Bir Chilarai

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Bir Chilarai March 1, 2021 In news : Recently, the Prime Minister of India paid tribute to Bir Chilarai(Assam ‘Kite Prince’) on his 512th birth anniversary Bir Chilarai(Shukladhwaja) He was Nara Narayan’s commander-in-chief and got his name Chilarai because, as a general, he executed troop movements that were as fast as a chila (kite/Eagle) The great General of Assam, Chilarai contributed a lot in building the Koch Kingdom strong He was also the younger brother of Nara Narayan, the king of the Kamata Kingdom in the 16th century. He along with his elder brother Malla Dev who later known as Naya Narayan attained knowledge about warfare and they were skilled in this art very well during their childhood. With his bravery and heroism, he played a crucial role in expanding the great empire of his elder brother, Maharaja Nara Narayan. He was the third son of Maharaja Biswa Singha (1523–1554 A.D.) The reign of Maharaja Viswa Singha marked a glorious episode in the history of Assam as he was the founder ruler of the Koch royal dynasty, who established his kingdom in 1515 AD. He had many sons but only four of them were remarkable. With his Royal Patronage Sankardeva was able to establish the Ek Saran Naam Dharma in Assam and bring about his cultural renaissance. Chilaray is said to have never committed brutalities on unarmed common people, and even those kings who surrendered were treated with respect. He also adopted guerrilla warfare successfully, even before Shivaji, the Maharaja of Maratha Empire did. Chilaray died in 1577 of smallpox on the bank of Ganges Kamata Kingdom This kingdom emerged in western Kamarupa probably when Sandhya, a ruler of Kamarupanagara, moved his capital west to Kamatapur sometime after 1257 CE Since it originated in the old seat of the Kamarupa kingdom, and since it covered most of the western parts of it, the kingdom is also sometimes called Kamarupa- Kamata. It covered a region corresponding to present-day undivided districts of Kamrup, Goalpara, Jalpaiguri, and Koch Behar in India and Rangpur and northern parts of Mymensingh in Bangladesh. The rise of the Kamata kingdom marked the end of the ancient period in the history of Assam and the beginning of the medieval period.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

June-December-2021), PP.101-115 ______
JHSR Journal of Historical Studies and Research Volume 1, Number 1 (June-December-2021), PP.101-115 www.jhsr.in _____________________________________________________________________________________ A Historical Survey of the Jalpaiguri District of West Bengal Dr. Manadev Roy1 1Assistant Professor, Department of History, Kurseong College (Affiliated to North Bengal University), Kurseong, Darjeeling, West Bengal, Postal Code:734203, India, Email Id : [email protected] ______________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: In prehistoric times the Jalpaiguri district was a part of the kingdom of Pragyotisha, afterwards called, Kamrup, extended to the Karatoya River. Then the area consisted of large tracts of forests, rivers and hills. Various dynasties ruled over it. Taking the opportunity of the jealousy of the Raikot Royal family of Baikunthapur to the Kock Royal family of Cooch Behar the Bhutanese established their sovereignty over the Duars of Jalpaiguri. In this situation, Cooch Behar Raja Dharendra Narayan applied for aid to the British and thereby the British power came to the region and defeated the Bhutias in the battle of Sinchula, 1865, and therefore formed Jalpaiguri district in 1869. Since the formation of the district up to the time of independence of India in 1947 the territorial figure of it was almost unchanged. Only Patgram, Boda, Pachagar, Tentulia and Debiganj police station of the district were attached to the Rangpur and Dinajpur districts of East Pakistan that is present Bangladesh.
