√˘º ’±¸±À˜1 Œ˜À‡˘± ‰¬±ÀV±1, ¬ıÀάˇ±1 ˘±˘≈— ø˜øfl¡1 ’ÀÚfl¡ Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬ ø·˘±Ú Ò•ú«±ôLø1Ó¬ Œ√±‡Ú±Õ¬ı1±Ôœ, 1±ˆ¬±1 Œfl¡˜À˘È¬-ø˘Ù¬±Ú ’±1í Œfl¡±‰¬ ˝√√˚˛± ø˝√√μ≈Q ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡˝◊√√1ÀÂ√ ’±1í ’±øÊ√ ¬Û˚«±ôL 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ1 ¬Û±È¬±øÚ-’±·À1Ú1 Œfl¡±˜1Ó¬ ø·ÀȬ± Ò•ú«±ôLfl¡1Ì ‰¬ø˘À˚˛ ’±ÀÂ√ ¤1 ¬ı±À√ Œfl¡±‰¬-ø·˘±ÀÚ1 ˜±1±È¬± ¬ı± ≈√˝◊√√‡±Ú fl¡±¬Û≈À11 ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡1±È¬± Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬ ¸—‡…± ’±Àô¶ ’±Àô¶ ¬ı‘øX ˝√√˚˛± ’±¸ÀÂ√º ’Ú…˝√√±ÀÓ¬ Ú±1œ1 ¸±Ê√ ¬Ûø1Ò±ÀÚ1 ‹øÓ¬˝√√… ¬ı≈ø˘ Ò1± ˚±˚˛º øfl¡c ά◊M√√1 ¬ıe ’±1í Œ·±ª±˘¬Û±1±Ó¬ Œ¸˝◊√√ ëŒfl¡±‰¬í Ú±˜È¬± ˆ¬±1Ó¬¬ı¯∏«Ó¬ ’ÀÚfl¡ Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬1 Œ|Ìœˆ¬≈Mê√ ’±ÀÂ√ ˜˚«±√±˝√√œÚ ø¬ıÀ¬ıø‰¬Ó¬ Œ˝√√±ª±Ó¬ ¬Ûø1Ó¬…±Mê√ ˝√√˚˛± 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ ø˚&˘±ÀÚ1 Ú±1œ1 ¸±Ê√ ˙±1œÀfl¡ ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡ø1˚˛± Ú±˜È¬± ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡˝◊√√1ÀÂ√º ...... Œfl¡±‰¬ ø·˘±ÀÚ1 ’±ÀÂ√º Δ√ø˝√√fl¡ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü &˘±˚˛ ø¬ıÓ¬Àfl«¡1 ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡˝◊√√1ÀÂ√º ¬Û≈1±Ì ëÊ√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬í ¬ı± ¬∏C±˝◊√√¬ı ¤fl¡ ¸˜…fl¡ Ò…±Ú ’±1í Ó¬La ø·˘±ÚÓ¬ Œfl¡±‰¬ &˘±Úfl¡ ëfl≈¡¬ı±‰¬í ¬ı≈ø˘
64 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ά◊À~‡ fl¡1± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√º ...... õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ Œfl¡±‰¬ &˘±Ú ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ê√±øÓ¬1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ Δ¬ı¬ı±ø˝√√fl¡ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ‚øȬøÂ√˘ ’±1í ˜Àe±˘œ˚˛ Œ|Ìœ ˆ¬”Mê√, ά◊˜1± ˜…±‰¬ ’±1í ·±À1± ’Ú…±Ú… Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Œ˘±Àfl¡› 1±Ê√fl¡œ˚˛ ¬¬Û√˜˚«±√± ø·˘±ÀÚ1 ¸±ÀÔÓ¬ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ˚≈Mê√º Ê√˘¬Û±˝◊√√ &1œ Œfl¡±‰¬ ¬Û±˝◊√√ ά◊2‰¬ Œ|ÌœÕ˘ ά◊øM√√Ì« Δ˝√√øÂ√˘º Ú‘Ó¬±øRfl¡ Œ|Ìœ ø¬ı˝√√±1 ’±1í Œ·±ª±˘¬Û±1±1 Œ˚˝◊√√ &˘±Ú ¬ı…øMê√À˚˛ ø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú ˜ÀÓ¬ Œfl¡±‰¬, ‰≈¬øÓ¬˚˛± ’±1n∏ ’±À˝√±˜¸fl¡˘ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ Ú±À˜ ¬Ûø1ø‰¬Ó¬ ’±1í ά◊˜1± &˘±Ú fl¡±˘± ˜”˘ÀÓ¬ ˜Àe±˘œ˚˛ Œ·±á¬œ1 Œ˘±fl¡º ¶§±ÒœÚÀM√√±1 fl¡±˘Ó¬ ¬ıÀÌ«1 Δ˝√√À˘› ’±¸À˘ Œfl¡±‰¬ fl¡±1Ì Î¬◊˜1 Δ√ø˝√√fl¡ ˆ¬±1Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸—ø¬ıÒ±Ú1 Œ|Ìœ ø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú ˜ÀÓ¬ Œfl¡±‰¬, Δ¬ıø˙©ÜÓ¬ ˜Àe±˘œ˚˛ ˘é¬Ì õ∂fl¡È¬ (A History ‰≈¬øÓ¬˚˛±, ’±À˝√√±˜¸fl¡˘fl¡ Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Œ|̜Ӭ ’ôLˆ¬”«Mê√ Of Assam 1993 Cal-PP-47-48) Úfl¡À1 ˚ø√› ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1 ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬Ó¬ ˜”˘ÀÓ¬ ά– Œ1¬ıÓ¬œ Œ˜±˝√√Ú ¸˝√√±˚˛ ’1 ¬ıMê√¬ı…Ó¬ õ∂fl¡±˙ ˜Àe±˘œ˚˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 ά◊¬Û±√±Ú Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛ºí fl¡˝◊√√1ÀÂ√ øfl¡1±Ó¬ &˘±ÀÚ1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ø˚G˘±ÀÚ ˙±¸Ú ¶ö±˘, fl¡±˘, ¬Û±S Œˆ¬À√ Œfl¡±“‰¬ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ 鬘Ӭ± ’7¡¡«¡Ú fl¡˝◊√√1øÂ√˘65 ά◊˜1± ¸¬ı±1 ‰¬±˝◊√√ÀÓ¬ Ú±1œ ’±1í ¬Û≈1n∏À¯∏1 ¸±Ê√ Œ¬Û±¸±fl¡ – ¬Ûø(˜±=˘Ó¬ Ó¬Ô± ’±˚«… &˘±ÀÚ1 ¬Û±˙Ó¬ ’±¸øÂ√Ó¬ fl¡Ô±ÀÓ¬ fl¡˚˛ ñ ë·±— ˜À˘…› Œ1‡ƒ Ô±Àfl¡íº ’±1í Œ¸˝◊√√ Œfl¡±‰¬&˘±ÀÚ1 Œ¬ıø˙ˆ¬±· ¸—‡…fl¡ ˜±Úø¯∏ Ú√œ ¤‡±Ú Œ¸±“Ó¬ ¬ı√À˘˚˛± ’Ú…¬Û±Àfl¡ ‚±È¬± Ò˝◊√√1À˘ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ ¬ı≈ø˘ ¬Ûø1ø‰¬Ó¬ Δ˝√√øÂ√˘º ’±1í ¤˝◊√√ fl¡Ô±› ¬Û”1±Ì± Ú√œÈ¬±1 Œ¸›Ó¬± Œ1‡ƒ ˝√√˚˛± Ô±Àfl¡º ŒÓ¬˜≈Ú fl¡ø1 ά◊À~‡ fl¡ø1 Δfl¡ÀÂ√ - 1608 Ô±øfl¡ 1624 ‡‘©Ü±sÓ¬ ¬Û1±Sꘜ Ê√±øÓ¬ ¤fl¡È¬± ≈√¬ı3«˘ ˝√√˚˛± ¸¬ı˘ Ê√±øÓ¬1 1ø‰¬Ó¬ ë¬ı±˝√√±ø1¶ö±Ú ‚±À˚˛1œÓ¬í ¬ÛÔ«˜ 1±ˆ¬± Ú±˜È¬±1 ø˜˘±ø˜˙±Ó¬ ’±ø¸ øÚÀÊ√1 ’øô¶Q ˝√√±À1˚˛± ά◊À~‡ ¬Û±›ª± ˚±˚˛º ¤1 ’±·Ó¬ 1±ˆ¬± Ú±˜È¬±1 ŒÙ¬˘±˝◊√√À˘› ά◊˜1± ŒÓ¬¬Û≈1±øÚ ¶ú‘øÓ¬1 fl¡Ô± ¤Àfl¡¬ı±À1 ά◊»¬ÛøM√√ ˝√√›ª± Ú±øÂ√˘º ¬Û≈1øÌ Œfl¡±‰¬ Ú±˜Ó¬ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ ¬Û±qø1˚˛± Ú±˚±˚˛º ‹ ˜Ó¬Ú Œfl¡±‰¬-1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ Ô±fl¡± ø·˘±ÀÚ› ¤˘± 1±ˆ¬± Ú±À˜› ¬Ûø1‰¬˚˛ Œ√˚˛º Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ1 ¸±Ê√ Œ¬Û±¸±Àfl¡1 Œé¬SÓ¬ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú øͬfl¡ ‹ ¸˜˚˛fl¡±1 Œ˜±‚˘ ÚøÔ ¬ÛS &˘±Ó¬ ¬ÛÔ«˜ ¸±¬ı«Ê√Úœ˘1 ¬ÛÔÓ¬ Δ˝√√À˘› ‡±ø˘ Ú±1œ1 Œé¬SÀÓ¬ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ Ú±À˜1 fl¡Ô± ά◊À~‡ ¬Û±›ª± ˚±˚˛º ¤˘±› Δ¬ıø‰¬S ’±1 øˆ¬iß ¸±Ê√À¬Û±¸±fl¡ ¬Ûø1Ò±Ú fl¡1± ’±¸À˘ ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±1ÀÓ¬1 øfl¡1±È¬ Ê√±øÓ¬ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ø·˘±ÀÚ˝◊√√ ŒÂ√±È¬ ŒÂ√±È¬ øÓ¬¬ı3Ó¬ ¬ı•ú«œ ά◊¬ÛÊ√±øÓ¬1 Œ¬ıÃX ’±ø√˜ fl¡±À˘1 Ô±øfl¡ øˆ¬iß Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œÀ˚˛ øˆ¬iß ø˝√√μ≈ ˜ÀÓ¬1 ·GœÓ¬ ’±˝◊√√¸± ’±1í ¸—¶‘®Ó¬±˚˛ÀÚ1 øˆ¬iß Ê√˘¬ı±˚˛≈, ’±¬ı˝√√±›ª± ’±1í Œˆ¬Ã·ø˘fl¡ fl¡±1̬ı˙Ó¬ ¬Û±ù«´øSê˚˛± ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ¸‘Ê√Ú Œ˝√√±ª± Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œÈ¬±1 Ú±˜ ˜±Úª Ê√±øÓ¬1 Ú±Ú±Ú õ∂fl¡±À1 ¸˜±Ê√ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ·Ï¬ˇ ø√˚˛± Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ Ê√±øÓ¬º ά◊ͬøÂ√˘º ˜±Úª ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬± ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸±ÀÔ 1994 ¸ÀÚ1 ÚÓ≈¬Ú Δ√øÚfl¡Ó¬ 5 õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡È¬± Ê√±øÓ¬ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œÀ˚˛ ˙œÓ¬ Ó¬±¬Û ˘7¡¡¡± ŒÂ√ÀõI◊•§1Ó¬ õ∂fl¡±˙ Œ˝√√±ª± [ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¬Û±ø1¬Û≈ø1fl¡±Ó¬] øÚ¬ı±1ÀÚ1 ¬ı±À√ Ú±Ú±Ú 1fl¡À˜1 1— ø¬ı1À„√√1 ¬ı¶a, Ê√ÚÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 ά◊¬Û±√±Ú Ú±À˜À1 õ∂¬ıgÓ¬ ’˘—fl¡±1 ¸±Ê√Ú fl¡±À‰¬±ÀÚ1 ‰¬˘øÓ¬ ˝√√¬ı±1 ÒÀ1º ø‰¬ôL±- ά◊À~‡ fl¡˝◊√√1ÀÂ√ ë˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸1 ˘·Ó¬ ¬Ûø1ø‰¬Ó¬ õ∂øÓ¬Ê√Ú ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±, ¬ı≈øX-¬ı‘øM√√ ø√Úfl¡ ø√ÀÚ ¬ı±øϬˇ ’±˝◊√√¸±1 ¸ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Í¬Àfl¡˝◊√√ ¤˝◊√√ fl¡Ô± Ê√±ÀÚ Œ˚ Œfl¡¬ı± ˙øÓ¬fl¡±À1± ’±·ÀÓ¬ ¸ÀÓ¬ ˜±Úø¯∏ Ê√œ¬ıÚ øÚ¬ı«±À˝√√1 Ê√Ú… fl¡˜« ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬1 1±Ê√Q fl¡1± ’±À˝√√±˜ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙1 1±Ê√Q1 fl¡±˘ ŒÂ√±ª±Ó¬ ˜±Ê√ø√˚˛± ø‰¬ôL± Ò±1±› ¬ı√ø˘ Œ·˝◊√√øÂ√˘º Œ¸˝◊√√
