DOCSLIB.ORG

Volker Washington 0250E 10346.Pdf (1.510Mb)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Volker Washington 0250E 10346.Pdf (1.510Mb) ©Copyright 2012 Jaime Volker Caesarian Conflict: Portrayals of Julius Caesar in narratives of civil war Jaime Volker A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2012 Reading Committee: Alain Gowing, Chair James J. Clauss Catherine Connors Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Department of Classics University of Washington Abstract Caesarian Conflict: Portrayals of Julius Caesar in narratives of civil war Jaime Volker Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Alain Gowing Department of Classics This dissertation investigates the poignancy of civil war for Rome in the late Republican through early Imperial period, as focalized through depictions of Julius Caesar and, to a more limited degree, the Caesar-like Catiline. My comparative examination of Sallust’s Bellum Catilinae, Velleius Paterculus’ Historiae, and Lucan’s Pharsalia centers on how each author treats qualities and catchwords found in Caesar’s self-portrait in the Bellum Civile. By reading each portrayal of Caesar against the general’s own account of civil war, I contend that one finds shifts in issues and traits according to their relevance to an author’s own times, aims, and view of the relationship between Republic and Principate. Moreover, I suggest that whether an author portrays Julius Caesar in a positive or negative light is likely a consequence of his view of the current “Caesar” (i.e., Octavian, Tiberius, or Nero). TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction: Caesar on Caesar and Civil War ............................................................................... 1 0.1 Julius Caesar, the man himself? ............................................................................................ 1 0.2 The scope of this study .......................................................................................................... 5 0.3 Past scholarship ................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 1. The Bellum Civile in Sallust’s Bellum Catilinae: Caesar, Catiline and the conflicts of the Republic .................................................................................................................................. 15 1.1 The Characterization of Caesar in the Bellum Catilinae ..................................................... 17 Clemency ................................................................................................................................ 18 Generosity .............................................................................................................................. 29 Dignitas .................................................................................................................................. 32 Self-restraint ........................................................................................................................... 37 1.2 The Caesar in Catiline ......................................................................................................... 41 “Generosity” ........................................................................................................................... 41 (Lack of) Self-Restraint .......................................................................................................... 44 Dignitas .................................................................................................................................. 46 Catiline and Caesar as defenders of the state ......................................................................... 49 Catiline’s and Caesar’s soldiers ............................................................................................. 52 A Common Enemy ................................................................................................................. 55 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 57 Chapter 2. Another Version of the Truth: Julius Caesar in Velleius Paterculus’ Historiae ......... 61 2.1 Superhuman Caesar: Velleius’ depiction of Caesar’s divine status .................................... 63 Self-restraint as an extraordinary trait .................................................................................... 68 Velleius’ initial sketch and Sallust ......................................................................................... 71 Evidence for Caesar’s divine nature following the initial sketch........................................... 75 2.2 Celeritas Caesaris ................................................................................................................ 77 Celeritas and Velleius’ Festinatio .......................................................................................... 79 2.3 Fortuna Caesaris .................................................................................................................. 84 Fortuna in the civil war .......................................................................................................... 86 Caesar, Pompey, and Personal Luck ...................................................................................... 87 Fortuna and future generations ............................................................................................... 89 2.4 Clementia Caesaris .............................................................................................................. 90 Clemency and gratitude .......................................................................................................... 93 Clementia principis? ............................................................................................................... 95 2.5 Studium Pacis in Velleius .................................................................................................... 96 i Curio, Catiline, and civil war ................................................................................................. 96 Caesar’s Studium Pacis ........................................................................................................ 101 2.6 Caesar vs. Pompey the Pompeians .................................................................................... 104 The synkrisis ........................................................................................................................ 