[Show full text]
Accepted List of Peon
Sheet1 Accepted List of Peon Roll No Applicant Name Father's Name & Address RADHIKA BARUAH, VILL-KALITAPARA. PO+PS-AZARA, 20001 ABANI BARUAH DIST-KAMRUP, ASSAM, 781017 S/O KHAGEN KALITA TANGLA TOWN, WARD NO-4 20002 ABANI KALITA HOUSE NO-81 DIST-UDALGURI PIN-784521 NAREN DAS, VILL-GARAL BHATTA PARA, PO-BHATTA 20003 ABANI KR. DAS PARA, DIST-KAMRUP, PIN-781017 20004 ABANI RAJBONGSHI, TOWN-PALLA ROAD, PO/DIST-NALBARI, PIN-781335 AHAZZAL MONDAL, GUILEZA, PO-CHARCHARIA, 20005 ABBAS ALI DIST-BARPETA, ASSAM, 781319 S/O LATE AJIBAR RAHMAN CHOUDHURY ABDUL BATEN 20006 ABHAYAPURI TOWN,NAYAPARA WARD NO-4 PO/PS- CHOUDHURY ABHAYAPURI DIST-BONGAIGAON ASSAM S/O NUR ISLAM CHAPGARH PT-1 PO-KHUDIMARI 20007 ABDUL HAKIM PS- GAURIPUR DISTT- DHUBRI HASAN ALI, VILL-NO.2 CHENGAPAR, PO-SIPAJHAR, 20008 ABDUL HAMID DIST-DARANG, PIN-784145 S/O LT. SARIF UDDIN LASKAR VILL- DUDPUR PART-III, 20009 ABDUL HANNAN LASKAR PO- DUDPUR VIA ARUNACHAL DIST- CACHAR, ASSAM Abdul Jalil 20010 Late Mafiguddin Ahmed, Mukalmua, nalbari-781126 MUZAHAR ALI AHMED, VILL- CHENGELIA, PO- 20011 ABDUL JUBBER AHMED KALAHBHANGA, DIST- BARPETA, ASSAM, 781315 MD ISHAHQUE ALI, VILL+PO-PATUAKATA, PS- 20012 ABDUL KARIM MIKIRBHETA, MORIGAON, 782104 S/o Nazrul Haque, Dabotter Barundanga, 20013 Abdul Khaleke Motherjhar, Golakgonj, Dhubri S/O MUSLEM MOLLAH VILL- GUILEZA, PO- 20014 ABDUL KHALEQUE CHARCHORRIA, DIST- BARPETA, ASSAM, PIN-781319 S/O LATE IDRISH ALI BARBHUIYA, VILL-DHAMALIA, ABDUL KHALIQUE 20015 PO-UTTAR KRISHNAPUR, DIST-CACHAR, ASSAM, PIN- BARBHUIYA, 788006 MD ANWAR HUSSAIN, VILL-SIOLEKHATI, PO- 20016 ABDUL MATIN KACHARIHAT, GOLAGHAT, 7865621 Page 1 Sheet1 KASHEM ULLA, VILL-SINDURAI PART II, PO-BELGURI, 20017 ABDUL MONNAF ALI PS-GOLAKGANJ, DIST-DHUBRI, 783334 S/O LATE ABDUL WAHAB VILL-BHATIPARA 20018 ABDUL MOZID PO&PS&DIST-GOALPARA ASSAM PIN-783101 ABDUL ROUF,VILL-GANDHINAGAR, PO+DIST- 20019 ABDUL RAHIZ BARPETA, 781301 Late Fizur Rahman Choudhury, vill- badripur, PO- 20020 Abdul Rashid choudhary Badripur, Pin-788009, Dist- Silchar MD.
[Show full text]
History of North East India (1228 to 1947)
HISTORY OF NORTH EAST INDIA (1228 TO 1947) BA [History] First Year RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY Arunachal Pradesh, INDIA - 791 112 BOARD OF STUDIES 1. Dr. A R Parhi, Head Chairman Department of English Rajiv Gandhi University 2. ************* Member 3. **************** Member 4. Dr. Ashan Riddi, Director, IDE Member Secretary Copyright © Reserved, 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form or by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the Publisher. “Information contained in this book has been published by Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. and has been obtained by its Authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, IDE—Rajiv Gandhi University, the publishers and its Authors shall be in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use” Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. VIKAS® PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT LTD E-28, Sector-8, Noida - 201301 (UP) Phone: 0120-4078900 Fax: 0120-4078999 Regd. Office: 7361, Ravindra Mansion, Ram Nagar, New Delhi – 110 055 Website: www.vikaspublishing.com Email: [email protected] About the University Rajiv Gandhi University (formerly Arunachal University) is a premier institution for higher education in the state of Arunachal Pradesh and has completed twenty-five years of its existence.