65 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ¬Ûø1ªÓ«¬ÀÚ1 ¸±ÔÀÓ¬ ¬ı≈øXÀ1±ø¬ıfl¡±˙ ˝√√˝◊√√øÂ√˘º Œ¸˘±1 ¬Û±1œ Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛º ¤øG ¸≈Ó¬±1 ¬Û±Â√±1±fl¡ ¤øG ¬Û±Â√±1± Ô±øfl¡ Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ ˜±Úø¯∏ ø·˘±ÀÚÀ1± fl¡˚˛º ‰¬±1n∏ ¸±Ú…±À˘1 ˜ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬±1Ó¬ ¶§±ÒœÚ Œ˝√√±ª±1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ø¬Ûg± ά◊1± ¸±Ê√ Œ¬Û±¸±Àfl¡1 ‰¬˘ ˝√√¬ı± ÒÀ1º ¬Û±Â√ÀÓ¬± ’±¸±˜ ¬ıe ¸œ˜±ôL1 ¬Ûø(˜ ’±ø˘¬Û≈1 ≈√ª±1 ¬Û≈1n∏À¯∏1 ¸±Ê√ Œ¬Û±¸±fl¡ – ά◊M√√1 ¬¬Û”¬ı ˆ¬±1ÀÓ¬1 ’=˘ Ê√˘¬Û±˝◊√√&1œ, ø˙ø˘&1œ ’±ø√ ’=˘Ó¬ Œfl¡±‰¬ õ∂±‰¬œÚ Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√…Ó¬ ˜±Ú±À¸1 Ô±øfl¡˚˛± fl¡1ÀÓ¬±ª± 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ ˜±Úø¯∏1 ‚À1 ‚À1 ¤øG ¬Û±Â√±1± Œ·±À1˚˛± ˆ¬”ø˜ ‡G˚˛ Œfl¡±‰¬-1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ Ê√ÚÀ·±©Üœ1 ˘œ˘± ˆ¬”ø˜ ‡±ø˘ ·±›ÀÓ¬ ά◊1øÂ√˘º ¤˝◊√√ ¬Û±Â√±1±fl¡ ëø·˘±¬Ûí ¬ı≈ø˘ ’±øÂ√˘ ¬ı≈ø˘ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸ fl¡˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ ˆ¬”‡GÓ¬ ¬ı¸¬ı±¸ fl¡1± fl¡˝◊√√øÂ√˘º ¸˜À˚˛1 Ó¬±ø·Ó¬±√ ¤˝◊√√ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ Ú±À˝√√±ª± ¤˝◊√√ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ1 Œ˘±fl¡ ø·˘±ÀÚ1 :±Ú ¬ı≈ø˘ Œ˝√√±¬ı±1 Δ˝√√˘º Œ¬ıøȬ√Â√±›“ª± ø·˘±ÀÚ1 Œé¬SÓ¬ ¬Û±Â√±1± Â√ÀȬ± ¬Û1±˚˛ Œ¬ıȬ±Â√±›ª± ø·˘±ÀÚ ŒÚ—øȬ ø¬Ûøg¬ı±1 ÒÀ1º ’±øÂ√˘ ’±1í ¬Û±1œÓ¬ Ù≈¬˘ Ó≈¬˘± ‰¬˘ ’±øÂ√˘º ‰¬±1n∏ ¸±Ú…±À˘1 The Asiatic Society ·±˜Â√± – Œ˘±fl¡ ·±Ú ’±ÀÂ√ ñ 66 Monography Series Vol-XI 1965Ó¬ ’ ¬ıg≈ fl¡±Ê√˘ Œˆ¬±À˜±1±À1 Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ ø·˘±ÀÚ1 ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ıÌ«Ú±Ó¬ fl¡≈Úø√Ú ’±ø¸À¬ıÚ ¬ıg≈ Ó¬‡Úfl¡±1 ’±¸±˜ ¬ıe ¸œ˜±ôL1 Ô±øfl¡ fl≈¡˜±1 ¢∂±˜ Δ˝√√ÀÓ¬ fl¡˚˛± ˚±Ú fl¡˚˛± ˚±ÚÀ1 ’±ø˘¬Û≈1 ≈√ª±À11 ’Ò≈…ø¯∏Ó¬ ’=˘Ó¬ Œ¬ıȬ±Â√±›ª± ˚≈ø√ ¬ıg≈ ˚±¬ı±1 ‰¬±Ú &˘±Ú ‚1n∏ª± fl¡±˜ fl¡±Ê√Ó¬ ŒÚ—øȬ ø¬Ûg± fl¡Ô± ά◊À~‡ ‚±À11 ·±˜Â√± Ô≈˚˛± ˚±ÚÀ1 ...... º fl¡˝◊√√1ÀÂ√º ŒÚ—øȬ ø¬Ûg±1 Ò1Ì ’±øÂ√˘ Œfl¡±˜À11 ‹ ·±˜Â√± ˝√√±Ó¬ ŒÍ¬— ¬ı± ·±› Ò≈˝◊√√˚˛± ø¸Àfl¡±˝◊√√Ó¬ ’±À· ¬Û±ÀÂ√ &øÊ√˚˛± ø√˚˛± fl¡±¬Û≈1 ‡±Ú øˆ¬Ê√± ·±›“Ȭ± ˜≈øÂ√¬ı±1 ¬ı±À¬ı√ Œ˚˝◊√√ ‡±Ú fl¡±¬Û≈1 ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 ¸±˜Ú ¬Û±Àfl¡ ’ä ’¸±1 fl¡ø1 Á≈¡ø˘˚˛± 1±‡±º Œ·±È¬±˚˛ fl¡˝◊√√1øÂ√˘ ‹ ¬fl¡±¬Û≈1‡±ÚÀfl¡ ’±¸±˜Ó¬ ·±˜Â√± ¬ı≈ø˘˚˛± ˙1œ1Ȭ± ά◊√±— ’±øÂ√˘º Œfl¡±ª± ˝√√˚˛ ’±1í ά◊M√√1 ¬ıeÓ¬ Ê√˘ ·±˜±Â√± ¬ı≈ø˘ fl¡˚˛º ’±›Â√± ¬ı± ’±—Â√± – Œ¬ıȬ± Â√±›ª± ø·˘±Ú ˝√√±È≈¬ ¸•xøÓ¬ fl¡±˘Ó¬ ’±¸±˜Ó¬ ˘±˘ ¬ı± ¬¸¬ı≈Ê√ ¬Û±1œ1 Ϭ±øfl¡˚˛± ø¬Ûg± fl¡±¬Û≈1 ‡±Úfl¡ ’±›Â√± ¬ı≈ø˘˚˛± fl¡˚˛º ‹ ˝√√˘ø√˚˛± ·±˜Â√± Œfl¡±‰¬-1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ1 Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ’±›Â√± ¬ı± ’±—Â√±‡±Ú œø‚˘± [4] ‰¬±ø1 ¸±À1 ‰¬±˝◊√√1 ·±˜Â√± ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ¸¬ı«Ê√ÚœÚ fl¡1±1 õ∂À‰¬©Ü± ‰¬ø˘ ’±ÀÂ√º ˝√√±Ó¬ ’±øÂ√˘ ’±1í ’¸±1 ≈√˝◊√√ ’±Ï¬ˇ±˝◊√√ ˝√√±Ó¬ ’±øÂ√˘º Ù¬Ó¬íª± – ¸˜˚˛ ø¬ı¬ıM«√√ÀÚ1 ¸±ÀÔ ¸±ÀÔ Â√±ÀȬ ¤˝◊√√ ’±›Â√±1 1— Œ¬ıø¸ ˆ¬±À· Ò˘± ’±øÂ√˘º ¬ı±„√√± ¬ı± ¬ı±Ê√±À1 ˚±¬ı±1 ¬ı±À¬ı√ Ù¬Ó¬ª± ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡˝◊√√1ø‰¬˘º Ó¬±“Ó¬ÀÓ¬ fl¡±¬Û±À¸1 ¸≈Ó¬± fl¡±øȬ˚˛± Ó¬“±Ó¬Ó¬ ·À1±ª± ¬ı±À√ ¬ÛÔ«À˜ Œ·±1± fl¡±¬Û±À¸1 ¸≈Ó¬±1 ¬Û±Ó¬˘± fl¡±¬Û≈1 ‡±ÀÚ1 ¬Û±1±˚˛ Ò˘± 1À„√√1 ’±øÂ√˘ ¬Û±Â√Ó¬ 1— ¬ı±ÀÚ±ª± ø˙鬱 ’±1í Œ·?œ1 ˜ÀÓ¬± ø¸˘±˝◊√√ fl¡ø1 øÚøÂ√˘º ˝√√±˘ fl‘¡ø¯∏ fl¡±ÀÊ√1 ’±˜√±Úœ 1À„√√1 ‰¬˘ ’±˝◊√√¸±Ó¬ ¬Û±1œ Œ√›ª± ’±1í ÊÀÚ… ‹ Ù¬Ó¬íª± ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡˝◊√√1øÂ√˘º Ú±Ú± 1„√√œ ·±˜Â√±1 ‰¬˘øÓ¬ ˝√√¬ı±1 ÒÀ1º Œ·±˘Â√± – ¸z±ôL Œ˘±fl¡ ø·˘±ÀÚ Œ·±˘±Ó¬ ¬Û±Â√±1± – ¬Û±Â√±1± √≈ 1fl¡À˜1º ¤fl¡ 1fl¡˜ ˝√√˝◊√√˘ Á≈¡ø˘˚˛± øÚ˚˛± Œ¬ı1± fl¡±¬Û≈1 ‡±ÚÀfl¡ Œ·±˘Â√± ¬ı≈ø˘˚˛± fl¡±¬Û±À¸1 ¸≈Ó¬±1 ¬Û±Â√±1 ’±1í ¤fl¡ õ∂fl¡±1 ˝√√˝◊√√˘ ¤øG fl¡˚˛º Œ·±˘Â√± 1„√√œÚ ¸≈Ó¬± ø√˚˛± Œ·±1±˝◊√√øÂ√˘º Œ·±˘Â√±1 ¬Û±Â√±1º fl¡±¬Û±À¸1 ¸≈Ó¬±1 ¬Û±Â√±1 √œø‚˘± ’±1í ’¸±À1 √œø‚˘± øÓ¬Ú Â√±À1 øÓ¬øÚ ˝√√±Ó¬ ’±1í ’¸±1 ’±Ò± ˝√√±Ó¬ Ò˘± ¸≈Ó¬± ø√˚˛± Œ·±1±˚˛º ’ífl¡ ˜≈·± 1À„√√1 ¸≈Ó¬± ø√˚˛± ’±øÂ√˘º
66 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ˜≈·Â√± – ˝√√±Ó¬ ˜≈‡ ˜≈Â√±1 ¬ı±À¬ı√ Œ˚˝◊√√‡±Ú Â√ÀȬ± Œ·È¬±˚˛ ·±›Àª1 ø¬ı˚˛± ø·˘±ÚÓ¬ ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡ø1 øÙ¬ø1˚˛± ·±˜Â√±1 ˜ÀÓ¬± ·À1±ª± ˝√√˝◊√√øÂ√˘ Œ¸ø·˘±ÀÚ ˜≈·Â√± ø√øÂ√˘º fl¡›ª± ˝√√˚˛º ˜≈·Â√± ‡±Ú ¬Û±Ó¬˘± ’±1í 1— ø¬ı1À„√√1 Œ√› Ù¬±˘œ – Œ√› Ù¬±˘œ ø¬ı˚˛±1 ¬Û±&¬ıœ1 ¸≈Ó¬± ø√˚˛± Œ·±1±˝◊√√øÂ√˘º Ù¬±˘œ1 Ú±˝√√±Ú fl¡ø1˚˛± ¤Àfl¡ ø√ÀÚ ¸≈Ó¬± fl¡±øͬ˚˛± Ù¬±˘œ [¬Û±&1œ1 fl¡±¬Û≈1] – Ù¬±˘œ øÓ¬Ú Œ·±À1¬ı±1 ˘±À·º ¤1 √œ‡˘± 10 ˝√√±Ó¬ ’±¸±À1 ¤fl¡ 1fl¡À˜1 Δ√øÚfl¡ ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡1± Ù¬±˘œ, ø¬ı˚˛±1 ¬Û±&1œ1 ‰¬±ø¬Û ˜±S Œ·±À1˚˛± øÚ˚˛˜ ÚœøÓ¬Ó¬ ’±¬Û±Ó¬Ú fl¡ø1 Ù¬±˘œ ’±1 Œ√› Ù¬±˘œº 1±‡øÂ√˘º fl¡±È¬œ1œ ø√˚˛± fl¡±È¬± øÚ˚˛˜ Ú±øÂ√˘º ¤˝◊√√ Ù¬±˘œ Δ√øÚfl¡ ¬ı±ª˝√√±1 fl¡1± Ù¬±˘œ – fl‘¡ø¯∏ fl¡±˜, ‡±Ú ¬ı±¸ ¬Û”Ê√±Ó¬ Œ‰¬±˝√√À11 [‰¬±˜1] ¬ı±¸Ó¬ Œ¬ÛÀ‰¬¬ı±1 ˜±Â√˜1±, ø˙fl¡±1Ó¬ ˚±›ª± ’±ø√Ó¬ ¬Û≈1n∏¯∏ ø·˘±ÀÚ ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡˝◊√√1øÂ√˘º ˜±Ô±Ó¬ √œø‚˘± fl¡±¬Û≈1 ¬ı±g±1 ‰¬˘ ’±øÂ√˘º ·±›Àª1 Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ Ú±1œ1 ¸±Ê√ Œ¬Û±¸±fl¡– ˜”1¬ı3œ ·±›¬ı≈Ϭˇ± ˜±Úœ ˜±Úø¯∏67 ø·˘±Ú ø¬ı‰¬±1, ¸ˆ¬±- õ∂±‰¬œÚ Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√…1 Œfl¡±‰¬ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ ’±ø¬Û ¸ø˜øÓ¬, ø¬ı˚˛± Œ¬ı¬Û±1 ’±ø√Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ Ù¬±˘œ˜±Ô±Ó¬ ¬ı±øg &˘±ÀÚ øÚÀÊ√ Ó¬±“Ó¬Ó¬ Œ·±1± ¬Û±È¬±øÚ ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡˝◊√√1øÂ√˘º ¤˝◊√√ Ù¬±˘œ øÓ¬Ú˚‰¬±˝◊√√1 ˝√√±Ó¬ √œø‚˘± fl¡˝◊√√1øÂ√˘º ˆ¬±1Ó¬ ¶§±ÒœÚ Œ˝√√±ª±1 [4] ‰¬±ø1 [5] ¬Û±“‰¬ ŒÎ¬1˚≈√˝◊√√ ˝√√±Ó¬ ’¸±1 ’±øÂ√˘º ¬ıÂ√1 ¬Û˚«…ôL ¤˝◊√√ ¬Û±È¬±øÚ1 ‰¬˘ õ∂øÓ¬ ‚À1 ‚À1 ’±øÂ√˘º ø¬ı˚˛±1 ¬Û±&1œ1 Ù¬±˘œ – Œfl¡±‰¬-1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ ‰¬±1n∏ ‰¬f ¸±Ú…±À˘1 ˜ÀÓ¬ Œ·±È¬±˚˛ ά◊M√√1 ¬ıeÀÓ¬ Œfl¡±‰¬- ˜√Ú fl¡±˜ ¬Û”Ê√±1 Œ˘±fl¡ ·±Ú ø·˘±ÚÓ¬ ¬Û±›ª± ˚±˚˛º 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ Œ˘±fl¡ ø·˘±ÀÚ1 ¬ı±1œÓ¬ Ó¬±Ó¬ ˙±˘ ’±øÂ√˘ ë˝√√±˘ ø√˚˛± ‰¬±¯∏ fl¡À1 Δ˜ ø√˚˛± ‰¬±Àfl¡º ’±1í Ȭ±fl≈¡1±˙Ó¬ ¸≈Ó¬± fl¡±È¬±1 ‰¬˘ ’±øÂ√˘º Ú±˜ Ó¬±1 