108 What about Cato? ................................................................................................................. 115 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 117 Chapter 3. “It’s Good to be Nasty”: Lucan’s Caesar ................................................................. 123 3.1 Lucan, civil war, and the Neronian period ........................................................................ 123 3.2 Lucan’s Synkrisis and Initial Simile .................................................................................. 125 3.3 Divine Julius? .................................................................................................................... 130 3.4 Caesar, the embodiment of energy .................................................................................... 133 Headlong Caesar .................................................................................................................. 136 3.5 Caesar and Fear ................................................................................................................. 139 3.6 Caesar’s “clementia” ......................................................................................................... 143 3.7 Luck be a Lady: Caesar and Fortuna ................................................................................. 148 3.8 Caesar’s men...................................................................................................................... 153 Curio in the Pharsalia ........................................................................................................... 154 “Invita peragam tamen omnia dextra”: Caesar’s criminals .................................................. 156 Hopelessly Devoted…: Caesarian Loyalty .......................................................................... 158 Caesar’s men and fear .......................................................................................................... 163 3.9 Caesarian Comparisons ..................................................................................................... 166 Caesar vs. Cato in Lucan ...................................................................................................... 166 Caesar and Alexander the Great ........................................................................................... 170 The Catiline in Caesar .......................................................................................................... 175 Caesarian Face-off: Lucan vs. Velleius................................................................................ 191 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 195 Chapter 4. The End of Caesar ..................................................................................................... 199 4.1 Clemency ..........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Humanitas–Clementia and Clementia Caesaris Ancient and Modern Caesar
    European Journal of Science and Theology, September 2012, Vol.8, No.3, 263-269 _______________________________________________________________________ HUMANITAS–CLEMENTIA AND CLEMENTIA CAESARIS ANCIENT AND MODERN CAESAR Iulian-Gabriel Hruşcă* Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch, Str. T. Codrescu, Nr. 2, Iasi, Romania (Received 11 May 2012) Abstract Humanitas Romana is a concept that crosses both the Republican age of Rome and the Roman imperial period. In the Republic, clementia was both a personal attribute and a public virtue, intended to differentiate the Romans from the other peoples of antiquity in a sense of a moral superiority. In the Roman imperial period, the concept of humanitas Romana began to manifest more and more significantly through its component part, clementia, which became a cardinal virtue of the emperor and a judicial principle. With the coming to power of Julius Caesar, the notion of Clementia Caesaris was born. Afterwards, the status of Clementia Caesaris was enhanced during the Principate of Augustus. The emperor tends to become a provider of human rights. In a certain respect, if we refer to the principles of democracy, this transfer of the centre of gravity to the emperor in terms of human rights is negative. However, we could not assert that at that time were only negative aspects. We might consider as positive aspects the evolution of the concept of humanitas Romana through its component, the virtue of clementia, or the increased multicultural side of the Roman state. Despite the negative perception of Rome today, the clemency of ancient Caesar had reminiscences over time. The modern Caesar has tried to turn to Rome for lessons both positive and negative.
    [Show full text]
  • Augustine and the Art of Ruling in the Carolingian Imperial Period
    Augustine and the Art of Ruling in the Carolingian Imperial Period This volume is an investigation of how Augustine was received in the Carolingian period, and the elements of his thought which had an impact on Carolingian ideas of ‘state’, rulership and ethics. It focuses on Alcuin of York and Hincmar of Rheims, authors and political advisers to Charlemagne and to Charles the Bald, respectively. It examines how they used Augustinian political thought and ethics, as manifested in the De civitate Dei, to give more weight to their advice. A comparative approach sheds light on the differences between Charlemagne’s reign and that of his grandson. It scrutinizes Alcuin’s and Hincmar’s discussions of empire, rulership and the moral conduct of political agents during which both drew on the De civitate Dei, although each came away with a different understanding. By means of a philological–historical approach, the book offers a deeper reading and treats the Latin texts as political discourses defined by content and language. Sophia Moesch is currently an SNSF-funded postdoctoral fellow at the University of Oxford, working on a project entitled ‘Developing Principles of Good Govern- ance: Latin and Greek Political Advice during the Carolingian and Macedonian Reforms’. She completed her PhD in History at King’s College London. Augustine and the Art of Ruling in the Carolingian Imperial Period Political Discourse in Alcuin of York and Hincmar of Rheims Sophia Moesch First published 2020 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Published with the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation.