[Show full text]
List of Candidates Called for Preliminary Examination for Direct Recruitment of Grade-Iii Officers in Assam Judicial Service
LIST OF CANDIDATES CALLED FOR PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION FOR DIRECT RECRUITMENT OF GRADE-III OFFICERS IN ASSAM JUDICIAL SERVICE. Sl No Name of the Category Roll No Present Address Candidate 1 2 3 4 5 1 A.M. MUKHTAR AHMED General 0001 C/O Imran Hussain (S.I. of Ploice), Convoy Road, Near Radio Station, P.O.- CHOUDHURY Boiragimath, Dist.- Dibrugarh, Pin-786003, Assam 2 AAM MOK KHENLOUNG ST 0002 Tipam Phakey Village, P.O.- Tipam(Joypur), Dist.- Dibrugarh(Assam), Pin- 786614 3 ABBAS ALI DEWAN General 0003 Vill: Dewrikuchi, P.O.:-Sonkuchi, P.S.& Dist.:- Barpeta, Assam, Pin-781314 4 ABDIDAR HUSSAIN OBC 0004 C/O Abdul Motin, Moirabari Sr. Madrassa, Vill, PO & PS-Moirabari, Dist-Morigaon SIDDIQUEE (Assam), Pin-782126 5 ABDUL ASAD REZAUL General 0005 C/O Pradip Sarkar, Debdaru Path, H/No.19, Dispur, Ghy-6. KARIM 6 ABDUL AZIM BARBHUIYA General 0006 Vill-Borbond Part-III, PO-Baliura, PS & Dist-Hailakandi (Assam) 7 ABDUL AZIZ General 0007 Vill. Piradhara Part - I, P.O. Piradhara, Dist. Bongaigaon, Assam, Pin - 783384. 8 ABDUL AZIZ General 0008 ISLAMPUR, RANGIA,WARD NO2, P.O.-RANGIA, DIST.- KAMRUP, PIN-781365 9 ABDUL BARIK General 0009 F. Ali Ahmed Nagar, Panjabari, Road, Sewali Path, Bye Lane - 5, House No.10, Guwahati - 781037. 10 ABDUL BATEN ACONDA General 0010 Vill: Chamaria Pam, P.O. Mahtoli, P.S. Boko, Dist. Kamrup(R), Assam, Pin:-781136 11 ABDUL BATEN ACONDA General 0011 Vill: Pub- Mahachara, P.O. & P.S. -Kachumara, Dist. Barpeta, Assam, Pin. 781127 12 ABDUL BATEN SK. General 0012 Vill-Char-Katdanga Pt-I, PO-Mohurirchar, PS-South Salmara, Dist-Dhubri (Assam) 13 ABDUL GAFFAR General 0013 C/O AKHTAR PARVEZ, ADVOCATE, HOUSE NO.
[Show full text]
Pre-Colonial Education System of Kamata Kochbihar State*
Pre-colonial Education System of Kamata Kochbihar State* Partha Sen1 Abstract Kamrup since its inception may be considered as a place of learning and culture. Regional scholars composed Dhaker Vachan (Parole or words of Drum) in Sanskritized Bengali language in the ninth century A. D. There were people of the area, namely, Gopichand, Gorakshanath O Sona Ray. Joginitantra O Kalikapurana, who, composed on different occasions. Maharaja Nara Narayana due to his acceptance of Bhramanical religion brought Sanskrit and Bengali scholars from Bengal in order to compose Sanskrit works and its translation in Bengali language. It was under the patronage of Koch King Maharaja Nara Narayan, Vaisnavism also flourished in Kamata-Kochbihar which helped spread of mass education among the common people. The Zamindars of Rangpur took initiative to introduce English education after the coming of English East India Company with the financial support and assistance of the Koch kings. Key Words: Kamata-Kochbihar, Vainavism, Sanskrit Scholar, Pathsalas, Koch –kings. Introduction: The western part of the Brahmaputra valley in former time was included in the ancient kingdom of Kamrupa and from the 13th to 15th centuries A.D. The whole tract up to Karatoya seem to have formed a single kingdom but the name had been changed from Kamrupa to Kamata Though the eastern part of the kingdom declared independence in 1581 afterwards the portion became integral part of the Mughal Empire. The main dynasty ruling the western part of the former Kamata-Koch Kingdom (afterwards mentioned as Kochbihar) however maintained its identity still 1772, when the rulers chose to remain as native states by the Anglo-Koch treaty of 1772.2 From ancient time Kamrup was noted for the place of learning and culture.