ά◊¬Û≈1±ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬œ˜ ¬ı±e± Œ1±¬ÛÌ fl¡À1ºº ’±øÂ√˘ ŒÙ¬±Ó¬±º ŒÙ¬±Ó¬± √œø‚˘± 6 ˝√√±Ó¬ ’±1 ’±¸±1 ...... ¸±À1 øÓ¬Ú ˝√√±Ó¬ ’±øÂ√˘º ≈√À˚˛± ˜±Ô± Œ‡±˘± ’Ô«±» Œfl¡˝√√ øÚ˘ ‡±¸± ¬ı±Ú±Ó¬ Œfl¡˝√√ øÚ˘ ¯∏±1œ Œ˚±1± ˘±À·±ª± Ú±øÂ√˘º ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬± ’¢∂¸ÀÚ1 ¸±ÀÔ fl¡±˜ Œ√¬ı øÚ˘ fl¡±¬Û≈1 ¬Ûø(˜± ¬Û±&1œººíí ¸±ÀÔ ¸¬ı3«ˆ¬±1Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ’±Î¬◊ø· ’±˝◊√√¸±Ó¬ ¸ô¶±˚˛ Œfl¡±‰¬-1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ ø¬ı˚˛±Ó¬ ¬Û±&1œ1 ¬Û±›˚˛± fl¡˘ fl¡±1‡±Ú±Ó¬ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1œ ˙±1œ1 ‰¬˘ ˝√√¬ı± ÒÀ1 ‰¬˘ ’ÀÚfl¡ ŒÓ¬¬Û≈1±Ìœ fl¡±À˘1 ¬Û±1±˚˛º øÚÊ√ ¬ı±„√√±1 Œ¸˝◊√√ ¬ı±À√ ‹ ’=˘Ó¬ Œ¬ıøȬÂ√±›ª± &˘±ÀÚ1 Ó¬±“Ó¬Ó¬ ’±¬ı±√ fl¡ø1 Œ¸˝◊√√ ¬ı±„√√± [fl¡±¬Û±À¸1]1 ¬Û±1±˚˛ ŒÙ¬±Ó¬± Œ·±1± Ú±À˝√√±ª± ˝√√¬ı±1 ÒÀ1º ¬ıe1 ˝√√±›ª± Ȭ±fl≈¡1±˙Ó¬ ø‰¬fl¡Ú ¸≈Ó¬± fl¡±øȬ Ú±1œ ø·˘±ÀÚ Ó¬“±Ó¬Ó¬ ˘±ø·˚˛± Œ·±ª±˘ ¬Û±1± øÊ√˘±1 Ò≈¬ı≈1œ Œ·Ã1œ¬Û≈1 ¬Û˚«ôL ¬Û±&1œ1 Ù¬±˘œ Œ·±1±˝◊√√øÂ√˘º ’ÀÚfl¡ øÚ˚˛˜ ÚœøÓ¬1 ŒÙ¬±Ó¬±1 ˚±·±Ó¬ ˙±1œÀ˚˛ ˚±·± √‡˘ fl¡À1º øˆ¬øÓ¬1± ¤˝◊√√ Ù¬±˘œ 10 [√˙] ˝√√±Ó¬ œø‚˘± ’±1í ’±Ò± ’±¸±À˜1 ¬ı±fl¡œ Œfl¡±‰¬-1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ ’Ò≈…ø¯∏Ó¬ ˝√√±Ó¬ ’¸±1 ¸±√± ¸≈Ó¬± ø√˚˛± Œ·±1±˝◊√√øÂ√˘º Ó¬±“Ó¬ ˙±À˘1 ’=˘ ¸±¬ÛȬ¢∂±˜, ø¬ı˘±¸œ¬Û±1±, ˙±˘Àfl¡±‰¬±, Ô±øfl¡ fl¡±È¬±ø1 ø√˚˛± fl¡±øȬ ¬ı±˝◊√√1 fl¡1± øÚ˚˛˜ Ú±øÂ√˘º ¬ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ1 Œfl¡±fl¡1±Á¡±1 øÊ√˘±, ¬ıe±˝◊√√·±“› øÊ√˘±, Œfl¡±‰¬-1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ1 Œ¸Ã· ’=˘ÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√ Œ·±ª±˘¬Û±1±, ¬ı1À¬ÛȬ± ’±ø√Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ ŒÙ¬±Ó¬± ¬Û±È¬±øÚ ¬Û±&1œ ¬ıM«√√˜±Ú ¬ı±Ê√±À11 fl¡±¬Û≈1 øfl¡øÚ˚˛± ¬ı…ª˝√√±À11 ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 ˝√√˚˛± Ô±Àfl¡º ‰¬˘± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√º ’Ó¬œÓ¬Ó¬ ¤fl¡‡±Ú ¬Û±&1œ1 Ù¬±˘œ ø√˚˛± ¤˝◊√√ ¬Û±È¬±øÚ1 fl¡Ô± fl¡ø¬ı ˜Úfl¡À11
67 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ˜Ú¸±fl¡±¬ı…Ó¬ ‰¬±μ¸√±1À11 fl¡Ô… ˆ¬±¯∏…Ó¬ ¬Û±›“ª± ˚±˚˛ ŒÈ¬±¬Û1 ˜±1± – Œ¬ıøȬÂ√±›ª± ø·˘±ÀÚ ˜±Ô±1 ñ Œ‡±¬Û±1 ¸±ÔÓ¬ Œ·±È¬±˚˛ ˜±Ô±È¬± Ϭ±øfl¡˚˛± ¬ı±g± fl¡±¬Û≈1 ¬ÛΩ±1 ·±Àª ¬ÛÀ1 Œ¬ıά◊˘±1 ¬Û±È¬±øÚ1 ¬Û±Úœº ‡±ÚÀfl¡ ŒÈ¬±¬Û1 ˜±1± ¬ı≈ø˘˚˛± fl¡˚˛º ŒÈ¬±¬Û1 ˜±1± fl¡±¬Û≈1 ¬ÛΩ±˝◊√√ Œ¬ı±À˘ ‡±fl¡ ¶§±˜œfl¡ ˝◊√√ fl¡±˘ Ú±ø·Úœºº ‡±Ú ø√˚˛± ˜±Ô±1 ‰≈¬ø˘ qøfl¡¬ı±1 fl¡±˜ÀÓ¬± ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡À1º ¬Û±È¬±øÚ ¸‰¬1±‰¬1 fl¡±È≈¬˘œ ¸¬ı≈Ê√ ’±1í Ò˘± 1À„√√1 ¸¬ı3« Œ˙¯∏Ó¬ fl¡¬ı± ˘±ø·¬ı Œ˚ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ Œ·±À1±ª± ˝√√˚˛º ¬Û±È¬±øÚ1 ¬Û±1œ1 Ù≈¬˘ øÚÀÊ√1 ¬Û‰¬μ ˚≈À·1 ¬ı±Ú±Ó¬ ˆ¬±ø¸˚˛± ’±À·fl¡±1 ¸±Ê√ Œ¬Û±¸±fl¡ ø‡ø‰¬˚˛± ’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ Ó≈¬À˘ ¬Û±1œÓ¬ ’Ú… 1„√√œÚ ¸≈Ó¬± ø√˚˛± ¸±ÀÊ√˚˛± Òø1˚˛± 1±‡±È¬± ¸yª Ú±˝√√˚˛º Ó¬¬ı≈› ¬Ûø1¬ıM«√√ÀÚ1 ˜±Ê√ø√˚˛± ŒÚ˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ ¬Û±1œ ’ÀÚfl¡ Ò1ÀÚ1 Œ˚˜≈Ú ‚≈‚≈ ¬Û±1œ, Â√ÀȬ± ¸¬ı3«ˆ¬±1Ó¬œ˚˛ 1+¬ÛÓ¬ ø˜ø˙˚˛± Œ·˝◊√√À˘› Ú·Ì… ¸—‡…fl¡ Œfl¡±‰¬- ¬Û±1œ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º Œ‰¬—1œ ¬ı≈Ϭˇœ, ¬ıά◊-˜±Úø¯∏ Œ¸Ã· ’±¬ÛœÀ˚˛ 1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ ’±˝◊√√˜±› ø·˘±ÀÚ ¬Û±È¬±øÚ-’±·1Ì ’±1 ¬Û±È¬±øÚ ¬ø¬ÛÀg øfl¡c ø¬ıÒ≈ª± Œ¬ıȬœÂ√±›ª± ø·˘±ÀÚ1 Œé¬SÓ¬ ·±˜Â√±fl¡ ¬ı≈fl¡Ó¬ ‡±˜øÂ√˚˛± Òø1˚˛± Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Œ¬Û±¸±Àfl¡1 ˜˚«±√± Ò˘± ¬Û±È¬±øÚ ˜±S ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡À1º68 ø√˚˛± ¬ıÀM«√√˚˛± 1±ø‡˚˛± ’±ÀÂ√, ά◊˜±1 ø¬Ûø1 Œ˙¯∏ Œ˝√√±ª±1 ¬Ûø1Ò±ÀÚ1 Œ¬ı˘± øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß ˚±·±Ó¬ øˆ¬iß Ò1Ú ¬Û±Â√ÀÓ¬± Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ‹øÓ¬˝√√…˜˚˛ ¸±Ê√ Œ¬Û±¸±Àfl¡1 ˚±ÀÓ¬ Œ√‡± Œ·øÂ√˘º Œ˚˜≈Ú Œfl¡±fl¡1±Á¡±1, ‰¬±¬Û1, ˙±˘Àfl¡±‰¬±1 ’±fl¡±˘ Ú±˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡ ’˝◊√√˜±› &˘±Úfl¡ √±G±ÀªÓ¬ Ê√±ÀÚ˚˛± ¬Û”À¬ı1 ¬Û±Àfl¡ ’±˘±√± ’±1í ¬Ûø(˜ ¬Û±Àfl¡ ’±˘±√± Ϭfl¡º ¤ÀÓ¬ Œ˙¯∏ Œ1Ô± Ȭ±øÚ˘≈—º ¬Û”¬ı«1 ˆ¬±·Ó¬ ¬ı≈øfl¡ ˜±1± ¬ı≈ø˘› Œfl¡±ª± Δ˝√√øÂ√˘º Œ·±È¬±˚˛ ¸≈S øÚÀ«√˙fl¡ –- ¬Û±È¬±øÚ ‡±Ú ¬ı≈Àfl¡1 ¬Û±1±˚˛ ŒÍ¬— ¬Û˚«…ôL ø¬Ûøg˚˛± ¤fl¡È¬± [1] ’¸˜œ˚˛± ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ Ê√Ú Ê√±øÓ¬1 ά◊¬Û±√±Ú ’±‰¬˘ ¬ı±›“¬Û±Àfl¡ ˆ¬±“Ê√ fl¡ø1 &øÊ√ ø√øÂ√˘º Œfl¡±˜1Ó¬ [õ∂¬ıg±] ÚÓ≈¬Ú Δ√øÚfl¡ [ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¬Ûø1¬Û≈ø1fl¡±] ’±·1Ì ¬ı± Â√ÀȬ± ·±˜Â√± ø√˚˛± ¬ı±øg Ô≈˝◊√√øÂ√˘ [Ȭ„√√±ø˘ ˜±1±]º [2] ’¸˜1 Ê√ÚÊ√±øÓ¬ – ¤øȬ-¸≈Ñ ¬Û˚«…À¬ıé¬Ì ¬Ûø(˜±=˘Ó¬ ¬ı≈fl¡ ˝√√±ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¡È¬± ˜±Ô± øÚ˚˛±˜±øÙ¬fl¡ Œ¬ÛÀ‰¬ [õ∂¬ıg] ά– ‡À·Ú ‰¬f ˜˝√√ôL ÚÓ≈¬Ú Δ√øÚfl¡ [ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ’¬ıø˙ᬠø˜øÚ Œfl¡±˜1±Ó¬ ˆ¬±“Ê√ fl¡ø1 ¬ı±øg 1±À‡º ¬ıÀάˇ± ¬Ûø1¬Û≈ø1fl¡±] 5 ŒÂ√ÀõI◊•§1 1998 ˝◊√√— ] Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ1 Œ√±‡Ú± ø¬Ûg±1 ˜ÀÓ¬± Œ√‡±Ó¬ ¤Àfl¡ Δ˝√√À˘› [3] Œfl¡±‰¬-1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ ø¬Ûg± ά◊1± fl¡±¬Û≈1 ø·√˘±Ú ’ä Ù¬±1±fl¡ ’±ÀÂ√º ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú Œfl¡±‰¬-1±Ê√¬ı—˙œ Ú±1œ1 [õ∂¬ıg] ¿ø˝√√ÀÓ¬˙ 1±˚˛, ø‰¬fl¡Ú±Á¡±1 ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¸—‡…± 2001 Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸±Ê√ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ¸±¬ı3«Ê√ÚœÚ ¤Àfl¡ ¸±Ê√Ó¬ ¬Ûø1Ò±Ú ¸Úº fl¡1± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º [4] ë¬ı‘˝√√M√√1 ˆ¬±1Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√ ·Í¬ÚÓ¬ Œfl¡±‰¬ ’±·1Ì – ¬Û±È¬øÚ ø¬ÛÀg ¬ı≈fl¡ Δ˝√√ÀÓ¬ Ó¬˘Ó¬ ’±1í 1±ˆ¬±¸fl¡˘1 ’ª√±Úí ’±·1ÀÚ1 ¡Z±1±˚˛ ά◊¬Û≈1± ’—˙ ø‡øÚ Ï¬±øfl¡¬ı±1 ¬ı±À√ ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 õ∂¬ıg ά– Œ1¬ıÓ¬œ Œ˜±˝√√Ú ¸±˝√√± [fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬±] øÂ√ø„√√ fl¡À1º ’±·1ÀÚ1 1— ’±¸À˘ ˝√√˘øÒ˚˛±, Œ·±˘±¬Ûœ, fl¡±È≈¬˘œ U1±— – A month spease of ARSU-2009 ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ Ú±Ú± 1„√√ ø¬ı1À„√√1º ø‰¬fl¡Ú ¸≈Ó¬± ø√˚˛± Œ·±À1±ª± [5] The ASIATIC society : ’±·1Ú √œø‚˘± 6 ˝√√±Ó¬ ’±¬ı˛ ’¸±1 ŒÎ¬1˚≈√˝◊√√ ˝√√±Ó¬º Monography series Vol- XI 1065. Œ¬ıøȬÂ√±›ª± ø·˘±ÀÚ fl¡±› fl¡±› ¬ı≈fl¡Ó¬ Œ¬ÛÀ‰¬˚˛± &øÊ√˚˛± The Rajbonshi of North Bengal A ŒÚ›ª±1 ¬Û±Â√Ó¬ ¤fl¡È¬± ˜±Ô± Œ‚±—Ȭ± ø√¬ı±1 ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 study of Hindu Social group by fl¡˝◊√√1øÂ√˘º Charu Chandra sanyal.