    [Show full text]
  • 11Ffi ELOGIA of the AUGUSTAN FORUM
    THEELOGIA OF THE AUGUSTAN FORUM 11ffi ELOGIA OF THE AUGUSTAN FORUM By BRAD JOHNSON, BA A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts McMaster University © Copyright by Brad Johnson, August 2001 MASTER OF ARTS (2001) McMaster University (Classics) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: The Elogia of the Augustan Forum AUTHOR: Brad Johnson, B.A. (McMaster University), B.A. Honours (McMaster University) SUPERVISOR: Dr. Claude Eilers NUMBER OF PAGES: v, 122 II ABSTRACT The Augustan Forum contained the statues offamous leaders from Rome's past. Beneath each statue an inscription was appended. Many of these inscriptions, known also as elogia, have survived. They record the name, magistracies held, and a brief account of the achievements of the individual. The reasons why these inscriptions were included in the Forum is the focus of this thesis. This thesis argues, through a detailed analysis of the elogia, that Augustus employed the inscriptions to propagate an image of himself as the most distinguished, and successful, leader in the history of Rome. III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Claude Eilers, for not only suggesting this topic, but also for his patience, constructive criticism, sense of humour, and infinite knowledge of all things Roman. Many thanks to the members of my committee, Dr. Evan Haley and Dr. Peter Kingston, who made time in their busy schedules to be part of this process. To my parents, lowe a debt that is beyond payment. Their support, love, and encouragement throughout the years is beyond description.
    [Show full text]
  • The Imperial Cult and the Individual
    THE IMPERIAL CULT AND THE INDIVIDUAL: THE NEGOTIATION OF AUGUSTUS' PRIVATE WORSHIP DURING HIS LIFETIME AT ROME _______________________________________ A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Department of Ancient Mediterranean Studies at the University of Missouri-Columbia _______________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy _____________________________________________________ by CLAIRE McGRAW Dr. Dennis Trout, Dissertation Supervisor MAY 2019 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled THE IMPERIAL CULT AND THE INDIVIDUAL: THE NEGOTIATION OF AUGUSTUS' PRIVATE WORSHIP DURING HIS LIFETIME AT ROME presented by Claire McGraw, a candidate for the degree of doctor of philosophy, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. _______________________________________________ Professor Dennis Trout _______________________________________________ Professor Anatole Mori _______________________________________________ Professor Raymond Marks _______________________________________________ Professor Marcello Mogetta _______________________________________________ Professor Sean Gurd DEDICATION There are many people who deserve to be mentioned here, and I hope I have not forgotten anyone. I must begin with my family, Tom, Michael, Lisa, and Mom. Their love and support throughout this entire process have meant so much to me. I dedicate this project to my Mom especially; I must acknowledge that nearly every good thing I know and good decision I’ve made is because of her. She has (literally and figuratively) pushed me to achieve this dream. Mom has been my rock, my wall to lean upon, every single day. I love you, Mom. Tom, Michael, and Lisa have been the best siblings and sister-in-law. Tom thinks what I do is cool, and that means the world to a little sister.