[Show full text]
Introduction
Introduction: The vast region to the northeast of India between the foothills of the eastern Himalaya Mountains ranges and extreme North of Bengal consisting the modern territories of Lower Assam (ten Districts), northern districts of present Bangladesh and Jalpaiguri and Koch Behar districts of west Bengal is the abode of the different ethnic groups of various cultures since the historic age. This region had seen the ebb and flow of many dynasties of many ethnic groups from the early times. The rise of some tribal chiefdom, like the Thai Ahom, the Meithei, Jayantiya, Kachari, Tripura, khen and the Koch, from 13'^ century in the region and their transition to state-system by the 16*^ century, marked the beginning of the historical development and religious- socio- economic-political transformation^ Among these, whose rules significantly occupied most important place in the history of northeast India is the Koch dynasty. J. N. Sarkar, in his book, 'History of Bengal', writes, "half-a-century before Sulaiman's accession, a new power had been bom in the extreme North of Bengal"^. No doubt, by the words "new power", he wanted to indicate the Koch power, who established a vast empire in the beginning of the 16'^ century. Hariya Mandal, a Mech / Koch tribal chief of mere 12 Mech / Koch families of the village Chikana, in the Khuntaghat region in the present Goalpara district of lower Assam had organised his tribes and established 'chiefdom'. His able son and successor Biswa Singha, in a chaotic political condition of incessant fighting with the local Bhuyans of the region transformed it into a 'semi- independent kingdom' in the beginning of the 16'^ century.
[Show full text]
Koch Rajbanshi Identity Question
International Journal of Applied Research 2017; 3(7): 593-597 ISSN Print: 2394-7500 ISSN Online: 2394-5869 Koch Rajbanshi identity question: An analysis from Impact Factor: 5.2 IJAR 2017; 3(7): 593-597 historical perspective www.allresearchjournal.com Received: 24-05-2017 Accepted: 25-06-2017 Tarun Kr. Halder Tarun Kr. Halder Research Scholar, Abstract Department of History, The Koch Rajbanshis are one of the largest plain tribe of India originally from the ancient Kamrupa- Gauhati University, Guwahati, Kamata kingdom. The Koch dynasty came into existence in the first half of sixteenth century. Under Assam, India Naranarayan it reached to a position of glory but in course of time the hay days of them did not last long. Although they had a glorious past, but like many other tribes of India Koch Rajbanshis also have been facing identical problem for a long time due to lack of proper knowledge of their history, external threats, partitions, multi-divisions; colonial interference, elitism, conservative demeanor, geographical alienation, negligence of the governments, multi-names etc. At present they have been striving for protecting their identity through different associations and organisations. Their efforts now have turned into the form of Kshatriya Movement and the Kamatapur Movement. This paper attempts to analyse the deteriorated identical condition of the Koch Rajbanshi people and their measures to protect it. Keywords: The Koch-Rajbanshi, migration, external threats, caste 1. Introduction In India, ethno-based identity has become an important subject of concern in all social sciences. Although a number of study have been done on the Koch Rajbanshi but still not any study on their identity question has done from historical perspectives.
[Show full text]
Class-7 New 2020.CDR
Class - VII Brief Introduction to Formation of Landforms Assam, located in tropical latitudes (24N˚ to 28N)˚ and eastern longitude (895˚ ’ E - 961˚’ E), is the most populous state in the North-east India. It is surrounded on three sides by hills and mountains. The river Brahmaputra and Barak flows in the north and south respectively. Assam is diverse in physical features and the major physiographical components are the senile plateau of Karbi-Anglong, representing a part of peninsular India, North Cachar hills which display the most youthful and highly differentiated relief features and the Brahmaputra and Barak plains present aggradational surfaces. Landmasses from Archaean to Tertiary origin bear the evidences of the evolutionary history of the earth in Assam and North-East India. The Karbi plateau is a part of Old-Gondwana land of more than 600 million years, the folded hills of North-Cachar belongs to tertiary period and the alluviums are of Quaternary Period. The North-Eastern region of India including Assam is situated in the merging zone of two Tectonic plates, namely the Indo-Australian and Euro-Asian plates. So the entire region is seismically very active. Physiographical Divisions of Assam On the basis of physical setup, Assam can be divided into three physiographical units: 1) The Brahmaputra valley or Assam valley 2) The Barak plain or Surma Valley 3) The hilly areas of Karbi-Anglong and North- Cachar Hill Districts Fig1.1: Physiographic Divisions of Assam. 40 The Brahmaputra Valley The most prominent physical feature in Assam is the Brahmaputra valley. This plain is surrounded by Bhutan and the Arunachal Himalayas in the north, Patkai Bum and Arunachal Hills in the east and Naga Hills, Karbi Plateau in the south.