68 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√
ø¬ıÚ≈ Ú±1±˚˛Ì Œ√ª Œ˝√√ ˜˝√√±Ú ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ õ∂ø̬۱Ӭ Ê√Ú±˝◊√√ÀÂ√± ŒÓ¬±˜±fl¡ Œ˙Ã˚«…, ¬ıœ˚«, ŒÓ¬øÊ√˚˛±˘ ¬ı±U¬ıÀ˘À1 ¸±•⁄±Ê√…, ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…, ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ø√øÂ√˘± ’±˜±fl¡º
ø¬ıù´ø¸—˝√√1 fi1¸Ó¬, fl≈¡˜≈ø√Úœ169 ·ˆ¬«Ó¬ Ê√ij Δ˘øÂ√˘± 1±Ê√õ∂¸±√1 ’±À¬ı©ÜøÚ1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ , Œ¸±Ì1 ‰¬±˜≈‰¬ ˜≈‡Ó¬ Δ˘ Ê√ij Δ˘›, ¸±Ó¬ ¬ıÂ√1ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ Δ˘øÂ√˘± Œ˘±˝√√±1 Ó¬À1±ª±˘ ˝√√±Ó¬Ó¬º w±Ó‘¬ ˜~À√Àª ˚≈ª1±Ê√ ¬Û±øÓ¬À˘ ˆ¬±Ó‘¬1+À¬Û Ó¬…±· ’±1n∏ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬…1 øÚ˙«Ú, ˚≈ª1±Ê√ Δ˝√√À˚˛ qflv¡Ò√ıÊ Ú±˜ ¬Û±À˘ , 1±˜±˚˛Ì1 ‰¬ø1S ˘ÑÌ1 ¿1±˜ õ∂œøÓ¬1 √À1 , ëŒÂ√±È¬1±Ê±í Ú±À˜À1› Ê√Ú±Ê√±Ó¬ ˝√√í˘, Ê√±øÓ¬Àˆ¬√ øÚø¬ı‰¬±1± ¸˜ˆ¬±ª±¬Ûiß ¸˜√˙«œ, øfl¡c ¬ıœ1 ø‰¬˘±1±˚˛ Ú±À˜À1À˝√√ ¬Ûø1ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√í˘º ’±√˙« ‰¬ø1S ø¬ıù´¬ı±¸œ1 ¬ı±À¬ıº w±Ó‘¬Q Œõ∂˜ ’È≈¬È¬ 1‡±1 ¬ı±À¬ı, 븱1ªÓ¬œí ˆ¬±¯∏… ¢∂Lö‡øÚ ’Ò…˚˛Ú fl¡ø1, ¤Àfl¡ ¬Ûø1˚˛±˘1 ¬Û1± ø¬ı¬ı±˝√√ fl¡1±À˘, ˙—fl¡1À√Àª ˚≈ª1±Ê√fl¡ ë1ø¸fl¡ &1n∏í ’±‡…± ø√À˘ fl‘¡ø©Ü, ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬, ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±1 ά◊»fl¡¯∏«1 ¬ı±À¬ı , ¬ÛøGÓ¬ ˜G˘œÀ˚˛› ˆ¬±¯∏…fl¡±1fl¡ ë1ø¸fl¡ ¸≈Ê√±Úí 1+À¬Û ˆ¬”ªÀÚù´1œÀ1± ¬Û±øÌ-¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡ø1À˘º 1±Ê√Uª±ˆ¬±Àª ¸•§Ò«Ú± Ê√Ú±À˘º
’qˆ¬ ˙øMê√1 ø¬ı1n∏ÀX ¸—¢∂±˜ ‰¬˘±˝◊√√ Ò±ª˜±Ú ’ù´1 ø¬ÛøͬӬ ά◊øͬ, 븗¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√í Ú±À˜ ø¬ıˆ¬”ø¯∏Ó¬ ˝√√í˘ , ˙1±˝◊√√‚±È¬1 ά◊M√√À1 ’±ÀÂ√ ŒÓ¬±˜±1 õ∂Ó¬œfl¡ Ó¬À1±ª±˘1 Á¡Ú-Á¡ÚøÚ1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ Ô±øfl¡›, ˝√√±Ó¬Ó¬ Œ‡±˘± Ó¬À1±ª±˘ Ô±øfl¡À˘› ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… Œõ∂˜œ Ú±À˜À1 Ê√Ú±Ê√±Ó¬ ˝√√í˘º øfl¡c ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ˙±1œø1fl¡ ’ª˚˛¬ı ˜±ÀÔ“± fl¡±äøÚfl¡º
fl¡±˜±‡…±, Œfl¡√±1, ˜±Òª ˜øμ1 øÚ˜«±Ì fl¡ø1, ø¬ıù´1 ˜˝√±¬ıœ1¸fl¡˘1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬, Ò±ø˜«fl¡Ó¬±1 ¬Ûø1‰¬˚˛ ø√À˘ , ¸¬ı«À|ᬠ¬ı≈ø˘ ¬Ûø1ø‰¬Ó¬, ¸˜±‘√Ó¬ , ˜˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏¯∏ ˙Ç1À√ª1 ¬Û1˜ ˆ¬Mê√ Δ˝√√ øfl¡c ø¬ı˙±˘ ¸±•⁄±Ê√…1 ’øÒfl¡±1œ Δ˝√√›, Δ¬ı¯ûª ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…À1± ¬Û‘á¬À¬Û±¯∏fl¡Ó¬± fl¡ø1À˘º ’±øÊ ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ¬ı—˙Ò1 ά◊À¬Ûøé¬Ó¬º
69 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√
ø‰¬ij˚˛ ø‰¬ôL±
70 õ∂˙±ôL fl≈¬˜±1 √M√√, ’±˝◊√√ ø¬Û ¤Â√
Ê√œªÚ ¤fl¡ ڱȬº Ê√ij1 ¬Û1± ˜‘Ó≈¬…Õ˘ fl¡1± Ê√œªÚº øfl¡c Δ1 Ôfl¡±1 ’ªfl¡±˙ Ú±˝◊√√º ¬Ûø1ø¶öøÓ¬ ’±1n∏ ¬Ûø1S꘱ ¤‡Ú ڱȬfl¡1 ¬ı±À√ ’±Ú ¤Àfl¡± Ú˝√√˚˛º ¬Ûø1ÀªÀ˙ ¸‚Ú±˝◊√√ ڱȬfl¡1 Œ˜±1 ¸˘±˝◊√√ ˚ø√À˚˛± øÚÊ√ õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡ ¬ı…øMê√À˚˛ ¤˝◊√√ ڱȬfl¡1 ¤Àfl¡± ¤Àfl¡±È¬± ‰¬ø1S øÚÊ√ ‰¬ø1S1 ’±‡1± ô¶t fl¡ø1¬ı ŒÚ±ª±À1º fl¡±1Ì 1+¬Û±ø˚˛Ó¬ fl¡À1º ’øˆ¬Ú˚˛1 ˜=Ó¬ Ô±Àfl¡“±ÀÓ¬ Œfl¡øÓ¬˚˛± ëõ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úí ’±1n∏ ëfl¡±˘í ¸˜±ôL1±˘ˆ¬±Àª ·øÓ¬ fl¡À1º Œ˚ Ê√œªÚÀȬ± ¬Û±1 Δ˝√√ ˚±˚˛ Ó¬±1 Ó¬» Ò1±˝◊√√ Ȭ±Úº ¤˝◊√√ ’˙±ù´Ó¬ Ê√œª˝◊√√ Œ˙¯∏ ˜≈˝√√”Ó«¬Õ˘Àfl¡ 눬±1¸±˜…í 1鬱 ڱȬfl¡1 õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡ÀȬ± ‰¬ø1S˝◊√√ Œ˚Ú õ∂Ó¬…±˝3√√±Ú1 √À1º fl¡1±1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¤fl¡ Ê√œªÚ ˚“≈Ê√ ‰¬˘±˝◊√√ Δ· Ô±Àfl¡º ’±ø˜ ¸Ù¬˘ˆ¬±Àª 1+¬Û±ø˚˛Ó¬ fl¡1±1 Œ˚Ú ¤fl¡ ’ø¬ı1Ó¬ õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡Ê√ÀÚ˝◊√√ ˝◊√√˚˛±1 ¤Àfl¡± ¤Àfl¡±Ê√Ú ¸±é¬œº õ∂À‰¬©Ü±º ¸‘ø©Ü1 ’±1yøÌ1 ¬Û1± ˜±Ú≈À˝√√ ˚≈À· ˚≈À· 븘˚˛í ’±1n∏ ë˙øMê√í1 ’¬Û‰¬˚˛ ˝√√íÀ˘ Ê√œªÚ1 ¤Àfl¡ø‡øÚ fl¡˜«1 ˜±Ê√ÀÓ¬± ’±¬ı‘©Ü Δ˝√√ Ô±Àfl¡º Ê√œ˚˛±˝◊√√ ˆ¬±1¸±˜… Ú±Ô±Àfl¡º ø˚√À1 ڱȬ…fl¡±À1 ¤‡Ú ڱȬfl¡ Ôfl¡±1 ¸˜˘, ’±Rõ∂øӬᬱ, Œˆ¬±·-fl¡±˜Ú± ’±ø√À˚˛˝◊√√ 1‰¬Ú± ’Ô¬ı± ¬Ûø1‰¬±˘Ú± fl¡À1, Œ¸˝◊√√√À1 ¶§-Êœ√ªÚ1 Œ˚Ú ˘é¬…º ¤˝◊√√ ˘é¬…Ó¬ ά◊¬ÛڜӬ Œ˝√√±ª±1 ¬ı±À¬ı õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡ ڱȬ‡ÚÓ¬ øÚÊ√ ‰¬ø1S ¸≈-¬Ûø1fl¡øäÓ¬ˆ¬±Àª ’±&ª±˝◊√√ ¸—¢∂±˜œ ¸M√√±˝◊√√ ¤fl¡ ¸œ˜±˝√√œÚ õ∂øÓ¬À˚±ø·Ó¬±1 øÚ¬ıÕ˘ ˚P fl¡ø1¬ı ˘±À·º ˆ¬±1¸±˜… 1鬱 fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ¬ÛÔ±1Ó¬ Œ˚Ú ’ªÓ¬œÌ«º fl¡˜« ¤Àfl¡ø‡øÚÀ˚˛, Œfl¡ª˘ ˜±ÀÊ√-˜±ÀÊ√ Ê√œªÚ ¬ı±È¬1 ¤fl¡ øÚˆ¬‘Ó¬ Œfl¡±ÌÓ¬ øÔ˚˛ fl¡1±1 ¬ÛXøÓ¬À˝√√ Œ¬ıÀ˘· Œ¬ıÀ˘·º ’±Àfl¡Ã ¸fl¡À˘±À1 Δ˝√√ ¤fl¡±¯∏1œ˚˛±ˆ¬±Àª øÚÀÊ√ øÚÊ√fl¡ ¬Û˚«À¬ıé¬Ì fl¡1±1 ¬ı±À¬ı øÚÒ«±ø1Ó¬ ¸˜À˚˛± ¬ı±øg ø√˚˛± ’±ÀÂ√º Ó¬≈¬Ûø1, 1fl¡±1º ’Ô«±» Ê√œªÚ1 fl¡˜«1±Ê√œ1 ¬Û1± Ê√œªÚ ’øÚ(˚˛Ó¬±À1 ¬Ûø1¬Û”Ì«º Œ¸À˚˛À˝√√ ø‰¬ôL±1 ¬Û±˝√√±1 ¸±˜ø˚˛fl¡ˆ¬±Àª øÚÊ√Àfl¡ ë¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú ø¬ı26√√í ‚È¬±¬ı ˆ¬±ø„√√ fl¡1± ¬Ûø1fl¡äÚ±À¬ı±1 Œfl¡øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı± ¬ı…Ô« Δ˝√√ ¬Û±ø1À˘ ¬Ûø1ø¶öøÓ¬1 ¸Ù¬˘ Œ˜±fl¡±ø¬ı˘± fl¡1±ÀȬ± Ê√œªÚÕ˘ øÚ1±˙± Ú˜±˝◊√√ ’±ÀÚº fl¡øÍ¬Ú Δ˝√√ ¬ÛÀ1 ¸˝√√Ê√¸±Ò… ˝√√˚˛º ø‰¬ôL± ’±1n∏ fl¡äÚ± ˙øMê√1 ’øÒfl¡±1œ
70 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ Œ˝√√±ª± ¬ı±À¬ı ˜±Ú≈˝√√ Ê√œªÀ|ᬺ ¤fl¡ øÚ1ªø26√iß ø‰ôL± ¸˜À˚˛ ’±ø¬ı©®±1 fl¡ø1 ’˝√√± øfl¡Â≈√˜±Ú ¸˜˘ ¬ı± ˆ¬±ª1 ŒÊ√±ª±À1 ˜±Ú≈˝√√fl¡ ¸¬ı«√± ’±ªø1 Ô±Àfl¡º ë’±R‚±È¬œí1 ¬ı±˝√√fl¡ 1+¬ÛÀ˝√√ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ Δ˝√√ÀÂ√º ˜±Ú≈À˝√√ õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡ ¬ı…øMê√ øÚÊ√ øÚÊ√ ˆ¬±ª ¬ı± ø‰¬ôL± ˙øMê√1 ¡Z±1± ¬Û±˝√√ø1 ˚±˚˛ Œ˚ ŒÓ¬›“ ¤fl¡ ’±R±º ŒÓ¬›“1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ ¬Ûø1‰¬±ø˘Ó¬º ¤˝◊√√ ø‰¬ôL± ˙øMê√1 Ù¬˘|n∏øÓ¬À˚˛ Δ˝√√ÀÂ√ fl¡˜«º ¤Ê√Ú ¬Û1±˜±R±› ’±ÀÂ√º ˜±Ú≈À˝√√ ˙1œ1 Ò±1Ì fl¡1± ¬ı±ô¶±ªÓ¬, ¤˝◊√√ ˆ¬±ª¸˜”˝√√fl¡ ά◊¬Û˚≈Mê√ˆ¬±Àª ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡ø1 ’ª¶ö±ÀȬ±Àfl¡ ¸Ó¬… ¬ı≈ø˘ ˆ¬±À¬ıº ¤˚˛± ¤fl¡ ˆ¬≈˘ Ò±1̱º fl¡˜«Õ˘ 1+¬Û±ôL1 fl¡ø1 ¸±Ù¬˘… ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û1±ÀȬ±À˝√√ fl¡±1Ì ˙±1œø1fl¡ ˙øMê√ ¸œø˜Ó¬ ’±1n∏ ˝◊√√˚˛±1 ¡Z±1± ’øÒfl¡ &1n∏Q¬Û”Ì«º ø˚Àfl¡±ÀÚ± fl¡±˜1 Ù¬˘ ÒÚ±Rfl¡ ¬ı± ¸•Û±ø√Ó¬ fl¡˜«› ¸œø˜Ó¬º ˙1œÀ1 ˆ¬±ø¬ı¬ı ŒÚ±ª±À1 Ÿ¬Ì±Rfl¡ Œ˝√√±ª±1 ˜”˘ÀÓ¬ Δ˝√√ÀÂ√ ’Ô«¬Û”Ì« ø‰¬ôL±Ò±1±º ’Ô¬ı± ø¸X±ôL ˘í¬ı ŒÚ±ª±À1º ’±˜±1 ˙1œ1Ó¬ ¤ÀÚ fl‘¡Ó¬fl¡±˚«Ó¬±1 ˜±¬Û-fl¡±øͬÀ˚˛˝◊√√ Δ˝√√ÀÂ√ qX ø‰¬ôL±Ò±1±º Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ’—· Ú±˝◊√√ ˚±1 ¶ú‘øÓ¬ ˙øMê√ ’±ÀÂ√ ¬ı± ˆ¬±˘ qX ø‰¬ôL±Ò±1± ·Í¬Ú fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ˝√√íÀ˘ ’˝√√—fl¡±1, ‚‘̱, Œ¬ı˚˛± ø¬ıÀ¬ı‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±À1º ˆ¬ø1, Ú±fl¡ ¬ı± fl¡±ÌÓ¬ ø˝√√—¸±, Œ˘±ˆ¬ ’±ø√ ˜Ú1 ¬Û1±71 ¬Ûø1˝√√±1 fl¡ø1¬ı ˘±ø·¬ıº ¤˝◊√√ ø‰¬ôL± ˙øMê√ Ú±Ô±Àfl¡º ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 ’±R±Ó¬À˝√√ ˝◊√√ Ô±Àfl¡, ¸Ó¬… ’±1n∏ qX ø‰¬ôL±Ò±1± Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± fl¡˜«Õ˘ 1+¬Û±ôL1 ø˚ Ê√œªÚ1 ¸˜ô¶ fl¡˜«1±Ê√œ ¬Ûø1‰¬±˘± fl¡À1º ˙±¶aÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛, ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛± ¸‘ø©ÜÀ˚˛± ά◊¬ı«1 Δ˝√√ ά◊Àͬº ¸‘ø©Üfl¡Ó«¬±› ¸√˚˛ Δfl¡ÀÂ√, ë˚íÓ¬ Ê√œª Ó¬íÓ¬ ø˙ªí ’Ô«±» ¸fl¡À˘± Ê√œª1 ˝√√˚˛º øfl¡c ¤˚˛± ¸˝√√Ê√ ¸±Ò… Ú˝√√˚˛º ’±øÊ√1 Δ¬ı¯∏ø˚˛fl¡ ˜±Ê√ÀÓ¬ ÷ù´1 ’±R± 1+À¬Û ø¬ı1±Ê√˜±Úº ¸˜¢∂ ˜±Úª ˚≈·Ó¬, ˜±˚˛± Œ˜±˝√√À1 Œ˜±˝√√±Â√iß Ê√œªÚÓ¬ ¶§±ˆ¬±øªfl¡ÀÓ¬ Ê√±øÓ¬1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ¬ıÌ«, Ò˜«, ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ øˆ¬iß ˝√√íÀ˘› ’±˜±1 ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¸Ó¬… ’±1n∏ qX ø‰¬ôL±Ò±1± 1鬱 fl¡1±ÀȬ± ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡Ó«¬± ¬ı± ø¬ÛÓ¬± ¤Àfl¡Ê√ÀÚ˝◊√√º ŒÓ¬Àª“˝◊√√ Δ˝√√ÀÂ√ ≈√– ¸±Ò… øfl¡c ’¸yª Ú˝√√˚˛º ø¶öÓ¬õ∂: ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û1±ÀȬ± ¬Û1˜±R± ¬ı± ˆ¬·ª±Úº ˚ø√À˝√√, ’±ø˜ ¸fl¡À˘±Àª ¤˝◊√√ ’±øÊ√1 ˚≈·Ó¬ ¤fl¡ ’˘œfl¡ fl¡äÚ± ˜±ÀÔ±Úº ’Ô¬ı± ¸Ó¬…Ó¬±ÀȬ± ¶§œfl¡±1 fl¡À1± ŒÓ¬ÀôL øÚÊ√1 ¬Ûø1˚˛±˘ ¬ı±¬ Œfl¡ª˘ ˙±¶a ¬Û±Ó¬Ó¬ ø˘ø¬Û¬ıX Δ˝√√ Ôfl¡± ά◊¬ÛÀ√˙ øÚÊ√1 Ê√±øÓ¬ ’±ø√1 √À1 ¸—fl¡œÌ« ø‰¬ôL±Ò±1 Ó¬…±· ¬ı≈ø˘À˝√√ Œ¬ı±Ò·˜… ˝√√˚˛º ˝◊√√˚˛±fl¡ ’Ú≈fl¡1Ì fl¡1± Œ˘±fl¡ fl¡ø1¬ı ˘±ø·¬ıº ¸˜ô¶ ø¬ıù´¬ı±¸œ ¤È¬± ¬Ûø1˚˛±˘ ø˝√√‰¬±À¬ı ø¬ı1˘º ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡ø1À˘ ø¬ıù´ ˙±øôL øÚÀÊ√˝◊√√ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√í¬ıº ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡Ó«¬± ’±1n∏ ŒÓ¬›“1 ¡Z±1± ¸‘©Ü øfl¡c ¤˝◊√√ ’¸±Ò±1Ì ˘é¬…Ó¬ ά◊¬ÛڜӬ ˝√√í¬ıÕ˘ ¬Û‘øÔªœ‡Ú1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ Œfl¡±Ú ’øÒfl¡ ˙øMê√˙±˘œ Œ¸˝◊√√ ˝√√íÀ˘ ˙1œ11 ¡Z±1± ά◊¬Û˘t Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±1 ¬Û1± ¬ıø˝√√«˜≈‡œ Δ˘› ˜±Ú≈À˝√√ ¸‰¬1±‰¬1 ¬õ∂ùü fl¡À1º fl¡±1Ì ¤˝◊√√ ¬Û‘øÔªœÓ¬ ˝√√í¬ı ˘±ø·¬ıº ˙1œ11 ‰¬±ø1À¬ı11 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡1± Ê√œª Œ|ᬠ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 ’±È¬±˝◊√√Ó¬Õfl¡ ˙øMê√˙±˘œ ˚LaÀȬ±Àª˝◊√√ ’±Ò…±øRfl¡Ó¬± õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ õ∂˙±øôL1 fl¡±1fl¡ ˝√√í¬ı ŒÚ±ª±À1º Δ˝√√ÀÂ√ ëø‰¬ôL± ˙øMê√íº ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 ¡Z±1± ΔÓ¬˚˛±1œ ¤È¬± é≈¬^ ¬ı±ô¶øªfl¡ ’Ô«Ó¬ Ò˜«œ˚˛ ø˙鬱 ’±1n∏ ¬ı±Ìœ1 ¡Z±1± ’±ø˜ ’±fl¡±11 ¬Û1˜±Ì≈ ’¶a˝◊√√ øÚø˜¯∏ÀÓ¬ ¤‡Ú ‰¬˝√√1 ¬ı± Œ√˙ ¸‰¬±Õfl¡À˚˛ Ê√œªÚ ¬Ûø1‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1ÀÂ√±ÀÚ ¬ı±1n∏∑ øÚ–À˙¯∏ fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±À1º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡, ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 ø‰¬ôL±1 ¡Z±1± ’±˜±1 fl¡˜«1±Ê√œ1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ Ò˜«1 ¤˝◊√√ ø˙鬱À¬ı±1 õ∂fl¡±˙ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 Œ˝√√±ª± ’±øª©®±1À¬ı±À1 ’±˜±fl¡ ’øÒfl¡ ¬Û±˝◊√√ÀÂ√ÀÚ ¬ı±1n∏∑ øÚ(˚˛ Œ¬Û±ª± Ú±˝◊√√º ¬ıU ¸˜˚˛ ˜øμ1 ˙øMê√˙±˘œ fl¡1±1 √±¬ıœ1 ¬Ûø1ªÀÓ«¬ ˆ¬œøÓ¬ ø¬ı˝3√√˘Ó¬±À˝√√ ¬ı± ·œÊ«√± ‚1Ó¬ ¬ıø˝√√ Ô±øfl¡À˘ ’±Ò…±øRfl¡ Œ˝√√±ª± ¬ı‘øX fl¡1± ¬ı≈ø˘À˝√√ ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú ¸˜±ÀÊ√ fl¡˚˛º Ú≈¬ı≈Ê√±˚˛º õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬±Ô«Ó¬, õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡ ’±R±˝◊√√ ’Ú… ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú Ê√·Ó¬Ó¬, ¸‘ø©Üfl¡±˜œ ˜±ÚÀª ¸˜À˚˛ ’±R±¸˜”˝√√fl¡ ˆ¬±Ó‘¬Q1 ˆ¬±ÀªÀ1 ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1À˘À˝√√