    [Show full text]
  • Velleius Paterculus: Historicus Patrioticus
    CHAPTER SIX VELLEIUS PATERCULUS: HISTORICUS PATRIOTICUS Until very recently, scholarly opinion of Velleius Paterculus as an historian was so low, that were a Gallup Poll of Ancient Historians to be taken, the Tiberian author would be included in the category, "Other." 1 According to J. Hellegouarc'h, Velleius has suffered from comparisons to Livy and Tacitus, confrontations from which he has emerged scathed, being dismissed as a perjured panegyrist and trafficker in rhetoric; both charges having led to his conviction as a "minor historian."2 Now, however, thanks to the advocacy of scholars such as A.J. Woodman, the case of the only extant historian between Livy and Tacitus has been reopened. 3 Woodman has argued that Velleius is a "patriotic historian", writing in the grand old tradition of Sallust and Livy, his final 38 chapters on Tiberius being the logical conclusion of a work intended to show that great events of the past were foreshadowing an even greater present. 4 Woodman has furthermore demonstrated the absurdity of the complaint upon the rhetorical nature of the opus, noting that "all ancient historians, without exception" dealt in literary ani:l dramatic topoi, and that their writings must be "de-rhetorized" in order to be evaluated historically. 5 Velleius conceived a composition of broad scope that dates back to the primordial dawning of Athenian history. In order to cope with the breadth of his theme, he presents his readers with a "portrait gallery" of character sketches in which great events have been reduced to a series of individual actions.6 Like Livy, Velleius is dealing in historical exempla.1 1 J.
    [Show full text]
  • Representation of Justitia in Town Halls, Courthouses, and Other Public Spaces
    Statues of Lady Justice in Hungary: Representation of Justitia in town halls, courthouses, and other public spaces Peter Takács, Széchenyi István University, Faculty of Law, Department of Jurisprudence, Győr, Hungary; [email protected] TAKÁCS, Peter. Statues of Lady Justice in Hungary: Representation of Justitia in town halls, courthouses, and other public spaces. In Človek a spoločnosť [Individual and Society], 2019, roč. 22, č. 3, s. 11-42. doi: http://www.doi.org/10.31577/cas.2019.03.557 Abstract: The representation of the idea of justice through the ancient Roman goddess-figure, recently known as Lady Justice, has constituted an essential part of European culture for centuries. This paper outlines these statues in town halls, courthouses, and public spaces in Hungary, and examines some of them in detail. The aim of the study is to draw a general picture of such statues in a Central and Eastern European country, namely in Hungary, to identify the characteristics of these sculptures, reflecting their social and political context, and in some cases to contrast them with that of those which were characteristic in Western Europe. The nature of this study is multi and interdisciplinary, so it applies several methods in exploring its theme; for example, art and cultural history were mixed with reference to social history and legal history. The paper focuses on the legal and political culture – conceived in the cultural context, institutional prerequisites and behavioral patterns as components of law and politics – and treats statues of Justice as part of this culture. As a way of introduction, the paper gives a brief overview of three murals, and discusses, briefly, the controversy around the authorship of one of them; stating that its attribution to Boticelli is, in all probability, misleading.
    [Show full text]
  • Caesar and the Pirates: Or How to Make (And Break) an Ancient Life’, Greece and Rome, 57(2), Pp
    Georgetown University Institutional Repository http://www.library.georgetown.edu/digitalgeorgetown The author made this article openly available online. Please tell us how this access affects you. Your story matters. OSGOOD, J. (2010) ‘Caesar and The Pirates: or How to Make (and Break) an Ancient Life’, Greece and Rome, 57(2), pp. 319–336. doi: 10.1017/S0017383510000057 Collection Permanent Link: http://hdl.handle.net/10822/555438 © 2010 The Classical Association This material is made available online with the permission of the author, and in accordance with publisher policies. No further reproduction or distribution of this copy is permitted by electronic transmission or any other means. Greece & Rome, Vol. 57, No. 2, © The Classical Association, 2010. All rights reserved doi:10.1017/S0017383510000057 CAESAR AND THE PIRATES CAESAR AND THE PIRATES: OR HOW TO MAKE (AND BREAK) AN ANCIENT LIFE* Introduction It is hard for biographers, ancient and modern alike, to resist the story of the young Julius Caesar’s kidnapping by a band of pirates. Suetonius and Plutarch both include full versions of the tale, with specifi c details (Suet. Iul. 4; Plut. Vit. Caes. 1.4–2). Suetonius, for instance, writes that the kidnapping took place near the island of Pharmacusa (just off the coast of Asia Minor), while Plutarch, noting that too, also specifi es that the ransom that freed Caesar came from the (nearby) city of Miletus. And while Suetonius writes that Caesar, after his release, launched a fl eet, pursued the pirates, and punished them, Plutarch includes another phase in the story: having taken command of a fl eet and set sail (again, from Miletus), Plutarch’s Caesar captured nearly all the pirates but, instead of killing them right away, ‘he himself went to Iuncus, the governor of Asia, on the grounds that it belonged to him, as governor of the province, to punish the captives’.