[Show full text]
Gradeiii of Assam Ludicial Sewirp, 2O2A PAPER - II (General Knowhdoer Totaltvlarls: 100 Durauon: 03 Hours Date: 21{1-2021 Time: 1:00 PM
a THE GAUHATI HIGH COURT AT GUWAHATI CftIE HIGH COURT OF ASSAM: NAGAI.AND: MIZORAM AND ARUNIACHAL PRADESH) Main WritHr Examination for dir€ct recruitsnent b GradeIII of Assam ludicial Sewirp, 2O2A PAPER - II (General Knowhdoer Totaltvlarls: 100 DuraUon: 03 Hours Date: 21{1-2021 Time: 1:00 PM 1) Which of the following Nationa! Park has been renamed as Rajiv Gandhi National Park: (a) Nameri NaUonal Park; (b) Manas National Parl$ (c) Orang l,lational Park; (d) Dibru- Saikhowa NaUonal Park. 2) lGzimnga National Park was declarcd as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in the year:- (a) 1980; (b) 1e8s; (c) 1990; (d) 19es. 3) Whhh is the largest District in Assam by area: (a) KarbiAnglong; (b) Kamrup (!letrc); (c) Golaghat (cl) Dhubri. 4) The Asom Divas is elebnEd on - (a) 10tr Deember; (b) 2" December; (c) 15fr AugusU 25e January. 5) In which location, the Manas river joins the Brahmaputra river? (a) Dhubri; (b) Jogighopa; (c) Bilasipara; (d) Halakura. 6) Which town is also known as the Manchester of Assam? (a) Sualkuchi; (b) Hajo; (c) Barpeta; (d) Halakura. 7) In which year did Asanwget recognition as the State langmge of Assam? (a) 1947; (b) 19s0; (c) 1985; (d) 1961. 8) Assam crtme under Presidenfs rule for he first time in the year- (a) 198s; (b) 1990; (c) 2001; (d) 1979. 9) In whhh ),ear was the Gauhati High Court established? (a) 1947; (b) 19zA; (c) 1950; (d) 19s1. 10) Ali-aai-Ugang is an agri-based fesUvalelebmted by the- (a) Bodo; (b) Mishing; (c) Rabha; (d) Garo.
[Show full text]
211 SOCIO-CULTURAL TRANSITION of the MUSLIMS in COOCH BEHAR from the REIGN of the KOCH KINGS to MODERN AGE Jahirul Haque
International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research in Arts and Humanities (IJIRAH) Impact Factor: 4.675, ISSN (Online): 2456 - 3145 (www.dvpublication.com) Volume 2, Issue 1, 2017 SOCIO-CULTURAL TRANSITION OF THE MUSLIMS IN COOCH BEHAR FROM THE REIGN OF THE KOCH KINGS TO MODERN AGE Jahirul Haque Assistant Professor, Department of History, Alipurduar College (Government Sponsored), West Bengal Cite This Article: Jahirul Haque, “Socio-Cultural Transition of the Muslims in Cooch Behar from the Reign of the Koch Kings to Modern Age”, International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research in Arts and Humanities, Volume 2, Issue 1, Page Number 211-216, 2017. Abstract: Cooch Behar was one of the mighty kingdom in the political map of India. From the time immemorial Cooch Behar has been a part of Indian culture. The Cooch kingdom which was founded by Biswasingha in 1515 has become a district of West Bengal since 1st January 1950. The arrival of the Muslims in the Cooch Behar State took place in the beginning of the 13th century. The several Muslim invasions of the Mughal and Pathan rulers and the contribution of the Pirs and Fakirs had contributed in the spread of Islam in this region. A large section of indigenous Hindu population converted in Islam. The Muslims are very close with the Hindu population. Without the difference of religious faiths there are various similarities in occupants, culture and tradition between the Hindus and Muslims in Cooch Behar. The Muslims are the son of the soil Cooch Behar. They are significantly segmented in to certain social groups of varied background.