71 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ’±‰¬˘ ’±Ò…±øRfl¡Ó¬± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1¬ıº Œfl¡±ÚÀȬ± ˜±·« ά◊»fl‘¡©Ü ¬ı± ˜Ú≈¯∏…1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¢∂˝√√ÌÀ˚±·… ’±Ò…±øRfl¡Ó¬± õ∂±ø51 ¬ı±À¬ı ˜Ú≈¸∏… Ê√œªÚ Œ˝√√±ª± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ Œ¸˚˛± ¶§˚˛— ˆ¬·ª±Ú ¿fl‘¡¯û˝◊√√ ·œÓ¬±Ó¬ ¸Ó¬…1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ ’±Ò±ø1Ó¬ ˝√√í¬ı ˘±ø·¬ıº ¬ı±ô¶øªfl¡ ¬ı…Mê√ fl¡ø1 Δ·ÀÂ√º ë¬ıËp¡±ˆ¬”Ó«¬– õ∂¸iß±R±, Ú Œ˙±‰¬øÚÓ¬ Ò±1̱1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ Ú˝√√˚˛º õ∂ÔÀ˜ ¸Ó¬…fl¡ ’ôL1 ’±R±Ó¬ fl¡ fl¡±∫øÓ¬ ¸˜– ¸À¬ı3«¯∏≈– ˆ¬”ÀÓ¬¯∏≈ ˜æ√øMê√— ˘ˆ¬ÀÓ¬ ά◊¬Û˘øt fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1¬ı ˘±ø·¬ıº ˜ÚÓ¬ ¸»&Ì õ∂øӬᬱ ¬Û1±˜íºº ’Ô«±» ëø˚Ê√ÀÚ ø‰¬ij˚˛ ô¶1Ó¬ ά◊¬ÛڜӬ Δ˝√√ fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1À˘À˝√√ ’±Ò…±øRfl¡ Œ˝√√±ª± ¬ı≈Ê√±˚˛º ¸»&Ì ¬ıËp¡±À¬Û±˘øt ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À1 ŒÓ¬›“ ¤Àfl¡±À1 ¬ı±À¬ı Œ˙±fl¡ ¬ı± ¶§·œ«˚˛ &Ì ¬ı≈ø˘À˘ ¸˝√√Ú˙œ˘Ó¬±, ¸˝√√À˚±ø·Ó¬± ¬ı± Úfl¡À1 ¬ı± ¤Àfl¡± ¬ıd1 ¬ı±À¬ı˝◊√√ ’±fl¡±—鬱 fl¡ø1¬ı˘·œ˚˛± Œõ∂˜ ’±ø√Àfl¡ ¬ı≈Ê√±˚˛º ’±Ú ¸fl¡À˘± ¬ı…øMê√fl¡ Œõ∂˜ ¬ı± Ú˝√√˚˛º ŒÓ¬›“ ¸fl¡À˘± Ê√œª1 õ∂øÓ¬ ¸˜ˆ¬±ª±¬Ûiß Δ˝√√ ˆ¬±Ó‘¬Q1 ¡Z±1± ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1À˘À˝√√ õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡Ê√ÀÚ˝◊√√ ¬ÛÀ1 ’±1n∏ Œ˜±1 õ∂øÓ¬ ¬Û1˜ ø¬ıqX ˆ¬øMê√1 ¶§±√ ˘±ˆ¬ ’Ú±ø¬ı˘ ’±Úμ ά◊»¸±˝√√ Œˆ¬±· fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1¬ıº øfl¡c fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±À1ºí ˝◊√√˚˛±1 ¬ı±À¬ı ˜Ú≈¯∏…˝◊√√ ’±˝√√1Ì 72fl¡ø1¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı ¸Ó¬…1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ øfl¡c ’±øÊ√1 ˜±Ú≈À˝√√ Ê√άˇ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± ’Ô«±» õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ õ∂˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ’±1n∏ ˆ¬·ª±Ú1 õ∂øÓ¬ ¬ÛøªS Δ¬ı¯∏ø˚˛fl¡∏ ά◊ÀV˙…fl¡ õ∂±Ò±Ú…Ó¬± ø√À˝√√ ˆ¬·ª±Ú1 fl¡±¯∏ ’±¶ö±º ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛±˝◊√√ ¸”S¬Û±Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ’±Ò…øRfl¡Ó¬± ’±1n∏ ‰¬±À¬Ûº ø˚˜±ÀÚ ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 ’±ª±ø√ ¬ı±øϬˇÀÂ√ ø¸˜±ÀÚ, ˜øμ1, ’±Ò…øRfl¡ fl¡˜«1º ˜Â√øÊ√√ ’±1n∏ ·œÊ«√±1 ¸—‡…±› ¬ı±øϬˇÀÂ√º øfl¡c õ∂ùü ˝√√í˘- ’±Ò…±øRfl¡ fl¡˜« ¬ı≈≈ø˘À˘ ’±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ ˝◊√√˚˛±1 ≈√Ȭ± ø‰¬ij˚˛ ø‰¬ôL±À1 ’±ä≈Ó¬ ˆ¬øMê√ ¬ı±øϬˇÀÂ√ ÀÚ ¸≈‡ ˘±ˆ¬ ¬ı± ô¶1 ’±ÀÂ√ ñ õ∂Ô˜ÀȬ± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√ øÚÊ√1 ¶§1+¬Û ά◊¬Û˘øX ≈√‡ øÚ1±˜˚˛fl¡ Œfl¡f fl¡ø1 fl¡1± ˆ¬·ª±Ú1 ›‰¬1Ó¬ Œ¬ı¬Û±1 fl¡1±º ’Ô«±» ˝◊√√øf˚˛ Ó‘¬ø51 ¬ı±À¬ı fl¡1± fl¡˜«º ¤˝◊√√ ô¶1Ó¬ ¸≈˘ˆ¬ ˆ¬øMê√ ¬ı±øϬˇÀÂ√∑ ’Ó¬œÊ√Ó¬ ¬ıU Ÿ¬ø¯∏ ˜≈øÚ ’±øÂ√˘ Ê√άˇ Ê√±·øÓ¬fl¡ fl¡˜« fl¡À1 ’±1n∏ Ù¬˘Ó¬ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± Ê√άˇ ø˚ ¸fl¡˘ ·ˆ¬œ1 :±Ú1 ¡Z±1± ¬Ûø1¬Û≈©Ü Δ˝√√ Ê√±·øÓ¬fl¡ &Ì1 ¡Z±1± fl¡˘≈ø¯∏Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬≈√¬Ûø1, :±Ú, ’±26√±ø√Ó¬ ¸≈‡ Ó¬…±· fl¡ø1 ˆ¬·ª» ø‰¬ôL±Ó¬ øÚ˜¢ü ˝√√íª ¬Û±ø1øÂ√˘º ˝√√˚˛ ’±1n∏ Œ˙¯∏Ó¬ Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± Œ√˝√√±ôL ‚ÀȬ ¬ı± ˜‘Ó≈¬… ˝√√˚˛ øfl¡c ’±øÊ√ ¤˚˛± ëë1±À˜± Ú±˝◊√√ ’À˚±Ò…±› Ú±˝◊√√íí fl¡Ô±1 ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛± ¬Û≈Ú1 Ê√άˇ Œ√˝√√ Ò±1Ì fl¡À1º √À1º Œ·±ÀȬ˝◊√√ Ê√œªÚ ˝◊√√øf˚˛ Ó‘¬ø51 õ∂øÓ¬À˚±ø·Ó¬±Ó¬ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ô¶11 fl¡˜« Δ˝√√ÀÂ√ ë¬Û1˜ ¬Û≈1n∏À¯∏±M√√˜ øÚ˜¢ü Δ˝√√ Ô±øfl¡ ¬ı±X«fl¡…Ó¬ ëë˝√√ø1 Ú±˜î Œ˘±ª± ¤‰¬±˜ ˆ¬·¬ı±Ú1í õ∂fl‘¡Q Ó¬Q ά◊¬Û˘øt fl¡1±º ’Ô«±» ˆ¬·ª» ˜±Ú≈˝√√1 ¸—‡…±˝◊√√ ’±øÊ√ Œ¬ıøÂ√º ¬ıUÀÓ¬ ’±Àfl¡Ã ’±˜±1 õ∂œøÓ¬1 ά◊ÀVÀ˙… fl¡1± fl¡˜«º ˝◊√√˚˛±Ó¬ fl¡˜«, fl¡M«√√±, ˙±¶a Œfl¡˝◊√√‡Ú ˜≈‡¶ö fl¡ø1 ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ ¬ÛøGÓ¬±˘œ Œ√‡≈ª±˝◊√√ ά◊¬Û±√±Ú, ά◊ÀV˙… ’±ø√ ¸fl¡À˘± ø‰¬ij˚˛º ˆ¬·ª» ø‰¬ôL±1 ˜˝√√±¬Û≈1n∏¯1∏ ˜˚«±√± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡1±› Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ˜±Ò…À˜À1 Œ‰¬ÚÓ¬± fl¡˘≈ø¯∏Ó¬ ˜≈Mê√ Δ˝√√ ø‰¬ij˚˛ ô¶1 ¬Û±˚˛º ’±˜±1 ’±Ò…±øRfl¡Ó¬±¬ı±√ Œfl¡±Ú ø√À˙ Ò±ª˜±Ú Δ˝√√ÀÂ√ Ù¬˘Ó¬ :±Ú ά◊ijœø˘Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º Œ˙¯∏Ó¬ Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± Œ√˝√√±ôL Œ¸˚˛± ¤fl¡ ø‰¬ôLÚœ˚˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛º ’±ø˜ ìø‰¬ij˚˛ ø‰¬ôL±î1 ˆ¬±› ˝√√˚˛ ’Ô«±» ˜‘Ó≈¬… ˝√√˚˛ Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± Ò±˜ õ∂±ø5 ˝√√˚˛ ¬ı± ˆ¬·¬ı±Ú1 Ê≈√ø1 ˆ¬·ª±Úfl¡ õ∂Ó¬±1̱ fl¡1± Ú±˝◊√√ÀȬ±∑ ¤˝◊√√ õ∂ùü1 ά◊M√√1 ¸±øißÒ… ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À1º øÚÊ√-øÚÊ√ ’±R±Ó¬ ø¬ı‰¬±ø1 ά◊ø˘˚˛±¬ı ˘±ø·¬ıº ’±Ò…±øRfl¡ fl¡˜«1 ¤˝◊√√ ≈√À˚˛±È¬± ô¶11 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ëëfi˜“ ˙±øôL/““
72 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√
A Glimpse on The History73 of The Koches Sibendra Narayan Koch
Books on political history of sult of a long drawn preparation which Assam invariably devote a chapter to the dates back to 6th century B.C. (Dr. koch dynasty. The chapter usually starts Chatterjee, kirata Jana kriti 1974: 111). with Bisu or Biswa singha, who is said Dr. Chatterjee believes that centuries to be the founder of the koch dynasty before the rise of the 16th century koch (Gait, E.A History of Assam, 1926: 48; power there were a number of koch Baruah, K. L. Early History of Kamrup Chieftainships or principalities during 1966 : 189). This fact by implication the period of 1250 to 1500 A.D. Who cut short the koch political history to Were in occupation of the entire coun- 16th century and downward. But schol- try from the Bharali to the Teesta and ars do not seem to be unanimous ei- karatoya and beyond, probably includ- ther about the founder of the 16th cen- ing Dinajpur, who vied with each other tury koch dynasty or about it being the specialy among the koches of Hajo, only koch dynasty. There are scholars Kamata and koch Bhihar for supremacy who are of the view that there existed in the region (Dr. Chatterjee, ibid: 111; koch kingdoms prior to the rise of the 114-115). Dr. Acharya holds that dur- 16th century koch kings. ing this period there were most power- Some scholars are of the view ful and independent koch chieftains that the 16th century koch power has who united themselves under the au- not sprung up suddenly. It was the re- thority of Hajo (Dr. Acharyya, N.N., 73 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ M.H.A., 1966:188). Western scholars killing him as Mr. Sanyal recorded that of eminence like Hunter and col. Chandan ascended the throne of Dalton are of the view that it was Hajo Chiknai defeating its ruler (Sanyal, who established the 16th century koch ibid). It was after the death of Chandan, kingdom on the ruins of the Kamrupa that Bisu or Biswa Singha is said to have Kingdom (Hunter, W.W. Statisical Ac- ascended the throne of koch kigdom by counts of Bengal, Vol. X:1973:80; Col. 1515 A.D. (Gait. ibid:48) or by 1530 Dalton, E.T. Tribal History of N.E. In- A.D.( Bhattacharjee, S,N., Moghul dia 1973:87) N,E.F. policy. 1929 : 77). All these Dr. Buchanan has spoken about facts tend to show that Biswa Singha was a short Government74 established by not the founder of the 16th century Chandan and Madan at the close of the koch kingdom though he might have 15th century; which was said to have been instrumental in consolidationg the lasted only for 8 years (Martin, M., 16th century koch power; for which Eastern India, 1972: Vol. 111: 413 : Dr. preparation were said to be going on Acharyya, ibid). Dr. Buchanan believes from 6th century B.C. (Dr. Chatterjee. it was on the fall of Chandan that Hajo ibdi) or alternatively from the time of rose to power (Martin, ibdi, Dr. Sankaladip as col. Shakspear believes Acharyya, ibid). But Chandan and that the history of the koch starts from Madan are said to be the half brothers the time of Sankaladip (Sarkar, A.C., of Bisu, who ascended the throne of Koch Rajbansi. itihas, 1969:33-34). chiknai by 1510 A.D. defeating its ruler There are diputes about the ra- (Sanyal; C.C., The Rajbanshis of N. B., cial identity of Bisu's father Haria 1965:5). If Chandan and Madan were Mandal. He is generally believed as a the half brother of Biswa Singha, it is Mech by race because he was Mandal not believable that their maternal grand of the 12th Mech families of Chiknai father could be any potential, power at village. The twelve Mech familes he that old age to rise as unifying force presided over are Panvar, Phedela, Phed only after his grandon Chandan. So a Phedu, Barihana, Kathia, Guabar, correct chronology seems to be that Megha, Baisagu, Jagai, Gurikata, either Chandan succeded to their ma- Jugabar and Dakharu. In this list of the ternal grand father Hajo peacefully or 12th Mech families of Chiknai village that they snatched away the throne of neither the name of Haria Mandal nor their grand father defeating or perhaps the name of his father Dambabu ap-
74 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ pears. This fact shows that Haria tal of Gaur in Bengal and his son Mandal was neither a man from the vil- Rohiteswar the Rohtag Forth in lage Chiknai nor the Co-villager of the Haryana, He is said to have come from twelve Mech families shose Mandal he koch which is interpreted by Gait as was. This makes us to draw an Kamrupa. (Gait, ibid:20). This shows irresistble inference that he did not his empire extends from Assam to belong to the Mech tribe since he was Haryana. not a part of those 12 Mech families Narakasura is one of the mon- of village Chikna. So Haria Mandal archs who is believed to have ruled seems to belong to the tribe of his fa- Assam. Our historians appear to be vo- ther-in-law Hajo, and75 he has not given ciferous and loud mouthed to call him his daughter in marriage to a Mech but as the Naraka of the Ramayana. But the to a Koch but for wrong translation of Ramayana seems to be very specific the sanskrit word Mlecheha of the which says that pragjoytishpura of the Kalika Puranas (K.P. 77/30) by Ramayana situates on the west of Suryakhari Daivajana the koch Haria Kiskinda, Tapti etc. But we do not find Mandal became a Mech. The koch his- any place on the east of Assam to iden- tory of this parts need correction as an tify such countries or rivers. So if there untruth is sought to prevail upon the was any Naraka who ruled Assam he truth basing upon a legendary tale of the seems to be the Naraka of Kalika Parasu Rama and the Hai Hai Kshatriya Purana, whom Dr. Kakati called a po- Sahasrarjuna to which we cannot cloth litical upstart from Mithila who ruled with any history. Assam in between 200 to 500 A.D. (Br. We have stated earlier that ac- Kakati, The Mother Goddess cording to some scholars there existed Kamakshya, 1961:29-30) Naraka was koch kingdom or kingdoms much ear- said to be the son of Vishnu and brought lier to that of the 16th century koch dy- up by Janaka. But his caste identity is nasty. But the books of history of Assam known as Bhauma i.e. the son of Bhumi, are silent about the Koches prior to the earth. This tells us in a very uncertain 16th century. Sankaladip of 7th ceutury terms that Naraka came of a matrilin- B.C. is undoubtedly one of those who eal society. Socially the Koches are is said to be a Koch chieftain but not also found to be matrilineal (Martin. given any space in the Assam history. M., Eastern India, Vol. IV: 1972:538). He is said to have established the capi- Mr. J.D Anderson is of the view