    [Show full text]
  • Latin Literature
    Latin Literature By J. W. Mackail Latin Literature I. THE REPUBLIC. I. ORIGINS OF LATIN LITERATURE: EARLY EPIC AND TRAGEDY. To the Romans themselves, as they looked back two hundred years later, the beginnings of a real literature seemed definitely fixed in the generation which passed between the first and second Punic Wars. The peace of B.C. 241 closed an epoch throughout which the Roman Republic had been fighting for an assured place in the group of powers which controlled the Mediterranean world. This was now gained; and the pressure of Carthage once removed, Rome was left free to follow the natural expansion of her colonies and her commerce. Wealth and peace are comparative terms; it was in such wealth and peace as the cessation of the long and exhausting war with Carthage brought, that a leisured class began to form itself at Rome, which not only could take a certain interest in Greek literature, but felt in an indistinct way that it was their duty, as representing one of the great civilised powers, to have a substantial national culture of their own. That this new Latin literature must be based on that of Greece, went without saying; it was almost equally inevitable that its earliest forms should be in the shape of translations from that body of Greek poetry, epic and dramatic, which had for long established itself through all the Greek- speaking world as a common basis of culture. Latin literature, though artificial in a fuller sense than that of some other nations, did not escape the general law of all literatures, that they must begin by verse before they can go on to prose.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharsalus 48 BC So SI SHEPPARD Is a Former Journalist Currently Enrolled As a Ph.D
    Campaign OSPREY Pharsalus 48 BC so SI SHEPPARD is a former journalist currently enrolled as a Ph.D. student in International Relations at Johns Hopkins University. He graduated with an MA with Distinction from Victoria University and was winner of the Sir Desmond Todd Award for best thesis in a political subject. Si Sheppard has published a number of books and has contributed numerous articles on political and historical topics to leading journals, magazines and newspapers. This is his first title for Osprey. He lives in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. ADAM HOOK studied graphic design, and began his work as an illustrator in 1983. He specializes in detailed historical reconstructions, and has illustrated Osprey titles on the Aztecs, the Greeks, the American Civil War and the American Revolution. His work features in exhibitions and publications throughout the world. He lives in East Sussex, UK. Pharsalus 48 BC Caesar and Pompey - Clash of the Titans Campaign • 174 Pharsalus 48 BC Caesar and Pompey - Clash of the Titans Si Sheppard • Illustrated by Adam Hook ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dedicated to Stephen Levine: mentor, colleague and friend. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 7 CHRONOLOGY 17 OPPOSING COMMANDERS 21 The Caesareans • The Republicans THE LEGIONS OF THE LATE REPUBLIC 29 THE CAMPAIGN 33 The Rubicon to Brundisium • Brundisium to Dyrrachium • Dyrrachium to Pharsalus THE BATTLE 54 Opposing plans • Opposing armies • The clash of arms AFTERMATH 83 THE BATTLEFIELD TODAY 92 BIBLIOGRAPHY 93 INDEX 95 INTRODUCTION: TO THE RUBICON he legend SPQR - Senatus Populusque Romanus, the Senate and People of Rome - emblazoned on the standards of the city's all- conquering legions in the last few centuries before Christ was both a potent symbol of the source of the republic's power and a reflection of the smouldering tension inherent in its system of government.