[Show full text]
The Gauhati High Court
Gauhati High Court List of candidates who are provisionally allowed to appear in the preliminary examination dated 6-10-2013(Sunday) for direct recruitment to Grade-III of Assam Judicial Service SL. Roll Candidate's name Father's name Gender category(SC/ Correspondence address No. No. ST(P)/ ST(H)/NA) 1 1001 A K MEHBUB KUTUB UDDIN Male NA VILL BERENGA PART I AHMED LASKAR LASKAR PO BERENGA PS SILCHAR DIST CACHAR PIN 788005 2 1002 A M MUKHTAR AZIRUDDIN Male NA Convoy Road AHMED CHOUDHURY Near Radio Station CHOUDHURY P O Boiragimoth P S Dist Dibrugarh Assam 3 1003 A THABA CHANU A JOYBIDYA Female NA ZOO NARENGI ROAD SINGHA BYE LANE NO 5 HOUSE NO 36 PO ZOO ROAD PS GEETANAGAR PIN 781024 4 1004 AASHIKA JAIN NIRANJAN JAIN Female NA CO A K ENTERPRISE VILL AND PO BIJOYNAGAR PS PALASBARI DIST KAMRUP ASSAM 781122 5 1005 ABANINDA Dilip Gogoi Male NA Tiniali bongali gaon Namrup GOGOI P O Parbatpur Dist Dibrugarh Pin 786623 Assam 6 1006 ABDUL AMIL ABDUS SAMAD Male NA NAYAPARA WARD NO IV ABHAYAPURI TARAFDAR TARAFDAR PO ABHAYAPURI PS ABHAYAPURI DIST BONGAIGAON PIN 783384 ASSAM 7 1007 ABDUL BASITH LATE ABDUL Male NA Village and Post Office BARBHUIYA SALAM BARBHUIYA UTTAR KRISHNAPUR PART II SONAI ROAD MLA LANE SILCHAR 788006 CACHAR ASSAM 8 1008 ABDUL FARUK DEWAN ABBASH Male NA VILL RAJABAZAR ALI PO KALITAKUCHI PS HAJO DIST KAMRUP STATE ASSAM PIN 781102 9 1009 ABDUL HANNAN ABDUL MAZID Male NA VILL BANBAHAR KHAN KHAN P O KAYAKUCHI DIST BARPETA P S BARPETA STATE ASSAM PIN 781352 10 1010 ABDUL KARIM SAMSUL HOQUE Male NA CO FARMAN ALI GARIGAON VIDYANAGAR PS
[Show full text]
Numismatic Evidence on the Chronology and Succession of the Rulers of the Kingdom Ofkamta-Koch Behar
Karatoya: NBU J. Hist. Vol. 4 :52-57 (2011) ISSN: 2229-4880 Numismatic Evidence on the Chronology and Succession of the Rulers of the Kingdom ofKamta-Koch Behar Debajit Dutta All historical interpretation is ultimately based on evidence derived from the sources of history, conventionally derived into two categories- literary and archaeological. From a historical point of view, literary sources include all texts and on the other hand archeological sources include all tangible material remains like inscription, coins and inscribed and uninscribrd images. Among these archaeological sources, coins have a unique place in the reconstruction of the old events. 1 It is right to state that coins have enormous power for initiating "an unending dialogue between the past and the present". A viable definition of history which underlies three usages of words- thought, record or events, can conspicuously be read from the bearings on the two sides of a coin. A.H.M. ·Jones pointed out the value of numismatic evidence with the following words-''Numismatic is a science in its own right. Coins deserve study both from the technical and artistic point ofview and must be classified typographically and chronologically".2 A coin technically speaking is a peace of metal of prescribed weight, embellished with designs or legends and produced under the direction of a public or private authority for its use as a medium of exchange.3 Every coin has two sides obverse and reverse. Obverse is also called head. It is the main side of a coin carrying the portrait head of the ruler or a symbol and name of the country.
[Show full text]