75 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ that 'the famous shrine of kamaksa' was Guha, Cave, Suffixed by the koch word "the old capital of the koch monarchs, 'ti', water, Gauhati, cave water. This now known as Gauhati or Gauhati" (Rev. seems to relate to the underground wa- Endles The kacharis. 1975 : XVIII). of ter of kamakshya tample (koch. S.N., the Assam monarchs who had made ibid). All these seem to justify the Kamakshya or Gauhati or Gauhati their statement of Mr. Anderson that Gauhati capital and about whom we can be sure was the old capital of the koch mon- or was Narakasura. The toponyms archs though we know nothing of such kamakshya and Gauhati are constitued koch monarch as the history of Assam out of the koch elements. 'Kama' is a tells us only about Chiknai and koch name of a koch clan.76 Koch clan name Bihar and not beyond. Kama is suffixed by the koch word 'Sa' Speaking about the koches Dr. H. which meams chil, younger, junoir etc. H. Risly and Mr. Baverly held that the And became Kamasa In Assames sibi- koches had been in the Ganges plain lant 's' becomes 'x' such as 'Bengali when the Solar and Lunar races estab- Barisha bacames barixa in Assamese. lished Magadha and Mithila kingdoms; So the koch kamasa became Kamaxa where from they were driven to the which when pronounced by the non- swamps and jungles of kamrupa Assamese Aryan it becames Kamakshya (Choudhury. H.N., koch Bihar Estate, as Assamese 'x' becames 'kh' to non- 1903: 123-124). Koch residence in Assamese. Thus kamakshya, Kamaxa, Ganges plain seems to have been proved Kamasa. The term kamasa is a compara- by the fact that they were referred so tive term in relation to Kamata which as Kuvacha, Kamboja, Kavacha, Kavasa means bog kama. So it appears in olden in the Rg. Veda, and the Brahmanas and days two kama houses of koch tribe used Puranas such as Kausitaki and Aitereya to rule western Assam one was known Brahmannas, padama puranas etc. There as kamata, senior or older kama and the is also a place 14 miles away from Gaya other kamasa younger or junior kama which is known as koch (Martin, M., (koch, S.N., The Role of the Koches in ibid, vol 1:62). In Satpatha Brahmana shaping the history and culture of N.E. two Asura words are quoted 'He lava, India, an unpublished paper read in Ha lava! These two words are koch Gauhati Anusandhan Samiti Seminar on words meaning (here I am being) of- 29-10-83). The term Gauhati is a hy- fered, (here I am being) offered of brid formation of the sanskrit word (land is being) taken, land is being)
76 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ taken. All there facts undoubtedly prove is seen to coincide with Sangal or that prior to their coming to kamrupa Sankaladips time. So it appears that the koches were thre in the Gangetic Naraka belonged to the koch tribe. plain. In Assam we also had pala dy- The founder of the Mlechha dy- nasty who are believed to be high cast nasty Salastambha is said to be one Sal Hindu kings. The recent discovery of koch of the village Salkocha near short Bangarh inscription shows Bilashipara under Dhubri District Rajya pala, Narayan pala and Naya pala (Sarma, S.N., Goalpara Zilar itihas, ruled Gaura in the secand half of the 1976'40). His dynasty claims to belong tenth century A.D. Assam pala kings to Bhauma clan to 77which clan Naraka also came' to power by the end of the belonged. Were the Mlechha king and tenth century A.D.i.e. by 985 A.D. The Naraka same tribe? If so did they be- three pala kings of Bangarh inscrip- long to the koch tribe? The question is tions are described as the sons of the neither easy nor free from difficulty. Kambojas is identified as the koches But the following facts tend to show (Dr. Chatterjee, ibid:113; Dr. Roy that its answer is one of positive. Nihar Ranjan, Bangalir itihas, Naraka came from the country 1980:54, Dr. Majumdar, R.C., Bangla from which the koches are also belived her itihas, 1974: 60). The Assam pala to have come i.c. Ganges valley. Naraka kings also claim to be the member of came from a matrilineal socity as he great Bhauma dynasty. This fact too took the clan of his mother and not his seems to support our contention that father to which system koches are wed- the founder of the Bhauma dynasty ded traces of which is still extant in N.E. was a koch, though it is open to re- India. One of the kings Salastambha also verse this view on further evidences claims to belong to Naraka's family. We contrary to what we have stated but it know no koch monarch who had his seems to us that in compiling the his- capital at Gauhati or Kamakshya. Link tory of Assam the points raised in this between the koch and the Kamakshya paper may give a clue for further in- is one of non-severable. Naraka’s time vestigation.
77 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√
The Language and Culture
of78 Koch Rajbonshi Koch Rajbonshi Cultural Socirty
The Language and Culture of the cause at that time neither Assamese nor Koch-Rajbongshis are totally different Bengali language emerged. In modern from the language and culture of perspective, it was Grierson who for Assamese, Bengali, Hindi and Nepali in the first time used the terminology the respective states as well as the “Rajbongshi”. He wrote, “when we country. The Rajbongshi language, cross the river(the which was adopted as the official lan- Brahmaputra)coming from Dacca we guage of the state during the reign of meet a well marked form of speech in Maharaja Naranarayana(1540- Rangpur and the districts to its north 1584AD) and Chila Ray in the 16th and east. It is called “Rajbongshi.”(LSI century, has been whole heartedly ac- V.-I,P-I, P-153). According to 1891 cepted by the people of the region till census total Rajbongshi speaker in the now irrespective of their caste-creed entire north east India was approxi- and religion. Noted historian A.C. mately 35,90,341. Unfortunately, it has Choudhury claims that the language of been so far ignored by the Assamese the letter written by Maharaja and Bengali intellectuals and concerned Naranaraya,emperor of Koch Kingdom authorities of both central and state to Sukhampha, the king of Ahom King- government. Notwithstanding, the dom in 1555 AD was Rajbongshi be- people of the region are culturally and
78 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ emotionally integrated with the tune of some others continued their literary the various native folk instruments like career and regarded by some scholars the Bena, the Dotora and the Sarinda as the paternal language of Assamese across the states of Assam, West Ben- and Bengali, whereas the Govt. of Nepal gal, Bihar, Meghalaya and even Nepal has already recognized it. Whatsoever and Bangladesh irrespective of their the introduction of Rajbongshi language statehood and nationhood. These in primary level education in the Koch- people inherit a common cultural heri- Rajbongshi dominated areas are very tage. It is the culture of the son of the necessary so that they can obtain pri- soil, the culture of indigenous ethnic mary education in their mother tongue. group Koch-Rajbongshis79 glorified by Koch-Rajbongshi Tradi- the elevated history of Koch-Kingdom tional Costume: and presently spread over in three coun- “Patani”/ “Phota” is the traditional tries-India, Nepal and Bangladesh and dress of a Koch-Rajbongshi woman. It in different geographical background it is produced in handloom at home in is popularly known as Rajbongshi different colours. According to Dr. Culture(Assam & West Bengal, Nepal), Dipak Kumar Roy there are fifteen Koch-Rajbongshi Culture types of patani and they are (Assam,Nepal), Koch Saishyaphuli, Ghuni, Dhala, Dhalakala, Culture(Meghalaya), Goalparia Bulukdhala, Maldoi, Toroiphuli, Culture(Assam), Rangpuria Chikonpair, Doraduri, Saada, Culture(Bangladesh), Vaoaiya Ghugupari, Chotapari, Suryapuri, Culture(West Bengal), Suryapuri Chotari and Guthaotha. This form of Culture(Bihar)etc. The organizations dress is antique and it is claimed that are demanding for recognition of the reference of Patani is also available Rajbongshi language in the 8th sched- in the ancient book “Manashakabya” by ule of the constitution of India and ini- Mankar in the anecdote of Behula and tiative from the central Govt. for sci- Lakshindar. According to Dr. C.C. entific study of the language being's it Sanyal-“A Rajbansi woman is happy with one of the ancient languages of India Phota(Patani). This is a coloured cloth and used as an official language in the of Five cubits long and 2.5 cubits wide. 16th century Koch Kingdom where This she ties just above the breast and pioneer of Assamese literature it hangs down up to the knees. The two Mahapurush Srimanta Sankardeva and ends of the Phota are not sewn together.