    [Show full text]
  • Aristocratic Identities in the Roman Senate from the Social War to the Flavian Dynasty
    Aristocratic Identities in the Roman Senate From the Social War to the Flavian Dynasty By Jessica J. Stephens A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Greek and Roman History) in the University of Michigan 2016 Doctoral Committee: Professor David Potter, chair Professor Bruce W. Frier Professor Richard Janko Professor Nicola Terrenato [Type text] [Type text] © Jessica J. Stephens 2016 Dedication To those of us who do not hesitate to take the long and winding road, who are stars in someone else’s sky, and who walk the hillside in the sweet summer sun. ii [Type text] [Type text] Acknowledgements I owe my deep gratitude to many people whose intellectual, emotional, and financial support made my journey possible. Without Dr. T., Eric, Jay, and Maryanne, my academic career would have never begun and I will forever be grateful for the opportunities they gave me. At Michigan, guidance in negotiating the administrative side of the PhD given by Kathleen and Michelle has been invaluable, and I have treasured the conversations I have had with them and Terre, Diana, and Molly about gardening and travelling. The network of gardeners at Project Grow has provided me with hundreds of hours of joy and a respite from the stress of the academy. I owe many thanks to my fellow graduate students, not only for attending the brown bags and Three Field Talks I gave that helped shape this project, but also for their astute feedback, wonderful camaraderie, and constant support over our many years together. Due particular recognition for reading chapters, lengthy discussions, office friendships, and hours of good company are the following: Michael McOsker, Karen Acton, Beth Platte, Trevor Kilgore, Patrick Parker, Anna Whittington, Gene Cassedy, Ryan Hughes, Ananda Burra, Tim Hart, Matt Naglak, Garrett Ryan, and Ellen Cole Lee.
    [Show full text]
  • Caesar's Legion: the Epic Saga of Julius Caesar's Elite Tenth Legion
    CAESAR’S LEGION : THE EPIC SAGA OF JULIUS CAESAR’S ELITE TENTH LEGION AND THE ARMIES OF ROME STEPHEN DANDO-COLLINS John Wiley & Sons, Inc. flast.qxd 12/5/01 4:49 PM Page xiv ffirs.qxd 12/5/01 4:47 PM Page i CAESAR’S LEGION : THE EPIC SAGA OF JULIUS CAESAR’S ELITE TENTH LEGION AND THE ARMIES OF ROME STEPHEN DANDO-COLLINS John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Copyright © 2002 by Stephen Dando-Collins. All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authoriza- tion through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, email: [email protected]. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. This title is also available in print as ISBN 0-471-09570-2.
    [Show full text]
  • Download (15Mb)
    University of Warwick institutional repository: http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/36392 This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. EXILIUM ROMANUM: EXILE, POLITICS AND PERSONAL EXPERIENCE FROM 58 BC TO AD 68 Thesis submitted by Neil Raj Singh-Masuda MA in partial fulfilment for the degree of PhD in Classics at the University of Warwick July 1, 1996 CONTENTS A SENSE OF EXILE: 1 CICERO IN EXILE: 40 EXILE UNDER AUGUSTUS: 86 OVID IN EXILE: 129 EXILE UNDER TIBERIUS AND THE LATER JULIO-CLAUDIANS: 175 SENECA IN EXILE: 229 EPILOGUE: 271 APPENDIX A: PLACES OF EXILE: 272 APPENDIX B: SELECTED KEY MOMENTS IN ROMAN EXILE: 279 BIBLIOGRAPHY: 283 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I should like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Dominic Montserrat, for his unstinting assistance, continuous encouragement and wealth of sound ideas; my mentor, old friend and second supervisor, Dr Tom Winnifrith, for guiding me into exile; my inspirational Latin teacher, Dr R. Alden, who is never distant from my thoughts; my brother for his unbroken faith; Claire-Louise Hodges, whose care and support was, and remains, invaluable; and, of course, parentibus optimis, the exiles in whose debt I shall always be and to whom I dedicate this thesis.
    [Show full text]