79 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ It is an open cloth. Within the last 10 are as follows. years Phota is going out of the market.” Ornaments of wrists & Angcha is the traditional dress of arms(Bracelet): Bala, Kharu, Bauti, Koch-Rajbongshi gentleman. It is pro- Kangkon, Gajora, Sompanji, Baju, Baas duced in handloom at home in differ- Patari etc. ent colours with 6 feet of length and 3 Ornaments of neck(Necklace): feet wide. Gamcha is a rectangular Suryahar, Siklihar, Chandrahar, piece of cotton cloth produced in Machihar, Kathimalahar, Sikahar, handloom specially yellow in colour. Takachara, Madhumala, Kuchiyamarhar, It has a great significance among the Hashuli, Koch-Rajbongshis80 which is tradition- Kathikalamala,powalmala,gotmala, ally regarded as a matter of practice Monihar, Chick, Gajmatihar, and dignity and used as a towel. Pachara Kawasmala, Dulalimala, eshahar etc. is a type of shawl used by both man and Ornaments of nose: woman folk of Koch-Rajbongshis pre- Phul, Nelok, Notho, Solia paring it in handloom specially with Notho, Bali, Phurkuri, Nataya, cotton or Eri silk yarn. Besides these Naakdhosa etc. some other traditional attires of Koch- Ornaments of ears: Rajbongshis are- Dagla, Parna, Khetar- Onti, Makri, Machipat, Guji, parna, Kheta, Kabwos-kapur, , Andee- Chaki, Kaanbali,Shatkori, pachara Urna, Jol-gamcha etc. Faasti,Khirol,Paasha, Chokia etc. Ornaments of Koch/ Ornaments of waist: Rajbongshi women: Got, bat etc. The Koch/Rajbongshi women of Ornaments of ankles(Anklet): Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Nepal and Theng kharu, Baagh kharu, Paar Meghalaya do wear some extraordinary kharu, Char kharu, Mol, Powpata ornaments of different designs in dif- Ornaments of fingers & toes: ferent parts of the body such as-ear, Aangti, Paiso, Pajor, Panja etc. nose, neck, wrist, waist, arm, ankle, Religious Belief and Festivals: finger,toe etc. along with their tradi- Lord Siva and Goddesses Parvati tional attires in order to get better the are the supreme deities of the Koch/ personality and attractiveness. These Rajbongshis. Magical beliefs and ornaments are basically made of gold, superstititions are prevalent among silver, copper, Brass, shell etc. These them. They believe in the existence of
80 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ spirits and worship Masan. They also Domashi, Mohoho, Auri Maga, Charak worship collectively in a village “Gram Puja, Kali Puja, Madankam Puja, Puja” or “Garja Puja”. After all, along Gorokshanath Puja etc. with the Hindu God and Goddesses they Some other folk song and dances worship their traditional folk deities of the Koch-Rajbongshis are- with the accompaniment of traditional Goalini Nritya, Chor-Chunni folk songs and dances. One of the popu- Gan, Palatia Gan, Bhawaiya Gan, lar folk deities of the Koch/ Dotora Danga Gan etc. These are re- Rajbongshi’s Manasha/Bishohari Puja. lated to the social life of the people. Different folk traditions and songs re- Traditional Folk Musical In- lated to it are- Padma81 Puran or Maroi, struments of the Koch-Rajbongshis Baashi Puran, Bhasan Yatra, Bishohari : Gan etc. Some other folk deities of the Dotora, Dholuk, Khol, Sarinja, Koch-Rajbongshis are- Asangar Puja, Aktara, Behela, Bena, Khorkha, Aktala, Sonaray Thakur, Kati Puja, Baas Puja Khamak, Khapi, Ghau, Majughat, Hudum Puja, Trinath Puja, Shitli puja Ghugura, Nupur, Manjura, Mukh-Bashi, etc. These are more often accompanied Pat-bashi, Sanai etc. by their respective folk songs. Koch-Rajbongshi Agricultural Bishua is the festival of spring for equipments: the Koch-Rajbongshis. It starts on the Nangal, Jungal, Moi, Dakhura, last day of chait(14th April) and con- Beda, Hachini, Dakhala, Dao, Kodal, tinues for a week. Along with joy and Okhana, Kachi, Khonta, Pachon, Kula, merry making profound spirituality is Dala, Tukuli, Doan, Changali, Banikati, consistent in it. They organize Mela Aluakhererbani, Gorumokha, , Chinka, (Fair) in different temples during the Baunka, Jongbaunka, Chaklajhapi, time and perform Kushan Nritya(a folk Bhalukjhapi, Gharghora, Lathi, Baltung, drama basically from the tale of the Kekradao, Dakhura, Dakhla, Okhna, Ramayana). The Kamakhya, Mahamaya, Jhatkabanni etc. Aisakati, Aibhandani, Bagheswari, Koch-Rajbongshi Matrimonial Madanmahan are some of the temples Stuff: in lower Assam and North Bengal where Topa bhar, Janani bhar, Lakhol Koch-Rajbongshi people traditionally bhar etc. worship. Besides this the Koch- Koch-Rajbongshi Traditional Rajbongshis observe Kati Gocha, Fishing Tools:
81 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ Jakhai, Kholai, Polo, Jhokra, Funth, Shikia, Surpi etc. Tepa, Thosha, Thushi, Henga, Tenga Traditional Household Materials Barshi,Dan Barshi, Fulta Barshi, Tapka of the Koch-Rajbongshis: Barshi, Fool Barshi, Kheuali Jall, Sum, Gaain, Dheki, Kula, Doll, Churpi, Jathi, Kocha, Thorka, Jhati Jall, Doan, Beter Palla, Bichon, Guwabhuka Aachara Jall, Falas Jall, Chak Jall, sum, Fayta, Kharom, Paror Baha, Topa, Khogak, Jhakrakata, Jhoka, Cherak, Hoka, Silim, Gorur Sanjar, Gorur Dari, Cherka, Kaichal Dori etc. Chagoler Dori, Gomna, Pura, Shukati Koch-Rajbongshi Traditional Thoba, Chuner Chunga, Lau Tokra, Wine Preparing Stuff: Shidol Chunga, Cheka para, Theng Jata, Tokra, Jonga,82 Thoka, Hari mucha Pesta, Gobar Fal Tenga, Dakhili, etc. Landuru Dori, Gorur Khuti, Chagoler Koch-Rajbongshi Traditional Khuti, Dao Dharani, Dari Palla, Jakhla, Hunting weapons: Nati Khila, Dorirakha Fengta, Dokhola Chikar Jall, Jathi, Khapor, Pira, Ghata, Ghutuni, Guwabata, Tuchi, Dhenuk, Tir, Shashar Fand, Lohar Funth, Chekna, Jata, Tokra, Gorur Mokha, Kushibari, Nishuda Funth, Ghugur Paanpara Topa, Maaldang, Kalshi, Funth, Bagula Funth, Bagh Dhenuk Taamjhak, Utkun, Shinka, Gomukha, Funth, Daylang Funth, Kora Pakshir Takura etc.
82 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√
The origin and development 83of Koch culture Dr. Nagendra Nath Sarmah
22nd Febraury is the Biswa eval period in the history of Eastern Mahabir Chilarai Divas. In this year South Asia. It had housed all faiths, of 2016, Consortium of Koch Royal beliefs, ways of life and people of Families is arranging the celebration all segments in our oriental society of the day in co- operation with as well as the Muslims. other Koch-Rajbonsghi ethnic out- After the dismemberment of fits. Here, it is worth mentioning that Pala Kingdoms in Eastern South segments of people with Koch Cul- Asia; the area was truncated into ture are spreading over in the In- small principalities headed by dian states of Assam, Meghalaya, Bhuyans, petty chieftains. During Tripura, West Bengal, Bihar and in 13th century, one Sandhya Rai es- Sikkim. In Padma river catchment tablished Kamata kingdom cover- area of Bangladesh and in Himalayan ing present North Bengal, a part of countries of Nepal and Bhutan, Bangladesh and Western part of Koch people are having permanent present Assam. But, in the year of habitations. 1494, the Nabab of Bengal, Hussain It appears that, historically Sah attacked the country and the last Koch Culture is the result of a splen- king Nilambar was defeated and did renaissance of universal Hindu killed. Again, anarchy was prevail- values and ethos during late Medi- ing for a few years.
83 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ In the year 1515, Biswa receiving the information, Simha emerged as powerful king. Naranarayana and Suklladdhwaja, He extended the boundary of his sons of Queen Hemaprabha and kingdom to Bornodi in the East, and Padmawati respectively rushed to Korotowa towards the west. He es- the capital. On a struggle, Nara tablished a capital in present Koch Simha had to quit the capital and Bihar. However, at the time of his fled to Nepal. Later on, he was cho- coronation, he proclaimed himself sen by the Bhutanese people as their as the sovereign monarch of King. Naranarayana ascended the Kamatapur. throne of Kamata in the year 1540. Biswa Sinha established dip- Chilarai extended all sorts of sup- lomatic relations with84 nine countries port in that occasion. And he was of the subcontinent and had matri- put as the commander-in-chief and monial interrelation with the royal Yuvaraj of Kamata Kindom. families. The countries were- Nepal, Here, it is worthy to mention Gaura, Kamrupa, Kashmir, Kashi, that, Biswa Simha had a conflict Sonitpur, Mithila, Kalinga and one with Ahom king and had to retreat hill country. Biswa Sinha, being a from Bhairabkunda of present day Kshatriya in disguise before being Udalguri district. Naranarayana and the monarch, had his all political sa- Chilarai took up the issue to fight gacity as an elite. He sent two of the Ahoms. Accordingly, they col- his sons Malladeva and lected a huge defensive and offen- Suklladdhwaja for higher studies in sive force with more than 60 thou- Kashi Vidyapeeth. Both the broth- sand infantries and 52 thousand ers became well versed in Sanskrit water-way fighters. They were and developed the caliber of ex- equipped with various types of pressing higher thoughts in Sanskrit weapons and carriers as well as rhymes. They learnt all Hindu edicts boats. Hundreds of elephants and of Sukra Nity, laws of Bharadwaja, thousands of horses were trained up Jagyawalka and Kautilya's for the war. The rising of such a Arthasastra. They also learnt the art huge army and navy in Kamata be- and science of war and peace. came a murmuring news in neigh- After the demise of Biswa boring countries. As in earlier me- Simha, Nara Simha, the eldest son dieval India, the lesser chieftains of Queen Ratnakanti assumed the used to have the protection of pow- royal power in the capital. But on erful political umbrellas; even dur-
84 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ ing the 16th century such political Srihotto, Khoiram (a khasi state) environment developed in and Dimoriya. Thus, Naranarayana Brahmaputra, Barak and along the with the assistance of catchment area of Padma river. Suklladdhwaja, as general in com- However, Ahoms were very much mand became the imperial head of adamant and had prepared them- Kamata or Koch kingdom. selves for war with the Kamata army. Being resourceful, Naranarayana entrusted the Naranarayana emerged as the cen- duty of constructing a road from ter of attraction for security and Koch Bihar to the boundary of multi-dimensional upliftment. He Ahom Kingdom along the foothill not only constructed “Gohain of the Himalayas.85 Gohaikamal Kamal Ali” but more roads in dif- started his work and the Bhuyans ferent stations of his administra- and chieftains along the foothills tions. In his capital too, a lot of extended all co-operation in devel- structures were built. For the wel- oping the road within one year. Next fare of the people, he patronized the year, Suklladdhwaja, with his about learned personalities to develop in- 60 thousand soldiers marched to- stitutions of Guru-Sisya system of wards the East gradually. All the Indian origin. He patronized the ex- Bhuyans, Bhutanese and even perts of human health as well as on Dafalas accompanied the Kamata veterinary science. He encouraged soldiers to fight the Ahoms. After a learning and creation of literary tough struggle, Ahoms had to re- works in Sanskrit as well as in local treat and approached Chilarai for languages. Pundits form Kashi, peace. Besides various provisions Gaura or Bengal and from Kamrup in the agreement, whole of the North- were given all facilities for accultura- ern belt along Brahmaputra was tion of their knowledge. seeded to Koch kingdom. A num- It is very important to note ber of royal belongings, function- that Mahapurush Sankardeva, aries and experts had to be given to Mahapurush Madhabdeva, Chilarai for having peaceful behav- Damodardeva, Harideva, ior with the Ahoms in the year 1562. Bhattadeva, so to say almost all After the fall of Ahoms, Vaishnavite saints and Gurus were Suklladdhawaja’s army cracked patronized by king Naranarayana down the kingdoms of Kachar, and yuvaraj Suklladdhwaja or Manipur, Jayantiya, Tripura, Chilarai. Though most of them were
85 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ from Ahom Kingdom; only for pro- aspects of the Koch. tection and patronization all of them The king of Dimoriya and had to take shelter under the um- Rani were not sanguinely related to brella of Koch political power. All the Koch dynasty, but they also the medieval Vhaishnavite literary adopted most of the Koch culture works were practically composed in the pattern of their faiths, beliefs in Koch kingdom. So was the case as well as in general behaviors. with Sanskrit works completed by The greatest influence of the the Pundits in his court. rule of Naranarayana was the devel- The Satra and Namghar sys- opment of identity as belonging to tems as well as the village adminis- Koch community by different eth- tration was also 86re-organized and nic groups by articulating the cul- encouraged by Koch king tural aspects. Even after subjugation Naranarayana. He also donated of eastern India by the British be- Brahmottara, Devottara and tween 1826 and 1830, the progenies Dharmottara land to the respective of Koch dynasty used to patronize Brahmins, temples and Satras. Dur- the cultural aspects of their forefa- ing Naranarayana's time, Kamakhya thers. It was continued till the abo- and Hoygreeb Madhaba temples lition of Zamindari system by inde- were rebuilt besides other temples pendent government of India in the in Koch Bihar, Jalpaiguri and undi- year 1951. vided Gowalpara district. At present Biswa Simha’s . However, after Naranarayana, progenies are there in Cooch Behar, the country was divided into two in Punga of Bangladesh, in Bijni, major parts- Koch Bihar and Koch Sidli, Beltola, Darrang, Khaspur and Hajo. But, during 40 years of in Lakhipur of Assam. The families Naranarayana’s rule from 1540 to there in those places are still keeping 1581, the oriental culture adopted and articulating the culture enunciated by the great monarch was followed by Biswa Simha, Naranarayana, and practiced by the lesser kings Suklladdhwaja and others. They do within his domain; even Ahoms hope to uphold, the universal ancient started worshipping Goddess Indian culture of Sarba Dharma Durga and used to have priest from Samabhawa as well as welfare of all Koch kingdom. Jayantiyas; though beings in this planet which was cher- they were mostly the hill-people; ished by Naranarayana, the they adopted almost all the cultural Dharmaraja of Kamatapur.
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WHAT DOES GENETIC
STUDIES87 ON KOCHES REVEAL?
Anuj Chowdhury
Studies on Koch population un- Koches and have answered many long dertaken by various researchers, histo- standing questions on their origin, ge- rians, British administrators turned netic background and whether the Koch ethongraphers, etc have put the status and Rajbanshi belong to the same eth- of the Koches in ambiguity for quite a nic group or are they different. Re- long time. There exist diverse view on cently a paper published in the journal the ethnic identity of the Koches. Some Annals of Pharma Research titled have argued that they are admixtures of 'Comparative Analysis of the ABO, various tribes and some believe that KIR and HLA Loci among the they are distinctively Mongoloid. Also, Rajbanshis of North Bengal' authored the usage of both the terms Koch and by Guha, P, Srivastava, S.K, Das A, Rajbanshi to denote the same ethnic Bhattacharjee, S, Haldar, B and group has made many researchers cu- Chaudhuri, T.K, came up with very in- rious in the recent past. teresting finding's on the Rajbanshis of However, biological anthropolo- North-Bengal, which constituted the gists expertising in the field of genetic samples of the research. The Rajbanshi study, in recent times seem to have samples were screened from the Terai made a major headway on the study of and Dooars region of Coochbehar various ethnic groups particularly (26020'N and 89o32' N and 88o46'E) dis-
87 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ tricts which are located in the northern Rajbanshis of North Bengal region have region of the state of West Bengal. specific KIR genotypes that were found in the Tibetan population and have Some highlights of the findings not been reported in any Indian popula- are given below : tion group." i) Out of 78 samples taken O Thus, study on genetic identity blood type has the highest number of in recent years disapproves several representatives (28), followed by B theories that have been proposed by (25), A (18), and AB group (7) respec- various writers, historians and ethnog- tively. raphers. Firstly, it definitely negates the ii) ABO blood88 group system in theory given by Risley (1891) and the Rajbanshis implies their Mongol- Delton (1872) who are of the opinion oid connection. that the Koches belong to the Dravidian iii) Blood samples of the stock. It also disapproves the popular Rajbanshis was compared to other eth- discourse of Endle (1911) who had nic group like Koch, Garo, Rabha, classed the Rabhas, the Meches, Oraon, Munda, Kharia, Meitei, Dhimals, Koches, Dimasas, Hojais, Rajasthani. After comparion with all Lalungs, Garos, Hajongs and such other these communities, it was observed that tribes within the fold of the Bodo race the genetic markers of Rajbanshis ap- because genetic markers among Rabhas peared in proximity to the Koches. The and Koches, when compared, showed blood samples of the Koches were huge differences, It also disapproves taken from Goalpara district of Assam. (Das1981) assumptions that the iv) Rabha population which is Koches are a conglomeration of vari- generally considered to be genetically ous tribes that were converted into Hin- related to the Koches, shows greater dus and in the process became admixed distances. with certain caste groups. The study on Another paper written by Guha genetic markers hold true for histori- P, Bhattarcharjee S, Nayak C.R, ans like Hodgson (1874), who said that Chaudhuri T.K in Hum Immunol,titled, the Koches belong to the distinctly Study of the KIR gene profiles and marked type of the Mongolian family analysis of the phylogenetic relation- but his other views like Rabhas belong- ships of Rajbanshi population of West ing to the Great Koch or Mech is in Bengal, India, marked that, "the sharp contrast to the current genetic
88 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ studies undertaken. And lastly compar- * Endle, S. 1911. The Kacharis. ing the genotypes of Rajbanshis of Delhi : Munshiram Monoharlal. North Bengal and koches of Goalpara, * Risley HH. 1891. The Tribes Assam suggest that these are one eth- and Castes of Bengal, Calcutta: Firma nic group and not two different com- KL Mukhopadhyay. munities as few believe it to be due to * Guha, Das, Bhattacharjee, their political inclination. What we can Haldar & Chaudhari. 2013. A Compara- conclude here is whatever reference tive Analyses of the ABO, KIR and HLA today's researchers' draws, mainly from Loci among Rajbanshis of North Ben- the colonial ethnographers or politi- gal Region, India. Annals of Pharma cally biased authors89 needs to be Research, 01 (01), 18-24. relooked, re-examined and verified. * Guha, Bhattarcharjee, Nayak & Chaudhuri. 2013. Study of the KIR gene References: profiles and analysis of the Phyloge- * Dalton, E. T. 1872. The de- netic Relationships of Rajbanshi popu- scriptive Ethnology of Bengal. lation of west Bengal. India, Human Calcutta: Govt. Printing. Immunol, 74, 673-680. * Das, B. M. 1981. Brahmaputra vally Population. New Delhi: Kitab Publishing House. Anju Choudhury is a Research Scholar * Hudgson, B. H. 1847. The at the Centre for Study of Social Ex- First Essay on the Koch, Bodo and clusion and Inclusive Policies at the Dhimal Tribes. Calcutta: Baptist Mis- Tata Institute of Social Sciences, sion Press. Mumbai
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF PANGA90 ROYAL FAMILY Sujit Narayan Koer
The origin of Panga Dynasty is Maharaja Viswa Singha was born associated with Nrisingha (also known in or around 21 March, 1502 and died as Nara Singha), the first son of Maha- in or around 1552. According to his- raja Viswa Singha, the founder of Koch tory, this dynasty was formed by Raja Dynasty in present Northeast India and Nri Singha (Narasinha), the eldest son parts of South Asia. About 550 years of Maharaja Viswa Singha. He was back, this Dynasty (later Panga Pargana) learnt and devout, and given to Asceti- was formed by Nrisingha in Kurigram cism on his father’s abdication. He too District of present Bangladesh. Before renounced the throne in favour of his the Partition of the Indian sub-conti- younger brother, Pargana Panga which nent, it was in close relation with formed part of the District Kurigram Coochbehar, Dhubri, Goalpara and (previously a subdivision of Rangpur Bongaigaon of present Assam. The dy- District). Successor of the throne, Raja nasty and the general inhabitants of this Anirudhha (King of Panga) was killed area have got common cultural heritage in a battle by Akbar’s general Alikuli with present West Assam and North Khan (Sher Afghan). Bengal which once formed the histori- Approximately three genera- cal Kamatapur kingdom.. Panga Rajas tions ago, Raja Kamal Narayan took were Koch Rajbongshi. reign of the Panga Dynasty. He and his
90 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ wife Rani Laxmipriya had no child. Rani school still provides education to Laxmipriya adopted a son from the vil- thousands of boys and girls. Raja lage Baidyer Bazar. He was our grand- Debendra Narayan Koer played a ma- father Raja Debendra Narayan Koer. jor role in establishing the famous Raja Debendra Naryan Koer married Carmichael College (Rangpur) which Rani Sarajupriya Debi who hails from was named after Lord Carmichael. The Zamindar of Laxmipur (Barataraf), un- Panga Royal Family also brought about der the District of Goalpara, Assam. changes in modern agriculture and Her father’s name was Khagendra Ram farming within the entire Rangpur re- Chowdhury. Zamindar Khagendra Ram gion. His son Sachindra Narayan Koer Chowdhury had eight91 children includ- was the first to introduce mechanized ing two daughters, Rani Sarajupriya cultivation with the help of tractors Debi of Panga and Rani Banalata Debi, and power tillers to augment the agri- wife of Raja Ajoy Narayan Deb of Sidli cultural production. (Bidyapur). After the Partition of India in Raja Debendra Narayan Koer 1947, Panga Pargana was physically had two sons and a daughter. They were isolated from other Rajas and Kumar Sachindra Narayan Koer, Kumar Zamindars of India who were their Birendra Narayan Koer and Protiva close relatives. Again, this family Debi, respectively. Sachindra Narayan struggled during the Liberation War of Koer married Mrinalini Debi of Bangladesh in 1971. Houses were Kumarpara, Guwahati. Birendra looted and destroyed badly, leaving no Narayan Koer married Rekha Rani place for shelter. Most of the lands be- Debi of Gauripur Zaminder family. came Khas unscrupulously. This calls Protiva Debi later got married to for the need to do something to save Kumar Bhupendra Narayan Deb of this royal family. Mangaldai, Assam. Now it has dawned on us to save Raja Debendra Narayan Koer our heritage and culture as well as save did a lot to educate the people of the royal families before we fade in Panga. He established a high-school in the history. Descendents of the royal 1939 after the name of her mother families should feel proud of their an- ‘Rani Laxmipriya Ucha Bidyalai’. The cestors.
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A royal renaissance
93 Dr. Arijit Bishnu
It was like walking into a movie & Dhubri in Assam) and the Interna- set, a place so dramatic in its natural tional Border in the form of Indo- form, it seemed surreal. Both alluring Bangladesh boundary in the south and and bewitching, the monumental south-west. Beside this bounded area, structure of the ‘rajbari’, set under an there are enclaves which are outlying azure blue sky with the enthralling and detached tracts of land situated green cover of the garden serving as inside Bangladesh. the foreground left me mesmerized. This town was once a princely Wrapped in a time warp, it’s the story state ruled by the Koch Dynasty who of an empire that has long since been are an indigenous tribe to this part of lost in the sands of time. It’s the story Bengal. In ancient times, a territory of of an empire that was once the cradle Kamrup existed in the region where of power in south east Asia. the city of Cooch Behar now stands. Cooch Behar is situated in the Sculptures and coins excavated from north-east corner of West Bengal state different parts of the region stand tes- of India. It is bounded by the district timony to that. The region was ruled of Jalpaiguri in the north and north- by various rulers of Koch Dynasty till west, state of Assam in the east the 18th century when it was taken over (bounded by the districts of Kokrajhar by the British. Till 1949, Cooch Behar
93 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ was a Princely State ruled by the 'Koch' the Archaelogical Survey of India has Kings of Cooch Behar, who had been seized control of some of the impor- a feudatory ruler under British Gov- tant monuments and have tried to re- ernment. By an agreement dated 20th store them to their former glory. August, 1949 the king of Cooch Behar The ‘rajbari’ was the first of ceded full and extensive authority, ju- them I arrived at after I reached Cooch risdiction and power of the state to the Behar. This magnificent palace was Dominion Government of India. The built by the famous Koch king Maha- transfer of administration of the state raja Nripendra Narayan, who is also to the Govt. of India came into force known as the modern architect of on 12th September,94 1949. Eventually, Cooch Behar, in 1887. From the fron- Cooch Behar was transferred and tal facade itself, it was obvious that the merged with the province of West structure was idealized from architec- Bengal on 19th January, 1950 and from ture of classical Europe during the that date Cooch Behar emerged as a period of Italian renaissance. I have new District in the administrative map visited the royal palaces of Jaipur, of West Bengal. However, the district Mysore and a few more. But the of Cooch Behar had been created with Cooch Behar palace carves out a niche the same area and boundaries as the old of its own, a departure from the usual state of Cooch Behar. In course of Mughal and Rajputana style that is time, Cooch Behar has been trans- prevalent in india. Complete with a formed from a kingdom to a State and Durbal hall, a dancing hall, billiards from a State to the present status of a room, library and ladies gallery, though district. centuries old, the palace still bears the Cooch Behar has never been the grandeur and charm; with each brick most favorite destination for Indian becoming a story teller, each door un- tourists. Be it the indifference of the folding to its own share of history. communists who ruled Bengal since Some are of the opinion that it's built independence, or the reckless ways of on the outlines of the Buckingham the latter descendants to the throne, Palace, London and is a remarkable the city seems lacking the charm, the example of the classical Western style charisma that the aesthetics of such a of architecture which was prevalent in historical place demands. But after that time. Most of the parts inside this decades of pillaging and plundering, palace have been turned into a museum
94 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ and houses all the artifacts and belong- In this grand fest of culture and ings of the royal family. history, I decided to side step from the The royal palace isn’t all that hustle and bustle of the city, and de- there is to the city. Any trip to the pal- vote a day to the side scenes, some ace would be incomplete without a explorations and stories, and pro- visit to the Madan Mohan temple. A ceeded to Madhupur satra. During the pristine white structure, Situated in the reign of Naranarayan and Chilarai, heart of the Cooch Behar town, it was Srimanta Sankardeva, the greatest Constructed by Maharaja Nripendra Vaishnavite saint from the north east, Narayan during 1885 to 1889. The sought refuge in their kingdom from deities include95 Lord "Madan unprofessional elements elsewhere. Mohan",that is lord Krishna, who is the Being satisfied with the ideologies of ‘kul-devata’ of the Koch dynasty, "Ma Sankaradeva, king Naranarayana hon- Kali", “Ma Bhavani". It is believed the ored him with praises galore. He king and the royal family used to cel- awarded him with revenue free lands, ebrate the festivities like durga puja, including the place wherein the present kali puja, etc here along with their sub- madhupur satra stands. Although the jects. It is a monument which has over original shrine was first established in a period of time started representing a place called bheladoba, but after the the culture of Cooch Behar. The eve- demise of Sankaradeva, the area was nings are full of locals and tourists washed away by floods and the entire alike, and it has become a common satra was shifted to Madhupur. Now, meeting place for the locals. On the Madhupur satra has become a centre occasion of Rash Puja the traditional of tourist attraction. The satra still has Rash Yatra Festival along with Rash on display the possessions of Srimanta Mela is held in this temple which is Sankardeva, such as his slippers, the among the biggest festivals of North bottle of ink and pen he used to use, Bengal. Apart from this there are other and some of his manuscripts. For the temples such as Baneswar Temple Vaishnavite fraternity, Madhupur is dedicated to Lord Shiva, considered to be something divine. Ardhanariswar Temple, etc. Some of Back to the city, although quite these temples are very ancient and are well planned, but the traffic makes it worth a visit due to their simplistic but impossible to negotiate through the elegant architecture. narrow lanes. But even so, a drive
95 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ was so serene and still that even a whis- per would be an infringement. In Ben- gal, lakes are known as ‘dighi’ and therefore their names always end with a ‘dighi’. ‘Sagar Dighi’ is one of the largest amongst them and another beautiful attraction; it was dug in the days of maharajas of Cooch Behar as a source of water. Now, it attracts a large number of migratory birds every 96 winter. It is surrounded by many im- portant buildings which were built dur- ing the time the Maharajas ruled. There are so many more impor- tant buildings and structures that have faded into oblivion. As day melts into Maharaja Nripendra narayan night, the eternal crimson ball starts through the city is enough to see the drowning in the sea. The grandeur of impact the Koch kings had in shaping this wonderful empire could not last the city. From colleges to hospitals to forever. The buildings were damaged, administrative blocks, all buildings statues were defaced, temples were built with impeccable styling and de- razed. But even with all this carnage, sign, commissioned by the kings them- they could not erase the grandeur of this selves. Some of the well decorated place. Although the royal kings and their ones are the Maharaja Club, which descendants no longer enjoy the regal used to be the go-to place for leisure lifestyles of their forefathers, Cooch and games for the royal family. Behar is seeing a renaissance of its for- Maharana Gayatri Devi, rajmata of gotten glory. Patrons have turned custo- Jaipur, learnt to be an excellent rider dians, and members of the aristocracy and polo player in the grounds of this are taking it upon themselves to bring very club. And also ‘rani bagan’, which the royal heritage back to spotlight. And during the royal era was used as the slowly this epic is being recreated yet cremation centre of the members of again and its results are being played in the royal family. The ambience here front of our eyes.
96 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ PANGA KOCH ROYAL FAMILY Maharaja Biswa Singha (king Kamatapue) Maharaja Naranarayan (king Kamatapue) Maharaja Laxmi Narayan (king Koch bihar) Maharaja Bir Narayan or Byashketu (king Koch bihar)
Raja Madhusudan (1st Panga king) 97 2nd Raja Pashupati
3rd Raja Nrisingha Kumar Mukunda Kumar Harebishnu Kumar Uday Narayan Narayan Deo Deo Deo Deo Kumar Laxmi Narayan Deo 4th Raja Basudev Narayan 5th Raja Ramchandra Narayan
6th Raja Karali Narayan 7th Raja Kappardi Narayan
Kumar Kapin Kumar Kam Kumar Krishna Narayan Narayan Narayan Kumar Kirti Narayan
8th Raja Kapil Narayan 9th Raja Pratap Narayan 10th Raja Kandarpa Narayan
11th Raja Shiv Narayan 12th Kumari Mohinipriya Devi 13th Raja Kaliprasad Iswar
Kumar Kabindra Kumar Shibendra Kumar Gajendra 14th Raja Kamal Narayan Narayan Narayan Narayan Kumar Bhairav 15th Raja Jogendra 16th Raja Debendra Narayan Koer Narayan Narayan Kumar Sachindra Narayan Koer 97 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ SIDLI KOCH ROYAL FAMILY Maharaja Chikna Narayan Dev Maharaja Shyamak Narayan Dev Maharaja Bishwasingha Narayan Dev
Maharaja Samudra Narayan Dev Maharaja Bhujyu Narayan Dev 98Maharaja Shimbhu Narayan Dev Maharaja Mahat Narayan Dev
Maharaja Sundar Narayan Dev
Maharaja Laxmi Narayan Dev Kumar Mahi Narayan Dev Kumar Gandark Dev Kumar Devi Narayan Dev Maharaja Uday Narayan Kumar Kharga Narayan Dev Subha Maharaja Indra Kumar Darpa Narayan Narayan Dev Najir Deo Maharaja Surjya Narayan Dev Kumar Mahendra Najir
Kumar kumar Shyam kumar Chandra kumar kumar Har Narayan Narendra Narayan Najir Narayan Narayan DhirNarayan Kumar Golok Narayan Najir kumar Rajendra Narayan
kumar Prithi Narayan kumar Joy Narayan Maharaja Gauri Narayan Dev Dev
Raja Bishnu Narayan Dev Kumar Lalit Narayan Dev Kumar Krishna Narayan Dev Kumar Niranjan Narayan Dev Raja Abhay Narayan Dev
Raja Ajit Narayan Dev
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CHRONOLOGY OF DARRANG KOCH ROYAL FAMILY Dhrama Narayan
Mahendra Narayan
Chandra Narayan
99 Indra Narayan Surjya Narayan
Aditya Narayan Mod Narayan Dhairjya Narayan Dheer Narayan
Durlav Narayan Bishnu NarayanMahat Narayan Hem Narayan
Hansa Narayan Samudra Narayan Hay Narayan Jagat Narayan Krishna Narayan
Gajendra Narayan Balindra Narayan Prem Narayan Uma Narayan
Gandharba Narayan Bhog Narayan Bhuban Narayan Laxmi Narayan Indra Narayan
Brajendra Narayan Khagandra Bhupendra Narayan Narayan Dev Dev
99 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ CHRONOLOGY OF COOCH BEHAR ROYAL FAMILY
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100 ¸—¢∂±˜ ø¸—˝√√ CHRONOLOGY OF KHASPUR ROYAL FAMILY
NARANARAYAN UNDIVIDED KOCH KINGDOM 1540-1586 KHASPUR101 KOCH KINGDOM, SILCHAR KAMAL NARAYAN -1614 UDIT NARAYAN BIJOY NARAYAN DHIR NARAYAN MAHENDRA NARAYAN RANJIT NARAYAN NARA SINGHA BHIM SING KANCHANI DEVI
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1. RAGHUDEB SON OF CHILARAI 1581-1603 A KOCH 102 PARIKHIT NARAYAN HAJO 1603 AD
BIJINI KOCH KINGDOM 1. BIJIT NARAYAN 1671 AD 2. JAY NARAYAN 8. AMRIT NARAYAN 3. SIV NARAYAN 9. KUMUD NARAYAN 4. BIJOY NARAYAN 10. RANI ABHAYASWARI 5.MUKUNDA NARAYAN 11. JOGENDRA NARAYAN 6. HARIDEV NARAYAN 12. BHAIRABANDRA 7. INDRA NARAYAN NARAYAN, BHUP BAHADUR 1956 A.D.
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